CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lisdexamfetamine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5867553b-40a0-4905-8719-8820f7c60a65","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lisdexamfetamine","wgTitle":"Lisdexamfetamine","wgCurRevisionId":1258838735,"wgRevisionId":1258838735,"wgArticleId":9687089,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Drugs with non-standard legal status","Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug","Chemicals using indexlabels","Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields","Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Amphetamine","Anorectics", "Antihypotensive agents","Aphrodisiacs","Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management","Codrugs","Drugs acting on the nervous system","Drugs developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company","Ergogenic aids","Euphoriants","Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors","Experimental antidepressants","Nootropics","Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents","Phenethylamines","Pro-motivational agents","Stimulants","Substituted amphetamines","TAAR1 agonists","VMAT inhibitors","Wakefulness-promoting agents","World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lisdexamfetamine","wgRelevantArticleId":9687089,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6558704","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/1200px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="520"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/800px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="347"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/640px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="277"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lisdexamfetamine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lisdexamfetamine rootpage-Lisdexamfetamine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lisdexamfetamine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lisdexamfetamine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lisdexamfetamine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lisdexamfetamine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ADHD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADHD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 ADHD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADHD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binge_Eating_Disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binge_Eating_Disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Binge Eating Disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binge_Eating_Disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcolepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcolepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Narcolepsy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcolepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancing_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancing_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Enhancing performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhancing_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Cognitive performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Physical performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Available forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Comparison to other formulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Reference notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lisdexamfetamine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لسدكسامفيتامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسدكسامفيتامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیسدکسافیتامین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیسدکسافیتامین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamin" title="Lisdexamfetamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lisdexamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexanfetamina" title="Lisdexanfetamina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lisdexanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لیزدگزامفتامین مزیلات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیزدگزامفتامین مزیلات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamf%C3%A9tamine" title="Lisdexamfétamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lisdexamfétamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamina" title="Lisdexamfetamina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lisdexamfetamina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ליסדקסאמפטמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליסדקסאמפטמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lisdexamfetamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%87%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="リスデキサンフェタミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リスデキサンフェタミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdeksamfetamin" title="Lisdeksamfetamin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lisdeksamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଲିସଡେକ୍ସାମଫେଟାମାଇନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିସଡେକ୍ସାମଫେଟାମାଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexanfetamina" title="Lisdexanfetamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lisdexanfetamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamin%C4%83" title="Lisdexamfetamină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lisdexamfetamină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лиздексамфетамин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лиздексамфетамин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdeksamfetamin" title="Lisdeksamfetamin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lisdeksamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdeksamfetamin" title="Lisdeksamfetamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lisdeksamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdeksamfetamiini" title="Lisdeksamfetamiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lisdeksamfetamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamin" title="Lisdexamfetamin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lisdexamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdeksamfetamin" title="Lisdeksamfetamin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lisdeksamfetamin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B3%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="利右苯丙胺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利右苯丙胺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6558704#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lisdexamfetamine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lisdexamfetamine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lisdexamfetamine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&oldid=1258838735" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lisdexamfetamine&id=1258838735&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLisdexamfetamine">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLisdexamfetamine">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lisdexamfetamine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisdexamfetamine" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6558704" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central nervous system stimulant prodrug</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Lisdexamfetamine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg/200px-Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg/300px-Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg/400px-Lisdexamfetamine_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="159" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/200px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/300px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png/400px-Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="1099" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vyvanse, Tyvense, Elvanse, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">L-Lysine-d-amphetamine; (2S)-2,6-Diamino-N-[(2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide N-[(2S)-1-Phenyl-2-propanyl]-L-lysinamide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607047.html">a607047</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: B3</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Moderate<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Moderate<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06" title="ATC code N06">N06BA12</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA12">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_A3" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class A3</a> (Psychoactive drugs)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: Schedule G (CDSA I)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_III" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage III</a> (Special prescription form required)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_B_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class B</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-3">[3]</a>Schedule II<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>: Rx-only<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a>: 96.4%<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20% (as <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Drugbank-amph-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a> by enzymes in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> initially, subsequent metabolism follows</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a> (and its metabolites) and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a>: <2 hours<a href="#cite_note-Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-XR_onset-duration-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lisdexamfetamine: <1 hour<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a> Dextroamphetamine: 10–12 h<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10–14 hours<a href="#cite_note-Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology_-_Lisdexamfetamine-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-XR_onset-duration-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a>: ~2%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(2S)-2,6-Diamino-N-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]hexanamide</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=608137-32-2">608137-32-2</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">IUPHAR</a>]</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11597698">11597698</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7213">7213</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01255">DB01255</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9772458.html">9772458</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/H645GUL8KJ">H645GUL8KJ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08130">D08130</a></li><li>as salt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04747">D04747</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1201222">ChEMBL1201222</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID00209652">DTXSID00209652</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6558704#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C15H25N3O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">263.385 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28N%5BC%40H%5D%28Cc1ccccc1%29C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28N%29CCCCN">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">Chirality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dextrorotatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrorotatory">Dextrorotatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(N[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)C)[C@@H](N)CCCCN</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C15H25N3O/c1-12(11-13-7-3-2-4-8-13)18-15(19)14(17)9-5-6-10-16/h2-4,7-8,12,14H,5-6,9-11,16-17H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t12-,14-/m0/s1 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:VOBHXZCDAVEXEY-JSGCOSHPSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N<img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=418022579&page2=Lisdexamfetamine">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand names Vyvanse and Elvanse among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> medication that is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) in children and adults and for moderate-to-severe <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a> in adults.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> Lisdexamfetamine is taken <a href="/wiki/By_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="By mouth">by mouth</a>. Its effects generally begin within two hours and last for up to 14 hours.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> Common side effects of lisdexamfetamine include <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">trouble sleeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> Rare but serious side effects include <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden cardiac death</a> in those with <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">underlying heart problems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">psychosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> It has a high potential for <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</a> may occur if used with certain other medications.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> Its use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> may result in harm to the baby and use during <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> is not recommended by the manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-17">[17]</a> Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> that works after being converted by the body into <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amp2013-18">[18]</a> Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is <a href="/wiki/Codrug" title="Codrug">composed of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covalently_bonded" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalently bonded">attached to</a> dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17407369-19">[19]</a> Lisdexamfetamine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007, and in the European Union in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2022, it was the 69th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drug_in_the_United_Kingdom#Schedule_2_-_CD" title="Controlled Drug in the United Kingdom">Class B controlled substance</a> in the United Kingdom, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Schedule 8 controlled drug</a> in Australia, and a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_II_controlled_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule II controlled substance">Schedule II controlled substance</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-DEA2017-23">[23]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG/220px-30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG/330px-30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG/440px-30mg_Vyvanse_capsules.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>30mg Vyvanse capsules</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">Part of this section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=history">history</a>)</div> Lisdexamfetamine is used primarily as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) and <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> it has similar <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a> uses as those of other pharmaceutical amphetamines.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology_-_Lisdexamfetamine-14">[14]</a> Individuals over the age of 65 were not commonly tested in clinical trials of lisdexamfetamine for ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> According to a 2019 systematic review, lisdexamfetamine was the most effective treatment for <a href="/wiki/Adult_ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult ADHD">adult ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ADHD">ADHD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: ADHD">edit</a>]</div> Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">dopamine system</a> development or nerve damage,<a href="#cite_note-pmid22392347-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbuseAndAbnormalities-26">[26]</a> but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.<a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_3-29">[29]</a> Reviews of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nucleus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_3-29">[29]</a> Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millichap-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trials</a> of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety.<a href="#cite_note-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millichap-31">[31]</a> Two reviews have indicated that long-term continuous stimulant therapy for ADHD is effective for reducing the core symptoms of ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity), enhancing <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and academic achievement, and producing improvements in a large number of functional outcomes<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 1]</a> across 9 categories of outcomes related to academics, <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">antisocial behavior</a>, driving, non-medicinal drug use, obesity, occupation, <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, service use (i.e., academic, occupational, health, financial, and legal services), and social function.<a href="#cite_note-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">[32]</a> One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity.<a href="#cite_note-Millichap-31">[31]</a> Another review indicated that, based upon the longest <a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">follow-up studies</a> conducted to date, lifetime stimulant therapy that begins during childhood is continuously effective for controlling ADHD symptoms and reduces the risk of developing a <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> as an adult.<a href="#cite_note-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications-30">[30]</a> Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter systems">neurotransmitter systems</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009_03-34">[33]</a> these functional impairments involve impaired <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> neurotransmission in the <a href="/wiki/Mesocorticolimbic_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocorticolimbic projection">mesocorticolimbic projection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009_03-34">[33]</a> Stimulants like <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009_03-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-cognition_enhancers-36">[35]</a> Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_36-37">[36]</a> Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans.<a href="#cite_note-Millichap_3-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADHD-39">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> reviews<a href="#cite_note-41">[note 2]</a> on the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults with pharmaceutical amphetamines stated that short-term studies have demonstrated that these drugs decrease the severity of symptoms, but they have higher discontinuation rates than non-stimulant medications due to their adverse <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Amphetamines_ADHD-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26844979-43">[41]</a> A Cochrane review on the treatment of ADHD in children with <a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">tic disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a> indicated that stimulants in general do not make <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a> worse, but high doses of dextroamphetamine could exacerbate tics in some individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29944175-44">[42]</a>   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binge_Eating_Disorder">Binge Eating Disorder</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Binge Eating Disorder">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a> (BED) is characterized by recurrent and persistent episodes of compulsive binge eating.<a href="#cite_note-BED_definition-45">[43]</a> These episodes are often accompanied by marked distress and a feeling of loss of control over eating.<a href="#cite_note-BED_definition-45">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> of BED is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dysfunctional dopaminergic reward circuitry along the <a href="/wiki/Cortico-basal_ganglia-thalamo-cortical_loop" title="Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop">cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BED_ADHD_overlap-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">[45]</a> As of July 2024, lisdexamfetamine is the only <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">USFDA</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">TGA</a>-approved <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a> for BED.<a href="#cite_note-BED_rapid_review-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">[47]</a> Evidence suggests that lisdexamfetamine's treatment efficacy in BED is underpinned at least in part by a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathological</a> overlap between BED and ADHD, with the latter conceptualized as a <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">cognitive control</a> disorder that also benefits from treatment with lisdexamfetamine.<a href="#cite_note-BED_ADHD_overlap-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of TAAR1 organ-specific expression and function" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg/370px-TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg/555px-TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg/740px-TAAR1_organ-specific_expression_and_function.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>This diagram illustrates how <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> activation induces <a href="/wiki/Incretin" title="Incretin">incretin</a>-like effects through the release of gastrointestinal hormones and influences food intake, <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> levels, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> release.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review-50">[48]</a> TAAR1 expression in the periphery is indicated with "x".<a href="#cite_note-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review-50">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> Lisdexamfetamine's therapeutic effects for BED primarily involve direct action in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> after conversion to its pharmacologically active metabolite, dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">[47]</a> Centrally, dextroamphetamine increases neurotransmitter activity of dopamine and norepinephrine in prefrontal cortical regions that regulate cognitive control of behavior.<a href="#cite_note-BED_ADHD_overlap-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">[47]</a> Similar to its therapeutic effect in ADHD, dextroamphetamine enhances cognitive control and may reduce impulsivity in patients with BED by enhancing the cognitive processes responsible for overriding <a href="/wiki/Prepotent_responses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepotent responses">prepotent feeding responses</a> that precede binge eating episodes.<a href="#cite_note-BED_ADHD_overlap-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a> In addition, dextroamphetamine's actions outside of the central nervous system may also contribute to its treatment effects in BED. Peripherally, dextroamphetamine triggers <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> through noradrenergic signaling in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose fat</a> cells, leading to the release of <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> into blood plasma to be utilized as a fuel substrate.<a href="#cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Dextroamphetamine also activates <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> in peripheral organs along the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> that are involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight.<a href="#cite_note-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review-50">[48]</a> Together, these actions confer an <a href="/wiki/Anorexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorexigenic">anorexigenic</a> effect that promotes <a href="/wiki/Satiety" title="Satiety">satiety</a> in response to feeding and may decrease binge eating as a secondary effect.<a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review-50">[48]</a> Medical reviews of randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that lisdexamfetamine, at doses between 50-70 mg, is safe and effective for the treatment of moderate-to-severe BED in adults.<a href="#cite_note-BED_efficacy-55">[sources 1]</a> These reviews suggest that lisdexamfetamine is persistently effective at treating BED and is associated with significant reductions in the number of binge eating days and binge eating episodes per week.<a href="#cite_note-BED_efficacy-55">[sources 1]</a> Furthermore, a meta-analytic systematic review highlighted an open-label, 12-month extension safety and tolerability study that reported lisdexamfetamine remained effective at reducing the number of binge eating days for the duration of the study.<a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a> In addition, both a review and a meta-analytic systematic review found lisdexamfetamine to be superior to placebo in several secondary outcome measures, including persistent binge eating cessation, reduction of obsessive-compulsive related binge eating symptoms, reduction of body-weight, and reduction of triglycerides.<a href="#cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a> Lisdexamfetamine, like all pharmaceutical amphetamines, has direct appetite suppressant effects that may be therapeutically useful in both BED and its comorbidities.<a href="#cite_note-BED_rapid_review-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a> Based on reviews of <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> studies involving BED-diagnosed participants, therapeautic <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Neurotransmitter_systems" title="Neurotransmitter">dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways</a> from long-term use of lisdexamfetamine may be implicated in lasting improvements in the regulation of eating behaviors that are observed even after the drug is discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-BED_rapid_review-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Narcolepsy">edit</a>]</div> Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep-wake disorder that is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, <a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">cataplexy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Autoimmune_basis_review-56">[53]</a> Patients with narcolepsy are diagnosed as either type 1 or type 2, with only the former presenting cataplexy symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Barateau_2022-57">[54]</a> Type 1 narcolepsy results from the loss of approximately 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">orexin</a>-releasing neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus" title="Lateral hypothalamus">lateral hypothalamus</a>, leading to significantly reduced <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal</a> orexin levels;<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2015b-59">[56]</a> this reduction is a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)" title="Biomarker (medicine)">diagnostic biomarker</a> for type 1 narcolepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Barateau_2022-57">[54]</a> Lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons innervate every component of the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_reticular_activating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending reticular activating system">ascending reticular activating system</a> (ARAS), which includes <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">noradrenergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopaminergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histaminergic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> nuclei that promote <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2015b-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2015a-60">[57]</a> Amphetamine’s therapeutic mode of action in narcolepsy primarily involves increasing <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine</a> neurotransmitter activity in the ARAS.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_ARAS_textbook-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_-_Amphetamine_and_the_ARAS-62">[59]</a> This includes noradrenergic neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a>, dopaminergic neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>, histaminergic neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Tuberomammillary_nucleus" title="Tuberomammillary nucleus">tuberomammillary nucleus</a>, and serotonergic neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal raphe nucleus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2015a-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_-_Amphetamine_and_the_ARAS-62">[59]</a> Dextroamphetamine, the more dopaminergic enantiomer of amphetamine, is particularly effective at promoting wakefulness because dopamine release has the greatest influence on cortical activation and cognitive arousal, relative to other monoamines.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a> In contrast, levoamphetamine may have a greater effect on cataplexy, a symptom more sensitive to the effects of norepinephrine and serotonin.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a> Noradrenergic and serotonergic nuclei in the ARAS are involved in the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM</a> sleep cycle and function as "REM-off" cells, with amphetamine's effect on norepinephrine and serotonin contributing to the suppression of REM sleep and a possible reduction of cataplexy at high doses.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barateau_2022-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2015a-60">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Sleep_Medicine" title="American Academy of Sleep Medicine">American Academy of Sleep Medicine</a> (AASM) 2021 <a href="/wiki/Clinical_practice_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical practice guideline">clinical practice guideline</a> conditionally recommends dextroamphetamine for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 narcolepsy.<a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">[60]</a> Treatment with pharmaceutical amphetamines is generally less preferred relative to other stimulants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>) and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Therapy#Lines_of_therapy" title="Therapy">third-line treatment</a> option.<a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_addiction-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Medical reviews indicate that amphetamine is safe and effective for the treatment of narcolepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_addiction-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">[60]</a> Amphetamine appears to be most effective at improving symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness" title="Excessive daytime sleepiness">hypersomnolence</a>, with three reviews finding clinically significant reductions in <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">daytime sleepiness</a> in patients with narcolepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_addiction-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">[60]</a> Additionally, these reviews suggest that amphetamine may dose-dependently improve cataplexy symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_addiction-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">[60]</a> However, the quality of evidence for these findings is low and is consequently reflected in the AASM's conditional recommendation for dextroamphetamine as a treatment option for narcolepsy.<a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancing_performance">Enhancing performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enhancing performance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_performance">Cognitive performance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Cognitive performance">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of high quality <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>, long-term <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">inhibitory control</a>, and some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Attention#Clinical_model" title="Attention">attention</a>, in normal healthy adults;<a href="#cite_note-Unambiguous_PFC_D1_A2-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cognitive_and_motivational_effects-68">[65]</a> these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the <a href="/wiki/Indirect_agonist" title="Indirect agonist">indirect activation</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">dopamine D1 receptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2-adrenergic receptor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unambiguous_PFC_D1_A2-67">[64]</a> A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve <a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">memory consolidation</a>, in turn leading to improved <a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">recall of information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cognition_enhancement_2014_systematic_review-69">[66]</a> Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11337538-70">[67]</a> Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve <a href="/wiki/Incentive_salience" class="mw-redirect" title="Incentive salience">task saliency</a> (motivation to perform a task) and increase <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a> (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_NAcc-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-72">[69]</a> Stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Test_taking_aid-73">[70]</a> Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 5–35% of college students use <a href="/wiki/Drug_diversion" title="Drug diversion">diverted</a> ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16999660-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diversion_prevalence_1-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diversion_prevalence_2-76">[73]</a> However, high amphetamine doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory and other aspects of cognitive control.