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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Great_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Great_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Northern Great Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Great_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermediate_Great_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_Great_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intermediate Great Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_Great_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Great_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Great_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Central Great Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Great_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Great_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Great_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southern Great Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Great_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Natural history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_protected_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_protected_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Public and protected lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_protected_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ecological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_to_1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_to_1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History to 1850</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_to_1850-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History to 1850 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_to_1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_American_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_American_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Original American contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_American_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Arrival of horses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Fur trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Settlement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>First settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Social life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Progressive Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_Bowl_and_water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_Bowl_and_water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dust Bowl and water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_Bowl_and_water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Population decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Wind power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_steppe-lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_steppe-lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>International steppe-lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_steppe-lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Plains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Vlaktes" title="Groot Vlaktes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Vlaktes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="السهول الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السهول الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Llanures" title="Grandes Llanures – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grandes Llanures" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_D%C3%BCz%C9%99nlikl%C9%99r" title="Böyük Düzənliklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Düzənliklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রেট প্লেইনস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রেট প্লেইনস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da_P%C3%AA%E2%81%BF-po%CD%98" title="Tōa Pêⁿ-po͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa Pêⁿ-po͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вялікія раўніны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікія раўніны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रेट प्लेन्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रेट प्लेन्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Големи равнини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Големи равнини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_nizija" title="Velika nizija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velika nizija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaenenno%C3%B9_Bras" title="Plaenennoù Bras – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plaenennoù Bras" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grans_Planes" title="Grans Planes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grans Planes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_(patag_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Kansas)" title="Great Plains (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, Kansas) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Great Plains (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, Kansas)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_planiny" title="Velké planiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké planiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwastadeddau_Mawr" title="Gwastadeddau Mawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwastadeddau Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halgai_H%C3%B3teel%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Halgai Hóteelígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Halgai Hóteelígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_tasandik" title="Suur tasandik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur tasandik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μεγάλες Πεδιάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλες Πεδιάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Llanuras" title="Grandes Llanuras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grandes Llanuras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordamerikaj_Grandaj_Ebena%C4%B5oj" title="Nordamerikaj Grandaj Ebenaĵoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordamerikaj Grandaj Ebenaĵoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordoki_Handiak" title="Ordoki Handiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordoki Handiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="دشت‌های بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دشت‌های بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ru_Grasfl%C3%B8turnar" title="Stóru Grasfløturnar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stóru Grasfløturnar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Plaines" title="Grandes Plaines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grandes Plaines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutte_Flakten_(Noard-Amearika)" title="Grutte Flakten (Noard-Amearika) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutte Flakten (Noard-Amearika)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Machair%C3%AD_M%C3%B3ra" title="Na Machairí Móra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Machairí Móra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Planicies" title="Grandes Planicies – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grandes Planicies" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="그레이트플레인스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트플레인스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մեծ հարթավայրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ հարթավայրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रेट प्लेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेट प्लेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_nizina" title="Velika nizina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika nizina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Planaji" title="Granda Planaji – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Planaji" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Besar_Amerika_Utara" title="Dataran Besar Amerika Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran Besar Amerika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9tturnar_miklu" title="Slétturnar miklu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slétturnar miklu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_Pianure" title="Grandi Pianure – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grandi Pianure" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המישורים הגדולים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המישורים הגדולים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ვაკეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ვაკეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ұлы жазықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы жазықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambarare_kuu_za_Marekani" title="Tambarare kuu za Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tambarare kuu za Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnae_Planities" title="Magnae Planities – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnae Planities" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielie_l%C4%ABdzenumi" title="Lielie līdzenumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielie līdzenumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEiosios_lygumos" title="Didžiosios lygumos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžiosios lygumos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planos_Grande" title="Planos Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planos Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Големи рамнини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големи рамнини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="グレートプレーンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレートプレーンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_tekisliklar" title="Buyuk tekisliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk tekisliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%DB%92_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وڈے میدان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وڈے میدان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_R%C3%B3wniny" title="Wielkie Równiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Równiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Plan%C3%ADcies" title="Grandes Planícies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grandes Planícies" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marile_C%C3%A2mpii" title="Marile Câmpii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marile Câmpii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Великие равнины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великие равнины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A9rie" title="Veľké prérie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľké prérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Велике равнице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велике равнице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velike_ravnice" title="Velike ravnice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velike ravnice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuret_tasangot" title="Suuret tasangot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suuret tasangot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Great Plains" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="பெருஞ் சமவெளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருஞ் சமவெளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөек тигезлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек тигезлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flat expanse in western North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great Plains (disambiguation)">Great Plains (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with a southwestern portion of the Great Plains, the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a>, or another geographic region that overlaps the Great Plains, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">the Midwest</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Great Plains</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg/308px-Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg/462px-Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg/616px-Great_plains_storm_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6262" data-file-height="4175" /></a></span></div><div>Blooming <a href="/wiki/Rabbitbrush" title="Rabbitbrush">rabbitbrush</a> on the Great Plains</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_(26926713720).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg/203px-Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg/305px-Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg/406px-Cole_Camp_Prairie_Sunset_%2826926713720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cole_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cole Camp">Cole Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> is known for tall expansive flower prairies</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg/101px-Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg/152px-Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg/202px-Black-Tailed_Prairie_Dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="2335" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">Prairie dog</a> native to Great Plains, crucial <i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg/175px-North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg/263px-North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg/350px-North_Dakota_Native_Prairie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3169" data-file-height="1548" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> primitive lush Prairie</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_Theodore_National_Park,_Sagebrush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg/129px-Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg/194px-Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg/258px-Bison_Theodore_National_Park%2C_Sagebrush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg/145px-WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg/218px-WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg/290px-WY_Redds_Great_plains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span></div><div>Redds Great Plains River habitat</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg/159px-Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg/239px-Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg/318px-Great_Plains_State_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_State_Park" title="Great Plains State Park">Great Plains State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg/144px-Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg/216px-Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg/288px-Mixed_grass_prairie_Fort_Smith_Montana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div><div>Mixed plains grass prairie near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Montana" title="Fort Smith, Montana">Fort Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg/160px-Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg/240px-Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg/320px-Missouri_River_Valley_North_Dakota_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> valley in central <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_996fdb10a590f84625fd03c153c15689725da3b1"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Great_Plains&revid=1275909622&groups=_996fdb10a590f84625fd03c153c15689725da3b1" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Great_Plains&revid=1275909622&groups=_996fdb10a590f84625fd03c153c15689725da3b1 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada and the United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 mi (3,200 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">500 mi (800 km)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Plains</b> is a broad expanse of <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">flatland</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The region is located to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, much of it covered in <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>. They are the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_grass_prairie" title="Mixed grass prairie">mixed grass prairie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taiga_Plains_Ecozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiga Plains Ecozone">Taiga Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Plains_Ecozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Plains Ecozone">Boreal Plains</a> ecozones in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>. "Great Plains", or <b>Western Plains</b>, is also the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of the Great Plains or the western portion of the Great Plains. </p><p>The Great Plains lie across both the <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, encompassing: </p> <ul><li>Most or all of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>;</li> <li>Eastern parts of the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>;</li> <li>Parts of the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>;</li> <li>Sometimes western parts of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>;</li> <li>The southern portions of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_continent_we_live_on_(1961)_(20658440756).