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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1530s–1820s:_Conquistadors_and_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1530s–1820s:_Conquistadors_and_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1530s–1820s: Conquistadors and missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1530s–1820s:_Conquistadors_and_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1820s–1920s:_Yaqui_Wars_and_enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1820s–1920s:_Yaqui_Wars_and_enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1820s–1920s: Yaqui Wars and enslavement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1820s–1920s:_Yaqui_Wars_and_enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s–1930s:_Cárdenas_and_Yaqui_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s–1930s:_Cárdenas_and_Yaqui_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1920s–1930s: Cárdenas and Yaqui independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s–1930s:_Cárdenas_and_Yaqui_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Yaqui cosmology and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pascua Yaqui Tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrecognized_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrecognized_organizations_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unrecognized organizations in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrecognized_organizations_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Yaqui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Yaqui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Yaqui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Yaqui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yaqui</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B)" title="Які (індзейцы) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Які (індзейцы)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Яки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquis" title="Yaquis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yaquis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakiov%C3%A9" title="Jakiové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakiové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yaqui" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_yaqui" title="Pueblo yaqui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo yaqui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakioj" title="Jakioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="یاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquis" title="Yaquis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yaquis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yaqui" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yaqui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_(popolo)" title="Yaqui (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yaqui (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Яки – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Яки" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakiai" title="Jakiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jakiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_(volk)" title="Yaqui (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yaqui (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_(plemi%C4%99)" title="Yaqui (plemię) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yaqui (plemię)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquis" title="Yaquis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yaquis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Яки (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яки (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yaqui" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yaqui" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Які (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Які (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428575#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous group in Mexico and the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yaqui (disambiguation)">Yaqui (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yaqui<br />Yoeme</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg/220px-Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg/330px-Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg/440px-Yaqui_musicians_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Yaqui Musicians at the Yaqui Dance of the Deer, II Festival of Indigenous Cultures, 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 38,652</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">16,240 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a><sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th><td class="infobox-data">22,412, self-identified (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui (Yoem Noki)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English, Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Peyotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyotism">Peyotism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a>-speaking peoples, especially <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayos</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hiaki</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiaki / Yoeme</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaqui / Yoemem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yoem Noki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Hiakim</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yaqui</b>, <b>Hiaki</b>, or <b>Yoeme</b>, are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Mexico">Indigenous people of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribe</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan language">Uto-Aztecan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their primary homelands are in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Yaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Yaqui">Río Yaqui</a> valley<sup id="cite_ref-human_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the northwestern Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are eight Yaqui Pueblos in Sonora.