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_performance">Physical performance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Physical performance">edit</a>]</div> Amphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and <a href="/wiki/Ergogenic_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergogenic aid">athletic performance-enhancing effects</a>, such as increased endurance and alertness;<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-78">[75]</a> however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-WADA_&_AD_regulation-80">[77]</a> In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">muscle strength</a>, acceleration, athletic performance in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic conditions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a> (i.e., it delays the onset of <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>), while improving <a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">reaction time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics2-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roelands_2013-82">[79]</a> Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">reuptake inhibition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">release</a> of dopamine in the central nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics2-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roelands_2013-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amph-DA_reaction_time-83">[80]</a> Amphetamine and other dopaminergic drugs also increase power output at fixed <a href="/wiki/Rating_of_perceived_exertion" title="Rating of perceived exertion">levels of perceived exertion</a> by overriding a "safety switch", allowing the <a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">core temperature limit</a> to increase in order to access a reserve capacity that is normally off-limits.<a href="#cite_note-Roelands_2013-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Central_mechanisms_affecting_exertion-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monoamine+drug_effects_on_exercise_-_fatigue_and_heat-85">[82]</a> At therapeutic doses, the adverse effects of amphetamine do not impede athletic performance;<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics2-81">[78]</a> however, at much higher doses, amphetamine can induce effects that severely impair performance, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rapid muscle breakdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">elevated body temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics2-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> Lisdexamfetamine is available as the <a href="/wiki/Mesylate" title="Mesylate">dimesylate</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> in the form of both <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a> and chewable <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> A dose of 50 mg of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is approximately <a href="/wiki/Equimolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Equimolar">equimolar</a> to a 20 mg dose of <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextroamphetamine sulfate">dextroamphetamine sulfate</a> or to 15 mg dextroamphetamine free-base in terms of the amount of <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> contained.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMC-SmPC-Elvanse-88">[85]</a> Lisdexamfetamine capsules can be swallowed intact, or they can be opened and mixed into water, yogurt, or applesauce and consumed in that manner.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27661399-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Pharmaceutical lisdexamfetamine is <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindicated</a> in people with <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> to amphetamine products or any of the formulation's <a href="/wiki/Inactive_ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Inactive ingredients">inactive ingredients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> It is also contraindicated in patients who have used a <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitor</a> (MAOI) within the last 14 days.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-International-90">[87]</a> Amphetamine products are contraindicated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (USFDA) in people with a history of <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, or severe <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">agitation</a> or anxiety, or in those currently experiencing <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, or severe <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Adderall_XR_label-91">[88]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_consensus" title="Medical consensus">consensus statement</a> on adult ADHD noted that stimulants do not worsen substance misuse in adults with ADHD and comorbid <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> and should not be avoided in these individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30453134-92">[89]</a> In any case, the statement noted that immediate-release stimulants should be avoided in those with both ADHD and substance use disorder and that slower-release stimulant formulations like <a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system"><abbr title="osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">OROS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> (Concerta) and lisdexamfetamine should be preferred due to their lower misuse potential.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30453134-92">[89]</a> Prescribing information approved by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> further contraindicates <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> Products containing lisdexamfetamine have a comparable <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">drug safety</a> profile to those containing <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17407369-19">[19]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of lisdexamfetamine in short-term <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> (≥5% incidence) have included <a href="/wiki/Decreased_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased appetite">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_abdominal_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper abdominal pain">upper abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Increased_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased heart rate">increased heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feeling_jittery" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeling jittery">feeling jittery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a> Rates of side effects may vary in adults, adolescents, and children.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> Rare but serious side effects of lisdexamfetamine may include <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden cardiac death</a> in those with <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">underlying heart problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">stimulant psychosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidifiers">Acidifying agents</a>: Drugs or foods that acidify the urine, such as <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a>, increase urinary excretion of dextroamphetamine, thus decreasing the <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> and effectiveness of dextroamphetamine in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Adderall_XR_label-91">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkalinizing_agent" title="Alkalinizing agent">Alkalinizing agents</a>: Drugs or foods that alkalinize the urine, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>, decrease urinary excretion of dextroamphetamine, thus increasing the half-life and effectiveness of dextroamphetamine in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Adderall_XR_label-91">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP2D6 inhibitor">CYP2D6 inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> enzyme <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> is the major pathway of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31776871-94">[91]</a> Potent CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>, among others, may inhibit the metabolism of dextroamphetamine and thereby increase exposure to it.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31776871-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> Studies characterizing this potential interaction are currently lacking.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31776871-94">[91]</a> Concomitant use of lisdexamfetamine with CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a> due to greater drug exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a>: Concomitant use of MAOIs and central nervous system stimulants such as lisdexamfetamine can cause a hypertensive crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main section: <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Pharmacodynamics" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine § Pharmacodynamics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; clear:right; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:542px;"> <div style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; font-size: 106.4%; text-align: center; background-color: #F0F8FF;margin-bottom:3px;">Pharmacodynamics of amphetamine in a dopamine neuron <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amphetamine_pharmacodynamics" title="Template:Amphetamine pharmacodynamics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amphetamine_pharmacodynamics" title="Template talk:Amphetamine pharmacodynamics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine_pharmacodynamics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine pharmacodynamics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <div style="position:relative; width:540px; height:685px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:540px; position:absolute"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TAAR1_Dopamine.svg" title="commons:File:TAAR1 Dopamine.svg"><img alt="A pharmacodynamic model of amphetamine and TAAR1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TAAR1_Dopamine.svg/540px-TAAR1_Dopamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="685" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TAAR1_Dopamine.svg/810px-TAAR1_Dopamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/TAAR1_Dopamine.svg/1080px-TAAR1_Dopamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="920" /></a> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:14px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black"><div id="annotation_190x45" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:45px; line-height:110%;">via <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">AADC</a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></div>Amphetamine enters the presynaptic neuron across the neuronal membrane or through <abbr title="dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a> Once inside, it binds to <abbr title="trace amine-associated receptor 1">TAAR1</abbr> or enters synaptic vesicles through <abbr title="vesicular monoamine transporter 2">VMAT2</abbr>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-96">[93]</a> When amphetamine enters synaptic vesicles through VMAT2, it collapses the vesicular pH gradient, which in turn causes dopamine to be released into the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> (light tan-colored area) through VMAT2.<a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_VMAT2_pH_gradient-97">[94]</a> When amphetamine binds to TAAR1, it reduces the <a href="/wiki/Firing_rate_(cells)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing rate (cells)">firing rate</a> of the dopamine neuron via <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels</a> (GIRKs) and activates <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a> (PKA) and <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a> (PKC), which subsequently phosphorylate DAT.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-GIRK-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genatlas_TAAR1-99">[96]</a> PKA phosphorylation causes DAT to withdraw into the presynaptic neuron (<a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">internalize</a>) and cease transport.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a> PKC-phosphorylated DAT may either operate in reverse or, like PKA-phosphorylated DAT, internalize and cease transport.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a> Amphetamine is also known to increase intracellular calcium, an effect which is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a <a href="/wiki/CAMKII%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMKIIα">CAMKIIα</a>-dependent pathway, in turn producing dopamine efflux.<a href="#cite_note-EAAT3-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-DAT_regulation_review-101">[98]</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Lisdexamfetamine is an <a href="/wiki/Inactive_prodrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Inactive prodrug">inactive prodrug</a> that is converted in the body to dextroamphetamine, a pharmacologically active compound which is responsible for the drug's activity.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse-102">[99]</a> After oral ingestion, lisdexamfetamine is broken down by enzymes in red blood cells to form <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, a naturally occurring essential amino acid, and dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> The half-life of this conversion is roughly 1 hour. The conversion of lisdexamfetamine to dextroamphetamine is not affected by gastrointestinal <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and is unlikely to be affected by alterations in normal gastrointestinal transit times.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_2009-103">[100]</a> Studies show a linear relationship between peak plasma concentration of dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine dose up to lisdexamfetamine doses of 250mg.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Enantiomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiomers">optical isomers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">levoamphetamine</a>, are <a href="/wiki/TAAR1_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="TAAR1 agonist">TAAR1 agonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 2">vesicular monoamine transporter 2</a> inhibitors that can enter <a href="/wiki/Monoamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine">monoamine</a> neurons;<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-96">[93]</a> this allows them to release monoamine <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, among others) from their <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic vesicles">storage sites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic neuron">presynaptic neuron</a>, as well as prevent the <a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">reuptake of these neurotransmitters</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-96">[93]</a> Lisdexamfetamine was developed with the goal of providing a long duration of effect that is consistent throughout the day, with reduced potential for abuse. The attachment of the amino acid lysine slows down the relative amount of dextroamphetamine available to the blood stream. Because no free dextroamphetamine is present in lisdexamfetamine capsules, dextroamphetamine does not become available through mechanical manipulation, such as crushing or simple extraction. A relatively sophisticated biochemical process is needed to produce dextroamphetamine from lisdexamfetamine.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_2009-103">[100]</a> As opposed to <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a>, which contains amphetamine salts in a 3:1 dextro:levo ratio, lisdexamfetamine is a single-<a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> dextroamphetamine formula.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Adderall_XR_label-91">[88]</a> Studies conducted show that lisdexamfetamine dimesylate may have less abuse potential than dextroamphetamine and an abuse profile similar to <a href="/wiki/Diethylpropion" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylpropion">diethylpropion</a> at dosages that are FDA-approved for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, but still has a high abuse potential when this dosage is exceeded by over 100%.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_2009-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png/400px-Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png/600px-Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png/800px-Dextroamphetamine_concentration-time_curves_after_oral_administration_of_equimolar_doses_of_dextroamphetamine_and_lisdexamfetamine_in_adults.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Dextroamphetamine concentrations after oral administration of a single equimolar dose of dextroamphetamine sulfate immediate-release (IR) (40 mg; equivalent to 30 mg dextroamphetamine free-base) and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (100 mg) in healthy adults.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30381248-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Cmax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">t1/2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)">AUC∞</a> were all similar between the two drugs, while <a href="/wiki/Tlag_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlag (pharmacokinetics)">tlag</a> (1.5 hours vs. 0.8 hours) and <a href="/wiki/Tmax_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmax (pharmacology)">tmax</a> (4.6 hours vs. 3.3 hours) were longer for lisdexamfetamine than with dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&action=history">history</a>)</div> The oral <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH;<a href="#cite_note-FDA-86">[83]</a> it is well <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">absorbed</a> from the gut, and bioavailability is typically 90%.<a href="#cite_note-handbook2022-106">[103]</a> Amphetamine is a weak base with a <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">pKa</a> of 9.9;<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> soluble <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a> of the gut <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-86">[83]</a> Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cationic</a> (salt) form, and less is absorbed.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> Approximately 20% of amphetamine circulating in the bloodstream is bound to <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein" title="Plasma protein">plasma proteins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugbank-amph-10">[10]</a> Following absorption, amphetamine readily <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">distributes</a> into most tissues in the body, with high concentrations occurring in <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> tissue.<a href="#cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">half-lives</a> of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are 9–11 hours and 11–14 hours, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours;<a href="#cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">[105]</a> highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hours.<a href="#cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">[105]</a> The immediate-release and extended release variants of salts of both isomers reach <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">peak plasma concentrations</a> at 3 hours and 7 hours post-dose respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> Amphetamine is <a href="/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">eliminated</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, with 30–40% of the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> When the urinary pH is basic, amphetamine is in its free base form, so less is excreted.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> When urine pH is abnormal, the urinary recovery of amphetamine may range from a low of 1% to a high of 75%, depending mostly upon whether urine is too basic or acidic, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> Following oral administration, amphetamine appears in urine within 3 hours.<a href="#cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">[105]</a> Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose.<a href="#cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">[105]</a>  Lisdexamfetamine is a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">[106]</a> It is not as sensitive to pH as amphetamine when being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">[106]</a> Following absorption into the blood stream, lisdexamfetamine is completely converted by <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> to dextroamphetamine and the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> via undetermined <a href="/wiki/Aminopeptidase" title="Aminopeptidase">aminopeptidase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a> This is the <a href="/wiki/Rate-limiting_step" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate-limiting step">rate-limiting step</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bioactivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioactivation">bioactivation</a> of lisdexamfetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a> The elimination half-life of lisdexamfetamine is generally less than 1 hour.<a href="#cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a> Due to the necessary conversion of lisdexamfetamine into dextroamphetamine, levels of dextroamphetamine with lisdexamfetamine peak about one hour later than with an equivalent dose of immediate-release dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a> Presumably due to its rate-limited activation by red blood cells, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">intravenous administration</a> of lisdexamfetamine shows greatly delayed time to peak and reduced peak levels compared to intravenous administration of an equivalent dose of dextroamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a> The pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine are similar regardless of whether it is administered orally, <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasally</a>, or intravenously.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a> Hence, in contrast to dextroamphetamine, <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral administration">parenteral</a> use does not enhance the subjective effects of lisdexamfetamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a> Because of its behavior as a prodrug and its pharmacokinetic differences, lisdexamfetamine has a longer duration of therapeutic effect than immediate-release dextroamphetamine and shows reduced misuse potential.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-87">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_%CE%B2-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine β-hydroxylase">dopamine β-hydroxylase</a> (DBH), <a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">flavin-containing monooxygenase 3</a> (FMO3), <a href="/wiki/Butyrate-CoA_ligase" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrate-CoA ligase">butyrate-CoA ligase</a> (XM-ligase), and <a href="/wiki/Glycine_N-acyltransferase" title="Glycine N-acyltransferase">glycine N-acyltransferase</a> (GLYAT) are the enzymes known to <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">metabolize</a> amphetamine or its metabolites in humans.<a href="#cite_note-amphetamine_metabolism-110">[sources 2]</a> Amphetamine has a variety of excreted metabolic products, including <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxyamphetamine">4-hydroxyamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxynorephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxynorephedrine">4-hydroxynorephedrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylacetone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxyphenylacetone">4-hydroxyphenylacetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippuric_acid" title="Hippuric acid">hippuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norephedrine">norephedrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">phenylacetone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metabolites-111">[107]</a> Among these metabolites, the active <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetics">sympathomimetics</a> are 4-hydroxyamphetamine,<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> 4-hydroxynorephedrine,<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> and norephedrine.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and deamination.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pubchem_Kinetics-115">[111]</a> The known metabolic pathways, detectable metabolites, and metabolizing enzymes in humans include the following: <div class="skin-invert-image"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:687px;"> <div style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; font-size: 106.4%; text-align: center; background-color: aliceblue;margin-bottom:3px;">Metabolic pathways of amphetamine in humans<a href="#cite_note-amphetamine_metabolism-110">[sources 2]</a></div> <div style="position:relative; width:685px; height:375px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:-10px; top:3px; width:700px; position:absolute"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amph_pathway.svg" title="commons:File:Amph pathway.svg"><img alt="Graphic of several routes of amphetamine metabolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amph_pathway.svg/700px-Amph_pathway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amph_pathway.svg/1050px-Amph_pathway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amph_pathway.svg/1400px-Amph_pathway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="400" /></a> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:16px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black"><div id="annotation_2x350" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylacetone" title="4-Hydroxyphenylacetone">4-Hydroxyphenylacetone</a></div> <div id="annotation_210x350" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">Phenylacetone</a></div> <div id="annotation_380x350" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></div> <div id="annotation_560x350" style="position:absolute; left:560px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Hippuric_acid" title="Hippuric acid">Hippuric acid</a></div> <div id="annotation_45x220" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:220px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> </div> <div id="annotation_300x220" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:220px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Norephedrine</a></div> <div id="annotation_255x90" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></div> <div id="annotation_490x90" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/P-Hydroxynorephedrine" title="P-Hydroxynorephedrine">4-Hydroxynorephedrine</a></div> <div id="annotation_145x115" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:115px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Para- Hydroxylation</div> <div id="annotation_384x115" style="position:absolute; left:384px; top:115px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Para- Hydroxylation</div> <div id="annotation_150x294" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:294px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Para- Hydroxylation</div> <div id="annotation_151x138" style="position:absolute; left:151px; top:138px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></div> <div id="annotation_390x138" style="position:absolute; left:390px; top:138px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></div> <div id="annotation_150x330" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:330px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;">unidentified</div> <div id="annotation_190x165" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:165px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Beta- Hydroxylation</div> <div id="annotation_415x25" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:25px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Beta- Hydroxylation</div> <div id="annotation_206x195" style="position:absolute; left:206px; top:195px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">DBH</a></div> <div id="annotation_428x55" style="position:absolute; left:428px; top:55px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">DBH</a> <a href="#cite_note-125">[note 3]</a></div> <div id="annotation_210x220" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:220px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Oxidative Deamination</div> <div id="annotation_220x242" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:242px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">FMO3</a></div> <div id="annotation_330x307" style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:307px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Oxidation</div> <div id="annotation_323x330" style="position:absolute; left:323px; top:330px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;">unidentified</div> <div id="annotation_478x293" style="position:absolute; left:478px; top:293px; font-size:10px; font-size:10; line-height:12px;">Glycine Conjugation</div> <div id="annotation_480x330" style="position:absolute; left:480px; top:330px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Butyrate%E2%80%94CoA_ligase" title="Butyrate—CoA ligase">XM-ligase</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycine_N-acyltransferase" title="Glycine N-acyltransferase">GLYAT</a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></div>The primary active metabolites of amphetamine are 4-hydroxyamphetamine and norephedrine;<a href="#cite_note-Metabolites-111">[107]</a> at normal urine pH, about 30–40% of amphetamine is excreted unchanged and roughly 50% is excreted as the inactive metabolites (bottom row).<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> The remaining 10–20% is excreted as the active metabolites.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a> Benzoic acid is metabolized by <abbr title="butyrate-CoA ligase">XM-ligase</abbr> into an intermediate product, <a href="/wiki/Benzoyl-CoA" title="Benzoyl-CoA">benzoyl-CoA</a>, which is then metabolized by <abbr title="glycine ''N''-acyltransferase">GLYAT</abbr> into hippuric acid.<a href="#cite_note-Glycine_conjugation_review-121">[117]</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Lisdexamfetamine is a <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamine</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> linkage formed by the <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylate group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17407369-19">[19]</a> The reaction occurs with retention of <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a>, so the product lisdexamfetamine exists as a single <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoisomer">stereoisomer</a>. There are many possible names for lisdexamfetamine based on <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC nomenclature</a>, but it is usually named as N-[(2S)-1-phenyl-2-propanyl]-L-lysinamide or (2S)-2,6-diamino-N-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]hexanamide.<a href="#cite_note-ChemSpider-126">[121]</a> The condensation reaction occurs with loss of water: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">(S)-PhCH 2CH(CH 3)NH 2</a>   +   <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">(S)-HOOCCH(NH 2)CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2</a>   →   (S,S)-PhCH 2CH(CH 3)NHC(O)CH(NH 2)CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2   +   H 2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> are vulnerable to oxidation in air and so pharmaceuticals containing them are usually formulated as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> where this <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Protonated" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonated">protonated</a>. This increases stability, water solubility, and, by converting a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular compound">molecular compound</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compound</a>, increases the melting point and thereby ensures a solid product.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> In the case of lisdexamfetamine, this is achieved by reacting with two equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid" title="Methanesulfonic acid">methanesulfonic acid</a> to produce the di<a href="/wiki/Mesylate" title="Mesylate">mesylate</a> salt, a <a href="/wiki/Water-soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-soluble">water-soluble</a> (792 mg mL−1) powder with a white to off-white color.<a href="#cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">[7]</a> <dl><dd>PhCH 2CH(CH 3)NHC(O)CH(NH 2)CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2   +   2 <a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid" title="Methanesulfonic acid">CH 3SO 3H</a>   →   [PhCH 2CH(CH 3)NHC(O)CH(NH+ 3)CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2NH+ 3][CH 3SO− 3] 2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_formulations">Comparison to other formulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison to other formulations">edit</a>]</div> Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is one marketed formulation delivering dextroamphetamine. The following table compares the drug to other amphetamine pharmaceuticals. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="clear:left; align:left"> <caption>Amphetamine base in marketed amphetamine medications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2" rowspan="3">drug </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="3">formula </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> <a href="#cite_note-129">[note 4]</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="3">amphetamine base <a href="#cite_note-130">[note 5]</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">amphetamine base in equal doses </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="3">doses with equal base content <a href="#cite_note-131">[note 6]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(g/mol) </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(percent) </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(30 mg dose) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">total </th> <th scope="col">base </th> <th scope="col">total </th> <th scope="col">dextro- </th> <th scope="col">levo- </th> <th scope="col">dextro- </th> <th scope="col">levo- </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:5px solid #e0e0e0;"> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> sulfate<a href="#cite_note-damph1-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-damph2-133">[125]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)2•H2SO4 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">368.49</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">270.41</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22.0 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">30.0 mg</div> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:5px solid #e0e0e0;"> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> sulfate<a href="#cite_note-Amph_sulfate_mass-134">[126]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)2•H2SO4 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">368.49</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">270.41</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36.69%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36.69%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">11.0 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">11.0 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">30.0 mg</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">62.57%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">47.49%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">15.08%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">14.2 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4.5 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">35.2 mg</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <th scope="row">dextroamphetamine sulfate<a href="#cite_note-damph1-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-damph2-133">[125]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)2•H2SO4 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">368.49</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">270.41</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <th scope="row">amphetamine sulfate<a href="#cite_note-Amph_sulfate_mass-134">[126]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)2•H2SO4 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">368.49</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">270.41</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">73.38%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36.69%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36.69%</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <th scope="row">dextroamphetamine saccharate<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)2•C6H10O8 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">480.55</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">270.41</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">56.27%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">56.27%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <th scope="row">amphetamine aspartate monohydrate<a href="#cite_note-amph2-136">[128]</a> </th> <td>(C9H13N)•C4H7NO4•H2O </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">286.32</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">135.21</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">47.22%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">23.61%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">23.61%</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:5px solid #e0e0e0; border-bottom:5px solid #e0e0e0;"> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine_dimesylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate">lisdexamfetamine dimesylate</a><a href="#cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">[106]</a> </th> <td>C15H25N3O•(CH4O3S)2 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">455.49</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">135.21</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">29.68%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">29.68%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">8.9 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">74.2 mg</div> </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:5px solid #e0e0e0;"> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> base suspension<a href="#cite_note-Dyanavel-137">[129]</a> </th> <td>C9H13N </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">135.21</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">135.21</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">100%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">76.19%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">23.81%</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22.9 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">7.1 mg</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22.0 mg</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">History and culture of substituted amphetamines</a></div> Lisdexamfetamine was <a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">developed</a> by New River Pharmaceuticals, who were bought by <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeda Pharmaceuticals">Takeda Pharmaceuticals</a> through its acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Shire_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Pharmaceuticals">Shire Pharmaceuticals</a>, shortly before it began being marketed. It was developed with the intention of creating a longer-lasting and less-easily abused version of dextroamphetamine, as the requirement of conversion into dextroamphetamine via enzymes in the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a> delays its onset of action, regardless of the route of administration.<a href="#cite_note-CNS_Spectrums-138">[130]</a> In February 2007, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-FDAAdultApproval-139">[131]</a> In August 2009, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> approved the marketing of lisdexamfetamine for prescription use.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> In January 2015, lisdexamfetamine was approved by the FDA for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a> in adults.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> The FDA gave tentative approval to <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic formulations</a> of lisdexamfetamine in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-142">[134]</a> The expiration date for <a href="/wiki/Patent_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent protection">patent protection</a> of lisdexamfetamine in the US was 24 February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-142">[134]</a> The Canadian patent expired 20 years from the filing date of 1 June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Production quotas for 2016 in the United States were 29,750 kg.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvanse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elvanse.jpg/220px-Elvanse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elvanse.jpg/330px-Elvanse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elvanse.jpg/440px-Elvanse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Elvanse Adult capsules 50mg and 70mg laid on the packaging (German)</figcaption></figure> Lisdexamfetamine is the <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">International Nonproprietary Name</a> (INN) and is a contraction of <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26693882-145">[137]</a> As of November 2020, lisdexamfetamine is sold under the following brand names: Aduvanz, Elvanse, Juneve, Samexid, Tyvense, Venvanse, and Vyvanse.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> Amphetamine was used to treat <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> starting in the 1930s and has been described as the first <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2006-147">[139]</a> In clinical studies in the 1970s and 1980s, psychostimulants, including amphetamine and <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>, were found to transiently improve mood in a majority of people with depression and to increase <a href="/wiki/Pro-motivational_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-motivational agent">psychomotor activation</a> in almost all individuals.<a href="#cite_note-BrownGershon1993-148">[140]</a> Some clinical trials that used lisdexamfetamine as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct therapy">add-on therapy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI) or <a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI) for <a href="/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression" title="Treatment-resistant depression">treatment-resistant depression</a> indicated that this is no more effective than the use of an SSRI or SNRI alone.<a href="#cite_note-LDX_adjunct_therapy-149">[141]</a> Other studies indicated that psychostimulants potentiated antidepressants, and were under-prescribed for treatment resistant depression. In those studies, patients showed significant improvement in energy, mood, and psychomotor activity.<a href="#cite_note-Psychostimulants_in_the_therapy_of_treatment-resistant_depression_Review_of_the_literature_and_findings_from_a_retrospective_study_in_65_depressed_patients-150">[142]</a> Clinical guidelines advise caution in the use of stimulants for depression and advise them only as <a href="/wiki/Second-line_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-line therapy">second-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third-line_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-line therapy">third-line</a> adjunctive agents.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34986373-151">[143]</a> In February 2014, Shire announced that two late-stage <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> had found that Vyvanse was not an effective treatment for depression, and development for this indication was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-153">[145]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> of lisdexamfetamine for antidepressant augmentation in people with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>—the first to be conducted—found that lisdexamfetamine was not significantly better than placebo in improving <a href="/wiki/Montgomery%E2%80%93%C3%85sberg_Depression_Rating_Scale" title="Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale">Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale</a> scores, <a href="/wiki/Response_rate_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Response rate (medicine)">response rates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Remission_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Remission rate">remission rates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29028590-154">[146]</a> However, there was indication of a small effect in improving depressive symptoms that approached trend-level significance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29028590-154">[146]</a> Lisdexamfetamine was well-tolerated in the meta-analysis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29028590-154">[146]</a> The quantity of evidence was limited, with only four trials included.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29028590-154">[146]</a> In a subsequent 2022 <a href="/wiki/Network_meta-analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Network meta-analysis">network meta-analysis</a>, lisdexamfetamine was significantly effective as an antidepressant augmentation for treatment-resistant depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34986373-151">[143]</a> Although lisdexamfetamine has shown limited effectiveness in the treatment of depression in clinical trials, a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase II</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical study">clinical study</a> found that the addition of lisdexamfetamine to an antidepressant improved <a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction" title="Executive dysfunction">executive dysfunction</a> in people with mild major depressive disorder but persisting executive dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-PanGrovuMcIntyre2019-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24309905-156">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The ADHD-related outcome domains with the greatest proportion of significantly improved outcomes from long-term continuous stimulant therapy include academics (≈55% of academic outcomes improved), driving (100% of driving outcomes improved), non-medical drug use (47% of addiction-related outcomes improved), obesity (≈65% of obesity-related outcomes improved), self-esteem (50% of self-esteem outcomes improved), and social function (67% of social function outcomes improved).<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">[32]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect sizes</a> for outcome improvements from long-term stimulant therapy occur in the domains involving academics (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a>, achievement test scores, length of education, and education level), self-esteem (e.g., self-esteem questionnaire assessments, number of suicide attempts, and suicide rates), and social function (e.g., peer nomination scores, social skills, and quality of peer, family, and romantic relationships).<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">[32]</a> Long-term combination therapy for ADHD (i.e., treatment with both a stimulant and behavioral therapy) produces even larger effect sizes for outcome improvements and improves a larger proportion of outcomes across each domain compared to long-term stimulant therapy alone.<a href="#cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Cochrane reviews are high quality meta-analytic systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16052183-40">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> 4-Hydroxyamphetamine has been shown to be metabolized into 4-hydroxynorephedrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and it is presumed to be metabolized similarly <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13977820-120">[116]</a> Evidence from studies that measured the effect of serum DBH concentrations on 4-hydroxyamphetamine metabolism in humans suggests that a different enzyme may mediate the conversion of 4-hydroxyamphetamine to 4-hydroxynorephedrine;<a href="#cite_note-pmid13977820-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-DBH_4-HA_primary-122">[118]</a> however, other evidence from animal studies suggests that this reaction is catalyzed by DBH in <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicles</a> within noradrenergic neurons in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4457764-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2600821-124">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> For uniformity, molar masses were calculated using the Lenntech Molecular Weight Calculator<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> and were within 0.01 g/mol of published pharmaceutical values. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Amphetamine base percentage = molecular massbase / molecular masstotal. Amphetamine base percentage for Adderall = sum of component percentages / 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> dose = (1 / amphetamine base percentage) × scaling factor = (molecular masstotal / molecular massbase) × scaling factor. The values in this column were scaled to a 30 mg dose of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Due to pharmacological differences between these medications (e.g., differences in the release, absorption, conversion, concentration, differing effects of enantiomers, half-life, etc.), the listed values should not be considered equipotent doses. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_notes">Reference notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reference notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BED_efficacy-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_efficacy_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_efficacy_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_rapid_review-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-BED_review-54">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-amphetamine_metabolism-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amphetamine_metabolism_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amphetamine_metabolism_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-DBH_amph_primary-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FMO3-Primary-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metabolites-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13977820-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glycine_conjugation_review-121">[117]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-drugs.com-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drugs.com_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs.com_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/adderall-vs-vyvanse-3013810/">"Adderall vs Vyvanse - What's the difference between them?"</a>. Drugs.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Adderall+vs+Vyvanse+-+What%27s+the+difference+between+them%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmedical-answers%2Fadderall-vs-vyvanse-3013810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman DW (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873712">"Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (vyvanse), a prodrug stimulant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"</a>. P & T. 35 (5): 273–287. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873712">2873712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20514273">20514273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P+%26+T&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+%28vyvanse%29%2C+a+prodrug+stimulant+for+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=273-287&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2873712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20514273&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2873712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802">"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"</a>. nctr-crs.fda.gov. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nctr-crs.fda.gov&rft.atitle=FDA-sourced+list+of+all+drugs+with+black+box+warnings+%28Use+Download+Full+Results+and+View+Query+links.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnctr-crs.fda.gov%2Ffdalabel%2Fui%2Fspl-summaries%2Fcriteria%2F343802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-lisdexamfetamine-dimesilate-180515-pi.pdf">"Australian Product Information Vyanse® (Lisdexamfetamine dimesilate)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care" title="Department of Health and Aged Care">Department of Health and Aged Care</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122165157/https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-lisdexamfetamine-dimesilate-180515-pi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Aged+Care&rft.atitle=Australian+Product+Information+Vyanse%C2%AE+%28Lisdexamfetamine+dimesilate%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fauspar-lisdexamfetamine-dimesilate-180515-pi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnvisa2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency" title="Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency">Anvisa</a> (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"</a> [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Diário Oficial da União">Diário Oficial da União</a> (published 4 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDC+N%C2%BA+784+-+Listas+de+Subst%C3%A2ncias+Entorpecentes%2C+Psicotr%C3%B3picas%2C+Precursoras+e+Outras+sob+Controle+Especial&rft.pub=Di%C3%A1rio+Oficial+da+Uni%C3%A3o&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.au=Anvisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov.br%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fdou%2F-%2Fresolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=98033">"Vyvanse Product information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Canada&rft.atitle=Vyvanse+Product+information&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-products.canada.ca%2Fdpd-bdpp%2Finfo%3Flang%3Deng%26code%3D98033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vyvanse_FDA_label-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_FDA_label_7-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=704e4378-ca83-445c-8b45-3cfa51c1ecad">"Vyvanse- lisdexamfetamine dimesylate capsule; Vyvanse- lisdexamfetamine dimesylate tablet, chewable"</a>. DailyMed. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Vyvanse-+lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+capsule%3B+Vyvanse-+lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+tablet%2C+chewable&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D704e4378-ca83-445c-8b45-3cfa51c1ecad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/lisdexamfetamine-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00010289/202002_en.pdf">"List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance(s): lisdexamfetamine : Procedure No. PSUSA/00010289/202002"</a> (PDF). Ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ema.europa.eu&rft.atitle=List+of+nationally+authorised+medicinal+products+%3A+Active+substance%28s%29%3A+lisdexamfetamine+%3A+Procedure+No.+PSUSA%2F00010289%2F202002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fpsusa%2Flisdexamfetamine-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa%2F00010289%2F202002_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115717/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf">"Public Assessment Report Decentralised Procedure"</a> (PDF). MHRA. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Assessment+Report+Decentralised+Procedure&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=MHRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.gov.uk%2Fhome%2Fgroups%2Fpar%2Fdocuments%2Fwebsiteresources%2Fcon261790.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugbank-amph-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drugbank-amph_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugbank-amph_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishartDjombou_FeunangGuoLo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Wishart" title="David S. Wishart">Wishart DS</a>, Djombou Feunang Y, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00182">"Amphetamine | DrugBank Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>. 5.0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugBank&rft.atitle=Amphetamine+%7C+DrugBank+Online&rft.aulast=Wishart&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Djombou+Feunang%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Guo%2C+An+Chi&rft.au=Lo%2C+Elvis+J.&rft.au=Marcu%2C+Ana&rft.au=Grant%2C+Jason+R.&rft.au=Sajed%2C+Tanvir&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Li%2C+Carin&rft.au=Sayeeda%2C+Zinat&rft.au=Assempour%2C+Nazanin&rft.au=Iynkkaran%2C+Ithayavani&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yifeng&rft.au=Maciejewski%2C+Adam&rft.au=Gale%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Alex&rft.au=Chin%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Le%2C+Diana&rft.au=Pon%2C+Allison&rft.au=Knox%2C+Craig&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.drugbank.com%2Fdrugs%2FDB00182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillichap2010" class="citation book cs1">Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Springer. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1396-8"><bdi>978-1-4419-1396-8</bdi></a>. <q> Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ... Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h] Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ... Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Medications+for+ADHD&rft.btitle=Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+Handbook%3A+A+Physician%27s+Guide+to+ADHD&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-1396-8&rft.aulast=Millichap&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XR_onset-duration-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XR_onset-duration_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XR_onset-duration_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramsMaoDoyle2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL (September 2008). "Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Postgraduate Medicine. 120 (3): 69–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2008.09.1909">10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18824827">18824827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31791162">31791162</a>. <q>Onset of efficacy was earliest for d-MPH-ER at 0.5 hours, followed by d, l-MPH-LA at 1 to 2 hours, MCD at 1.5 hours, d, l-MPH-OR at 1 to 2 hours, MAS-XR at 1.5 to 2 hours, MTS at 2 hours, and LDX at approximately 2 hours. ... MAS-XR, and LDX have a long duration of action at 12 hours postdose</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.atitle=Onset+of+efficacy+of+long-acting+psychostimulants+in+pediatric+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=69-88&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31791162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18824827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpgm.2008.09.1909&rft.aulast=Brams&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mao%2C+AR&rft.au=Doyle%2C+RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27021968-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27021968_13-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmerPennickFrick2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823324">"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy"</a>. Clinical Drug Investigation. 36 (5): 341–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40261-015-0354-y">10.1007/s40261-015-0354-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823324">4823324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27021968">27021968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Drug+Investigation&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+Dimesylate%3A+Prodrug+Delivery%2C+Amphetamine+Exposure+and+Duration+of+Efficacy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=341-356&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4823324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27021968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40261-015-0354-y&rft.aulast=Ermer&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Pennick%2C+M&rft.au=Frick%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4823324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology_-_Lisdexamfetamine-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology_-_Lisdexamfetamine_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology_-_Lisdexamfetamine_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2017" class="citation book cs1">Stahl SM (March 2017). "Lisdexamfetamine". Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology (6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-22874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-22874-9"><bdi>978-1-108-22874-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine&rft.btitle=Prescriber%27s+Guide%3A+Stahl%27s+Essential+Psychopharmacology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=379-384&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-22874-9&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2019-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_15-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html">"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals"</a>. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+Dimesylate+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Flisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNF76-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNF76_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNF76_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 348–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85711-338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85711-338-2"><bdi>978-0-85711-338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+national+formulary%3A+BNF+76&rft.pages=348-349&rft.edition=76&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-85711-338-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html">"Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Use During Pregnancy"</a>. Drugs.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+%28Vyvanse%29+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Flisdexamfetamine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amp2013-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Amp2013_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealSmithGosdenNutt2013" class="citation journal cs1">Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666194">"Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective"</a>. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881113482532">10.1177/0269881113482532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666194">3666194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539642">23539642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Amphetamine%2C+past+and+present--a+pharmacological+and+clinical+perspective&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=479-496&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3666194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23539642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0269881113482532&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Smith%2C+SL&rft.au=Gosden%2C+J&rft.au=Nutt%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3666194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17407369-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17407369_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17407369_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17407369_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlickKeating2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blick SK, Keating GM (2007). "Lisdexamfetamine". Paediatric Drugs. 9 (2): 129–135, discussion 136–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00148581-200709020-00007">10.2165/00148581-200709020-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407369">17407369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260863254">260863254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatric+Drugs&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-135%2C+discussion+136-138&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260863254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17407369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00148581-200709020-00007&rft.aulast=Blick&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Keating%2C+GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shire-adhd-idUKBRE8BH0X820121218/">"Shire's ADHD amphetamine wins British backing"</a>. Reuters. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Shire%27s+ADHD+amphetamine+wins+British+backing&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-shire-adhd-idUKBRE8BH0X820121218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">"The Top 300 of 2022"</a>. ClinCalc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=The+Top+300+of+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FTop300Drugs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisdexamfetamine">"Lisdexamfetamine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"</a>. ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+Drug+Usage+Statistics%2C+United+States%2C+2013+-+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FDrugs%2FLisdexamfetamine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEA2017-23"><a href="#cite_ref-DEA2017_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf">Drugs of Abuse</a> (PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration • U.S. Department of Justice. 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+of+Abuse&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Drug+Enforcement+Administration+%E2%80%A2+U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018-06%2Fdrug_of_abuse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuhecLukićLocatelli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stuhec M, Lukić P, Locatelli I (February 2019). "Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 53 (2): 121–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1060028018795703">10.1177/1060028018795703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30117329">30117329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52019992">52019992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Efficacy%2C+Acceptability%2C+and+Tolerability+of+Lisdexamfetamine%2C+Mixed+Amphetamine+Salts%2C+Methylphenidate%2C+and+Modafinil+in+the+Treatment+of+Attention-Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+in+Adults%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-133&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52019992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30117329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1060028018795703&rft.aulast=Stuhec&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Luki%C4%87%2C+P&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22392347-25"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22392347_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoCarmoCostaCapela2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, et al. (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Archives of Toxicology. 86 (8): 1167–1231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ArTox..86.1167C">2012ArTox..86.1167C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0815-5">10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22392347">22392347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2873101">2873101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+amphetamines%3A+an+update&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1167-1231&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0815-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2873101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22392347&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ArTox..86.1167C&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Carmo%2C+H&rft.au=Costa%2C+VM&rft.au=Capela%2C+JP&rft.au=Pontes%2C+H&rft.au=Remi%C3%A3o%2C+F&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+F&rft.au=Bastos+Mde%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbuseAndAbnormalities-26"><a href="#cite_ref-AbuseAndAbnormalities_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanO'NeillFearsBartzokis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Berman S, O'Neill J, Fears S, Bartzokis G, London ED (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769923">"Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1141 (1): 195–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1441.031">10.1196/annals.1441.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769923">2769923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18991959">18991959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+amphetamines+and+structural+abnormalities+in+the+brain&rft.volume=1141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-220&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2769923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18991959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1441.031&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+J&rft.au=Fears%2C+S&rft.au=Bartzokis%2C+G&rft.au=London%2C+ED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2769923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuroplasticity_1-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_1_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_1_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartRaduaNakaoMataix-Cols2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2013.277">"Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects"</a>. JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2013.277">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247506">23247506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+studies+of+inhibition+and+attention+in+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder%3A+exploring+task-specific%2C+stimulant+medication%2C+and+age+effects&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-198&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2013.277&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23247506&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Radua%2C+J&rft.au=Nakao%2C+T&rft.au=Mataix-Cols%2C+D&rft.au=Rubia%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjamapsychiatry.2013.277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuroplasticity_2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_2_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_2_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerBrownSeidmanValera2013" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, et al. (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801446">"Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 74 (9): 902–917. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.12r08287">10.4088/JCP.12r08287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801446">3801446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24107764">24107764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+psychostimulants+on+brain+structure+and+function+in+ADHD%3A+a+qualitative+literature+review+of+magnetic+resonance+imaging-based+neuroimaging+studies&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=902-917&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3801446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24107764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.12r08287&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Brown%2C+A&rft.au=Seidman%2C+LJ&rft.au=Valera%2C+EM&rft.au=Makris%2C+N&rft.au=Lomedico%2C+A&rft.au=Faraone%2C+SV&rft.au=Biederman%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3801446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuroplasticity_3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuroplasticity_3_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrodlSkokauskas2012" class="citation journal cs1">Frodl T, Skokauskas N (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2011.01786.x">"Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects"</a>. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 125 (2): 114–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2011.01786.x">10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22118249">22118249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25954331">25954331</a>. <q>Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like ACC and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychiatrica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+structural+MRI+studies+in+children+and+adults+with+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+indicates+treatment+effects&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=114-126&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25954331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22118249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2011.01786.x&rft.aulast=Frodl&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Skokauskas%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0447.2011.01786.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-Term_Outcomes_Medications_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangTsai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Huang YS, Tsai MH (July 2011). "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge". CNS Drugs. 25 (7): 539–554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F11589380-000000000-00000">10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21699268">21699268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3449435">3449435</a>. <q>Several other studies,[97-101] including a meta-analytic review[98] and a retrospective study,[97] suggested that stimulant therapy in childhood is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent substance use, cigarette smoking and alcohol use disorders. ... Recent studies have demonstrated that stimulants, along with the non-stimulants atomoxetine and extended-release guanfacine, are continuously effective for more than 2-year treatment periods with few and tolerable adverse effects. The effectiveness of long-term therapy includes not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also improved quality of life and academic achievements. The most concerning short-term adverse effects of stimulants, such as elevated blood pressure and heart rate, waned in long-term follow-up studies. ... The current data do not support the potential impact of stimulants on the worsening or development of tics or substance abuse into adulthood. In the longest follow-up study (of more than 10 years), lifetime stimulant treatment for ADHD was effective and protective against the development of adverse psychiatric disorders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Drugs&rft.atitle=Long-term+outcomes+with+medications+for+attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder%3A+current+status+of+knowledge&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=539-554&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3449435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21699268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11589380-000000000-00000&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=YS&rft.au=Tsai%2C+MH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millichap-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millichap_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millichap_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millichap_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillichap2010" class="citation book cs1">Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York, US: Springer. pp. 121–123, 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441913968" title="Special:BookSources/9781441913968"><bdi>9781441913968</bdi></a>. <q>Ongoing research has provided answers to many of the parents' concerns, and has confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the long-term use of medication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Medications+for+ADHD&rft.btitle=Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+Handbook%3A+A+Physician%27s+Guide+to+ADHD&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=121-123%2C+125-127&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441913968&rft.aulast=Millichap&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-term_2015-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_2015_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_2015_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_2015_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_2015_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_2015_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldHodgkinsCaciKahle2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340791">"Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0116407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116407">10.1371/journal.pone.0116407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340791">4340791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25714373">25714373</a>. <q>The highest proportion of improved outcomes was reported with combination treatment (83% of outcomes). Among significantly improved outcomes, the largest effect sizes were found for combination treatment. The greatest improvements were associated with academic, self-esteem, or social function outcomes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Effect+of+treatment+modality+on+long-term+outcomes+in+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+disorder%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0116407&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4340791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25714373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116407&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=LE&rft.au=Hodgkins%2C+P&rft.au=Caci%2C+H&rft.au=Kahle%2C+J&rft.au=Young%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4340791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340791/figure/pone.0116407.g003/">Figure 3: Treatment benefit by treatment type and outcome group</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_2009_03-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_03_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_03_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_03_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 154–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Widely+Projecting+Systems%3A+Monoamines%2C+Acetylcholine%2C+and+Orexin&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=154-157&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_2009-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_35-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 318, 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>. <q>Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in normal subjects and those with ADHD. ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks ... through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors. ... Beyond these general permissive effects, dopamine (acting via D1 receptors) and norepinephrine (acting at several receptors) can, at optimal levels, enhance working memory and aspects of attention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Higher+Cognitive+Function+and+Behavioral+Control&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=318%2C+321&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cognition_enhancers-36"><a href="#cite_ref-cognition_enhancers_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidwellMcClernonKollins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353150">"Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD"</a>. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 99 (2): 262–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2011.05.002">10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353150">3353150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21596055">21596055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+Biochemistry+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Cognitive+enhancers+for+the+treatment+of+ADHD&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-274&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3353150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21596055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2011.05.002&rft.aulast=Bidwell&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=McClernon%2C+FJ&rft.au=Kollins%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3353150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-term_36-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Long-term_36_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerWalesChalhoubHarpin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785407">"The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"</a>. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 6: 87–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S49114">10.2147/PRBM.S49114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785407">3785407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24082796">24082796</a>. <q>Only one paper53 examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Research+and+Behavior+Management&rft.atitle=The+long-term+outcomes+of+interventions+for+the+management+of+attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+in+children+and+adolescents%3A+a+systematic+review+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=87-99&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3785407%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24082796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FPRBM.S49114&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Wales%2C+G&rft.au=Chalhoub%2C+N&rft.au=Harpin%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3785407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millichap_3-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Millichap_3_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillichap2010" class="citation book cs1">Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York, US: Springer. pp. 111–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441913968" title="Special:BookSources/9781441913968"><bdi>9781441913968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Medications+for+ADHD&rft.btitle=Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+Handbook%3A+A+Physician%27s+Guide+to+ADHD&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=111-113&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441913968&rft.aulast=Millichap&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADHD-39"><a href="#cite_ref-ADHD_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/stimulants-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder">"Stimulants for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"</a>. WebMD. Healthwise. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Stimulants+for+Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fadd-adhd%2Fchildhood-adhd%2Fstimulants-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16052183-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16052183_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholtenClarkeHetherington2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scholten RJ, Clarke M, Hetherington J (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602188">"The Cochrane Collaboration"</a>. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (Suppl 1): S147–S149, discussion S195–S196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602188">10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16052183">16052183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29410060">29410060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+Cochrane+Collaboration&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S147-S149%2C+discussion+S195-S196&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29410060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16052183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602188&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Clarke%2C+M&rft.au=Hetherington%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejcn.1602188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochrane_Amphetamines_ADHD-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_Amphetamines_ADHD_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellsBlanco-SilventeCunill2018" class="citation journal cs1">Castells X, Blanco-Silvente L, Cunill R (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513464">"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (8): CD007813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007813.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513464">6513464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30091808">30091808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Amphetamines+for+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+%28ADHD%29+in+adults&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD007813&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513464%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30091808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007813.pub3&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Blanco-Silvente%2C+L&rft.au=Cunill%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26844979-43"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26844979_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunjaShamseerHartlingUrichuk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Punja S, Shamseer L, Hartling L, Urichuk L, Vandermeer B, Nikles J, et al. (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10329868">"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (2): CD009996. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009996.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD009996.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10329868">10329868</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26844979">26844979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Amphetamines+for+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+%28ADHD%29+in+children+and+adolescents&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD009996&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10329868%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26844979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009996.pub2&rft.aulast=Punja&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Shamseer%2C+L&rft.au=Hartling%2C+L&rft.au=Urichuk%2C+L&rft.au=Vandermeer%2C+B&rft.au=Nikles%2C+J&rft.au=Vohra%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10329868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29944175-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29944175_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOslandSteevesPringsheim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513283">"Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (6): CD007990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007990.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513283">6513283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29944175">29944175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+treatment+for+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+%28ADHD%29+in+children+with+comorbid+tic+disorders&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD007990&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513283%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29944175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007990.pub3&rft.aulast=Osland&rft.aufirst=ST&rft.au=Steeves%2C+TD&rft.au=Pringsheim%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_definition-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_definition_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_definition_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGielBulikFernandez-ArandaHay2022" class="citation journal cs1">Giel KE, Bulik CM, Fernandez-Aranda F, Hay P, Keski-Rahkonen A, Schag K, et al. (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793802">"Binge eating disorder"</a>. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 8 (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41572-022-00344-y">10.1038/s41572-022-00344-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793802">9793802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35301358">35301358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Disease+Primers&rft.atitle=Binge+eating+disorder&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9793802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35301358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41572-022-00344-y&rft.aulast=Giel&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Bulik%2C+CM&rft.au=Fernandez-Aranda%2C+F&rft.au=Hay%2C+P&rft.au=Keski-Rahkonen%2C+A&rft.au=Schag%2C+K&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+U&rft.au=Zipfel%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9793802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_ADHD_overlap-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_ADHD_overlap_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_ADHD_overlap_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_ADHD_overlap_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_ADHD_overlap_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealSmith2022" class="citation journal cs1">Heal DJ, Smith SL (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150143">"Prospects for new drugs to treat binge-eating disorder: Insights from psychopathology and neuropharmacology"</a>. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 36 (6): 680–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02698811211032475">10.1177/02698811211032475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150143">9150143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34318734">34318734</a>. <q>BED subjects have substantial decrements in their ventral striatal reward pathways and diminished ability to recruit fronto-cortical impulse-control circuits to implement dietary restraint. ... There is not only substantial overlap between the psychopathology of BED and ADHD but also a clear association between these two disorders. Lisdexamfetamine's ability to reduce impulsivity and increase cognitive control in ADHD supports the hypothesis that efficacy in BED is dependent on treating its core obsessive, compulsive and impulsive behaviours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+new+drugs+to+treat+binge-eating+disorder%3A+Insights+from+psychopathology+and+neuropharmacology&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=680-703&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9150143%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34318734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02698811211032475&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Smith%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9150143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_secondary_outcomes-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_secondary_outcomes_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_secondary_outcomes_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_secondary_outcomes_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_secondary_outcomes_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_secondary_outcomes_47-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McElroy SL (2017). "Pharmacologic Treatments for Binge-Eating Disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 78 Suppl 1: 14–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.sh16003su1c.03">10.4088/JCP.sh16003su1c.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125174">28125174</a>. <q>Genetic polymorphisms associated with abnormal dopaminergic signaling have been found in individuals who exhibit binge-eating behavior, and the binge-eating episodes,which often involve the consumption of highly palatable food, further stimulate the dopaminergic system. This ongoing stimulation may contribute to progressive impairments in dopamine signaling. Lisdexamfetamine is hypothesized to reduce binge-eating behavior by normalizing dopaminergic activity. ... After 12 weeks, both studies found significant reductions in the number of binge-eating days per week in the active treatment group compared with placebo (P < .001 for both studies; Figure 1). Lisdexamfetamine was also found to be superior to placebo on a number of secondary outcome measures including global improvement, binge-eating cessation for 4 weeks, and reduction of obsessive-compulsive binge-eating symptoms, body weight, and triglycerides.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Pharmacologic+Treatments+for+Binge-Eating+Disorder&rft.volume=78+Suppl+1&rft.pages=14-19&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.sh16003su1c.03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28125174&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_rapid_review-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_rapid_review_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_rapid_review_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_rapid_review_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_rapid_review_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodanBryantLeMaloney2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rodan SC, Bryant E, Le A, Maloney D, Touyz S, McGregor IS, et al. (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10327007">"Pharmacotherapy, alternative and adjunctive therapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review"</a>. Journal of Eating Disorders. 11 (1): 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40337-023-00833-9">10.1186/s40337-023-00833-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10327007">10327007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37415200">37415200</a>. <q>LDX is commonly used in the treatment of ADHD, and is the only treatment for BED that is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). LDX, like all amphetamine stimulants, has direct appetite suppressant effects that may be therapeutically useful in BED, although long-term neuroadaptations in dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems caused by LDX may also be relevant, leading to improved regulation of eating behaviours, attentional processes and goal-directed behaviours. ... Evidently, there is a substantial volume of trials with high-quality evidence supporting the efficacy of LDX in reducing binge eating frequency in treatment of adults with moderate to severe BED at 50–70 mg/day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eating+Disorders&rft.atitle=Pharmacotherapy%2C+alternative+and+adjunctive+therapies+for+eating+disorders%3A+findings+from+a+rapid+review&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10327007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37415200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40337-023-00833-9&rft.aulast=Rodan&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Bryant%2C+E&rft.au=Le%2C+A&rft.au=Maloney%2C+D&rft.au=Touyz%2C+S&rft.au=McGregor%2C+IS&rft.au=Maguire%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10327007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_neuroplasticity-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_neuroplasticity_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_neuroplasticity_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_neuroplasticity_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_neuroplasticity_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_neuroplasticity_49-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswellPotenzaGrilo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Boswell RG, Potenza MN, Grilo CM (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7902428">"The Neurobiology of Binge-eating Disorder Compared with Obesity: Implications for Differential Therapeutics"</a>. Clinical Therapeutics. 43 (1): 50–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2020.10.014">10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.10.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7902428">7902428</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33257092">33257092</a>. <q>Stimulant medications may be especially effective for individuals with BED because of dual effects on reward and executive function systems. Indeed, the only FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for BED is LDX, a d-amphetamine prodrug. ... In humans, RCTs found that LDX reduced binge eating and impulsivity/compulsivity symptoms. Notably, there is a strong correlation between compulsivity symptoms and severity/frequency of binge eating episodes observed in LDX trials. Further, in individuals with BED, changes in prefrontal brain systems associated with LDX treatment were related to treatment outcome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=The+Neurobiology+of+Binge-eating+Disorder+Compared+with+Obesity%3A+Implications+for+Differential+Therapeutics&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-69&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7902428%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33257092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2020.10.014&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=RG&rft.au=Potenza%2C+MN&rft.au=Grilo%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7902428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_hTAAR_pharmacology_December_2017_review_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryGainetdinovHoenerShahid2017" class="citation journal cs1">Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2017.07.002">"Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges"</a>. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 180: 161–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2017.07.002">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28723415">28723415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+human+trace+amine-associated+receptors%3A+Therapeutic+opportunities+and+challenges&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=161-180&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2017.07.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28723415&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Gainetdinov%2C+RR&rft.au=Hoener%2C+MC&rft.au=Shahid%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pharmthera.2017.07.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHymanHoltzman2015" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 14: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071827706" title="Special:BookSources/9780071827706"><bdi>9780071827706</bdi></a>. <q>Because behavioral responses in humans are not rigidly dictated by sensory inputs and drives, behavioral responses can instead be guided in accordance with short- or long-term goals, prior experience, and the environmental context. The response to a delicious-looking dessert is different depending on whether a person is alone staring into his or her refrigerator, is at a formal dinner party attended by his or her punctilious boss, or has just formulated the goal of losing 10 lb. ... Adaptive responses depend on the ability to inhibit automatic or prepotent responses (eg, to ravenously eat the dessert or run from the snake) given certain social or environmental contexts or chosen goals and, in those circumstances, to select more appropriate responses. In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior, such as in drug addiction, where drug cues can elicit drug seeking (Chapter 16), or inattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; described below), significant negative consequences can result.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+Higher+Cognitive+Function+and+Behavioral+Control&rft.btitle=Molecular+neuropharmacology%3A+a+foundation+for+clinical+neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780071827706&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Holtzman%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_systematic_review-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BED_systematic_review_52-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderHiggsDourish2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider E, Higgs S, Dourish CT (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/147133958/LDX_final_pure.pdf">"Lisdexamfetamine and binge-eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the preclinical and clinical data with a focus on mechanism of drug action in treating the disorder"</a> (PDF). European Neuropsychopharmacology. 53: 49–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2021.08.001">10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461386">34461386</a>. <q>Our meta-analysis of the four RCT data sets (Guerdjikova et al., 2016; McElroy et al., 2015b; McElroy et al., 2016a) showed an overall significant effect of LDX on binge-eating symptom change. ... BED has been described as an impulse control disorder since one of the key symptoms of the disorder is a lack of control over eating (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and it is possible that LDX may be effective in treating BED at least in part by reducing impulsivity, compulsivity, and the repetitive nature of binge eating. There is extensive evidence that loss of impulse control in BED is a causal factor in provoking bingeing symptoms (Colles et al., 2008; Galanti et al., 2007; Giel et al., 2017; McElroy et al., 2016a; Nasser et al., 2004; Schag et al., 2013). More specifically, BED is associated with motor impulsivity and non-planning impulsivity which could initiate and maintain binge eating (Nasser et al., 2004). Neuroimaging studies using the Stroop task to measure impulse control have shown that BED patients have decreased BOLD fMRI activity in brain areas involved in self-regulation and impulse control including VMPFC, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and insula during performance of the task compared to lean and obese controls (Balodis et al., 2013b). ... It is conceivable that in BED patients a low 30 mg dose of LDX could reduce food intake by suppressing appetite or enhancing satiety and higher (50 and 70 mg) doses of the drug may have a dual suppressant effect on food intake and binge-eating frequency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+and+binge-eating+disorder%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+the+preclinical+and+clinical+data+with+a+focus+on+mechanism+of+drug+action+in+treating+the+disorder&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=49-78&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euroneuro.2021.08.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34461386&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Higgs%2C+S&rft.au=Dourish%2C+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure-oai.bham.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F147133958%2FLDX_final_pure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranisWittlin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Branis NM, Wittlin SD (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417573">"Amphetamine-Like Analogues in Diabetes: Speeding towards Ketogenesis"</a>. Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2015: 917869. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F917869">10.1155/2015/917869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417573">4417573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25960894">25960894</a>. <q>Peripheral norepinephrine concentration rises as well. As demonstrated after Dextroamphetamine administration, plasma norepinephrine can rise up to 400 pg/mL, a level comparable to that achieved during mild physical activity. Cumulative effect on norepinephrine concentration is likely when amphetamine-type medications are given in the setting of acute illness or combined with activities leading to catecholamine release, such as exercise. ... The primary effect of norepinephrine on ketogenesis is mediated through increased substrate availability. As shown by Krentz et al., at high physiological concentrations, norepinephrine induces accelerated lipolysis and increases NEFA formation significantly. Secondly, norepinephrine stimulates ketogenesis directly at the hepatocyte level. As reported by Keller et al., norepinephrine infusion increased ketone bodies concentration to a greater degree when compared to NEFA concentration (155 ± 30 versus 57 ± 16%), suggesting direct hepatic ketogenic effect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Reports+in+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Amphetamine-Like+Analogues+in+Diabetes%3A+Speeding+towards+Ketogenesis&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=917869&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4417573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25960894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F917869&rft.aulast=Branis&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=Wittlin%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4417573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BED_review-54"><a href="#cite_ref-BED_review_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuratoreAttia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Muratore AF, Attia E (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9233107">"Psychopharmacologic Management of Eating Disorders"</a>. Current Psychiatry Reports. 24 (7): 345–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-022-01340-5">10.1007/s11920-022-01340-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9233107">9233107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576089">35576089</a>. <q>An 11-week, double-blind RCT examined the effects of three doses of lisdexamfetamine (30 mg/day, 50 mg/day, 70 mg/day) and placebo on binge eating frequency. Results indicated that 50 mg and 70 mg doses were superior to placebo in reducing binge eating. Two follow-up 12-week RCTs confirmed the superiority of 50 and 70 mg doses to placebo in improving binge eating and secondary outcome measures, including obsessive–compulsive symptoms, body weight, and global improvement. ... Subsequent studies of lisdexamfetamine provided further support for the medication's safety and efficacy and provided additional evidence that continued use may be better than placebo in preventing relapse. While it is considered safe and effective, lisdexamfetamine's side effect profile and risk for misuse may make it inappropriate for certain patients.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.atitle=Psychopharmacologic+Management+of+Eating+Disorders&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=345-351&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9233107%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35576089&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-022-01340-5&rft.aulast=Muratore&rft.aufirst=AF&rft.au=Attia%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9233107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autoimmune_basis_review-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Autoimmune_basis_review_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahliosDe_la_Herrán-AritaMignot2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mahlios J, De la Herrán-Arita AK, Mignot E (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848424">"The autoimmune basis of narcolepsy"</a>. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 23 (5): 767–773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2013.04.013">10.1016/j.conb.2013.04.