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg/220px-The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg/330px-The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg/440px-The_continent_we_live_on_%281961%29_%2820658440756%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>The Great Plains (United States) and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Great Plains" is used in the United States to describe a sub-section of the even more vast <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a> physiographic division, which covers much of the interior of North America. It also has currency as a region of <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a>, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Plains_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains states">Plains states</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Canada the term is rarely used; <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>, the government department responsible for official mapping, treats the Interior Plains as one unit consisting of several related plateaus and plains. There is no region referred to as the "Great Plains" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_Canada" title="Atlas of Canada">Atlas of Canada</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of human geography, the term <i>prairie</i> is more commonly used in Canada, and the region is known as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>, prairie provinces or simply "the prairies".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p> The <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Environmental_Atlas" title="North American Environmental Atlas">North American Environmental Atlas</a></i>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments, uses the "Great Plains" as an <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipas-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_Great_Plains,_Kansas,_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._(redo_2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg/220px-On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg/330px-On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg/440px-On_the_Great_Plains%2C_Kansas%2C_294_miles_west_of_Missouri_River._%28redo_2016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The Great Plains near a farming community in central Kansas</figcaption></figure> <p>The region is about 500 mi (800 km) east to west and 2,000 mi (3,200 km) north to south. Much of the region was home to <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> herds until they were hunted to near extinction during the mid/late-19th century. It has an area of approximately 500,000 sq mi (1,300,000 km<sup>2</sup>). Current thinking regarding the geographic boundaries of the Great Plains is shown by this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unl.edu/plains/about/map.shtml">map</a> at the Center for Great Plains Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition, however, is primarily ecological, not physiographic. The <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Plains">Boreal Plains</a> of Western Canada are physiographically the same, but differentiated by their tundra and forest (rather than grassland) appearance. </p><p>The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the <a href="/wiki/96th_meridian_west" title="96th meridian west">96th meridian west</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, was not generally used before the early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Nevin_M._Fenneman" title="Nevin M. Fenneman">Nevin Fenneman's</a> 1916 study <i>Physiographic Subdivision of the United States</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the term "<a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a>" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term still remains little-used in Canada compared to the more common "prairie". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_Fields,_Iowa_Farm_7-13_(15277889101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg/220px-Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg/330px-Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg/440px-Corn_Fields%2C_Iowa_Farm_7-13_%2815277889101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Farmland in Sioux and Lyon Counties, Iowa (2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg/220px-Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg/330px-Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg/440px-Haboob_Ransom_Canyon_Texas_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>Dust cloud moving across the Llano Estacado near Ransom Canyon, Texas</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Plains are the westernmost portion of the vast North American <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a>, which extend east to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> divides the Great Plains in the United States into ten physiographic subdivisions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Coteau" title="Missouri Coteau">Missouri Coteau</a> or Missouri Plateau (which also extends into Canada), glaciated – east central South Dakota, northern and eastern North Dakota and northeastern Montana;</li> <li>Coteau du Missouri, unglaciated – western South Dakota, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, southwestern North Dakota and southeastern Montana;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> – western South Dakota;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a> – southeastern Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska (including the <a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sand Hills</a>), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico" title="Eastern New Mexico">eastern New Mexico</a>, and northwestern Texas (including the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a>);</li> <li>Plains Border – central Kansas and northern Oklahoma (including the <a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills" title="Flint Hills">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_(Kansas)" title="Red Hills (Kansas)">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hills" title="Smoky Hills">Smoky Hills</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Piedmont" title="Colorado Piedmont">Colorado Piedmont</a> – eastern Colorado;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico" title="Raton, New Mexico">Raton</a> section – northeastern New Mexico;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos Valley</a> – eastern New Mexico;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a> – south central Texas; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a> section – central Texas.</li></ul> <p>Further to this can be added Canadian physiographic sub-regions such as the Alberta Plain, <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Escarpment" title="Manitoba Escarpment">Manitoba Escarpment</a> (eastward), Manitoba Plain, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Coteau" title="Missouri Coteau">Missouri Coteau</a> (shared), <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Rocky Mountain Foothills</a> (eastward), and Saskatchewan Plain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Plains consist of a broad stretch of country underlain by nearly horizontal <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> extending westward from the <a href="/wiki/97th_meridian_west" title="97th meridian west">97th meridian west</a> to the base of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, a distance of 300 to 500 mi (480 to 800 km). It extends northward from the Mexican boundary far into Canada. Although the <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of the plains increases gradually from 600 ft (180 m) or 1,200 ft (370 m) on the east to 4,000–5,000 ft (1,200–1,500 m) or 6,000 ft (1,800 m) near the mountains, the local relief is generally small. The <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> excludes tree growth and opens far-reaching views.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plains are by no means a simple unit. They are of diverse structure and of various stages of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosional</a> development. They are occasionally interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">buttes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a>. They are frequently broken by valleys. Yet on the whole, a broadly extended surface of moderate relief so often prevails that the name, Great Plains, for the region as a whole is well-deserved.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western boundary of the plains is usually well-defined by the abrupt ascent of the mountains. The eastern boundary of the plains (in the United States) is more <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> than <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a>. The line of 20 in (510 mm) of annual <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> trends a little east of northward near the 97th meridian. If a boundary must be drawn where nature presents only a gradual transition, this rainfall line may be taken to divide the drier plains from the moister prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Canada the eastern boundary of the plains is well defined by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> to the northeast. </p><p>The plains (within the United States) may be described in northern, intermediate, central and southern sections, in relation to certain peculiar features.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, no such division is used: the climatic and vegetation regions are more impactful on human settlement than mere topography, and therefore the region is split into (from north to south), the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> plains, <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">aspen parkland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairies">prairie ecoregion</a> regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Great_Plains">Northern Great Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern Great Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plains_Bison_Buffalo_(14958327875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg/220px-Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg/330px-Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg/440px-Plains_Bison_Buffalo_%2814958327875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Herd of Plains Bison of various ages resting in Elk Island Park, Alberta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinnesotaPrairie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MinnesotaPrairie.jpg/220px-MinnesotaPrairie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MinnesotaPrairie.jpg/330px-MinnesotaPrairie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MinnesotaPrairie.jpg/440px-MinnesotaPrairie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Great Plains as seen in Minnesota's upland prairie at Glacial Lakes State Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern section of the Great Plains, north of <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">latitude 44°</a>, includes eastern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and portions of the Canadian provinces including southeastern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. The strata here are <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>, lying nearly horizontal. The surface is shown to be a plain of degradation by a gradual ascent here and there to the crest of a ragged escarpment, the escarpment-remnant of a resistant stratum. There are also the occasional <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>-capped <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">mesas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a> formed ridges, surmounting the general level by 500 ft (150 m) or more and manifestly demonstrating the widespread <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of the surrounding plains. All these reliefs are more plentiful towards the mountains in central Montana. The peneplain is no longer in the cycle of erosion that witnessed its production. It appears to have suffered a regional uplift or increase in elevation, for the upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> and its branches no longer flow on the surface of the plain, but in well graded, maturely opened valleys, several hundred feet below the general level. A significant exception to the rule of mature valleys occurs, however, in the case of the Missouri, the largest river, which is broken by several falls on hard sandstones about 50 mi (80 km) east of the mountains. This peculiar feature is explained as the result of displacement of the river from a better graded preglacial valley by the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a>. Here, the ice sheet overspread the plains from the moderately elevated Canadian highlands far on the north-east, instead of from the much higher mountains nearby on the west. The present altitude of the plains near the mountain base is 4,000 ft (1,200 m).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern plains are interrupted by several small mountain areas. The Black Hills, chiefly in western South Dakota, are the largest group. They rise like a large island from the sea, occupying an oval area of about 100 mi (160 km) north-south by 50 mi (80 km) east-west. At <a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a>, they reach an altitude of 7,216 ft (2,199 m) and have an effective relief over the plains of 2,000 or 3,000 ft (610 or 910 m) This mountain mass is of flat-arched, dome-like structure, now well dissected by radiating consequent streams. The weaker uppermost strata have been eroded down to the level of the plains where their upturned edges are evenly truncated. The next following harder strata have been sufficiently eroded to disclose the core of underlying <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">metamorphic</a> crystalline rocks in about half of the domed area.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_Great_Plains">Intermediate Great Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intermediate Great Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the intermediate section of the plains, between <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">latitudes 44°</a> and <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42°</a>, including southern South Dakota and northern <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, the erosion of certain large districts is peculiarly elaborate. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a>, it is a minutely dissected form with a relief of a few hundred feet. This is due to several causes: </p> <ul><li>the dry climate, which prevents the growth of a grassy turf</li> <li>the fine texture of the Tertiary strata in the badland districts</li> <li>every little rill, at times of rain, carves its own little valley.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Great_Plains">Central Great Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Great Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG/220px-Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG/330px-Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG/440px-Western_Kansas-High_Plains_Nicodemus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The High Plains of Kansas, in the <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hills" title="Smoky Hills">Smoky Hills</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus,_Kansas" title="Nicodemus, Kansas">Nicodemus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The central section of the Great Plains, between <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">latitudes 42°</a> and <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36°</a>, occupying eastern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, is mostly a dissected <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluviatile</a> plain. That is, this section was once smoothly covered with a gently sloping plain of gravel and sand that had been spread far forward on a broad denuded area as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piedmont" class="extiw" title="wikt:piedmont">piedmont</a> deposit by the rivers which issued from the mountains. Since then, it has been more or less dissected by the erosion of valleys. The central section of the plains thus presents a marked contrast to the northern section. </p><p>While the northern section owes its smoothness to the removal of local gravels and sands from a formerly uneven surface by the action of degrading rivers and their inflowing tributaries, the southern section owes its smoothness to the deposition of imported gravels and sands upon a previously uneven surface by the action of aggrading rivers and their outgoing distributaries. The two sections are also alike in that residual eminences still here and there surmount the peneplain of the northern section, while the fluviatile plain of the central section completely buried the pre-existent relief. An exception to this statement must be made for the southwest, close to the mountains in southern Colorado, where some lava-capped mesas (<a href="/wiki/Mesa_de_Maya" title="Mesa de Maya">Mesa de Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raton_Mesa" title="Raton Mesa">Raton Mesa</a>) stand several thousand feet above the general plain level, and thus testify to the widespread erosion of this region before it was aggraded.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Great_Plains">Southern Great Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern Great Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Skewed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Short-grass prairie near the front range of the Rockies in Colorado</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt-scott.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mt-scott.png/220px-Mt-scott.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mt-scott.png/330px-Mt-scott.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mt-scott.png/440px-Mt-scott.png 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lawtonka" title="Lake Lawtonka">Lake Lawtonka</a> and wind turbines from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Oklahoma)" title="Mount Scott (Oklahoma)">Mount Scott</a>, Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern section of the Great Plains, between latitudes 35.5° and 25.5°, lies in western <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. Like the central section, it is for the most part a dissected fluviatile plain. However, the lower lands which surround it on all sides place it in such strong relief that it stands up as a table-land, known from the time of Mexican occupation as the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a>. It measures roughly 150 mi (240 km) east-west and 400 mi (640 km) north-south. It is of very irregular outline, narrowing to the south. Its altitude is 5,500 ft (1,700 m) at the highest western point, nearest the mountains whence its gravels were supplied. From there, it slopes southeastward at a decreasing rate, first about 12 ft (3.7 m), then about 7 ft/mi (1.3 m/km), to its eastern and southern borders, where it is 2,000 ft (610 m) in altitude. Like the High Plains farther north, it is extraordinarily smooth.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is very dry, except for occasional shallow and temporary water sheets after rains. Llano is separated from the plains on the north by the mature consequent valley of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">Canadian River</a>, and from the mountains on the west by the broad and probably mature valley of the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a>. On the east, it is strongly undercut by the retrogressive erosion of the headwaters of the Red, Brazos, and Colorado rivers of Texas and presents a ragged escarpment approximately 500 to 800 ft (150 to 240 m) high, overlooking the central denuded area of that state. There, between the Brazos and Colorado rivers, occurs a series of isolated outliers capped by limestone that underlies both the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Uplift" title="Llano Uplift">Llano Uplift</a> on the west and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prairies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Prairies (page does not exist)">Grand Prairies</a> escarpment on the east. The southern and narrow part of the table-land, called the <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a>, is more dissected than the rest, and falls off to the south in a frayed-out fault scarp. This scarp overlooks the coastal plain of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <a href="/wiki/Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Embayment">embayment</a>. The central denuded area, east of the Llano, resembles the east-central section of the plains in exposing older rocks. Between these two similar areas, in the space limited by the Canadian and Red Rivers, rise the subdued forms of the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Mountains" title="Wichita Mountains">Wichita Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, the westernmost member of the Ouachita system.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terminology">Other terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Western Plains" is used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of the Great Plains,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-wildflowers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildflowers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively the western portion of the Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the Great Plains have a wide range of weather, with very cold and harsh winters and very hot and humid summers. Wind speeds are often very high, especially in winter. </p><p>The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receives 20 in (510 mm) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta" title="Southern Alberta">Southern Alberta</a>, south-western Saskatchewan and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Montana" title="Eastern Montana">Eastern Montana</a> are mainly <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi arid</a> steppe land and are generally characterised by <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">rangeland</a> or marginal <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farmland</a>. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>; high winds in the region may then generate devastating <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> occur in the plains in the spring through summer. The southeastern portion of the Great Plains is the most <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> active area in the world and is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Plains are part of the floristic <a href="/wiki/North_American_Prairies_province" title="North American Prairies province">North American Prairies province</a>, which extends from the Rocky Mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> (<i>Bison bison</i>) historically ranged throughout much of North America (from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and Canada to northern Mexico), they are strongly associated with the Great Plains where they once roamed in immense herds. <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a> (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>) range into western areas of the region. The <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_prairie_dog" title="Black-tailed prairie dog">black-tailed prairie dog</a> (<i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>) is another iconic species among several rodents that are linked to the region including the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen-lined_ground_squirrel" title="Thirteen-lined ground squirrel">thirteen-lined ground squirrel</a> (<i>Ictidomys tridecemlineatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spotted_ground_squirrel" title="Spotted ground squirrel">spotted ground squirrel</a> (<i>Xerospermophilus spilosoma</i>), <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_ground_squirrel" title="Franklin's ground squirrel">Franklin's ground squirrel</a> (<i>Poliocitellus franklinii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plains_pocket_gopher" title="Plains pocket gopher">plains pocket gopher</a> (<i>Geomys bursarius</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hispid_pocket_mouse" title="Hispid pocket mouse">hispid pocket mouse</a> (<i>Chaetodipus hispidus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Olive-backed_pocket_mouse" title="Olive-backed pocket mouse">olive-backed pocket mouse</a> (<i>Perognathus fasciatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plains_pocket_mouse" title="Plains pocket mouse">plains pocket mouse</a> (<i>Perognathus flavescens</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Plains_harvest_mouse" title="Plains harvest mouse">plains harvest mouse</a> (<i>Reithrodontomys montanus</i>), Two carnivores associated with the Great Plains include the <a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">swift fox</a> (<i>Vulpes velox</i>) and the endangered <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">black-footed ferret</a> (<i>Mustela nigripes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_(2006)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lesser_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser prairie chicken">lesser prairie chicken</a> (<i>Tympanuchus pallidicinctus</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the Great Plains and the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">greater prairie chicken</a> (<i>Tympanuchus cupido</i>) predominantly occurs in the region, although the latter historically ranged further eastward. The <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_sparrow" title="Harris's sparrow">Harris's sparrow</a> (<i>Zonotrichia querula</i>) spends winter months in southern areas of the region. Other species migrate from the south in the spring and spend their breeding season on the plains, including the <a href="/wiki/White-faced_ibis" title="White-faced ibis">white-faced ibis</a> (<i>Plegadis chihi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_plover" title="Mountain plover">mountain plover</a> (<i>Charadrius montanus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Marbled_godwit" title="Marbled godwit">marbled godwit</a> (<i>Limosa fedoa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sprague%27s_pipit" title="Sprague's pipit">Sprague's pipit</a> (<i>Anthus spragueii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cassin%27s_sparrow" title="Cassin's sparrow">Cassin's sparrow</a> (<i>Peucaea cassinii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_sparrow" title="Baird's sparrow">Baird's sparrow</a> (<i>Centronyx bairdii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lark_bunting" title="Lark bunting">lark bunting</a> (<i>Calamospiza melanocorys</i>), <a href="/wiki/Chestnut-collared_longspur" title="Chestnut-collared longspur">chestnut-collared longspur</a> (<i>Calcarius ornatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_longspur" title="Thick-billed longspur">thick-billed longspur</a> or McCown's longspur (<i>Rhynchophanes mccownii</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Dickcissel" title="Dickcissel">dickcissel</a> (<i>Spiza americana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mulroy_(2002)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulroy_(2002)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_viridis" title="Crotalus viridis">prairie rattlesnake</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_viridis" title="Crotalus viridis">Crotalus viridis</a></i>) ranges throughout much of the Great Plains and into the valleys and lower elevations of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and portions of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American southwest</a>. Other snakes include the plains hog-nosed snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Western_hognose_snake" title="Western hognose snake">Heterodon nasicus</a></i>), western milksnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Milk_snake" title="Milk snake">Lampropeltis gentilis</a></i>), great plains ratsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Pantherophis_emoryi" title="Pantherophis emoryi">Pantherophis emoryi</a></i>), bullsnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Bullsnake" title="Bullsnake">Pituophis catenifer sayi</a></i>), plains black-headed snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Plains_black-headed_snake" title="Plains black-headed snake">Tantilla nigriceps</a></i>), plains gartersnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Plains_garter_snake" title="Plains garter snake">Thamnophis radix</a></i>), and lined snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Tropidoclonion" title="Tropidoclonion">Tropidoclonion lineatum</a></i>). Reptile diversity increases significantly in southern regions of the Great Plains. The ornate box turtle (<i><a href="/wiki/Terrapene_ornata" title="Terrapene ornata">Terrapene ornata</a></i>) and great plains skink (<i><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_skink" title="Great Plains skink">Plestiodon obsoletus</a></i>) occur in southern areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although few salamanders are strongly associated with region, the <a href="/wiki/Western_tiger_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Western tiger salamander">western tiger salamander</a> (<i>Ambystoma mavortium</i>) ranges through much of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, as does the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_toad" title="Rocky Mountain toad">Rocky Mountain toad</a> (<i>Anaxyrus w. woodhousi</i>). Other <a href="/wiki/Anurans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anurans">anurans</a> related to region include the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_toad" title="Great Plains toad">Great Plains toad</a> (<i>Anaxyrus cognatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plains_leopard_frog" title="Plains leopard frog">plains leopard frog</a> (<i>Lithobates blairi</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Plains_spadefoot_toad" title="Plains spadefoot toad">plains spadefoot toad</a> (<i>Spea bombifrons</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dodd_(2013)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodd_(2013)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish">Fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some species predominately associated with various river basins in the Great Plains include <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_chub" title="Sturgeon chub">sturgeon