<sup id="cite_ref-human_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Yaqui fled state violence to settle in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They formed the <a href="/wiki/Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona">Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-human_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, which is the only <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">federally recognized</a> Yaqui tribe in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Yaqui in Mexico live on reserved land in the state of Sonora. Others live in <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a><sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other regions, forming neighborhoods in various cities. Individual Yaqui and people of Yaqui descent live elsewhere in Mexico and the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaqui_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaqui_location.svg/220px-Yaqui_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaqui_location.svg/330px-Yaqui_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaqui_location.svg/440px-Yaqui_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the approximate locations of Yaqui people</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg/220px-Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg/330px-Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg/440px-Map_of_Yaqui_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Yaqui settlements</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui language</a>, or Yoem Noki, belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan language">Uto-Aztecan language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yaqui speak a <a href="/wiki/Cahita" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahita">Cahitan</a> language, a group of about 10 mutually intelligible languages formerly spoken in much of the states of Sonora and <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>. Most of the Cahitan languages are extinct; only the Yaqui and <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a> still speak their language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 16,000 people speak Yaqui, primarily in Sonora, Sinaloa, and Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 15,000 Yaqui speakers live in Mexico and 1,000 in the US, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yaqui is a tonal language, with a tonal accent on either the first or the second syllable of the word. The syllables that follow the tone are all high. This is known as a <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language#Yaqui" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch-accent language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yaqui call themselves <i>Hiaki</i> or <i>Yoeme</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a> word for person (<i><span title="Yaqui-language text"><i lang="yaq">yoemem</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Yaqui-language text"><i lang="yaq">yo'emem</i></span></i> meaning "people").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yaqui call their homeland <i>Hiakim</i>, from which some say the name "Yaqui" is derived. </p><p>Spanish Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ribas" title="Andrés Pérez de Ribas">Andrés Pérez de Ribas</a> (1576–1655) first wrote <i>Yaqui</i> and <i>Hiaqui</i>, later spelled <i>Hiaki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-spicer262_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spicer262-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early 17th-century Jesuit first recorded the term <i>Cahita</i>, which refers to the Hiaki, Mayo, and Tehueco.<sup id="cite_ref-spicer262_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spicer262-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mid-19th-century Mexican scholars used <i>Yaqui</i> and <i>Hiaqui</i> interchangeably and broadened the term <i>Cahita</i> to refer to more regional peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-spicer262_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spicer262-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1530s–1820s:_Conquistadors_and_missionaries"><span id="1530s.E2.80.931820s:_Conquistadors_and_missionaries"></span>1530s–1820s: Conquistadors and missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1530s–1820s: Conquistadors and missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish</a> first came into contact with the Yaqui in 1533, the Yaqui occupied a territory along the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_River" title="Yaqui River">Yaqui River</a>. They were estimated to number 30,000 people living in 80 villages in an area about 60 miles (100 km) long and 15 miles (25 km) wide. Some Yaqui lived near the mouth of the river and lived off of the resources of the sea. Most lived in agricultural communities, growing <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> on land inundated by the river every year. Others lived in the deserts and mountains and depended upon hunting and gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Diego de Guzmán, leader of an expedition to explore lands north of the Spanish settlements, encountered the Yaqui in 1533. A large number of Yaqui warriors confronted the Spaniards on a level plain. Their leader, an old man, drew a line in the dirt and told the Spanish not to cross it. He denied the Spanish request for food. A battle ensued. The Spanish claimed victory, although they retreated. Thus began 40 years of struggle, often armed, by the Yaqui to protect their culture and lands. </p><p>In 1565, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ibarra" title="Francisco de Ibarra">Francisco de