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848424">3848424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23725858">23725858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=The+autoimmune+basis+of+narcolepsy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=767-773&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23725858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2013.04.013&rft.aulast=Mahlios&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=De+la+Herr%C3%A1n-Arita%2C+AK&rft.au=Mignot%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barateau_2022-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barateau_2022_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barateau_2022_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barateau_2022_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarateauPizzaPlazziDauvilliers2022" class="citation journal cs1">Barateau L, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Dauvilliers Y (August 2022). "Narcolepsy". Journal of Sleep Research. 31 (4): e13631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsr.13631">10.1111/jsr.13631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624073">35624073</a>. <q>Narcolepsy type 1 was called "narcolepsy with cataplexy" before 2014 (AASM, 2005), but was renamed NT1 in the third and last international classification of sleep disorders (AASM, 2014). ... A low level of Hcrt-1 in the CSF is very sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of NT1. ... All patients with low CSF Hcrt-1 levels are considered as NT1 patients, even if they report no cataplexy (in about 10–20% of cases), and all patients with normal CSF Hcrt-1 levels (or without cataplexy when the lumbar puncture is not performed) as NT2 patients (Baumann et al., 2014). ... In patients with NT1, the absence of Hcrt leads to the inhibition of regions that suppress REM sleep, thus allowing the activation of descending pathways inhibiting motoneurons, leading to cataplexy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sleep+Research&rft.atitle=Narcolepsy&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e13631&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsr.13631&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35624073&rft.aulast=Barateau&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Pizza%2C+F&rft.au=Plazzi%2C+G&rft.au=Dauvilliers%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narcolepsy_guide-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_guide_58-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignot2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mignot EJ (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480574">"A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes"</a>. Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13311-012-0150-9">10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480574">3480574</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23065655">23065655</a>. <q>At the pathophysiological level, it is now clear that most narcolepsy cases with cataplexy, and a minority of cases (5–30 %) without cataplexy or with atypical cataplexy-like symptoms, are caused by a lack of hypocretin (orexin) of likely an autoimmune origin. In these cases, once the disease is established, the majority of the 70,000 hypocretin-producing cells have been destroyed, and the disorder is irreversible. ... Amphetamines are exceptionally wake-promoting, and at high doses also reduce cataplexy in narcoleptic patients, an effect best explained by its action on adrenergic and serotoninergic synapses. ... The D-isomer is more specific for DA transmission and is a better stimulant compound. Some effects on cataplexy (especially for the L-isomer), secondary to adrenergic effects, occur at higher doses. ... Numerous studies have shown that increased dopamine release is the main property explaining wake-promotion, although norepinephrine effects also contribute.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurotherapeutics&rft.atitle=A+practical+guide+to+the+therapy+of+narcolepsy+and+hypersomnia+syndromes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=739-752&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3480574%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23065655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13311-012-0150-9&rft.aulast=Mignot&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3480574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_2015b-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2015b_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2015b_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHymanHoltzman2015" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 456–457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071827706" title="Special:BookSources/9780071827706"><bdi>9780071827706</bdi></a>. <q>More recently, the lateral hypothalamus was also found to play a central role in arousal. Neurons in this region contain cell bodies that produce the orexin (also called hypocretin) peptides (Chapter 6). These neurons project widely throughout the brain and are involved in sleep, arousal, feeding, reward,aspects of emotion, and learning. In fact, orexin is thought to promote feeding primarily by promoting arousal. Mutations in orexin receptors are responsible for narcolepsy in a canine model, knockout of the orexin gene produces narcolepsy in mice, and humans with narcolepsy have low or absent levels of orexin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (Chapter 13). Lateral hypothalamus neurons have reciprocal connections with neurons that produce monoamine neurotransmitters (Chapter 6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Neural+and+Neuroendocrine+Control+of+the+Internal+Milieu&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=456-457&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780071827706&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Holtzman%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_2015a-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2015a_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2015a_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2015a_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHymanHoltzman2015" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 13: Sleep and Arousal". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071827706" title="Special:BookSources/9780071827706"><bdi>9780071827706</bdi></a>. <q>The ARAS consists of several different circuits including the four main monoaminergic pathways discussed in Chapter 6. The norepinephrine pathway originates from the LC and related brainstem nuclei; the serotonergic neurons originate from the RN within the brainstem as well; the dopaminergic neurons originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); and the histaminergic pathway originates from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus. As discussed in Chapter 6, these neurons project widely throughout the brain from restricted collections of cell bodies. Norepinephrine, serotonin,dopamine, and histamine have complex modulatory functions and, in general, promote wakefulness. The PT in the brainstem is also an important component of the ARAS. Activity of PT cholinergic neurons (REM-on cells) promotes REM sleep, as noted earlier. During waking, REM-on cells are inhibited by a subset of ARAS norepinephrine and serotonin neurons called REM-off cells.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Sleep+and+Arousal&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.pages=521&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780071827706&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Holtzman%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_ARAS_textbook-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_ARAS_textbook_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShneerson2009" class="citation book cs1">Shneerson JM (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWxWEdqvue4C&pg=PA81">Sleep medicine a guide to sleep and its disorders</a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405178518" title="Special:BookSources/9781405178518"><bdi>9781405178518</bdi></a>. <q>All the amphetamines enhance activity at dopamine, noradrenaline and 5HT synapses. They cause presynaptic release of preformed transmitters, and also inhibit the re-uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. These actions are most prominent in the brainstem ascending reticular activating system and the cerebral cortex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleep+medicine+a+guide+to+sleep+and+its+disorders&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405178518&rft.aulast=Shneerson&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWxWEdqvue4C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narcolepsy_-_Amphetamine_and_the_ARAS-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_-_Amphetamine_and_the_ARAS_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narcolepsy_-_Amphetamine_and_the_ARAS_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzRoth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz JR, Roth T (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701283">"Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications"</a>. Current Neuropharmacology. 6 (4): 367–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F157015908787386050">10.2174/157015908787386050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701283">2701283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587857">19587857</a>. <q>Alertness and associated forebrain and cortical arousal are mediated by several ascending pathways with distinct neuronal components that project from the upper brain stem near the junction of the pons and the midbrain. ... Key cell populations of the ascending arousal pathway include cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and histaminergic neurons located in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (PPT/LDT), locus coeruleus, dorsal and median raphe nucleus, and tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), respectively. ... The mechanism of action of sympathomimetic alerting drugs (eg, dextro- and methamphetamine, methylphenidate) is direct or indirect stimulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei, which in turn heightens the efficacy of the ventral periaqueductal grey area and locus coeruleus, both components of the secondary branch of the ascending arousal system. ... Sympathomimetic drugs have long been used to treat narcolepsy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Neurophysiology+of+sleep+and+wakefulness%3A+basic+science+and+clinical+implications&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=367-378&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2701283%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19587857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F157015908787386050&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Roth%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2701283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-narcolepsy_efficacy-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_efficacy_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_efficacy_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_efficacy_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_efficacy_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_efficacy_63-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaskiTrottiKotagalRobert_Auger2021" class="citation journal cs1">Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, Robert Auger R, Rowley JA, Hashmi SD, et al. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636351">"Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline"</a>. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 17 (9): 1881–1893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5664%2Fjcsm.9328">10.5664/jcsm.9328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636351">8636351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34743789">34743789</a>. <q>The TF identified 1 double-blind RCT, 1 single-blind RCT, and 1 retrospective observational long-term self-reported case series assessing the efficacy of dextroamphetamine in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2. These studies demonstrated clinically significant improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Sleep+Medicine&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+central+disorders+of+hypersomnolence%3A+an+American+Academy+of+Sleep+Medicine+clinical+practice+guideline&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1881-1893&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8636351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34743789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5664%2Fjcsm.9328&rft.aulast=Maski&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Trotti%2C+LM&rft.au=Kotagal%2C+S&rft.au=Robert+Auger%2C+R&rft.au=Rowley%2C+JA&rft.au=Hashmi%2C+SD&rft.au=Watson%2C+NF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8636351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-narcolepsy_addiction-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_addiction_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_addiction_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_addiction_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_addiction_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarateauLopezDauvilliers2016" class="citation journal cs1">Barateau L, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y (October 2016). "Management of Narcolepsy". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 18 (10): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11940-016-0429-y">10.1007/s11940-016-0429-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549768">27549768</a>. <q>The usefulness of amphetamines is limited by a potential risk of abuse, and their cardiovascular adverse effects (Table 1). That is why, even though they are cheaper than other drugs, and efficient, they remain third-line therapy in narcolepsy. Three class II studies showed an improvement of EDS in that disease. ... Despite the potential for drug abuse or tolerance using stimulants, patients with narcolepsy rarely exhibit addiction to their medication. ... Some stimulants, such as mazindol, amphetamines, and pitolisant, may also have some anticataplectic effects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Treatment+Options+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Management+of+Narcolepsy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11940-016-0429-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27549768&rft.aulast=Barateau&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Lopez%2C+R&rft.au=Dauvilliers%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauvilliersBarateau2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L (August 2017). "Narcolepsy and Other Central Hypersomnias". Continuum. 23 (4, Sleep Neurology): 989–1004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FCON.0000000000000492">10.1212/CON.0000000000000492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777172">28777172</a>. <q>Recent clinical trials and practice guidelines have confirmed that stimulants such as modafinil, armodafinil, or sodium oxybate (as first line); methylphenidate and pitolisant (as second line [pitolisant is currently only available in Europe]); and amphetamines (as third line) are appropriate medications for excessive daytime sleepiness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=Narcolepsy+and+Other+Central+Hypersomnias&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%2C+Sleep+Neurology&rft.pages=989-1004&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FCON.0000000000000492&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28777172&rft.aulast=Dauvilliers&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Barateau%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpyBogan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications". Sleep Medicine. 68: 97–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sleep.2019.09.001">10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32032921">32032921</a>. <q>The first agents used to treat EDS (ie, amphetamines, methylphenidate) are now considered second- or third-line options because newer medications have been developed with improved tolerability and lower abuse potential (eg, modafinil/armodafinil, solriamfetol, pitolisant)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sleep+Medicine&rft.atitle=Update+on+the+pharmacologic+management+of+narcolepsy%3A+mechanisms+of+action+and+clinical+implications&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=97-109&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sleep.2019.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32032921&rft.aulast=Thorpy&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Bogan%2C+RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unambiguous_PFC_D1_A2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unambiguous_PFC_D1_A2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unambiguous_PFC_D1_A2_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerDevilbissBerridge2015" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdw.rowan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1056&context=som_facpub">"The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex"</a>. Biological Psychiatry. 77 (11): 940–950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2014.09.013">10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377121">4377121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25499957">25499957</a>. <q>The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine α2 and dopamine D1 receptors. ... This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic α2 versus α1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Cognition-Enhancing+Effects+of+Psychostimulants+Involve+Direct+Action+in+the+Prefrontal+Cortex&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=940-950&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4377121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25499957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2014.09.013&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Devilbiss%2C+DM&rft.au=Berridge%2C+CW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frdw.rowan.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1056%26context%3Dsom_facpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cognitive_and_motivational_effects-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Cognitive_and_motivational_effects_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlievaHookFarah2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/130">"Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 27 (6): 1069–1089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn_a_00776">10.1162/jocn_a_00776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25591060">25591060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15788121">15788121</a>. <q>Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ... The results of this meta-analysis ... do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults in general, while also indicating that these effects are modest in size.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Prescription+Stimulants%27+Effects+on+Healthy+Inhibitory+Control%2C+Working+Memory%2C+and+Episodic+Memory%3A+A+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1069-1089&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15788121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25591060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjocn_a_00776&rft.aulast=Ilieva&rft.aufirst=IP&rft.au=Hook%2C+CJ&rft.au=Farah%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fneuroethics_pubs%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cognition_enhancement_2014_systematic_review-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Cognition_enhancement_2014_systematic_review_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagotKaminer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471173">"Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review"</a>. Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fadd.12460">10.1111/add.12460</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471173">4471173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24749160">24749160</a>. <q>Amphetamine has been shown to improve consolidation of information (0.02 ≥ P ≤ 0.05), leading to improved recall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+stimulants+for+cognitive+enhancement+in+non-attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+youth%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=547-557&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4471173%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24749160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fadd.12460&rft.aulast=Bagot&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Kaminer%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4471173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11337538-70"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11337538_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevousTrivediRush2001" class="citation journal cs1">Devous MD, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ (April 2001). "Regional cerebral blood flow response to oral amphetamine challenge in healthy volunteers". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 42 (4): 535–542. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11337538">11337538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.atitle=Regional+cerebral+blood+flow+response+to+oral+amphetamine+challenge+in+healthy+volunteers&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-542&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11337538&rft.aulast=Devous&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Trivedi%2C+MH&rft.au=Rush%2C+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_NAcc-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_NAcc_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>. <q>Dopamine acts in the nucleus accumbens to attach motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Neural+and+Neuroendocrine+Control+of+the+Internal+Milieu&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Continuum-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodSageShumanAnagnostaras2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880463">"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation"</a>. Pharmacological Reviews. 66 (1): 193–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.112.007054">10.1124/pr.112.007054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880463">3880463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24344115">24344115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Psychostimulants+and+cognition%3A+a+continuum+of+behavioral+and+cognitive+activation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-221&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3880463%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24344115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpr.112.007054&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sage%2C+JR&rft.au=Shuman%2C+T&rft.au=Anagnostaras%2C+SG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3880463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test_taking_aid-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Test_taking_aid_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwohey_M2006" class="citation web cs1">Twohey M (26 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815200239/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902">"Pills become an addictive study aid"</a>. JS Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=410902">the original</a> on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JS+Online&rft.atitle=Pills+become+an+addictive+study+aid&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.au=Twohey+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D410902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16999660-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16999660_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeterMcCabeLaGrangeCranford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Teter CJ, McCabe SE, LaGrange K, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223">"Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration"</a>. Pharmacotherapy. 26 (10): 1501–1510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.26.10.1501">10.1592/phco.26.10.1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794223">1794223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16999660">16999660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Illicit+use+of+specific+prescription+stimulants+among+college+students%3A+prevalence%2C+motives%2C+and+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1501-1510&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1794223%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16999660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1592%2Fphco.26.10.1501&rft.aulast=Teter&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=McCabe%2C+SE&rft.au=LaGrange%2C+K&rft.au=Cranford%2C+JA&rft.au=Boyd%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1794223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversion_prevalence_1-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_prevalence_1_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyandtOsterMarracciniGudmundsdottir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Marraccini ME, Gudmundsdottir BG, Munro BA, Zavras BM, et al. (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338">"Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants"</a>. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 7: 223–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S47013">10.2147/PRBM.S47013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164338">4164338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25228824">25228824</a>. <q>misuse of prescription stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well. ... Indeed, large numbers of students claim to have engaged in the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, which is reflected in lifetime prevalence rates of prescription stimulant misuse ranging from 5% to nearly 34% of students.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Research+and+Behavior+Management&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+interventions+for+adolescents+and+adults+with+ADHD%3A+stimulant+and+nonstimulant+medications+and+misuse+of+prescription+stimulants&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=223-249&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4164338%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25228824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FPRBM.S47013&rft.aulast=Weyandt&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.au=Oster%2C+DR&rft.au=Marraccini%2C+ME&rft.au=Gudmundsdottir%2C+BG&rft.au=Munro%2C+BA&rft.au=Zavras%2C+BM&rft.au=Kuhar%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4164338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversion_prevalence_2-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_prevalence_2_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemowWalker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review". Postgraduate Medicine. 126 (5): 64–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2014.09.2801">10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25295651">25295651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207580823">207580823</a>. <q>Overall, the data suggest that ADHD medication misuse and diversion are common health care problems for stimulant medications, with the prevalence believed to be approximately 5% to 10% of high school students and 5% to 35% of college students, depending on the study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+potential+for+misuse+and+abuse+of+medications+in+ADHD%3A+a+review&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=64-81&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207580823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25295651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpgm.2014.09.2801&rft.aulast=Clemow&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Walker%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergogenics-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddleConnor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 40 (2): 487–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2013.02.009">10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23668655">23668655</a>. <q>Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training ... Physiologic and performance effects  • Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation  • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40  • Improved reaction time  • Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue  • Increased acceleration  • Increased alertness and attention to task</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care%3A+Clinics+in+Office+Practice&rft.atitle=Nutritional+supplements+and+ergogenic+AIDS&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487-505&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2013.02.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23668655&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Connor%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfall-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfallWestfall2010" class="citation book cs1">Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York, US: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071624428" title="Special:BookSources/9780071624428"><bdi>9780071624428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+Sympathomimetic+Agonists&rft.btitle=Goodman+%26+Gilman%27s+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780071624428&rft.aulast=Westfall&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Westfall%2C+TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAA-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracken_NM2012" class="citation web cs1">Bracken NM (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdf">"National Study of Substance Use Trends Among NCAA College Student-Athletes"</a> (PDF). NCAA Publications. National Collegiate Athletic Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/SAHS09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCAA+Publications&rft.atitle=National+Study+of+Substance+Use+Trends+Among+NCAA+College+Student-Athletes&rft.date=2012-01&rft.au=Bracken+NM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaapublications.com%2Fproductdownloads%2FSAHS09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WADA_&_AD_regulation-80"><a href="#cite_ref-WADA_&_AD_regulation_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocherty_JR2008" class="citation journal cs1">Docherty JR (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527">"Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)"</a>. British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 606–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.124">10.1038/bjp.2008.124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439527">2439527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18500382">18500382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+stimulants+prohibited+by+the+World+Anti-Doping+Agency+%28WADA%29&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=606-622&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439527%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18500382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.124&rft.au=Docherty+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergogenics2-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics2_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics2_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics2_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergogenics2_81-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr_JW2011" class="citation journal cs1">Parr JW (July 2011). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: new advances and understanding". Clinics in Sports Medicine. 30 (3): 591–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csm.2011.03.007">10.1016/j.csm.2011.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21658550">21658550</a>. <q>In 1980, Chandler and Blair47 showed significant increases in knee extension strength, acceleration, anaerobic capacity, time to exhaustion during exercise, pre-exercise and maximum heart rates, and time to exhaustion during maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) testing after administration of 15 mg of dextroamphetamine versus placebo. Most of the information to answer this question has been obtained in the past decade through studies of fatigue rather than an attempt to systematically investigate the effect of ADHD drugs on exercise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+and+the+athlete%3A+new+advances+and+understanding&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=591-610&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.csm.2011.03.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21658550&rft.au=Parr+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roelands_2013-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roelands_2013_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roelands_2013_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roelands_2013_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelandsde_KoningFosterHettinga2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roelands B, de Koning J, Foster C, Hettinga F, Meeusen R (May 2013). "Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing". Sports Medicine. 43 (5): 301–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40279-013-0030-4">10.1007/s40279-013-0030-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23456493">23456493</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30392999">30392999</a>. <q>In high-ambient temperatures, dopaminergic manipulations clearly improve performance. The distribution of the power output reveals that after dopamine reuptake inhibition, subjects are able to maintain a higher power output compared with placebo. ... Dopaminergic drugs appear to override a safety switch and allow athletes to use a reserve capacity that is 'off-limits' in a normal (placebo) situation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Neurophysiological+determinants+of+theoretical+concepts+and+mechanisms+involved+in+pacing&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=301-311&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30392999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23456493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40279-013-0030-4&rft.aulast=Roelands&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=de+Koning%2C+J&rft.au=Foster%2C+C&rft.au=Hettinga%2C+F&rft.au=Meeusen%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amph-DA_reaction_time-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Amph-DA_reaction_time_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerLamichhaneCaetanoNarayanan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813949">"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits"</a>. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 7: 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnint.2013.00075">10.3389/fnint.2013.00075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813949">3813949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198770">24198770</a>. <q>Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock," activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Integrative+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Executive+dysfunction+in+Parkinson%27s+disease+and+timing+deficits&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3813949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24198770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnint.2013.00075&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Lamichhane%2C+D&rft.au=Caetano%2C+MS&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+NS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3813949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_mechanisms_affecting_exertion-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Central_mechanisms_affecting_exertion_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattrayArgusMartinNorthey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rattray B, Argus C, Martin K, Northey J, Driller M (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362407">"Is it time to turn our attention toward central mechanisms for post-exertional recovery strategies and performance?"