chub</a> (<i>Macrhybopsis gelida</i>), <a href="/wiki/Peppered_chub" title="Peppered chub">peppered chub</a> (<i>Macrhybopsis tetranema</i>), <a href="/wiki/Prairie_chub" title="Prairie chub">prairie chub</a> (<i>Macrhybopsis australis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Western_silvery_minnow" title="Western silvery minnow">western silvery minnow</a> (<i>Hybognathus argyritis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plains_minnow" title="Plains minnow">plains minnow</a> (<i>Hybognathus placitus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Smalleye_shiner" title="Smalleye shiner">smalleye shiner</a> (<i>Notropis buccula</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River_shiner" title="Arkansas River shiner">Arkansas River shiner</a> (<i>Notropis girardi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Red_River_shiner" title="Red River shiner">Red River shiner</a> (<i>Notropis bairdi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Topeka_shiner" title="Topeka shiner">Topeka shiner</a> (<i>Notropis topeka</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plains_topminnow" title="Plains topminnow">plains topminnow</a> (<i>Fundulus sciadicus</i>), plains killifish (<i><a href="/wiki/Fundulus_zebrinus" title="Fundulus zebrinus">Fundulus zebrinus</a></i>), Red River pupfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyprinodon_rubrofluviatilis" title="Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis">Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_darter" title="Arkansas darter">Arkansas darter</a> (<i>Etheostoma cragini</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_et_al._(1980)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_et_al._(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page_&_Burr_(2011)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_&_Burr_(2011)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The great plains also has many <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species living here both alive and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nicrophorus_americanus" title="Nicrophorus americanus">American burying beetle</a> (Nicrophorus americus), <a href="/wiki/Salt_Creek_tiger_beetle" title="Salt Creek tiger beetle">Salt Creek Tiger Beetle</a> (Cinidela nevadica lincolniana), <a href="/wiki/Amblycheila_cylindriformis" title="Amblycheila cylindriformis">Great Plains Giant Tiger Beetle</a> (Amblycheila chylindriformis), <a href="/wiki/Microstylum_morosum" title="Microstylum morosum">Microstylum morosum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bean_leaf_beetle" title="Bean leaf beetle">Bean leaf beetle</a> (Cerotoma trifurcata), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains_Camel_Cricket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Plains Camel Cricket (page does not exist)">Great Plains Camel Cricket</a> (Daihinia brevipes),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Lepyronia_gibbosa" title="Lepyronia gibbosa">Great plains spittlebug</a> (Lepyronia gibbosa).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species in the Great plains have gone extinct in the great plains like the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_locust" title="Rocky Mountain locust">Rocky Mountain Locust</a> (Melanoplus spretus).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American bison (Bison bison), Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma"><img alt="American bison (Bison bison), Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/207px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/311px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/414px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4375" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American bison (<i>Bison bison</i>), Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_(15519959116)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center, Colorado"><img alt="Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center, Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/205px-Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/307px-Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/410px-Black-footed_Ferrets_in_Preconditioning_Pens_%2815519959116%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="2680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black-footed ferret (<i>Mustela nigripes</i>) National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center, Colorado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift_Fox_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swift fox (Vulpes velox), Colorado"><img alt="Swift fox (Vulpes velox), Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg/336px-Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg/447px-Swift_Fox_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swift fox (<i>Vulpes velox</i>), Colorado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) on a lek in the Red Hills of Kansas"><img alt="Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) on a lek in the Red Hills of Kansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg/303px-Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg/404px-Tympanuchus_pallidicinctus-1jpg_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser prairie-chicken (<i>Tympanuchus pallidicinctus</i>) on a <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">lek</a> in the Red Hills of Kansas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_(Pantherophis_emoryi)_(8726969667).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Plains ratsnake (Pantherophis emoryi), Missouri"><img alt="Great Plains ratsnake (Pantherophis emoryi), Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg/218px-Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg/326px-Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg/435px-Great_Plains_Rat_Snake_%28Pantherophis_emoryi%29_%288726969667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3941" data-file-height="2718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Plains ratsnake (<i>Pantherophis emoryi</i>), Missouri</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Plains_toad_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)"><img alt="Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg/232px-Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg/348px-Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-Great_Plains_toad_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="1611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Plains toad (<i>Anaxyrus cognatus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_(Nicrophorus_americanus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicrophorus americanus"><img alt="Nicrophorus americanus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_%28Nicrophorus_americanus%29.jpg/130px-Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_%28Nicrophorus_americanus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_%28Nicrophorus_americanus%29.jpg/196px-Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_%28Nicrophorus_americanus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Amerikanischer_Totengr%C3%A4ber_%28Nicrophorus_americanus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicrophorus_americanus" title="Nicrophorus americanus">Nicrophorus americanus</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daemonelix_burrows_(Harrison_Formation,_Middle_Miocene;_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument,_northwestern_Nebraska,_USA)_(15545351982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg/220px-Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg/330px-Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg/440px-Daemonelix_burrows_%28Harrison_Formation%2C_Middle_Miocene%3B_Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument%2C_northwestern_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_%2815545351982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of a fossil <a href="/wiki/Palaeocastor" title="Palaeocastor">Daemonelix</a> burrow at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument. </figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Period (145–66 million years ago), the Great Plains were covered by a shallow <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland sea (geology)">inland sea</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a>. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> (65–55 million years ago), the seaway had begun to recede, leaving behind thick marine deposits and a relatively flat terrain which the seaway had once occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-slattery_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slattery-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic era</a>, specifically about 25 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> for mammals, including many <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">glires</a>, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "<a href="/wiki/Grit,_not_grass_hypothesis" title="Grit, not grass hypothesis">grit, not grass</a>" hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontological</a> finds in the area have yielded bones of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smilodon" title="Smilodon">saber-toothed cats</a> and other ancient animals,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as dozens of other <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> (large animals over 100 lb [45 kg]) – such as <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">giant sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_lion" title="American lion">American lion</a> – that dominated the area of the ancient Great Plains for thousands to millions of years. The vast majority of these animals became extinct in North America at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> (around 13,000 years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of significant fossil sites are located in the Great Plains including <a href="/wiki/Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Agate Fossil Beds National Monument">Agate Fossil Beds National Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ashfall_Fossil_Beds" title="Ashfall Fossil Beds">Ashfall Fossil Beds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Lake_State_Park" title="Clayton Lake State Park">Clayton Lake State Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Valley_State_Park" title="Dinosaur Valley State Park">Dinosaur Valley State Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill" title="Hudson-Meng Bison Kill">Hudson-Meng Bison Kill</a> (Nebraska), <a href="/wiki/Makoshika_State_Park" title="Makoshika State Park">Makoshika State Park</a> (Montana), and <a href="/wiki/The_Mammoth_Site" title="The Mammoth Site">The Mammoth Site</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_protected_lands">Public and protected lands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public and protected lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_(14417716146).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg/220px-Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg/330px-Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg/440px-Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument_-_Nebraska_%2814417716146%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public and protected lands in the Great Plains include National Parks and National Monuments, administers by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> with the responsibility of preserving ecological and historical places and making them available to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Park_Service_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Park_Service-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</a> manages the National Wildlife Refuges, with the primary responsibility of conserving and protecting fish, wildlife, plants, and habitat in the public trust.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Fish_&_Wildlife_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Fish_&_Wildlife-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are agencies of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>. </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U. S. Department of Agriculture</a>, administers the National Forests and National Grasslands, under a multiple-use concept. By law, the U.S. Forest Service must consider all resources, with no single resource emphasized to the detriment of others, including water, soil, grazing, timber harvesting, and minerals (mining and drilling), as well as recreation and conservation of fish and wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Forest_Service_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Forest_Service-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each individual state also administers state lands, typically smaller areas, for various purposes including conservation and recreation. </p><p>Grasslands are among the least protected biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have converted much of the prairies for agricultural purposes or to create pastures. Several of the protected lands in the region are centered around aberrant and uncharacteristic features of the region, such as mountains, outcrops, and canyons (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devil's Tower National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff National Monument</a>), and as splendid and worthy as they are, they are not primarily focused on conserving the plains and prairies. </p><p>United States: </p> <ul><li>Colorado: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland" title="Comanche National Grassland">Comanche National Grassland</a> (443,081 acres [179,309 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_National_Grassland" title="Pawnee National Grassland">Pawnee National Grassland</a> (193,060 acres [78,130 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Iowa: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge">DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge</a> (8,362 acres [3,384 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Kansas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Bottoms" title="Cheyenne Bottoms">Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area</a> (41,000 acres [17,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_National_Grassland" title="Cimarron National Grassland">Cimarron National Grassland</a> (108,176 acres [43,777 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge">Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge</a> (18,463 acres [7,472 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirwin_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge">Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge</a> (10,778 acres [4,362 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge">Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge</a> (7,500 acres [3,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_National_Preserve" title="Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve">Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve</a> (10,882 acres [4,404 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quivira_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Quivira National Wildlife Refuge">Quivira National Wildlife Refuge</a> (22,135 acres [8,958 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Minnesota: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge">Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge</a> (61,500 acres [24,900 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge">Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge</a> (11,586 acres [4,689 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_State_Park" title="Blue Mounds State Park">Blue Mounds State Park</a> (1,567 acres [634 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes State Park</a> (2,423 acres [981 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Missouri: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Bluffs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge">Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge</a> (7,350 acres [2,970 