Ibarra</a> attempted, but failed, to establish a Spanish settlement in Yaqui territory. What probably saved the Yaqui from an early invasion by the Spaniards was the lack of silver and other precious metals in their territory. In 1608, the Yaqui and 2,000 indigenous allies, mostly Mayo, were victorious over the Spanish in two battles. A peace agreement in 1610 brought gifts from the Spanish and, in 1617, an invitation by the Yaquis for the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> to stay and teach them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yaqui lived in a mutually advantageous relationship with the Jesuits for 120 years. Most of them converted to Christianity while retaining many traditional beliefs. The Jesuit rule over the Yaqui was stern but the Yaqui retained their land and their unity as a people. The Jesuits introduced the Yaqui to wheat, cattle, and horses. </p><p>The Yaqui prospered and the missionaries were allowed to extend their activities further north. The Jesuit success was facilitated by the fact that the nearest Spanish settlement was 100 miles away and the Yaqui were able to avoid interaction with Spanish settlers, soldiers and miners. Important, too, was that epidemics of European diseases that destroyed many Indigenous populations appear not to have seriously impacted the Yaqui. The reputation of the Yaqui as warriors, plus the protection afforded by the Jesuits, perhaps shielded the Yaqui from Spanish slavers. The Jesuits persuaded the Yaqui to settle into eight towns: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1cum" title="Bácum">Bácum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benem (page does not exist)">Benem</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3corit" title="Cócorit">Cócorit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huiribis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huiribis (page does not exist)">Huiribis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiribis" class="extiw" title="es:Huiribis">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3tam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pótam (page does not exist)">Pótam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3tam" class="extiw" title="es:Pótam">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahum (page does not exist)">Rahum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B3rim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tórim (page does not exist)">Tórim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADcam" title="Vícam">Vícam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, by the 1730s, Spanish settlers and miners were encroaching on Yaqui land and the Spanish colonial government began to alter the arms-length relationship. This created unrest among the Yaqui and led to a brief but bloody Yaqui and Mayo revolt in 1740. One thousand Spanish and 5,000 Native Americans were killed and the animosity lingered. The missions declined and the prosperity of the earlier years was never regained. The Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767 and the Franciscan priests who replaced them never gained the confidence of the Yaqui. </p><p>An uneasy peace between the Spaniards and the Yaqui endured for many years after the revolt, with the Yaqui maintaining their tight-knit organization and most of their independence from Spanish and, after 1821, Mexican rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1820s–1920s:_Yaqui_Wars_and_enslavement"><span id="1820s.E2.80.931920s:_Yaqui_Wars_and_enslavement"></span>1820s–1920s: Yaqui Wars and enslavement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1820s–1920s: Yaqui Wars and enslavement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/170px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/255px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/340px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Obregón</a> and Yaqui staff, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>During Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain in the early 19th century, the Yaqui showed that they still considered themselves independent and self-governing. After Mexico won its independence, the Yaqui refused to pay taxes to the new government. A Yaqui revolt in 1825 was led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Banderas" title="Juan Banderas">Juan Banderas</a>. Banderas wished to unite the Mayo, <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a>, and Yaqui into a state that would be autonomous, or independent of Mexico. The combined indigenous forces drove the Mexicans out of their territories, but Banderas was eventually defeated and executed in 1833. This led to a succession of revolts as the Yaqui resisted the Mexican government's attempts to gain control of the Yaqui and their lands. </p><p>The Yaqui supported the French during the brief reign of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a> in the 1860s. Under the leadership of Jose Maria Leyva, known as <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">Cajemé</a>, the Yaqui continued the struggle to maintain their independence until 1887, when Cajeme was caught and executed. The war featured a succession of brutalities by the Mexican authorities, including a massacre in 1868, in which the Army burned 150 Yaqui to death inside a church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Yaqui were impoverished by a new series of wars as the Mexican government adopted a policy of confiscation and distribution of Yaqui lands.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spicer,_pp._80-82_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer,_pp._80-82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some displaced Yaquis joined the ranks of warrior bands, who remained in the mountains carrying on a guerrilla campaign against the Mexican Army. </p><p>During the 34-year rule of Mexican dictator <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Diaz">Porfirio Diaz</a>, the government repeatedly provoked the Yaqui remaining in Sonora to rebellion in order to seize their land for exploitation by investors for both mining and agricultural use.