</a>. Frontiers in Physiology. 6: 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2015.00079">10.3389/fphys.2015.00079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362407">4362407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25852568">25852568</a>. <q>Aside from accounting for the reduced performance of mentally fatigued participants, this model rationalizes the reduced RPE and hence improved cycling time trial performance of athletes using a glucose mouthwash (Chambers et al., 2009) and the greater power output during a RPE matched cycling time trial following amphetamine ingestion (Swart, 2009). ... Dopamine stimulating drugs are known to enhance aspects of exercise performance (Roelands et al., 2008)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Is+it+time+to+turn+our+attention+toward+central+mechanisms+for+post-exertional+recovery+strategies+and+performance%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4362407%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25852568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2015.00079&rft.aulast=Rattray&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Argus%2C+C&rft.au=Martin%2C+K&rft.au=Northey%2C+J&rft.au=Driller%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4362407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monoamine+drug_effects_on_exercise_-_fatigue_and_heat-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Monoamine+drug_effects_on_exercise_-_fatigue_and_heat_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelandsDe_PauwMeeusen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsms.12350">"Neurophysiological effects of exercise in the heat"</a>. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 25 (Suppl 1): 65–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsms.12350">10.1111/sms.12350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25943657">25943657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22782401">22782401</a>. <q>This indicates that subjects did not feel they were producing more power and consequently more heat. The authors concluded that the "safety switch" or the mechanisms existing in the body to prevent harmful effects are overridden by the drug administration (Roelands et al., 2008b). Taken together, these data indicate strong ergogenic effects of an increased DA concentration in the brain, without any change in the perception of effort.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Medicine+%26+Science+in+Sports&rft.atitle=Neurophysiological+effects+of+exercise+in+the+heat&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22782401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25943657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsms.12350&rft.aulast=Roelands&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=De+Pauw%2C+K&rft.au=Meeusen%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fsms.12350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aff45863-ffe1-4d4f-8acf-c7081512a6c0">"Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release"</a>. DailyMed. Shire US Inc. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Adderall+XR-+dextroamphetamine+sulfate%2C+dextroamphetamine+saccharate%2C+amphetamine+sulfate+and+amphetamine+aspartate+capsule%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Daff45863-ffe1-4d4f-8acf-c7081512a6c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28936175-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28936175_87-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolderStrajharVizeliHammann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Hammann F, Odermatt A, Liechti ME (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594082">"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with D-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects"</a>. Front Pharmacol. 8: 617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2017.00617">10.3389/fphar.2017.00617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594082">5594082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936175">28936175</a>. <q>Inactive lisdexamfetamine is completely (>98%) converted to its active metabolite D-amphetamine in the circulation (Pennick, 2010; Sharman and Pennick, 2014). When lisdexamfetamine is misused intranasally or intravenously, the pharmacokinetics are similar to oral use (Jasinski and Krishnan, 2009b; Ermer et al., 2011), and the subjective effects are not enhanced by parenteral administration in contrast to D-amphetamine (Lile et al., 2011) thus reducing the risk of parenteral misuse of lisdexamfetamine compared with D-amphetamine. Intravenous lisdexamfetamine use also produced significantly lower increases in "drug liking" and "stimulant effects" compared with D-amphetamine in intravenous substance users (Jasinski and Krishnan, 2009a).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+and+Pharmacodynamics+of+Lisdexamfetamine+Compared+with+D-Amphetamine+in+Healthy+Subjects&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=617&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5594082%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28936175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2017.00617&rft.aulast=Dolder&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Strajhar%2C+P&rft.au=Vizeli%2C+P&rft.au=Hammann%2C+F&rft.au=Odermatt%2C+A&rft.au=Liechti%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5594082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMC-SmPC-Elvanse-88"><a href="#cite_ref-EMC-SmPC-Elvanse_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6828/smpc">"Elvanse Adult 30mg Hard Capsules"</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2022. <q>2. Qualitative and quantitative composition. 30 mg Capsules: Each capsule contains 30 mg lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, equivalent to 8.9 mg of dexamfetamine. 50 mg Capsules: Each capsule contains 50 mg lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, equivalent to 14.8 mg of dexamfetamine. 70 mg Capsules: Each capsule contains 70 mg lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, equivalent to 20.8 mg of dexamfetamine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elvanse+Adult+30mg+Hard+Capsules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F6828%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27661399-89"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27661399_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmerCorcoranLasseterMartin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ermer J, Corcoran M, Lasseter K, Martin PT (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5158093">"Relative Bioavailabilities of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate and D-Amphetamine in Healthy Adults in an Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study After Mixing Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate With Food or Drink"</a>. Ther Drug Monit. 38 (6): 769–776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FFTD.0000000000000343">10.1097/FTD.0000000000000343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5158093">5158093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27661399">27661399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ther+Drug+Monit&rft.atitle=Relative+Bioavailabilities+of+Lisdexamfetamine+Dimesylate+and+D-Amphetamine+in+Healthy+Adults+in+an+Open-Label%2C+Randomized%2C+Crossover+Study+After+Mixing+Lisdexamfetamine+Dimesylate+With+Food+or+Drink&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=769-776&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5158093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27661399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FFTD.0000000000000343&rft.aulast=Ermer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Corcoran%2C+M&rft.au=Lasseter%2C+K&rft.au=Martin%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5158093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International-90"><a href="#cite_ref-International_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeedesAilakis" class="citation web cs1">Heedes G, Ailakis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim934.htm">"Amphetamine (PIM 934)"</a>. INCHEM. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved 24 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INCHEM&rft.atitle=Amphetamine+%28PIM+934%29&rft.aulast=Heedes&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ailakis%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpims%2Fpharm%2Fpim934.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Adderall_XR_label-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Adderall_XR_label_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Adderall_XR_label_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Adderall_XR_label_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Adderall_XR_label_91-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aff45863-ffe1-4d4f-8acf-c7081512a6c0">"Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release"</a>. DailyMed. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Adderall+XR-+dextroamphetamine+sulfate%2C+dextroamphetamine+saccharate%2C+amphetamine+sulfate+and+amphetamine+aspartate+capsule%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Daff45863-ffe1-4d4f-8acf-c7081512a6c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30453134-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30453134_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30453134_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooijBijlengaSalernoJaeschke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, et al. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eurpsy.2018.11.001">"Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD"</a>. European Psychiatry. 56: 14–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eurpsy.2018.11.001">10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10067%2F1564410151162165141">10067/1564410151162165141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30453134">30453134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53714228">53714228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Updated+European+Consensus+Statement+on+diagnosis+and+treatment+of+adult+ADHD&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=14-34&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10067%2F1564410151162165141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53714228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30453134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eurpsy.2018.11.001&rft.aulast=Kooij&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Bijlenga%2C+D&rft.au=Salerno%2C+L&rft.au=Jaeschke%2C+R&rft.au=Bitter%2C+I&rft.au=Bal%C3%A1zs%2C+J&rft.au=Thome%2C+J&rft.au=Dom%2C+G&rft.au=Kasper%2C+S&rft.au=Nunes+Filipe%2C+C&rft.au=Stes%2C+S&rft.au=Mohr%2C+P&rft.au=Lepp%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki%2C+S&rft.au=Casas%2C+M&rft.au=Bobes%2C+J&rft.au=Mccarthy%2C+JM&rft.au=Richarte%2C+V&rft.au=Kjems+Philipsen%2C+A&rft.au=Pehlivanidis%2C+A&rft.au=Niemela%2C+A&rft.au=Styr%2C+B&rft.au=Semerci%2C+B&rft.au=Bolea-Alamanac%2C+B&rft.au=Edvinsson%2C+D&rft.au=Baeyens%2C+D&rft.au=Wynchank%2C+D&rft.au=Sobanski%2C+E&rft.au=Philipsen%2C+A&rft.au=McNicholas%2C+F&rft.au=Caci%2C+H&rft.au=Mihailescu%2C+I&rft.au=Manor%2C+I&rft.au=Dobrescu%2C+I&rft.au=Saito%2C+T&rft.au=Krause%2C+J&rft.au=Fayyad%2C+J&rft.au=Ramos-Quiroga%2C+JA&rft.au=Foeken%2C+K&rft.au=Rad%2C+F&rft.au=Adamou%2C+M&rft.au=Ohlmeier%2C+M&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+M&rft.au=Gill%2C+M&rft.au=Lensing%2C+M&rft.au=Motavalli+Mukaddes%2C+N&rft.au=Brudkiewicz%2C+P&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+P&rft.au=Tani%2C+P&rft.au=Oswald%2C+P&rft.au=Carpentier%2C+PJ&rft.au=De+Rossi%2C+P&rft.au=Delorme%2C+R&rft.au=Markovska+Simoska%2C+S&rft.au=Pallanti%2C+S&rft.au=Young%2C+S&rft.au=Bejerot%2C+S&rft.au=Lehtonen%2C+T&rft.au=Kustow%2C+J&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Sedgwick%2C+U&rft.au=Hirvikoski%2C+T&rft.au=Pironti%2C+V&rft.au=Ginsberg%2C+Y&rft.au=F%C3%A9legyh%C3%A1zy%2C+Z&rft.au=Garcia-Portilla%2C+MP&rft.au=Asherson%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.eurpsy.2018.11.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2009-PI-00828-3">"Dexamphetamine tablets"</a>. Therapeutic Goods Administration. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration&rft.atitle=Dexamphetamine+tablets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebs.tga.gov.au%2Febs%2Fpicmi%2Fpicmirepository.nsf%2Fpdf%3FOpenAgent%26id%3DCP-2009-PI-00828-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31776871-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31776871_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31776871_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31776871_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoretsanitisde_LeonEapKane2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schoretsanitis G, de Leon J, Eap CB, Kane JM, Paulzen M (December 2019). "Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions with Agents for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". CNS Drugs. 33 (12): 1201–1222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40263-019-00683-7">10.1007/s40263-019-00683-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31776871">31776871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208330108">208330108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Drugs&rft.atitle=Clinically+Significant+Drug-Drug+Interactions+with+Agents+for+Attention-Deficit%2FHyperactivity+Disorder&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1201-1222&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208330108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31776871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40263-019-00683-7&rft.aulast=Schoretsanitis&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=de+Leon%2C+J&rft.au=Eap%2C+CB&rft.au=Kane%2C+JM&rft.au=Paulzen%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_95-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miller GM (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005101">"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity"</a>. Journal of Neurochemistry. 116 (2): 164–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2010.07109.x">10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005101">3005101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21073468">21073468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurochemistry&rft.atitle=The+emerging+role+of+trace+amine-associated+receptor+1+in+the+functional+regulation+of+monoamine+transporters+and+dopaminergic+activity&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-176&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3005101%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21073468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2010.07109.x&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3005101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E_Weihe-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E_Weihe_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Weihe_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Weihe_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Weihe_96-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidenWeihe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183197">"VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1216 (1): 86–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NYASA1216...86E">2011NYASA1216...86E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2010.05906.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183197">4183197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21272013">21272013</a>. <q>VMAT2 is the CNS vesicular transporter for not only the biogenic amines DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT, and HIS, but likely also for the trace amines TYR, PEA, and thyronamine (THYR) ... [Trace aminergic] neurons in mammalian CNS would be identifiable as neurons expressing VMAT2 for storage, and the biosynthetic enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=VMAT2%3A+a+dynamic+regulator+of+brain+monoaminergic+neuronal+function+interacting+with+drugs+of+abuse&rft.volume=1216&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-98&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4183197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21272013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2010.05906.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NYASA1216...86E&rft.aulast=Eiden&rft.aufirst=LE&rft.au=Weihe%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4183197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amphetamine_VMAT2_pH_gradient-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Amphetamine_VMAT2_pH_gradient_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulzerCraggRice2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850498">"Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake"</a>. Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.baga.2016.02.001">10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850498">4850498</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27141430">27141430</a>. <q>Despite the challenges in determining synaptic vesicle pH, the proton gradient across the vesicle membrane is of fundamental importance for its function. Exposure of isolated catecholamine vesicles to protonophores collapses the pH gradient and rapidly redistributes transmitter from inside to outside the vesicle. ... Amphetamine and its derivatives like methamphetamine are weak base compounds that are the only widely used class of drugs known to elicit transmitter release by a non-exocytic mechanism. As substrates for both DAT and VMAT, amphetamines can be taken up to the cytosol and then sequestered in vesicles, where they act to collapse the vesicular pH gradient.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basal+Ganglia&rft.atitle=Striatal+dopamine+neurotransmission%3A+regulation+of+release+and+uptake&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123-148&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4850498%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27141430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.baga.2016.02.001&rft.aulast=Sulzer&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Cragg%2C+SJ&rft.au=Rice%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4850498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GIRK-98"><a href="#cite_ref-GIRK_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedonneBerrettaDavoliRizzo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ledonne A, Berretta N, Davoli A, Rizzo GR, Bernardi G, Mercuri NB (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131148">"Electrophysiological effects of trace amines on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons"</a>. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5: 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnsys.2011.00056">10.3389/fnsys.2011.00056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131148">3131148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21772817">21772817</a>. <q>Three important new aspects of TAs action have recently emerged: (a) inhibition of firing due to increased release of dopamine; (b) reduction of D2 and GABAB receptor-mediated inhibitory responses (excitatory effects due to disinhibition); and (c) a direct TA1 receptor-mediated activation of GIRK channels which produce cell membrane hyperpolarization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Syst.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Electrophysiological+effects+of+trace+amines+on+mesencephalic+dopaminergic+neurons&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131148%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21772817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnsys.2011.00056&rft.aulast=Ledonne&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Berretta%2C+N&rft.au=Davoli%2C+A&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+GR&rft.au=Bernardi%2C+G&rft.au=Mercuri%2C+NB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genatlas_TAAR1-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Genatlas_TAAR1_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genatlas.medecine.univ-paris5.fr/fiche.php?symbol=TAAR1">"TAAR1"</a>. GenAtlas. University of Paris. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2014. <q> • tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GenAtlas&rft.atitle=TAAR1&rft.date=2012-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenatlas.medecine.univ-paris5.fr%2Ffiche.php%3Fsymbol%3DTAAR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAAT3-100"><a href="#cite_ref-EAAT3_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhillWheelerLiWatts2014" class="citation journal cs1">Underhill SM, Wheeler DS, Li M, Watts SD, Ingram SL, Amara SG (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159050">"Amphetamine modulates excitatory neurotransmission through endocytosis of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 in dopamine neurons"</a>. Neuron. 83 (2): 404–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.05.043">10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159050">4159050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25033183">25033183</a>. <q>AMPH also increases intracellular calcium (Gnegy et al., 2004) that is associated with calmodulin/CamKII activation (Wei et al., 2007) and modulation and trafficking of the DAT (Fog et al., 2006; Sakrikar et al., 2012). ... For example, AMPH increases extracellular glutamate in various brain regions including the striatum, VTA and NAc (Del Arco et al., 1999; Kim et al., 1981; Mora and Porras, 1993; Xue et al., 1996), but it has not been established whether this change can be explained by increased synaptic release or by reduced clearance of glutamate. ... DHK-sensitive, EAAT2 uptake was not altered by AMPH (Figure 1A). The remaining glutamate transport in these midbrain cultures is likely mediated by EAAT3 and this component was significantly decreased by AMPH</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Amphetamine+modulates+excitatory+neurotransmission+through+endocytosis+of+the+glutamate+transporter+EAAT3+in+dopamine+neurons&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=404-416&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159050%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25033183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.05.043&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+DS&rft.au=Li%2C+M&rft.au=Watts%2C+SD&rft.au=Ingram%2C+SL&rft.au=Amara%2C+SG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAT_regulation_review-101"><a href="#cite_ref-DAT_regulation_review_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanFoster2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan RA, Foster JD (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831354">"Mechanisms of dopamine transporter regulation in normal and disease states"</a>. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 34 (9): 489–496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tips.2013.07.005">10.1016/j.tips.2013.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831354">3831354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23968642">23968642</a>. <q>AMPH and METH also stimulate DA efflux, which is thought to be a crucial element in their addictive properties [80], although the mechanisms do not appear to be identical for each drug [81]. These processes are PKCβ– and CaMK–dependent [72, 82], and PKCβ knock-out mice display decreased AMPH-induced efflux that correlates with reduced AMPH-induced locomotion [72].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Pharmacol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+dopamine+transporter+regulation+in+normal+and+disease+states&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=489-496&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3831354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23968642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tips.2013.07.005&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Foster%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3831354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vyvanse-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vyvanse_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishartDjombou_FeunangGuoLo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Wishart" title="David S. Wishart">Wishart DS</a>, Djombou Feunang Y, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01255">"Lisdexamfetamine | DrugBank Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>. 5.0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugBank&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+%7C+DrugBank+Online&rft.aulast=Wishart&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Djombou+Feunang%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Guo%2C+An+Chi&rft.au=Lo%2C+Elvis+J.&rft.au=Marcu%2C+Ana&rft.au=Grant%2C+Jason+R.&rft.au=Sajed%2C+Tanvir&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Li%2C+Carin&rft.au=Sayeeda%2C+Zinat&rft.au=Assempour%2C+Nazanin&rft.au=Iynkkaran%2C+Ithayavani&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yifeng&rft.au=Maciejewski%2C+Adam&rft.au=Gale%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Alex&rft.au=Chin%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Le%2C+Diana&rft.au=Pon%2C+Allison&rft.au=Knox%2C+Craig&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.drugbank.com%2Fdrugs%2FDB01255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasinski_2009-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_2009_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_2009_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_2009_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasinskiKrishnan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jasinski DR, Krishnan S (June 2009). "Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 23 (4): 419–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881109103113">10.1177/0269881109103113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19329547">19329547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6138292">6138292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Abuse+liability+and+safety+of+oral+lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+in+individuals+with+a+history+of+stimulant+abuse&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-427&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6138292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19329547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0269881109103113&rft.aulast=Jasinski&rft.aufirst=DR&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmerHomolkaMartinBuckwalter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ermer J, Homolka R, Martin P, Buckwalter M, Purkayastha J, Roesch B (September 2010). "Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: linear dose-proportionality, low intersubject and intrasubject variability, and safety in an open-label single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy adult volunteers". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 50 (9): 1001–1010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0091270009357346">10.1177/0091270009357346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20173084">20173084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate%3A+linear+dose-proportionality%2C+low+intersubject+and+intrasubject+variability%2C+and+safety+in+an+open-label+single-dose+pharmacokinetic+study+in+healthy+adult+volunteers&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1001-1010&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0091270009357346&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20173084&rft.aulast=Ermer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Homolka%2C+R&rft.au=Martin%2C+P&rft.au=Buckwalter%2C+M&rft.au=Purkayastha%2C+J&rft.au=Roesch%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30381248-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30381248_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrajharVizeliPattDolder2019" class="citation journal cs1">Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Patt M, Dolder PC, Kratschmar DV, Liechti ME, et al. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.unibas.ch/69588/1/20190220112204_5c6d2a4cdf9fd.pdf">"Effects of lisdexamfetamine on plasma steroid concentrations compared with d-amphetamine in healthy subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 186: 212–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2018.10.016">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30381248">30381248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53183893">53183893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+lisdexamfetamine+on+plasma+steroid+concentrations+compared+with+d-amphetamine+in+healthy+subjects%3A+A+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+study&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=212-225&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53183893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30381248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2018.10.016&rft.aulast=Strajhar&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Vizeli%2C+P&rft.au=Patt%2C+M&rft.au=Dolder%2C+PC&rft.au=Kratschmar%2C+DV&rft.au=Liechti%2C+ME&rft.au=Odermatt%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedoc.unibas.ch%2F69588%2F1%2F20190220112204_5c6d2a4cdf9fd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook2022-106"><a href="#cite_ref-handbook2022_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelPreedy2022" class="citation book cs1">Patel VB, Preedy VR, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1">Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-92392-1">10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-92391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-92391-4"><bdi>978-3-030-92391-4</bdi></a>. <q>Amphetamine is usually consumed via inhalation or orally, either in the form of a racemic mixture (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) or dextroamphetamine alone (Childress et al. 2019). In general, all amphetamines have high bioavailability when consumed orally, and in the specific case of amphetamine, 90% of the consumed dose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with no significant differences in the rate and extent of absorption between the two enantiomers (Carvalho et al. 2012; Childress et al. 2019). The onset of action occurs approximately 30 to 45 minutes after consumption, depending on the ingested dose and on the degree of purity or on the concomitant consumption of certain foods (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2021a; Steingard et al. 2019). It is described that those substances that promote acidification of the gastrointestinal tract cause a decrease in amphetamine absorption, while gastrointestinal alkalinization may be related to an increase in the compound's absorption (Markowitz and Patrick 2017).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Substance+Misuse+and+Addictions&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=2006&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-92392-1&rft.isbn=978-3-030-92391-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-92392-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Pharmacokinetics-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Pharmacokinetics_107-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf">"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"</a> (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc. December 2013. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Adderall+XR+Prescribing+Information&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Flabel%2F2013%2F021303s026lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record_108-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002194327/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?.%2Ftemp%2F~mdjW95%3A1%3AFULL">Amphetamine</a>. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. United States National Library of Medicine – Toxicology Data Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+300-62-9">the original</a> on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017. <q>Duration of effect varies depending on agent and urine pH. Excretion is enhanced in more acidic urine. Half-life is 7 to 34 hours and is, in part, dependent on urine pH (half-life is longer with alkaline urine). ... Amphetamines are distributed into most body tissues with high concentrations occurring in the brain and CSF. Amphetamine appears in the urine within about 3 hours following oral administration. ... Three days after a dose of (+ or -)-amphetamine, human subjects had excreted 91% of the (14)C in the urine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metabolism%2FPharmacokinetics&rft.btitle=Amphetamine&rft.pub=Hazardous+Substances+Data+Bank.+United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+Toxicology+Data+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxnet.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsis%2Fsearch%2Fr%3Fdbs%2Bhsdb%3A%40term%2B%40rn%2B%40rel%2B300-62-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USVyvanselabel-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USVyvanselabel_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USVyvanselabel_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USVyvanselabel_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USVyvanselabel_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USVyvanselabel_109-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=704e4378-ca83-445c-8b45-3cfa51c1ecad">"Vyvanse- lisdexamfetamine dimesylate capsule Vyvanse- lisdexamfetamine dimesylate tablet, chewable"</a>. DailyMed. Shire US Inc. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Vyvanse-+lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+capsule+Vyvanse-+lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+tablet%2C+chewable&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D704e4378-ca83-445c-8b45-3cfa51c1ecad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metabolites-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metabolites_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metabolites_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metabolites_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantagatiFerraraMarrazzoRonsisvalle2002" class="citation journal cs1">Santagati NA, Ferrara G, Marrazzo A, Ronsisvalle G (September 2002). "Simultaneous determination of amphetamine and one of its metabolites by HPLC with electrochemical detection". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 30 (2): 247–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0731-7085%2802%2900330-8">10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00330-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12191709">12191709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+and+Biomedical+Analysis&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+determination+of+amphetamine+and+one+of+its+metabolites+by+HPLC+with+electrochemical+detection&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-255&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0731-7085%2802%2900330-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12191709&rft.aulast=Santagati&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.au=Ferrara%2C+G&rft.au=Marrazzo%2C+A&rft.au=Ronsisvalle%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3651">"Compound Summary"</a>. p-Hydroxyamphetamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compound+Summary&rft.btitle=p-Hydroxyamphetamine.+PubChem+Compound+Database&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D3651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=11099">"Compound Summary"</a>. p-Hydroxynorephedrine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compound+Summary&rft.btitle=p-Hydroxynorephedrine.+PubChem+Compound+Database&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D11099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=26934">"Compound Summary"</a>. Phenylpropanolamine. PubChem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compound+Summary&rft.btitle=Phenylpropanolamine.