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Montana: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Russell_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge">Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge</a> (915,814 acres [370,617 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoshika_State_Park" title="Makoshika State Park">Makoshika State Park</a> (11,538 acres [4,669 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge</a> (31,533 acres [12,761 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Battlefield_State_Park" title="Rosebud Battlefield State Park">Rosebud Battlefield State Park</a> (3,052 acres [1,235 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_Bend_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge">UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge</a> (56,048 acres [22,682 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument</a> (377,000 acres [153,000 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Nebraska: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyer_Chute_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge">Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge</a> (4,040 acres [1,630 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge</a> (45,818 acres [18,542 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Niobrara_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge">Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge</a> (19,131 acres [7,742 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Louise_Seier_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="John and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuge">John and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuge</a> (2,400 acres [970 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Platte_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="North Platte National Wildlife Refuge">North Platte National Wildlife Refuge</a> (5,047 acres [2,042 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_Basin" title="Rainwater Basin">Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District</a> (22,864 acres [9,253 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff National Monument</a> (3,000 acres [1,200 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Valentine National Wildlife Refuge">Valentine National Wildlife Refuge</a> (71,516 acres [28,941 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grulla_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Grulla National Wildlife Refuge">Grulla National Wildlife Refuge</a> (3,236 acres [1,310 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_National_Grassland" title="Kiowa National Grassland">Kiowa National Grassland</a> (137,131 acres [55,495 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>North Dakota: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowwood_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge">Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge</a> (15,934 acres [6,448 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Audubon National Wildlife Refuge">Audubon National Wildlife Refuge</a> (14,739 acres [5,965 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Missouri_State_Park" title="Little Missouri State Park">Little Missouri State Park</a> (6,492 acres [2,627 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheyenne_National_Grassland" title="Sheyenne National Grassland">Sheyenne National Grassland</a> (70,180 acres [28,400 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a> (70,446 acres [28,508 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Oklahoma: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle_National_Grassland" title="Black Kettle National Grassland">Black Kettle National Grassland</a> (31,286 acres [12,661 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Plains_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge">Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge</a> (32,080 acres [12,980 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Mountains_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge">Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge</a> (59,000 acres [24,000 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>South Dakota: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park">Badlands National Park</a> (242,756 acres [98,240 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_National_Forest" title="Black Hills National Forest">Black Hills National Forest</a> (1,253,308 acres [507,196 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a> (71,000 acres [29,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierre_National_Grassland" title="Fort Pierre National Grassland">Fort Pierre National Grassland</a> (115,890 acres [46,900 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_River_National_Grassland" title="Grand River National Grassland">Grand River National Grassland</a> (154,783 acres [62,638 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> (33,847 acres [13,697 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Texas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge</a> (7,664 acres [3,102 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_National_Grassland" title="Caddo National Grassland">Caddo National Grassland</a> (17,873 acres [7,233 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprock_Canyons_State_Park_and_Trailway" title="Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway">Caprock Canyons State Park</a> (15,313 acres [6,197 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerman_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge">Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge</a> (11,320 acres [4,580 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a> (20,309 acres [8,219 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muleshoe_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge">Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge</a> (6,440 acres [2,610 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Palo Duro Canyon">Palo Duro Canyon State Park</a> (26,200 acres [10,600 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Blanca_National_Grassland" title="Rita Blanca National Grassland">Rita Blanca National Grassland</a> (230,000 acres [93,000 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Wyoming: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Gowdy_State_Park" title="Curt Gowdy State Park">Curt Gowdy State Park</a> (3,395 acres [1,374 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devil's Tower National Monument</a> (1,346 acres [545 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendo_State_Park" title="Glendo State Park">Glendo State Park</a> (ca. 10,000 acres [4,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Basin_National_Grassland" title="Thunder Basin National Grassland">Thunder Basin National Grassland</a> (547,499 acres [221,565 ha])</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Canada: </p> <ul><li>Alberta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> (48,000 acres [19,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffield_National_Wildlife_Area" title="Suffield National Wildlife Area">Suffield National Wildlife Area</a> (113,263 acres [45,836 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Manitoba: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_National_Park" title="Riding Mountain National Park">Riding Mountain National Park</a> (733,400 acres [296,800 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Provincial_Park" title="Turtle Mountain Provincial Park">Turtle Mountain Provincial Park</a> (46,080 acres [18,650 ha])</li></ul></li> <li>Saskatchewan: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands National Park</a> (224,000 acres [91,000 ha])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Mountain_Lake_National_Wildlife_Area" title="Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area">Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area</a> (38,553 acres [15,602 ha])</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_changes">Ecological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ecological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>the Great Plains biome is found to be at the brink of collapse due to <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>, with 62% of Northern American grassland lost to date.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_to_1850">History to 1850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History to 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_American_contact">Original American contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Original American contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuffaloHunters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg/220px-BuffaloHunters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg/330px-BuffaloHunters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg/440px-BuffaloHunters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Buffalo hunt under the wolf-skin mask, <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1832–33.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Peoples (<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>) arrived on the Great Plains thousands of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of corn around 800 CE allowed the development of the mound-building <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> along rivers that crossed the Great Plains and that included trade networks west to the Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mississippians settled the Great Plains at sites now in <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Site">South Dakota</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan language</a> speakers may have originated in the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> region. They were agriculturalists and may have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builder civilization</a> during the 9th–12th centuries. </p><p>Pressure from other Indian tribes, themselves driven west and south by the encroachment of European settlers as well as economic incentives such as the fur trade, alongside the arrival of the horse and firearms from Europe pushed multiple tribes onto the Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among those to have lived on the Great Plains were the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, and others. Eastern portions of the Great Plains were inhabited by tribes who lived at <a href="/wiki/Etzanoa" title="Etzanoa">Etzanoa</a> and in semi-permanent villages of earth lodges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cree_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cree people">Cree peoples</a> pushed the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> (Teton Sioux) west onto the Great Plains in the mid- to late-17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> originated in the western <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and spread north and east into present-day <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> into the Great Plains. After 1750, warfare and pressure from the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed Eastern Shoshone south and westward. Some of them moved as far south as Texas, emerging as the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> by 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_horses">Arrival of horses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arrival of horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-George_Catlin_-_Indian_Family_Alarmed_at_the_Approach_of_a_Prairie_Fire_-_1985.66.595_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Indian family alarmed at the approach of a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">prairie fire</a>, George Catlin, c. 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known contact between Europeans and Indians in the Great Plains occurred in what is now Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska from 1540 to 1542 with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>, a Spanish conquistador. In that same period, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas which is now known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought that the Great Plains were the location of the mythological <i><a href="/wiki/Quivira" title="Quivira">Quivira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni-Cibola_Complex" title="Zuni-Cibola Complex">Cíbola</a></i>, a place said to be rich in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People in the southwest began to acquire horses in the 16th century by trading or stealing them from Spanish colonists in New Mexico. As horse culture moved northward, the Comanche were among the first to commit to a fully mounted <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle. This occurred by the 1730s, when they had acquired enough horses to put all their people on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The real beginning of the horse culture of the plains began with the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt of 1680</a> in New Mexico and the capture of thousands of horses and other livestock. In 1683 a Spanish expedition into Texas found horses among Native people. In 1690, a few horses were found by the Spanish among the Indians living at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado River</a> of Texas and the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> of eastern Texas had a sizeable number.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haines.1988_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines.1988-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French explorer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Charles_Du_Tisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Charles Du Tisne">Claude Charles Du Tisne</a> found 300 horses among the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita (tribe)">Wichita</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Verdigris_River" title="Verdigris River">Verdigris River</a> in 1719, but they were still not plentiful. Another Frenchman, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Veniard,_Sieur_de_Bourgmont" title="Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont">Bourgmont</a>, could only buy seven at a high price from the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaw (tribe)">Kaw</a> in 1724, indicating that horses were still scarce among tribes in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. By 1770, that Plains Indians culture was mature, consisting of mounted buffalo-hunting nomads from Saskatchewan and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> southward nearly to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>This painting by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a> is a portrayal of Plains Indians chasing buffalo over a small cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walters Art Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The milder winters of the southern Plains favored a pastoral economy by the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the northeastern Plains of Canada, the Indians were less favored, with families owning fewer horses, remaining more dependent upon dogs for transporting goods, and hunting bison on foot. The scarcity of horses in the north encouraged raiding and warfare in competition for the relatively small number of horses that survived the severe winters.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comanche power peaked in the 1840s when they conducted <a href="/wiki/Comanche%E2%80%93Mexico_Wars" title="Comanche–Mexico Wars">large-scale raids</a> hundreds of miles into Mexico proper, while also <a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">warring</a> against the Anglo-Americans and <a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejanos</a> who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">independent Texas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fur_trade">Fur trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fur trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> brought thousands of colonial settlers into the Great Plains over the next 100 years. Fur trappers made their way across much of the region, making regular contacts with Indians. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC) had first been granted in 1670 a commercial monopoly over the huge <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> drainage area known as <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> covering a northern portion of the Great Plains. The <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> fur trade incumbent had also been present in the area until acquired by the HBC during the early 1820s. </p><p>The United States acquired the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803 and conducted the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> in 1804–1806, and more information became available concerning the Plains, and various pioneers entered the areas. Fur trading posts were often the basis of later settlements. Through the 19th century, more settlers migrated to the Great Plains as part of a vast <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territorial acquisitions">westward expansion</a> of population, and new settlements became dotted across the Great Plains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The settlers also brought diseases against which the Indians had no resistance. Between a half and two-thirds of the Plains Indians are thought to have died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> by the time of the Louisiana Purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic</a> spread across the Great Plains, killing many thousands between 1837 and 1840. In the end, it is estimated that two-thirds of the Blackfoot population died, along with half of the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboines" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboines">Assiniboines</a> and Arikaras, a third of the Crows, and a quarter of the Pawnees.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gascoyne,_North_Dakota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/220px-Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/330px-Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/440px-Gascoyne%2C_North_Dakota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Great Plains in North Dakota <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2007, where communities began settling in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement">Settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a> ran from the Missouri River to New Mexico, skirting north of <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comancheria</a>. Beginning in the 1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> led from the Missouri River across the Great Plains. </p><p>Much of the Great Plains became open range where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals, and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. Between 1866 and 1895, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City, Kansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala, Nebraska</a>; from there, cattle were shipped east.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passage of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a> in 1854 opened both territories to White settlement. The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> of 1862 further encouraged settlement and agricultural development in the Great Plains; the population of Nebraska, for instance, increased from under 30,000 in 1860 to over one million in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A homesteader was permitted to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land for only a small filing fee, provided that he or she lived on the land for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the <a href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</a> of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building houses out of the very turf of the land. Many of them were not skilled farmers, and failures were frequent. The Canadian <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></i> of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_land_grants_in_the_United_States#Settlement_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Railroad land grants in the United States">Railroad land grants in the United States § Settlement of the Great Plains</a></div> <p>After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to American farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. Towns flourished if they were favored by proximity to the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas experienced significant growth during the 1870s. The total population in these states grew from 1.0 million in 1870 to 2.4 million in 1880, more than doubling in just 10 years. The number of farms in the region tripled, increasing from 99,000 in 1870 to 302,000 in 1880. The improved acreage (land under cultivation) quintupled, rising from 5.0 million acres to 24.6 million acres during the same period. the new settlers mostly purchased land on generous terms from transcontinental railroads that were given land grants by Washington. They focused on wheat and cattle. This rapid population influx and agricultural expansion was a hallmark of the settlement and development of the Great Plains in the late 19th century, as the region attracted waves of new settlers from Germany, Scandinavia, and Russia, as well as farmers who sold land in older states to move to larger farms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homesteader_NE_1866.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1866"><img alt="Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png/316px-Homesteader_NE_1866.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png/475px-Homesteader_NE_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteaders</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> in 1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Plains before the native grasses were plowed under, Haskell County, Kansas, 1897, showing a man near a buffalo wallow"><img alt="The Great Plains before the native grasses were plowed under, Haskell County, Kansas, 1897, showing a man near a buffalo wallow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg/325px-Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg/488px-Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg/649px-Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4169" data-file-height="3172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Plains before the native grasses were plowed under, <a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Kansas" title="Haskell County, Kansas">Haskell County, Kansas</a>, 1897, showing a man near a <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wallow" title="Buffalo wallow">buffalo wallow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowboy1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle herd and cowboy, c. 1902"><img alt="Cattle herd and cowboy, c. 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cowboy1902.jpg/243px-Cowboy1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cowboy1902.jpg/365px-Cowboy1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cowboy1902.jpg/486px-Cowboy1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cattle herd and cowboy, c. 1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell,_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheat field on Dutch flats near Mitchell, Nebraska, 1910"><img alt="Wheat field on Dutch flats near Mitchell, Nebraska, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif/lossy-page1-323px-Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif/lossy-page1-484px-Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif/lossy-page1-645px-Wheat_field_on_Dutch_flats_near_Mitchell%2C_Nebr._Farm_of_T.C._Shawver_-_NARA_-_294480.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheat field on Dutch flats near <a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_Nebraska" title="Mitchell, Nebraska">Mitchell, Nebraska</a>, 1910</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_settlements">First settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Fort_Laramie_-_Walters_37194049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Fort William, the first Fort Laramie, as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller</figcaption></figure><p>The first White settlements in the great plains were forts, particularly along the Santa Fe Trail, and trading posts. Some of the first built were: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></p><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lisa_(North_Dakota)" title="Fort Lisa (North Dakota)">Fort Lisa</a> (1809), North Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> or Selkirk Settlement (1811), Manitoba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lisa_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Lisa (Nebraska)">Fort Lisa</a> (1812), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)</a> (1819), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle%27s_Post" title="Fontenelle's Post">Fontenelle's Post</a> (1822), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanne%27s_Trading_Post" title="Cabanne's Trading Post">Cabanne's Trading Post</a> (1822), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kiowa" title="Fort Kiowa">Fort Kiowa</a> (1822), South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a> (1834), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Parker_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Parker Massacre">Fort Parker</a> (1834), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">Zinkenburg</a> (1845), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kearney" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kearney">Fort Kearney</a> (1848), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Martin_Scott" title="Fort Martin Scott">Fort Martin Scott</a> (1848), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Croghan" title="Fort Croghan">Fort Croghan</a> (1849), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gates" title="Fort Gates">Fort Gates</a> (1849), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Graham" title="Fort Graham">Fort Graham</a> (1849), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="History of Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> (1849), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belknap_(Texas)" title="Fort Belknap (Texas)">Fort Belknap</a> (1851), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mason" title="Fort Mason">Fort Mason</a> (1851), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chadbourne" title="Fort Chadbourne">Fort Chadbourne</a> (1852), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKavett_State_Historic_Site" title="Fort McKavett State Historic Site">Fort McKavett</a> (1852), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Phantom_Hill" title="Fort Phantom Hill">Fort Phantom Hill</a> (1852), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman,_Texas" title="Coleman, Texas">Camp Colorado</a> (1855), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_Nebraska" title="Fort McPherson, Nebraska">Fort McPherson</a> (1863), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mitchell,_Nebraska" title="Fort Mitchell, Nebraska">Fort Mitchell</a> (1864), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Concho" title="Fort Concho">Fort Concho</a> (1867), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Griffin" title="Fort Griffin">Fort Griffin</a> (1867), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Richardson_(Texas)" title="Fort Richardson (Texas)">Fort Richardson</a> (1867), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sidney" title="Fort Sidney">Fort Sidney</a> (1867), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Omaha" title="Fort Omaha">Fort Omaha</a> (1868), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hartsuff_State_Historical_Park" title="Fort Hartsuff State Historical Park">Fort Hartsuff</a> (1874), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> (1869), Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a> (1874), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Sheridan_(Nebraska)" title="Camp Sheridan (Nebraska)">Camp Sheridan</a> (1874), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Niobrara" title="Fort Niobrara">Fort Niobrara</a> (1880), Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Elliott" title="Fort Elliott">Fort Elliott</a> (1875), Texas</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_life">Social life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Social life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grange1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grange1873.jpg/170px-Grange1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grange1873.jpg/255px-Grange1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grange1873.jpg/340px-Grange1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Grange in session, 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, making it possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East and overseas. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in the expectation that they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they understood the need for a hard-working wife and numerous children to handle the many responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology encouraged women to turn to domestic roles, including sewing and washing machines. Media and government extension agents promoted the "scientific housekeeping" movement, along with county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm book keeping, and home economics courses in the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, yet plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities which combined work, food, and entertainment, such as <a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">barn raisings</a>, corn huskings, quilting bees,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">Grange</a> meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits among families.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Progressive Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> <p>The Progressive movement was a reform movement that took place in all parts of the country during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement sought to address social, political, and economic problems that had arisen as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Progressives believed that the government could play a role in solving these problems by regulating businesses, protecting workers, and providing social welfare programs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Plains states were a hotbed of Progressive activity. Many of the reforms that were enacted at the national level were first implemented in the Plains states.