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Yaqui were sold at 60 pesos a head to the owners of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and the tobacco planters of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_Valle_Nacional" title="San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional">Valle Nacional</a>, while thousands more were sold to the <a href="/wiki/Agave_fourcroydes" title="Agave fourcroydes">henequen</a> plantation owners of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1908, at least 5,000 Yaqui had been sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spicer,_pp._80-82_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer,_pp._80-82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Valle Nacional, the enslaved Yaquis were worked until they died.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there were occasional escapes, the escapees were far from home and, without support or assistance, most died of hunger while begging for food on the road out of the valley toward <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Veracruz" title="Córdoba, Veracruz">Córdoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a>, thousands more Yaquis were put on boats and shipped to <a href="/wiki/San_Blas,_Nayarit" title="San Blas, Nayarit">San Blas</a>, where they were forced to walk more than 200 miles to <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos,_Jalisco" title="San Marcos, Jalisco">San Marcos</a> and its train station.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many women and children could not withstand the three-week journey over the mountains, and their bodies were left by the side of the road.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican government established large concentration camps at San Marcos, where the remaining Yaqui families were broken up and segregated.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals were then sold into slavery inside the station and packed into train cars which took them to <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, where they were embarked yet again for the port town of <a href="/wiki/Progreso,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Progreso, Yucatán">Progreso</a> in the Yucatán. There they were transported to their final destination, the nearby henequen plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the plantations, the Yaquis were forced to work in the tropical climate of the area from dawn to dusk.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yaqui women were allowed to marry only non-native Chinese workers.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given little food, the workers were beaten if they failed to cut and trim at least 2,000 henequen leaves per day, after which they were then locked up every night.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Yaqui men, women, and children sent for slave labor on the plantations died there, with two-thirds of the arrivals dying within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater,_vest,_and_jacket,_Arizona,_ca.1910_(CHS-4219).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg/220px-Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg/330px-Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg/440px-Yaqui_Indian_man_in_turtle-neck_sweater%2C_vest%2C_and_jacket%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4219%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4306" /></a><figcaption>Yaqui man in Arizona, ca. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, Yaqui resistance continued. By the early 1900s, after "extermination, military occupation, and colonization" had failed to halt Yaqui resistance to Mexican rule, many Yaquis assumed the identities of other Tribes and merged with the Mexican population of Sonora in cities and on haciendas.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer,_pp._80-82_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer,_pp._80-82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others left Mexico for the United States, establishing enclaves in southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Yaqui living in southern Arizona regularly returned to Sonora after working and earning money in the U.S., often for the purpose of smuggling firearms and ammunition to those Yaqui still fighting the Mexican government.<sup id="cite_ref-TURN_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skirmishes continued until 1927, when the last major battle between the Mexican Army and the Yaqui was fought at Cerro del Gallo Mountain. By employing heavy artillery, machine guns, and planes of the Mexican Air Force to shell, bomb, and strafe Yaqui villages, Mexican authorities eventually prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The objective of the Yaqui and their frequent allies, the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo people</a>, remained the same during almost 400 years of interaction with the Jesuits and the Spanish and Mexican governments: independent local government and management of their own lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s–1930s:_Cárdenas_and_Yaqui_independence"><span id="1920s.E2.80.931930s:_C.C3.A1rdenas_and_Yaqui_independence"></span>1920s–1930s: Cárdenas and Yaqui independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1920s–1930s: Cárdenas and Yaqui independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">Constitutionalist</a> army defeated the Yaqui. But in 1937, as president of the republic, he reserved 500,000 hectares of ancestral lands on the north bank of the Yaqui River, ordered the construction of a dam to provide irrigation water to the Yaqui,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provided advanced agricultural equipment and water pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Yaqui continued to maintain a degree of independence from Mexican rule.