+PubChem+Compound+Database&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D26934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pubchem_Kinetics-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Pubchem_Kinetics_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007#section=Pharmacology-and-Biochemistry">"Pharmacology and Biochemistry"</a>. Amphetamine. Pubchem Compound Database. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+and+Biochemistry&rft.btitle=Amphetamine.+Pubchem+Compound+Database&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D3007%23section%3DPharmacology-and-Biochemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon_RA2013" class="citation book cs1">Glennon RA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA646">"Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents"</a>. In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, US: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609133450" title="Special:BookSources/9781609133450"><bdi>9781609133450</bdi></a>. <q>The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39). ... The phase 1 metabolism of amphetamine analogs is catalyzed by two systems: cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase. ... Amphetamine can also undergo aromatic hydroxylation to p-hydroxyamphetamine. ... Subsequent oxidation at the benzylic position by DA β-hydroxylase affords p-hydroxynorephedrine. Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenylisopropylamine+stimulants%3A+amphetamine-related+agents&rft.btitle=Foye%27s+principles+of+medicinal+chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+US&rft.pages=646-648&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781609133450&rft.au=Glennon+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSd6ot9ul-bUC%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DBH_amph_primary-117"><a href="#cite_ref-DBH_amph_primary_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_KB1974" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor KB (January 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/249/2/454.full.pdf">"Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction"</a> (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (2): 454–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2943051-2">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43051-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4809526">4809526</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2014. <q>Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane, from d-amphetamine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.+Stereochemical+course+of+the+reaction&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=454-458&rft.date=1974-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2943051-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4809526&rft.au=Taylor+KB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F249%2F2%2F454.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMO-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FMO_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger SK, Williams DE (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602">"Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism"</a>. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 106 (3): 357–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.01.001">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602">1828602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15922018">15922018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Mammalian+flavin-containing+monooxygenases%3A+structure%2Ffunction%2C+genetic+polymorphisms+and+role+in+drug+metabolism&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-387&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828602%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15922018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.01.001&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Williams%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/">Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMO3-Primary-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FMO3-Primary_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmanXiongXuJanowsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A (March 1999). "N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 288 (3): 1251–1260. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10027866">10027866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=N-oxygenation+of+amphetamine+and+methamphetamine+by+the+human+flavin-containing+monooxygenase+%28form+3%29%3A+role+in+bioactivation+and+detoxication&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1251-1260&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10027866&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Xiong%2C+YN&rft.au=Xu%2C+L&rft.au=Janowsky%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13977820-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13977820_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13977820_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13977820_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoerdsmavon_Studnitz1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sjoerdsma A, von Studnitz W (April 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1703637">"Dopamine-beta-oxidase activity in man, using hydroxyamphetamine as substrate"</a>. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 20 (2): 278–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1963.tb01467.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01467.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1703637">1703637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13977820">13977820</a>. <q>Hydroxyamphetamine was administered orally to five human subjects ... Since conversion of hydroxyamphetamine to hydroxynorephedrine occurs in vitro by the action of dopamine-β-oxidase, a simple method is suggested for measuring the activity of this enzyme and the effect of its inhibitors in man. ... The lack of effect of administration of neomycin to one patient indicates that the hydroxylation occurs in body tissues. ... a major portion of the β-hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine occurs in non-adrenal tissue. Unfortunately, at the present time one cannot be completely certain that the hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine in vivo is accomplished by the same enzyme which converts dopamine to noradrenaline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Dopamine-beta-oxidase+activity+in+man%2C+using+hydroxyamphetamine+as+substrate&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-284&rft.date=1963-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1703637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13977820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1963.tb01467.x&rft.aulast=Sjoerdsma&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=von+Studnitz%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1703637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glycine_conjugation_review-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glycine_conjugation_review_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glycine_conjugation_review_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadenhorstvan_der_SluisErasmusvan_Dijk2013" class="citation journal cs1">Badenhorst CP, van der Sluis R, Erasmus E, van Dijk AA (September 2013). "Glycine conjugation: importance in metabolism, the role of glycine N-acyltransferase, and factors that influence interindividual variation". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 9 (9): 1139–1153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425255.2013.796929">10.1517/17425255.2013.796929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23650932">23650932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23738007">23738007</a>. <q>Figure 1. Glycine conjugation of benzoic acid. The glycine conjugation pathway consists of two steps. First benzoate is ligated to CoASH to form the high-energy benzoyl-CoA thioester. This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The benzoyl-CoA is then conjugated to glycine by GLYAT to form hippuric acid, releasing CoASH. In addition to the factors listed in the boxes, the levels of ATP, CoASH, and glycine may influence the overall rate of the glycine conjugation pathway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Drug+Metabolism+%26+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Glycine+conjugation%3A+importance+in+metabolism%2C+the+role+of+glycine+N-acyltransferase%2C+and+factors+that+influence+interindividual+variation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1139-1153&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23738007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23650932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F17425255.2013.796929&rft.aulast=Badenhorst&rft.aufirst=CP&rft.au=van+der+Sluis%2C+R&rft.au=Erasmus%2C+E&rft.au=van+Dijk%2C+AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DBH_4-HA_primary-122"><a href="#cite_ref-DBH_4-HA_primary_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitzAlexanderLovenbergKeiser1973" class="citation journal cs1">Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR (May 1973). "Human serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Relationship to hypertension and sympathetic activity". Circulation Research. 32 (5): 594–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.32.5.594">10.1161/01.RES.32.5.594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4713201">4713201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28641000">28641000</a>. <q>The biologic significance of the different levels of serum DβH activity was studied in two ways. First, in vivo ability to β-hydroxylate the synthetic substrate hydroxyamphetamine was compared in two subjects with low serum DβH activity and two subjects with average activity. ... In one study, hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine), a synthetic substrate for DβH, was administered to subjects with either low or average levels of serum DβH activity. The percent of the drug hydroxylated to hydroxynorephedrine was comparable in all subjects (6.5-9.62) (Table 3).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation+Research&rft.atitle=Human+serum+dopamine-%CE%B2-hydroxylase.+Relationship+to+hypertension+and+sympathetic+activity&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=594-599&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28641000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4713201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.RES.32.5.594&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Alexander%2C+RW&rft.au=Lovenberg%2C+W&rft.au=Keiser%2C+HR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4457764-123"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4457764_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanSulser1974" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman JJ, Sulser F (December 1974). "Formation of p-hydroxynorephedrine in brain following intraventricular administration of p-hydroxyamphetamine". Neuropharmacology. 13 (12): 1187–1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0028-3908%2874%2990069-0">10.1016/0028-3908(74)90069-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4457764">4457764</a>. <q>In species where aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine is the major metabolic pathway, p-hydroxyamphetamine (POH) and p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) may contribute to the pharmacological profile of the parent drug. ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine is the predominant pathway of metabolism. Following systemic administration of amphetamine to rats, POH has been found in urine and in plasma. The observed lack of a significant accumulation of PHN in brain following the intraventricular administration of (+)-amphetamine and the formation of appreciable amounts of PHN from (+)-POH in brain tissue in vivo supports the view that the aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine following its systemic administration occurs predominantly in the periphery, and that POH is then transported through the blood-brain barrier, taken up by noradrenergic neurones in brain where (+)-POH is converted in the storage vesicles by dopamine β-hydroxylase to PHN.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Formation+of+p-hydroxynorephedrine+in+brain+following+intraventricular+administration+of+p-hydroxyamphetamine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1187-1190&rft.date=1974-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0028-3908%2874%2990069-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4457764&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Sulser%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2600821-124"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2600821_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsudaHansonGibb1989" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuda LA, Hanson GR, Gibb JW (December 1989). "Neurochemical effects of amphetamine metabolites on central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 251 (3): 901–908. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2600821">2600821</a>. <q>The metabolism of p-OHA to p-OHNor is well documented and dopamine-β hydroxylase present in noradrenergic neurons could easily convert p-OHA to p-OHNor after intraventricular administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Neurochemical+effects+of+amphetamine+metabolites+on+central+dopaminergic+and+serotonergic+systems&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=901-908&rft.date=1989-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2600821&rft.aulast=Matsuda&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Hanson%2C+GR&rft.au=Gibb%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChemSpider-126"><a href="#cite_ref-ChemSpider_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9772458.html">"Lisdexamfetamine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChemSpider&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemspider.com%2FChemical-Structure.9772458.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahlWermuth2011" class="citation book cs1">Stahl PH, <a href="/wiki/Camille_G._Wermuth" title="Camille G. Wermuth">Wermuth DG</a>, eds. (2011). Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906390-51-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906390-51-2"><bdi>978-3-906390-51-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Salts%3A+Properties%2C+Selection%2C+and+Use&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-906390-51-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/calculators/molecular/molecular-weight-calculator.htm">"Molecular Weight Calculator"</a>. Lenntech. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molecular+Weight+Calculator&rft.pub=Lenntech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenntech.com%2Fcalculators%2Fmolecular%2Fmolecular-weight-calculator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-damph1-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-damph1_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-damph1_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491568">"Dextroamphetamine Sulfate USP"</a>. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dextroamphetamine+Sulfate+USP&rft.pub=Mallinckrodt+Pharmaceuticals&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mallinckrodt.com%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D2147491568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-damph2-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-damph2_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-damph2_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tocris.com/dispprod.php?ItemId=5305#.VXpspvlViko">"D-amphetamine sulfate"</a>. Tocris. 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D-amphetamine+sulfate&rft.pub=Tocris&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tocris.com%2Fdispprod.php%3FItemId%3D5305%23.VXpspvlViko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amph_sulfate_mass-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amph_sulfate_mass_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amph_sulfate_mass_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491599">"Amphetamine Sulfate USP"</a>. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amphetamine+Sulfate+USP&rft.pub=Mallinckrodt+Pharmaceuticals&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mallinckrodt.com%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D2147491599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491576">"Dextroamphetamine Saccharate"</a>. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dextroamphetamine+Saccharate&rft.pub=Mallinckrodt+Pharmaceuticals&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mallinckrodt.com%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D2147491576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amph2-136"><a href="#cite_ref-amph2_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147491591">"Amphetamine Aspartate"</a>. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amphetamine+Aspartate&rft.pub=Mallinckrodt+Pharmaceuticals&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mallinckrodt.com%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D2147491591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyanavel-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyanavel_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208147s003lbl.pdf">"Dyanavel XR Prescribing Information"</a> (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Tris Pharma, Inc. May 2017. pp. 1–14. Retrieved 4 August 2017. <q>This product (Dyanavel XR) is an oral <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> (i.e., a drug that is suspended in a liquid and <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">taken by mouth</a>) that contains 2.5 mg/mL of amphetamine base. The amphetamine base contains dextro- to levo-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2:1, which is approximately the ratio in Adderall. The product uses an ion exchange resin to achieve extended release of the amphetamine base.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Dyanavel+XR+Prescribing+Information&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Flabel%2F2017%2F208147s003lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNS_Spectrums-138"><a href="#cite_ref-CNS_Spectrums_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mattingly G (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/3506">"Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: a prodrug stimulant for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults"</a>. CNS Spectrums. 15 (5): 315–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1092852900027541">10.1017/S1092852900027541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20448522">20448522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46435024">46435024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Spectrums&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate%3A+a+prodrug+stimulant+for+the+treatment+of+ADHD+in+children+and+adults&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=315-325&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46435024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20448522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1092852900027541&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wustl.edu%2Fopen_access_pubs%2F3506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDAAdultApproval-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FDAAdultApproval_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021977s000TOC.cfm">"Drug Approval Package: Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) NDA #021977"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Drug+Approval+Package%3A+Vyvanse+%28Lisdexamfetamine+Dimesylate%29+NDA+%23021977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Fnda%2F2007%2F021977s000TOC.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailOne.php?linkID=SBD00311">"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Vyvanse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Canada&rft.atitle=Summary+Basis+of+Decision+%28SBD%29+for+Vyvanse&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpr-rps.hres.ca%2Freg-content%2Fsummary-basis-decision-detailOne.php%3FlinkID%3DSBD00311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126103215/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm432543.htm">"FDA expands uses of Vyvanse to treat binge-eating disorder"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) (Press release). 30 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm432543.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+expands+uses+of+Vyvanse+to+treat+binge-eating+disorder&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FNewsEvents%2FNewsroom%2FPressAnnouncements%2Fucm432543.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA2015-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2015_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2015_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2015/202802Orig1s000TAltr.pdf">"Tentative approval"</a> (PDF). 3 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303055201/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2015/202802Orig1s000TAltr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tentative+approval&rft.date=2023-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Fappletter%2F2015%2F202802Orig1s000TAltr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/2527646/summary.html">"Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens"</a>. www.ic.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ic.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Patent+Database+%2F+Base+de+donn%C3%A9es+sur+les+brevets+canadiens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Fopic-cipo%2Fcpd%2Feng%2Fpatent%2F2527646%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527045141/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/quotas/quota_history.pdf">"DEA Office of Diversion Control"</a> (PDF). DEA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/quotas/quota_history.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEA+Office+of+Diversion+Control&rft.pub=DEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadiversion.usdoj.gov%2Fquotas%2Fquota_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26693882-145"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26693882_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuoliSeratiCahn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Buoli M, Serati M, Cahn W (2016). "Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 16 (2): 131–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14737175.2016.1135735">10.1586/14737175.2016.1135735</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26693882">26693882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33004517">33004517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Neurotherapeutics&rft.atitle=Alternative+pharmacological+strategies+for+adult+ADHD+treatment%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-144&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33004517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26693882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2F14737175.2016.1135735&rft.aulast=Buoli&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Serati%2C+M&rft.au=Cahn%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173315/https://www.drugs.com/international/lisdexamfetamine.html">"Lisdexamfetamine international brands"</a>. Drugs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/international/lisdexamfetamine.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisdexamfetamine+international+brands&rft.pub=Drugs.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Finternational%2Flisdexamfetamine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen2006-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen2006_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929-1950". J Hist Med Allied Sci. 61 (3): 288–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrj039">10.1093/jhmas/jrj039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16492800">16492800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Hist+Med+Allied+Sci&rft.atitle=Making+the+first+anti-depressant%3A+amphetamine+in+American+medicine%2C+1929-1950&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-323&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrj039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16492800&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownGershon1993-148"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownGershon1993_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGershon1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brown AS, Gershon S (1993). "Dopamine and depression". J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 91 (2–3): 75–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01245227">10.1007/BF01245227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8099801">8099801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Neural+Transm+Gen+Sect&rft.atitle=Dopamine+and+depression&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=75-109&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01245227&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8099801&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Gershon%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDX_adjunct_therapy-149"><a href="#cite_ref-LDX_adjunct_therapy_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaleBang-AndersenSánchez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2015.03.011">"Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs"</a>. Biochemical Pharmacology. 95 (2): 81–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2015.03.011">10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25813654">25813654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Emerging+mechanisms+and+treatments+for+depression+beyond+SSRIs+and+SNRIs&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-97&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2015.03.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25813654&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bang-Andersen%2C+B&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.bcp.2015.03.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychostimulants_in_the_therapy_of_treatment-resistant_depression_Review_of_the_literature_and_findings_from_a_retrospective_study_in_65_depressed_patients-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Psychostimulants_in_the_therapy_of_treatment-resistant_depression_Review_of_the_literature_and_findings_from_a_retrospective_study_in_65_depressed_patients_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStotzWoggonAngst1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181580">"Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients"</a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 1 (3): 165–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.1999.1.3%2Fgstotz">10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181580">3181580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22034135">22034135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Psychostimulants+in+the+therapy+of+treatment-resistant+depression+Review+of+the+literature+and+findings+from+a+retrospective+study+in+65+depressed+patients&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-174&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3181580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22034135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.1999.1.3%2Fgstotz&rft.aulast=Stotz&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Woggon%2C+B&rft.au=Angst%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3181580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34986373-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34986373_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34986373_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuñezJosephPahwaKumar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nuñez NA, Joseph B, Pahwa M, Kumar R, Resendez MG, Prokop LJ, et al. (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9328668">"Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 302: 385–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2021.12.134">10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.134</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9328668">9328668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34986373">34986373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245657964">245657964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Augmentation+strategies+for+treatment+resistant+major+depression%3A+A+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis&rft.volume=302&rft.pages=385-400&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9328668%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245657964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34986373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2021.12.134&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.au=Joseph%2C+B&rft.au=Pahwa%2C+M&rft.au=Kumar%2C+R&rft.au=Resendez%2C+MG&rft.au=Prokop%2C+LJ&rft.au=Veldic%2C+M&rft.au=Seshadri%2C+A&rft.au=Biernacka%2C+JM&rft.au=Frye%2C+MA&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Singh%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9328668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschler2014" class="citation news cs1">Hirschler B (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310201117/http://uk.reuters.com/article/shire-vyvanse-idUKL2N0LB28F20140207">"UPDATE 2-Shire scraps Vyvanse for depression after failed trials"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/shire-vyvanse-idUKL2N0LB28F20140207">the original</a> on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UPDATE+2-Shire+scraps+Vyvanse+for+depression+after+failed+trials&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Hirschler&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fshire-vyvanse-idUKL2N0LB28F20140207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-153"><a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020876">"Lisdexamfetamine - Shionogi/Takeda"</a>. Adisinsight.springer.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022. <q>Clinical development is underway in the US, for mood disorders in children and adolescents for binge eating disorder and ADHD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adisinsight.springer.com&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+-+Shionogi%2FTakeda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800020876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29028590-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29028590_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29028590_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29028590_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29028590_154-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacobbeRakitaLamMilev2018" class="citation journal cs1">Giacobbe P, Rakita U, Lam R, Milev R, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS (January 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine as an antidepressant augmentation strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Affective Disorders. 226: 294–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2017.09.041">10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29028590">29028590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+tolerability+of+lisdexamfetamine+as+an+antidepressant+augmentation+strategy%3A+A+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=294-300&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2017.09.041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29028590&rft.aulast=Giacobbe&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rakita%2C+U&rft.au=Lam%2C+R&rft.au=Milev%2C+R&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+SH&rft.au=McIntyre%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanGrovuMcIntyre2019-155"><a href="#cite_ref-PanGrovuMcIntyre2019_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanGrovuMcIntyre2019" class="citation book cs1">Pan Z, Grovu RC, McIntyre RS (2019). "Translational Medicine Strategies in Drug Development for Mood Disorders". Translational Medicine in CNS Drug Development. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Vol. 29. Elsevier. pp. 333–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803161-2.00023-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-803161-2.00023-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803161-2"><bdi>978-0-12-803161-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-7339">1569-7339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196561249">196561249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translational+Medicine+Strategies+in+Drug+Development+for+Mood+Disorders&rft.btitle=Translational+Medicine+in+CNS+Drug+Development&rft.series=Handbook+of+Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.pages=333-347&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803161-2.00023-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196561249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1569-7339&rft.isbn=978-0-12-803161-2&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Grovu%2C+RC&rft.au=McIntyre%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24309905-156"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24309905_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhooKeefeRothSambunaris2014" class="citation journal cs1">Madhoo M, Keefe RS, Roth RM, Sambunaris A, Wu J, Trivedi MH, et al. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988542">"Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate augmentation in adults with persistent executive dysfunction after partial or full remission of major depressive disorder"</a>. Neuropsychopharmacology. 