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the initiative and referendum process, which allows voters to directly enact laws, was first adopted in South Dakota in 1898. The direct primary, which allows voters to choose their party's candidates in primary elections, was first adopted in Wisconsin in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progressive reformers in the Great Plains focused on high priority issues, especially:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Regulation of railroads and public utilities</li> <li>Prohibition<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Employer liability and workers' compensation</li> <li>Protections for consumers</li> <li>State-owned enterprises</li> <li>Woman suffrage</li></ul> <p>Progressives in the Great Plains were more likely to support direct democracy, woman suffrage, and Prohibition than their counterparts elsewhere. They were also more likely to favor state-owned enterprises, especially those devoted to economic development. Plains progressivism was more radical than progressivism in eastern states, with a greater focus on direct democracy, woman suffrage, and Prohibition. Plains progressives were more isolationist regarding foreign policy, largely in response to the large German and Scandinavian elements. Socialists were more active than elsewhere, Progressive reforms had a significant long-term impact on the region. They helped to improve the lives of workers, farmers, and consumers. They also helped to make the Plains states more democratic and responsive to the needs of their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_Bowl_and_water_resources">Dust Bowl and water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dust Bowl and water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg/280px-High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg/420px-High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg/560px-High_plains_fresh_groundwater_usage_2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Withdrawal rates from the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The region roughly centered on the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Oklahoma Panhandle</a> was known as the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> during the late 1920s and early 1930s, including southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a>, and extreme northeastern New Mexico. The effects of an extended drought, inappropriate cultivation, and financial crises of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> forced many farmers off the land throughout the Great Plains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large land-holdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a>, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata. <a href="/wiki/Center_pivot_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center pivot irrigation">Center pivot irrigation</a> is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">aquifer depletion</a> at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population_decline">Population decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Population decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depopulation_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Depopulation of the Great Plains">Depopulation of the Great Plains</a></div> <p>The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3/km<sup>2</sup>), the density standard that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77/km<sup>2</sup>). According to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald, there are more than 6,000 ghost towns in Kansas alone. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there has been a proposal to return approximately 139,000 sq mi (360,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of these drier parts to native prairie land as a <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Commons" title="Buffalo Commons">Buffalo Commons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Wind power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/220px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/330px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/440px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> in the plains of <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Plains contributes substantially to <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">wind power in the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/T._Boone_Pickens" title="T. Boone Pickens">T. Boone Pickens</a> developed wind farms after a career as a petroleum executive, and he called for the U.S. to invest $1 trillion to build an additional 200,000 MW of wind power in the Plains as part of his <a href="/wiki/Pickens_Plan" title="Pickens Plan">Pickens Plan</a>. He cited <a href="/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas" title="Sweetwater, Texas">Sweetwater, Texas</a>, as an example of economic revitalization driven by wind power development.<sup id="cite_ref-oilman_wind_power_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilman_wind_power-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oil_addiction_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil_addiction-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pickens_order_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickens_order-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li 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href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Desert" title="Great American Desert">Great American Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bison_belt" title="Great bison belt">Great bison belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Art_Museum" title="Great Plains Art Museum">Great Plains Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Conservation_Program" title="Great Plains Conservation Program">Great Plains Conservation Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Great_Plains_History_Conference" title="Northern Great Plains History Conference">Northern Great Plains History Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States_on_stamps" title="Territories of the United States on stamps">Territories of the United States on stamps</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_steppe-lands">International steppe-lands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International steppe-lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a>, in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puszta" title="Puszta">Puszta</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wishart, David J. 2004. The Great Plains Region, In: <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i>, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. xiii-xviii. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7">0-8032-4787-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/land/arm_physio_plains/1">Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122000541/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/land/arm_physio_plains/1">Archived</a> January 22, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadaguide.com/places/the-prairies/">"The Prairies"</a>. <i>The Canada Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canada+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Prairies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadaguide.com%2Fplaces%2Fthe-prairies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724143053/http://www.cec.org/atlas/">CEC.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm">"About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144150/http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+National+Health+and+Environmental+Effects+Research+Laboratory+%28NHEERL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwed%2Fpages%2Fecoregions%2Fna_eco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenneman1917" class="citation journal cs1">Fenneman, Nevin M. (January 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1091163">"Physiographic Subdivision of the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917PNAS....3...17F">1917PNAS....3...17F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.3.1.17">10.1073/pnas.3.1.17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43473694">43473694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1091163">1091163</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586678">16586678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Physiographic+Subdivision+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1917-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1091163%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917PNAS....3...17F&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43473694&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16586678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.3.1.17&rft.aulast=Fenneman&rft.aufirst=Nevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1091163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1948" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ralph Hall (1948). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra00brow"><i>Historical Geography of the United States</i></a></span>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra00brow/page/373">373–374</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186331193">186331193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=373-374&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+Co&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186331193&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalgeogra00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/High-Plains">"High Plains | region, United States"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513135615/https://www.britannica.com/place/High-Plains">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=High+Plains+%7C+region%2C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHigh-Plains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html#TheInteriorPlains">"Natural Resources Canada. The Atlas of Canada. Physiographic Regions of Canada"</a>. September 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621185011/https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html#TheInteriorPlains">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Resources+Canada.+The+Atlas+of+Canada.+Physiographic+Regions+of+Canada&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.gc.ca%2Fphys%2Fen%2Findex.html%23TheInteriorPlains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/United_States,_The/Physical_Geography" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United States, The/Physical Geography">United States, The § <i>Physical Geography</i></a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">619–</span>620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States%2C+The+%C2%A7+Physical+Geography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E619-%3C%2Fspan%3E620&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwoodSchell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lockwood, Jeffrey A.; Schell, Scott P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503456">"Outbreak Dynamics of Rangeland Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Western Plains Ecoregion: Eruptive, Gradient, Both, or Neither?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Orthoptera_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Orthoptera Research">Journal of Orthoptera Research</a></i> (4). Orthopterists' Society: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503456">10.2307/3503456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-6467">1082-6467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503456">3503456</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003081847/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503456">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Orthoptera+Research&rft.atitle=Outbreak+Dynamics+of+Rangeland+Grasshoppers+%28Orthoptera%3A+Acrididae%29+in+the+Western+Plains+Ecoregion%3A+Eruptive%2C+Gradient%2C+Both%2C+or+Neither%3F&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1082-6467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3503456&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Schell%2C+Scott+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildflowers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wildflowers_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Zoe Merriman (September 2008). <i>Wildflowers of the Western Plains: A Field Guide</i>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803219052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803219052"><bdi>978-0803219052</bdi></a>. <q>Stretching from western Texas and eastern New Mexico up through Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, the Dakotas, and into Canada, the vast western plains often appear sparse...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildflowers+of+the+Western+Plains%3A+A+Field+Guide&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008-09&rft.isbn=978-0803219052&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Zoe+Merriman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntwisleSternEnvironment2003" class="citation web cs1">Entwisle, Barbara; Stern, Paul C; Environment, the (February 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22969/">"Population and Environment in the U.S. Great Plains"</a>. <i>NCBI Bookshelf</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927174909/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22969/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Bookshelf&rft.atitle=Population+and+Environment+in+the+U.S.+Great+Plains&rft.date=2003-02-03&rft.aulast=Entwisle&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Stern%2C+Paul+C&rft.au=Environment%2C+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK22969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne2019" class="citation web cs1">Thorne, Robert F. (February 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Chapter_6">"Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico"</a>. <i>Flora of North America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223202528/http://floranorthamerica.org/Chapter_6">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Phytogeography+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffloranorthamerica.org%2FChapter_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_(2006)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_(2006)_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, Fiona, A. 2006. <i>A Field Guide to mammals of North America North of Mexico, Peterson Field Guide Series, 4th ed.</i> Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. New York, N. Y. xx, 579 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-93596-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-93596-2">0-395-93596-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulroy_(2002)-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mulroy_(2002)_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulroy, Kevin (Editor-in-Chief). 2002. <i>Field Guide to the Birds of North America, 4th edition.</i> National Geographic, Washington, D. C. 480 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6877-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-6877-6">0-7922-6877-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell_et_al._(2016)-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_et_al._(2016)_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph Collins. 2016. <i>Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 4th ed.</i> Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. New York, N. Y. xiii, 494 pp. [pages 202-209] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-12997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-12997-9">978-0-544-12997-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodd_(2013)-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dodd_(2013)_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodd Jr., C. Kenneth (2013) <i>Frogs of the United States and Canada, Vol. I & II</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 982 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1262005087">1262005087</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_et_al._(1980)-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_et_al._(1980)_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. 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Blitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1130">"Mississippian Period"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. Alabama Humanities Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mississippian+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.pub=Alabama+Humanities+Foundation&rft.au=John+H.+Blitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen2019" class="citation book cs1">Hämäläinen, Pekka J. (2019). <i>Lakota America: a new history of indigenous power</i>. The Lamar series in western history. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21595-3"><bdi>978-0-300-21595-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakota+America%3A+a+new+history+of+indigenous+power&rft.place=New+Haven+%28Conn.%29&rft.series=The+Lamar+series+in+western+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21595-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Pekka+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozzens2016" class="citation book cs1">Cozzens, Peter (2016). <i>The earth is weeping: the epic story of the Indian wars for the American West</i>. 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Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12654-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, Herbert Eugene. <i>Spanish Exploration in the Southwest</i>, 1542–1706. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2007 (reprint) pp. 296, 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines.1988-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haines.1988_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haines, Francis. "The Northward Spread of Horses among the Plains Indians. <i>American Anthropologist</i>, Vol 40, No. 3 (1988) p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/16002">"Hunting Buffalo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516151812/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/16002">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunting+Buffalo&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F16002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborn, Alan J. 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Wishart, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i> (2004) pp.649-650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick G. O'Brien, "Prohibition and the Kansas Progressive Example." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> (1987): 219-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William D. Rowley, "The West as Laboratory and Mirror of Reform" in Gerald D Nash and Richard W Etulain, eds, <i>The 20th century West: historical interpretations</i> (1989) 339-359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bobby A. Stewart and Terry A. Howell, <i>Encyclopedia of water science</i> (2003) p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Rees, <i>The Great Plains region</i> (2004) p. xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oilman_wind_power-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oilman_wind_power_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727134710/http://www.startribune.com/business/25868279.html">"Legendary Texas oilman embraces wind power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i>. July 25, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/business/25868279.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Legendary+Texas+oilman+embraces+wind+power&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fbusiness%2F25868279.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oil_addiction-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oil_addiction_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahey2008" class="citation web cs1">Fahey, Anna (July 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sightline.org/2008/07/09/texas-oil-man-says-we-can-break-the-addiction/">"Texas Oil Man Says We Can Break the Addiction"</a>. <i>Sightline Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801005045/https://www.sightline.org/2008/07/09/texas-oil-man-says-we-can-break-the-addiction/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sightline+Daily&rft.atitle=Texas+Oil+Man+Says+We+Can+Break+the+Addiction&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sightline.org%2F2008%2F07%2F09%2Ftexas-oil-man-says-we-can-break-the-addiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickens_order-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pickens_order_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001235615/http://www.windtoday.net/info/articles.html?ID=57318">"T. Boone Pickens Places $2 Billion Order for GE Wind Turbines"</a>. <i>Wind Today Magazine</i>. May 16, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windtoday.net/info/articles.html?ID=57318">the original</a> on October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wind+Today+Magazine&rft.atitle=T.+Boone+Pickens+Places+%242+Billion+Order+for+GE+Wind+Turbines&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windtoday.net%2Finfo%2Farticles.html%3FID%3D57318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Plains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Distinguished_Book_Prize" title="Great Plains Distinguished Book Prize">Great Plains Distinguished Book Prize</a></div> <ul><li>Wishart, David J. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4787-7">0-8032-4787-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/">complete text online</a>, for all the basic facts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonnifield, Paul. <i>The Dust Bowl: Men, Dirt, and Depression</i> (U of New Mexico Press, 1978), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0485-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0485-0">0-8263-0485-0</a>.</li> <li>Cherny, Robert W. "The Great Plains" in Michael Kazin, ed. <i>The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</i> (2011) pp. 272–279.</li> <li>Courtwright, Julie. <i>Prairie Fire: A Great Plains History</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2011) 274 pp.</li> <li>Danbom, David B. <i>Sod Busting: How families made farms on the 19th-century Plains</i> (2014)</li> <li>Drummond, Mark A., et al. "Land change variability and human–environment dynamics in the United States Great Plains." <i>Land use policy</i> 29.3 (2012): 710–723. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1925&context=usgsstaffpub">online</a></li> <li>Eagan, Timothy. <i>The Worst Hard Time : the Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl</i>. (Houghton Mifflin, 2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forsberg" title="Michael Forsberg">Forsberg, Michael</a>, <i>Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild</i> (U of Chicago Press, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25725-9">978-0-226-25725-9</a></li> <li>Gilfillan, Merrill. <i>Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains</i>, (Boulder, Colorado, Johnson Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55566-227-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55566-227-7">1-55566-227-7</a>.</li> <li>Grant, Michael Johnston. <i>Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945</i>, (Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7105-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7105-0">0-8032-7105-0</a></li> <li>Havighurst, Walter. <i>Midwest and Great Plains</i> (1967), for secondary schools. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midwestgreatplai00havi/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. <i>The Big Empty: The Great Plains in the Twentieth Century</i> (U of Arizona Press; 2011) 315 pages; the environmental, social, economic, and political history of the region. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigemptygreatpla0000hurt/page/267/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. <i>The Great Plains during World War II.</i> (University of Nebraska Press. 2008). Pp. xiii, 507. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatplainsdurin0000hurt">online</a></li> <li>Lavin, Stephen J., Fred M. Shelley, and J. Clark Archer. <i>Atlas of the Great Plains</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkcqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Plains&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Luebke, Frederick C. "Regionalism and the Great Plains: Problems of concept and method." <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> 15.1 (1984): 19–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1166&context=historyfacpub">online</a></li> <li>Maher, Susan Naramore. <i>Deep Map Country: Literary Cartography of the Great Plains</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2014), covers nonfiction and environmental writing.</li> <li>Miner, Craig. <i>West of Wichita: Settling the High Plains of Kansas, 1865-1890</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/west-of-wichita-settling-the-high-plains-of-kansas-18651890-by-minercraig-lawrence-university-press-of-kansas-1986-vii-303-pp-maps-illustrations-notes-bibliography-and-index-1995/ADD71E0F7C78890332497B51BFB1996A">online book review</a></li> <li>Parton, William J., et al. "Ecological impact of historical land‐use patterns in the Great Plains: a methodological assessment." <i>Ecological Applications</i> 15.6 (2005): 1915–1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117101/eap20051561915.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Peirce, Neal R. <i>The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States</i> (1973); Comprehensive coverage of the 1950s and 1960s in each state.</li> <li>Raban, Jonathan. <i>Bad Land: An American Romance</i> (Vintage 1996); winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction.</li> <li>Rees, Amanda. <i>The Great Plains Region: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures</i> (2004)</li> <li>Rossum, Sonja, and Stephen Lavin. "Where are the Great Plains? A cartographic analysis." <i>Professional Geographer</i> 52.3 (2000): 543–552.</li> <li>Shortridge, James R. "The heart of the prairie: Culture areas in the central and northern Great Plains." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> (1988): 206–221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1367&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a></li> <li>Turner, B. L., et al. "An investigation into land use changes and consequences in the Northern Great Plains using systems thinking and dynamics." (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=nrm_pubs">online</a></li> <li>Wood, Frances Elizabeth, and Ed Morgan. <i>Panoramic plains, the Great Plains States: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota</i> (1962) for middle schools.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cordier, Mary Hurlbut (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolwomenofpra00cord"><i>Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860–1920s</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Plains" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Great Plains">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Plains" class="extiw" title="voy:Great Plains">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/"><i>Great Plains Quarterly</i></a>, scholarly journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasheritage.org/prairie/">Kansas Heritage Group: <i>Native Prairie, Preserve, Flowers, and Research</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngphome.html">Library of Congress: <i>Great Plains</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unl.edu/plains/">University of Nebraska-Lincoln: <i>Center for Great Plains Studies</i></a></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/lubbock-tx/cropping-systems-research-laboratory/wind-erosion-and-water-conservation-research/docs/llano/">Public domain images of the Southern High Plains</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/">Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States589" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States589" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_North_America496" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_North_America" title="Template:Regions of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Regions of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_North_America496" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#North_America" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Upper Northern</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(i.e. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (US))</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Arc" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian Arc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Range" title="Aleutian Range">Aleutian Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_de_Verde_Peninsula" title="Bay de Verde Peninsula">Bay de Verde Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula_(Nunavut)" title="Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)">Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodeur_Peninsula" title="Brodeur Peninsula">Brodeur Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Peninsula" title="Cook Peninsula">Cook Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Peninsula" title="Melville Peninsula">Melville Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle" title="Palliser's Triangle">Palliser's Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Lower Northern</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(i.e. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">Tallgrass prairie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rocky Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest" title="Inland Northwest">Inland Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calumet_Region" title="Calumet Region">Calumet Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcountry_(historical_region)" title="Backcountry (historical region)">Backcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Woods" title="Great North Woods">Great North Woods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Tiers" title="Twin Tiers">Twin Tiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Lands" title="Outer Lands">Outer Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dakotas">The Dakotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Hills" title="Shawnee Hills">Shawnee Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay" title="East Bay">East Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Kuskokwim_Delta" title="Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta">Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_Delta" title="Colville Delta">Colville Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Arkansas Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta" title="Mobile–Tensaw River Delta">Mobile–Tensaw River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Peninsula" title="Monterey Peninsula">Monterey Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_belt_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of belt regions of the United States">"Belt" regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">Snow Belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huasteca" title="Huasteca">Huasteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islas_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Islas Marías">Islas Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">La Mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Gorda" title="Sierra Gorda">Sierra Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)" title="Tierra Caliente (Mexico)">Tierra Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt_pine%E2%80%93oak_forests" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera" title="Comarca Lagunera">Comarca Lagunera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Llave" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Llave">Isla Llave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdo_Landing" title="Lerdo Landing">Lerdo Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimer%C3%ADa_Alta" title="Pimería Alta">Pimería Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Trough" title="Salton Trough">Salton Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Highlands" title="Chiapas Highlands">Chiapas Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku-Maloob-Zaap" title="Ku-Maloob-Zaap">Ku-Maloob-Zaap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre de Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Oaxaca" title="Sierra Madre de Oaxaca">Sierra Madre de Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur" title="Sierra Madre del Sur">Sierra Madre del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soconusco" title="Soconusco">Soconusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_the_Sun" title="Triangle of the Sun">Triangle of the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_zone" title="Western Caribbean zone">Western Caribbean zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Caribbean" title="Southern Caribbean">Southern Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago" title="Lucayan Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Provinces</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Territories</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Topics</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Canada" title="Disability in Canada">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Lists</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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