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaqui_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Yaqui_prisoners.jpg/250px-Yaqui_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Yaqui_prisoners.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 January 1918, the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment was involved in a firefight with Yaqui Indians just west of Nogales, Arizona aka <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley</a>. E Troop intercepted a group of American Yaquis on their way to render aid to Mexican Yaquis of Sonora, who were in the midst of long running war with the Mexicans. Yaquis had 1 killed and 9 POWs. The Americans claimed victory; however it was a successful Yaqui delaying action. </p><p>In 1939, the Yaqui produced 3,500 tons of wheat, 500 tons of maize, and 750 tons of beans; whereas, in 1935, they had produced only 250 tons of wheat and no maize or beans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the official government report on the <i>sexenio</i> (six-year term) of Cárdenas, the section of the Department of Indigenous Affairs (which Cárdenas established as a cabinet-level post in 1936) stated the Yaqui population was 10,000; 3,000 were children younger than 5. </p><p>Today, the Mexican municipality of <a href="/wiki/Cajeme" title="Cajeme">Cajeme</a> is named after the <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">fallen Yaqui leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg/200px-Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg/300px-Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg/400px-Tumacacori-Carmen-Tumac%C3%A1cori_Museum-2_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Yaqui traditional dance mask</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, the Yaqui subsisted on agriculture, growing <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> (like many of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the region). The Yaqui who lived in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Yaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Yaqui">Río Yaqui</a> region and in coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> fished as well as farmed. The Yaqui also made <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> products. The Yaqui have always been skillful <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a>. The Yaqui Indians have been historically described as quite tall in stature. Yaqui men have an average height of 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) and Yaqui women have an average height of 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 m). <sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, a Yaqui house consisted of three rectangular sections: the bedroom, the kitchen, and a living room, called the "portal". Floors would be made of wooden supports, walls of woven reeds, and the roof of reeds coated with thick layers of mud for insulation. Branches might be used in living room construction for air circulation; a large part of the day was spent here, especially during the hot months. A home would also have a patio. Since the time of the adoption of Christianity, many Yaquis have a wooden cross placed in front of the house, and special attention is made to its placement and condition during <i>Waresma</i> (Lent).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion">Yaqui cosmology and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yaqui cosmology and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yaqui conception of the world is considerably different from that of their European-Mexican and European-American neighbors. For example, many Yoeme believe that the universe is composed of overlapping yet distinct worlds or places, called <i>aniam</i>. Nine or more different <i>aniam</i> are recognized: </p> <ol><li><i>sea ania</i>: flower world,</li> <li><i>yo ania</i>: enchanted world,</li> <li><i>tenku ania</i>: a dream world,</li> <li><i>tuka ania</i>: night world,</li> <li><i>huya ania</i>: wilderness world,</li> <li><i>nao ania</i>: corncob world,</li> <li><i>kawi ania</i>: mountain world,</li> <li><i><span title="Yaqui-language text"><i lang="yaq">vawe ania</i></span></i>: world under the water,</li> <li><i>teeka ania</i>: world from the sky up through the universe.</li></ol> <p>Each of these worlds has its own distinct qualities, as well as forces, and Yoeme relate deer dancing with three of them, since the deer emerges from <i>yo ania</i>, an enchanted home, into the wilderness world, <i>huya ania</i>, and dances in the flower world, <i>sea ania</i>, which can be accessed through the deer dance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much Yaqui ritual is centered upon perfecting these worlds and eliminating the harm that has been done to them, especially by people. Many Yaqui have combined such ideas with their practice of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, and believe that the existence of the world depends on their annual performance of the <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lenten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yaqui Religion (1500–present), which is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic religion">syncretic religion</a> of old Yaqui beliefs and practices and the Christian teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries, is considered the earliest revitalisation reform movement within <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampagne2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampagne2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It relies upon song, music, prayer, and dancing, all performed by designated members of the community. They have woven numerous <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> traditions into the old ways and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the Yaqui <a href="/wiki/Deer_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer song">deer song</a> (<i>maso