39 (6): 1388–1398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2013.334">10.1038/npp.2013.334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988542">3988542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24309905">24309905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Lisdexamfetamine+dimesylate+augmentation+in+adults+with+persistent+executive+dysfunction+after+partial+or+full+remission+of+major+depressive+disorder&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1388-1398&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3988542%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24309905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpp.2013.334&rft.aulast=Madhoo&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Keefe%2C+RS&rft.au=Roth%2C+RM&rft.au=Sambunaris%2C+A&rft.au=Wu%2C+J&rft.au=Trivedi%2C+MH&rft.au=Anderson%2C+CS&rft.au=Lasser%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3988542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisdexamfetamine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amphetamine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amphetamine" title="Template:Amphetamine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amphetamine" title="Template talk:Amphetamine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amphetamine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amphetamine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Main articles and pharmaceuticals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adzenys ER</li> <li>Adzenys XR-ODT</li> <li>Dyanavel XR</li> <li>Evekeo</li> <li>Evekeo ODT</li> <li>Mixed amphetamine salts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a></li> <li>Adderall XR</li> <li>Mydayis</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">N/A</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dexedrine</li> <li>ProCentra</li> <li>Zenzedi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vyvanse</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Neuropharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biomolecular targets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agonist#Types_of_agonists" title="Agonist">full agonist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">CART</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA"><abbr title="messenger RNA">mRNA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip messenger RNA inducer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1A receptor</a> (low affinity <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">MAO</a> (weak <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitive inhibitor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">Carbonic anhydrases</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_4" title="Carbonic anhydrase 4">hCA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_5A" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic anhydrase 5A">hCA5A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic anhydrase 5B">hCA5B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_7" title="Carbonic anhydrase 7">hCA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_12" title="Carbonic anhydrase 12">hCA12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_13" title="Carbonic anhydrase 13">hCA13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_14" title="Carbonic anhydrase 14">hCA14</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">enzyme activator</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em">Inhibited <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_1" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 1">VMAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 2">VMAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter#EAATs" title="Glutamate transporter">EAAT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A3" title="SLC22A3">SLC22A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A5" title="SLC22A5">SLC22A5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Active metabolites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Hydroxynorephedrine" title="P-Hydroxynorephedrine">4-Hydroxynorephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Norephedrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">ADHD management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Substituted_amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">Amphetamine psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrine_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzedrine in popular culture">Benzedrine in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines" title="History and culture of substituted amphetamines">History and culture of substituted amphetamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">Performance-enhancing substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetone" title="Phenylacetone">Phenylacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Substituted amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">Trace amine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Amphetamine" title="Category:Amphetamine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD,_and_nootropics_(N06B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD_and_nootropics" title="Template:Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD_and_nootropics" title="Template talk:Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD_and_nootropics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD,_and_nootropics_(N06B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">Psychostimulants</a>, agents used for <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">nootropics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BA Centrally acting <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fenetylline" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenetylline">Fenetylline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BC <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a> derivatives</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BX Other psychostimulants and nootropics</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acetylcarnitine" title="Acetylcarnitine">Acetylcarnitine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deanol">Deanol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fipexide" title="Fipexide">Fipexide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Idebenone" title="Idebenone">Idebenone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nizofenone" title="Nizofenone">Nizofenone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyritinol" title="Pyritinol">Pyritinol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinpocetine" title="Vinpocetine">Vinpocetine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psych_navs" title="Template:Psych navs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psych_navs" title="Template talk:Psych navs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psych_navs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psych navs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_psychology_and_psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Description</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_and_behavioral_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mental and behavioral disorders">Mental and behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Template:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Template:Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourette_syndrome" title="Template:Tourette syndrome">Tourette's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders">Mood</a></li> <li>Developmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pervasive_developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pervasive developmental disorders">pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders">dyslexia and specific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use">Substance-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cognition,_perception,_emotional_state_and_behaviour_symptoms_and_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs">Symptoms and signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychological_and_psychiatric_evaluation_and_testing" title="Template:Psychological and psychiatric evaluation and testing">Evaluation and testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Template:Cognitive behavioral therapy">CBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidepressants" title="Template:Antidepressants">depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Template:Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics">anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-dementia_drugs" title="Template:Anti-dementia drugs">dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template:Hypnotics and sedatives">hypnotics and sedatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management#Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management"><abbr title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</abbr> pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system"><abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip central nervous system <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_amphetamine_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed amphetamine salts">Mixed amphetamine salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate">+dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Non-classical <abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α2-adrenoceptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Miscellaneous/others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemic_sensory_overstimulation" title="Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation">Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">Monoamine releasing agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> (DA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">Dopamine transporter</a> (DAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a> (NE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">Norepinephrine transporter</a> (NET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> (5-HT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">Serotonin transporter</a> (SERT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NDRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNDRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_releasing_agents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template talk:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_releasing_agents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">Monoamine releasing agents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine releasing agents"><abbr title="Dopamine releasing agents">DRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Morpholines: <a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-MAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Me-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine_(123I)" title="Iofetamine (123I)">Iofetamine (123I)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-ADN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDI" title="5-APDI">5-APDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbiguanide" title="Phenylbiguanide">Phenylbiguanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine releasing agents"><abbr title="Norepinephrine releasing agents">NRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Morpholines: <a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-MAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Me-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDI" title="5-APDI">5-APDI</a> (IAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine_(123I)" title="Iofetamine (123I)">Iofetamine (123I)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a> (also <a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine">pFPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-ADN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin releasing agents"><abbr title="Serotonin releasing agents">SRAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aminoindanes: <a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-IAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane" title="1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane">AMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltrifluoromethylaminoindane" title="Ethyltrifluoromethylaminoindane">ETAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDAI" title="MDAI">MDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMAI" title="MDMAI">MDMAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMAI" title="MMAI">MMAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylaminoindane" title="Trifluoromethylaminoindane">TAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aminotetralins: <a href="/wiki/6-CAT" title="6-CAT">6-CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDAT" title="MDAT">MDAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMAT" title="MDMAT">MDMAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oxazolines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-MDA" title="2-Methyl-MDA">2-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDB" title="5-APDB">5-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyl-MDA" title="5-Methyl-MDA">5-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APDB" title="6-APDB">6-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Methyl-MDA" title="6-Methyl-MDA">6-Methyl-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methyl-%CE%B1-ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methoxy-4-methyl-α-ethylphenethylamine">AEMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiflamine" title="Amiflamine">Amiflamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">Brephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamfepramone" title="Metamfepramone">Metamfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="3,4-Dichloroamphetamine">DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMDA" title="DFMDA">DFMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxymethamphetamine" title="Dimethoxymethamphetamine">DMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDMA" title="EDMA">EDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etolorex" title="Etolorex">Etolorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucetorex" title="Flucetorex">Flucetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">IAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxymethamphetamine">MDHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylmethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">NAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Trifluoromethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Trifluoromethylamphetamine">4-TFMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">pBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">pCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">pIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetralinylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetralinylaminopropane">TAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxyphenylpiperazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (page does not exist)">3-MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichlorophenylpiperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Dichlorophenylpiperazine">DCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine" title="Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine">MDBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine">pCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine" title="Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine">pFPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine">pTFMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tryptamines: <a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-AET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-AET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-AMT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-AMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AET" title="5-MeO-AET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-AMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>DAT modulators: Agonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; Antagonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Adrenergic release blockers: <a href="/wiki/Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phenethylamines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phenethylamines" title="Template:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phenethylamines" title="Template talk:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phenethylamines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phenethylamines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phenethylamines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Psychedelics: <a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D-NBOMe" title="25D-NBOMe">25D-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25N-NBOMe" title="25N-NBOMe">25N-NBOMe</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-B-AN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-B-AN (page does not exist)">2C-B-AN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bn (page does not exist)">2C-Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Bu (page does not exist)">2C-Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-C" title="2C-C">2C-C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-CN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-CN (page does not exist)">2C-CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-CP" title="2C-CP">2C-CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-D" title="2C-D">2C-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-EF" title="2C-EF">2C-EF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-F" title="2C-F">2C-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G" title="2C-G">2C-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-1">2C-G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-2" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-2">2C-G-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-3" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-3">2C-G-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-4" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-4">2C-G-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-5" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-5">2C-G-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-6" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-6">2C-G-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-G-N" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-G-N">2C-G-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-H" title="2C-H">2C-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-iP" title="2C-iP">2C-iP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-N" title="2C-N">2C-N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-NH2 (page does not exist)">2C-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-O" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-O">2C-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-O-4" title="2C-O-4">2C-O-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-P" title="2C-P">2C-P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-Ph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-Ph (page does not exist)">2C-Ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-SE" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-SE">2C-SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T" title="2C-T">2C-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-3" title="2C-T-3">2C-T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-4" title="2C-T-4">2C-T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-6 (page does not exist)">2C-T-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-8" title="2C-T-8">2C-T-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-9" class="mw-redirect" title="2C-T-9">2C-T-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-10 (page does not exist)">2C-T-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-11 (page does not exist)">2C-T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-12 (page does not exist)">2C-T-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-13" title="2C-T-13">2C-T-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-14 (page does not exist)">2C-T-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-15" title="2C-T-15">2C-T-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-16" title="2C-T-16">2C-T-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-17" title="2C-T-17">2C-T-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-18 (page does not exist)">2C-T-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-19" title="2C-T-19">2C-T-19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-20 (page does not exist)">2C-T-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-22.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-22.5 (page does not exist)">2C-T-22.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-23 (page does not exist)">2C-T-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-24 (page does not exist)">2C-T-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-25 (page does not exist)">2C-T-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-27 (page does not exist)">2C-T-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-T-28" title="2C-T-28">2C-T-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-30 (page does not exist)">2C-T-30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-31 (page does not exist)">2C-T-31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-32 (page does not exist)">2C-T-32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2C-T-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2C-T-33 (page does not exist)">2C-T-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFE" title="2C-TFE">2C-TFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-TFM" title="2C-TFM">2C-TFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-YN" title="2C-YN">2C-YN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-V" title="2C-V">2C-V</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allylescaline" title="Allylescaline">Allylescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESOXY" title="DESOXY">DESOXY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escaline" title="Escaline">Escaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoproscaline" title="Isoproscaline">Isoproscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimscaline" title="Jimscaline">Jimscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromerine" title="Macromerine">Macromerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine">MEPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaescaline" title="Metaescaline">Metaescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallylescaline" title="Methallylescaline">Methallylescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscaline" title="Proscaline">Proscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi-2C-T-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi-2C-T-4">Psi-2C-T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a></li></ul> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">α-Methylphenethylamine</a> (amphetamine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="M-Methylphenethylamine">m-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Methylphenethylamine">o-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Methylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Methylphenethylamine">p-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine" title="3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine">DMPEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Psychedelics: <a href="/wiki/3C-AL" title="3C-AL">3C-AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-BZ" title="3C-BZ">3C-BZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-E" title="3C-E">3C-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-MAL" title="3C-MAL">3C-MAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C-P" title="3C-P">3C-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(psychedelic)" title="Aleph (psychedelic)">Aleph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_(psychedelic)" title="Beatrice (psychedelic)">Beatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY" title="Bromo-DragonFLY">Bromo-DragonFLY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-2,5-methoxyphenylcyclopropylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-2,5-methoxyphenylcyclopropylamine">DMCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMMDA" title="DMMDA">DMMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine">DOEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine">DOET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine">DON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine">DOPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine">DOTFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_(psychedelic)" title="Ganesha (psychedelic)">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA-2" title="MMDA-2">MMDA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi-DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi-DOM">Psi-DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine" title="Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethoxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetramethoxyamphetamine">TeMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDCM-04" title="ZDCM-04">ZDCM-04</a> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="2-Fluoromethamphetamine">2-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroamphetamine">3-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoromethamphetamine">3-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucetorex" title="Flucetorex">Flucetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylamphetamine" title="Isopropylamphetamine">Isopropylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> (Dextromethamphetamine, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine">L-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">PFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">PFMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroamphetamine" title="4-Fluoroamphetamine">4-FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethamphetamine" title="4-Fluoromethamphetamine">4-FMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APB" title="5-APB">5-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-APDB" title="5-APDB">5-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-EAPB" title="5-EAPB">5-EAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IT" title="5-IT">5-IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MAPB" title="5-MAPB">5-MAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MAPDB" title="5-MAPDB">5-MAPDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APDB" title="6-APDB">6-APDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloro-MDMA" title="6-Chloro-MDMA">6-Chloro-MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-EAPB" title="6-EAPB">6-EAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-IT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-IT">6-IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-MAPB" title="6-MAPB">6-MAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-MAPDB" title="6-MAPDB">6-MAPDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine">EDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">IAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxylmethamphetamine">MDHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetralinylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetralinylaminopropane">TAP</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine" title="3,4-Dichloroamphetamine">3,4-DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiflamine" title="Amiflamine">Amiflamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiFMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="DiFMDA">DiFMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a> (also <a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etolorex" title="Etolorex">Etolorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphentermine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphentermine">MDPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphentermine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphentermine">MDMPH</a> Others: <a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/3-Fluoromethcathinone" title="3-Fluoromethcathinone">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Ethylmethcathinone" title="4-Ethylmethcathinone">4-EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">4-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylethcathinone" title="4-Methylethcathinone">4-MEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-MeMABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-MPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brephedrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Brephedrone">Brephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutylone" title="Eutylone">Eutylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">NEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylpentedrone" title="N-Ethylpentedrone">N-Ethylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a> Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylmethcathinone" title="3-Methylmethcathinone">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine" title="Phenylisobutylamine">Phenylisobutylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Entactogens: <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine" title="4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine">4-CAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">4-MAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(psychedelic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariadne (psychedelic)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutylone" title="Eutylone">Eutylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBDB" title="MBDB">MBDB</a> Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine" title="Phenylisobutylamine">Phenylisobutylamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">Phenylalkylpyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Stimulants: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">4-MePBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">4-MePHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">4-MePPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">Catecholamines</a> (and close relatives)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxydopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Hydroxydopamine">6-OHDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyldopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyldopamine">a-Me-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltyramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltyramine">a-Me-TRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenochrome" title="Adrenochrome">Adrenochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">D-DOPA</a> (Dextrodopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetofrine" title="Dimetofrine">Dimetofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(neurotransmitter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine (neurotransmitter)">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclonine" title="Fenclonine">Fenclonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> (Levodopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">L-DOPS</a> (Droxidopa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Phenylalanine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Tyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine">m-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaterol" title="Metaterol">Metaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyldopamine" title="N,N-Dimethyldopamine">N,N-Dimethyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordefrin">Nordefrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levonordefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonordefrin">Levonordefrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a> (m-Octopamine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">p-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">p-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL-LAD" title="AL-LAD">AL-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafedrine" title="Cafedrine">Cafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH-LAD" title="ETH-LAD">ETH-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-LAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IP-LAD">IP-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_amide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid amide">Lysergic acid amide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">Lysergic acid diethylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-45" title="MT-45">MT-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARGY-LAD" title="PARGY-LAD">PARGY-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO-LAD" title="PRO-LAD">PRO-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamphenicol" title="Thiamphenicol">Thiamphenicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UWA-101" title="UWA-101">UWA-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&oldid=1258838735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&oldid=1258838735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amphetamine" title="Category:Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anorectics" title="Category:Anorectics">Anorectics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antihypotensive_agents" title="Category:Antihypotensive agents">Antihypotensive agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aphrodisiacs" title="Category:Aphrodisiacs">Aphrodisiacs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" title="Category:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Codrugs" title="Category:Codrugs">Codrugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_acting_on_the_nervous_system" title="Category:Drugs acting on the nervous system">Drugs acting on the nervous system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Category:Drugs developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Drugs developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ergogenic_aids" title="Category:Ergogenic aids">Ergogenic aids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euphoriants" title="Category:Euphoriants">Euphoriants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Excitatory_amino_acid_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Category:Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors">Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_antidepressants" title="Category:Experimental antidepressants">Experimental antidepressants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nootropics" title="Category:Nootropics">Nootropics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norepinephrine-dopamine_releasing_agents" title="Category:Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents">Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenethylamines" title="Category:Phenethylamines">Phenethylamines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pro-motivational_agents" title="Category:Pro-motivational agents">Pro-motivational agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stimulants" title="Category:Stimulants">Stimulants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Substituted_amphetamines" title="Category:Substituted amphetamines">Substituted amphetamines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:TAAR1_agonists" title="Category:TAAR1 agonists">TAAR1 agonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:VMAT_inhibitors" title="Category:VMAT inhibitors">VMAT inhibitors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wakefulness-promoting_agents" title="Category:Wakefulness-promoting agents">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Anti-Doping_Agency_prohibited_substances" title="Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances">World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_non-standard_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with non-standard legal status">Drugs with non-standard legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiple_chemicals_in_Infobox_drug" title="Category:Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug">Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_using_indexlabels" title="Category:Chemicals using indexlabels">Chemicals using indexlabels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_verified_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 22:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mf4ts","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.335","walltime":"2.791","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1045021,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":80669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":724538,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2277.971 1 -total"," 45.08% 1027.008 3 Template:Reflist"," 23.18% 528.093 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 20.43% 465.297 82 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.03% 456.200 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.81% 269.104 40 Template:Cite_web"," 6.21% 141.472 3 Template:Trim"," 5.27% 120.000 1 Template:Infobox_drug/legal_status"," 5.12% 116.647 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.31% 98.080 2 Template:Annotated_image_4"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.160","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10295845,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","16.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.2"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","60","4.2"],["gsub","60","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.2"],["[others]","400","28.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-chdqs","timestamp":"20241123214215","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lisdexamfetamine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisdexamfetamine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6558704","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6558704","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-02-24T09:46:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T22:29:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1a\/Lisdexamfetamine_ball-and-stick_model.png","headline":"chemical compound"}</script> </body> </html>