bwikam</i>) accompanies the <a href="/wiki/Deer_dance_(Yaqui)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer dance (Yaqui)">deer dance</a>, which is performed by a <i>pascola</i> (Easter, from the Spanish <i>pascua</i>) dancer, also known as a "deer dancer." Pascolas perform at religio-social functions many times of the year, but especially during Lent and Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yaqui deer song ritual is in many ways similar to the deer song rituals of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a>. The Yaqui deer song is more central to the <i>cultus</i> of its people and is strongly tied to Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. There are various societies among the Yaqui people who play a significant role in the performance of Yaqui ceremonies, including: </p> <ul><li>the prayer leaders,</li> <li><i>Kiyohteis</i>, female church assistants,</li> <li><i>Vanteareaom</i>, female flag bearers,</li> <li><i>Anheiltom</i>, angels,</li> <li><i>Kohtumvre Ya’ura</i>, fariseo society,</li> <li><i>Kantoras</i>, female singers,</li> <li><i>Officios</i>, <i>Pahko’ola</i> and deer dance societies,</li> <li><i>Wiko Yau’ra</i>, society, and</li> <li><i>Matachinim</i>, matachin society dancers).</li></ul> <p>Flowers are very important in the Yaqui culture. According to Yaqui teachings, flowers sprang up from the drops of blood that were shed at the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. Flowers are viewed as the manifestation of souls. Occasionally Yaqui men may greet a close male friend with the phrase <i>Haisa sewa?</i> ("How is the flower?").<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe">Pascua Yaqui Tribe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pascua Yaqui Tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yaqui" title="Special:EditPage/Yaqui">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby,_Arizona,_ca.1910_(CHS-4207).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg/170px-A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg/255px-A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg/340px-A_Yaqui_Indian_mother_holding_a_baby%2C_Arizona%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-4207%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="5157" /></a><figcaption>A Yaqui mother holding a baby, Arizona, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the wars between Mexico and the Yaqui, many fled to the United States. Most settled in urban barrios, including Barrio Libre and Pascua in Tucson, and Guadalupe and Scottsdale in the Phoenix area. Yaquis built homes of scrap lumber, railroad ties, and other materials, eking out an existence while taking great pains to continue the Easter Lenten ceremonies so important to community life. They found work as migrant farm laborers and in other rural occupations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe,_Arizona" title="Guadalupe, Arizona">Guadalupe, Arizona</a>, established in 1904 and incorporated in 1975, more than 44 percent of the population is <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, and many are trilingual in Yaqui, English, and Spanish. A Yaqui neighborhood, Penjamo, is located in <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona#south_scottsdale" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">South Scottsdale</a>, Arizona. </p><p>In the early 1960s, Yaqui spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Valencia_Tori" title="Anselmo Valencia Tori">Anselmo Valencia Tori</a> approached University of Arizona anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Spicer" title="Edward H. Spicer">Edward Holland Spicer</a>, an authority on the Yaqui, and asked for assistance in helping the Yaqui people. Spicer, <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Thayer_Painter" title="Muriel Thayer Painter">Muriel Thayer Painter</a>, and others created the Pascua Yaqui Association. U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Morris_Udall" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Udall">Morris Udall</a> agreed to aid the Yaquis in securing a land base. In 1964, the U.S. government granted the Yaqui 817,000 m<sup>2</sup> of land southwest of <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>. It was held in trust for the people. Under Valencia and Raymond Ybarra, the Pascua Yaqui Association developed homes and other infrastructure at the site. </p><p>In the late 1960s, several Yaqui in Arizona, among them <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Valencia_Tori" title="Anselmo Valencia Tori">Anselmo Valencia Tori</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Escalante_(Yaqui_leader)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Escalante (Yaqui leader) (page does not exist)">Fernando Escalante</a>, started developing of a tract of land about 8 km to the west of the Yaqui community of Hu'upa, calling it <a href="/wiki/New_Pascua" class="mw-redirect" title="New Pascua">New Pascua</a> (in Spanish, <i>Pascua Nuevo</i>). This community has a population (estimated in 2006) of about 4,000; most of the middle-aged population of New Pascua speaks English, Spanish, and a moderate amount of <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a>. Many older people speak the Yaqui language fluently, and a growing number of youth are learning the Yaqui language in addition to English and Spanish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Realizing the difficulties of developing the community New Pascua without the benefit of federal Tribal status, Ybarra and Valencia met with U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Dennis_DeConcini" title="Dennis DeConcini">Dennis DeConcini</a> (D-Ariz.) in the early months of 1977 to urge him to introduce legislation to provide complete federal recognition of the Yaqui people living on the land conveyed to the Pascua Yaqui Association by the United States through the Act of October 8, 1964 (78 Stat. 1197). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona">Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Senator DeConcini introduced a federal recognition bill, S.1633 on June 7, 1977. After extensive hearings and consideration, it was passed by the Senate on April 5, 1978, and became public law, PL 95-375, on September 18, 1978. The law established a government-to-government relationship between the United States and the Pascua Yaqui Tribe, and gave reservation status to Pascua Yaqui lands. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe was the last Tribe recognized prior to the BIA Federal Acknowledgement Process established in 1978. </p><p>In 2008, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe counted 11,324 voting members.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unrecognized_organizations_in_the_United_States">Unrecognized organizations in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unrecognized organizations in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many self-identified Yaqui descendants live throughout the Southwestern United States. There are also multiple <a href="/wiki/Organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">unrecognized organizations</a> that identify as Yaqui tribes. These include the Yaqui Nation of Southern California in <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Palms,_California" title="Thousand Palms, California">Thousand Palms, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Yaquis of Southern California in <a href="/wiki/Borrego_Springs,_California" title="Borrego Springs, California">Borrego Springs, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Band_of_Yaqui_Indians" title="Texas Band of Yaqui Indians">Texas Band of Yaqui Indians</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are neither federally or <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribes">state-recognized tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the State of Texas passed SR 989, a <a href="/wiki/Congratulatory_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Congratulatory resolution">congratulatory resolution</a> honoring the Texas Band of Yaqui Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Yaqui">Notable Yaqui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable Yaqui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">Cajemé</a> (1835–1887), Yaqui military leader from Pesiou, Sonora</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lucero_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Loretta Lucero Alvarez">Loretta Lucero Alvarez</a> (1892–1996), a Pascua Yaqui midwife from the 1920s until the 1970s in Tucson, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Martinez_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Martinez (artist)">Mario Martinez</a> (Pascua Yaqui), painter living in New York<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_A._Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos A. Moreno">Marcos A. Moreno</a> (Pascua Yaqui), public health advocate, medical research scholar and the first Pascua Yaqui citizen to graduate from an Ivy League University. Recipient of the national Morris K. and Stewart L. Udall Foundation award for research in medicine and public health work with under-served communities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Valencia_Tori" title="Anselmo Valencia Tori">Anselmo Valencia Tori</a> (Pascua Yaqui), spiritual leader and tribal elder. Led the Tribe through its fight to gain federal recognition from Congress in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta_pipeline" title="Agua Prieta pipeline">Agua Prieta pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Perez" title="Marty Perez">Marty Perez</a> (Yaqui/Mission Indian descent), second baseman and shortstop in the 1960s and 1970s for the California Angels, Atlanta Braves, San Francisco Giants and Oakland A's. His Yaqui ancestors were from Altar, Oquitoa, and Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. His sister, Patricia Martinez, served on the Kern County Human Relations Commission from 1997 to 2001 and was a member of the Delano Joint Union High School District Board of Directors from 2000 to 2004.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teachings_of_Don_Juan" title="The Teachings of Don Juan">The Teachings of Don Juan</a></i>, a book about an alleged Yaqui sorcerer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Tsosie" title="Rebecca Tsosie">Rebecca Tsosie</a>, American jurist of Yaqui descent, University of Arizona professor, and associate justice on the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Supreme Court<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sic_mexico-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sic_mexico_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sic.cultura.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=grupo_etnico&table_id=49">"Yaquis"</a>. <i>Sistema de Información Cultural</i>. Gobierno de México<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Borrowing+in+Yaqui.&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flilianguerrero.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F2%2F8%2F1%2F3%2F2813317%2Festrada__guerrero-yaqui_borrowing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307181220/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3048800047.html">"Yaqui"</a>. <i>HighBeam Researc h</i>. U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HighBeam+Researc+h&rft.atitle=Yaqui&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3048800047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spicer262-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spicer262_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spicer262_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spicer262_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_H._Spicer1983" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward H. Spicer</a> (1983). Sturtevant, William C. 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Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1127536511" title="Special:BookSources/978-1127536511"><bdi>978-1127536511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%3A+Southwest%2C+Vol.+10&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1127536511&rft.au=Edward+H.+Spicer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnDx4kXrO_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hu-Dehart, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hu-Dehart, pp. 15, 19–20, 27–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer. 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Spicer (1967), <i>Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533–1960</i> University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TURN-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TURN_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, John Kenneth, <i>Barbarous Mexico</i>, Chicago: C.H. 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Mexico: Nacional Impresora S.A., 1940, 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seis Años</i>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, pp. 81–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">’’Seis Años’’, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spicer-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, E. 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Tucson, Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125002214/http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/1998/05/05/152418-obituary/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tucson+Citizen&rft.atitle=Yaquis+mourn+death+of+a+spiritual+leader&rft.date=1998-05-05&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftucsoncitizen.com%2Fmorgue2%2F1998%2F05%2F05%2F152418-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Jamal (November 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diverseeducation.com/demographics/native-americans/article/15093998/tsosie-devoting-her-lifes-work-to-teaching-about-indian-law">"Tsosie Devoting Her Life's Work to Teaching About Indian Law"</a>. <i>Diverse: Issues In Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diverse%3A+Issues+In+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Tsosie+Devoting+Her+Life%E2%80%99s+Work+to+Teaching+About+Indian+Law&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diverseeducation.com%2Fdemographics%2Fnative-americans%2Farticle%2F15093998%2Ftsosie-devoting-her-lifes-work-to-teaching-about-indian-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsosie2024" class="citation web cs1">Tsosie, Rebecca (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/Tsosie_Regents%27%20Professor%20of%20Law_MasterCV_%202024%20Final.pdf">"CV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Arizona</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Arizona&rft.atitle=CV&rft.date=2024-07&rft.aulast=Tsosie&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.arizona.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTsosie_Regents%2527%2520Professor%2520of%2520Law_MasterCV_%25202024%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Champagne, Duane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements">"North American Indian Religions: New Religious Movements"</a>. In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set</i>. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Reference USA</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indian+Religions%3A+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15-volume+Set&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Folsom, Raphael Brewster: <i>The Yaquis and the Empire: Violence, Spanish Imperial Power, and the Native Resilience in Colonial Mexico.</i> Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19689-4">978-0-300-19689-4</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780300196894.pdf">Contents</a>)</li> <li>Miller, Mark E. "The Yaquis Become 'American' Indians." The Journal of Arizona History (1994).</li> <li>Miller, Mark E. Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process (chapter on the Yaquis). (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(anthropologist)" title="Thomas Sheridan (anthropologist)">Sheridan, T.E.</a> 1988. <i>Where the Dove Calls: The Political Ecology of a Peasant Corporate Community in Northwestern Mexico.</i> Tucson: University of Arizona Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aip.cornell.edu/people/marcos-moreno">American Indian & Indigenous Studies Program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yaqui" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yaqui">Yaqui</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturayaqui.com/">Escuela Autónoma para la formación artística de la Tribu Yaqui</a>, Vícam, Sonora</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pascuayaqui-nsn.gov/">Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemi.nyu.edu/cuaderno/yoeme/content.html">The Unofficial Website of Yoemem/Yaquis in Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaquicharity.org/">Pascua Yaqui Tribe Charitable Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemi.nyu.edu/cuaderno/yoeme/content.html">Vachiam eecha</a> Yaqui cuadernos, <span class="languageicon">(in English and Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantingtheseeds.cdh.ucla.edu/">Vachiam eecha non-flash version</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in English and Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217124535/http://www.2id.org/2-38-v.htm">Hector O. Valencia's War Record</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.DarioMellado.com">Dario N. Mellado (Fine Art & Illustration)</a>.</li> <li>Richard Demers, Fernando Escalante, and Eloise Jelinek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265972">"Prominence in Yaqui Words"</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jan., 1999), pp. 40–55 (on JSTOR), on the tones in Yaqui.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428575#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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