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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ypres" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ypres" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_memory_and_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_memory_and_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War memory and memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_memory_and_memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ypres_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ypres_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ypres today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ypres_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Town_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Town centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menin_Gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menin_Gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Menin Gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menin_Gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_graves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_graves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>War graves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_graves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Twin cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ypres</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypern" title="Ypern – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ypern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="يبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Іпр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іпр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Іпр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іпр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ипер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ипер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper_(parokya)" title="Ieper (parokya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ieper (parokya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypry" title="Ypry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ypry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypern" title="Ypern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ypern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieperi_vald" title="Ieperi vald – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ieperi vald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CF%81" title="Υπρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipro" title="Ipro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ipro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="ایپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iper" title="Iper – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iper" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EB%A5%B4" title="이퍼르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이퍼르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BA%D6%80" title="Իպր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իպր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="איפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Ипр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ипр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypra" title="Ypra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ypra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipra" title="Ipra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ipra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipras" title="Ipras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ipras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="يبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB" title="イーペル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イーペル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipr" title="Ipr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ipr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Ипр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ипр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="ئیپر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیپر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%80_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ипр (Белгија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ипр (Белгија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อีเปอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีเปอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%80" title="Іпр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іпр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="یپریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یپریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eper_(reban%C3%AAye_comene)" title="Îper (rebanêye comene) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Îper (rebanêye comene)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yper" title="Yper – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Yper" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ypres" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94" title="伊珀尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊珀尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieper" title="Ieper – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ieper" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94" title="伊珀尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊珀尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102728#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ypres" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ypres" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102728" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ypres&params=50_51_03_N_02_53_06_E_region:BE_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°53′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.85083°N 2.88500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.85083; 2.88500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in West Flanders, Belgium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Ypres_(film)" title="Ypres (film)"><i>Ypres</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Flemish Community, Belgium</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ypres</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="nl"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ieper</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Place,_Ypres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloth Hall in the Grand Place"><img alt="Cloth Hall in the Grand Place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg/250px-Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg/375px-Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg/500px-Grand_Place%2C_Ypres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Cloth Hall in the Grand Place</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ypres.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ypres"><img alt="Flag of Ypres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Ypres.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ypres.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Ypres.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ypres.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Ypres.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ypres.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ypres"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ypres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ieper_wapen.svg/100px-Ieper_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ieper_wapen.svg/150px-Ieper_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ieper_wapen.svg/200px-Ieper_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="362" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Ypres</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_f66e25afb084dbd14abf4fb8e2284b79ff7f44a7"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ypres&revid=1252406487&groups=_f66e25afb084dbd14abf4fb8e2284b79ff7f44a7" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ypres&revid=1252406487&groups=_f66e25afb084dbd14abf4fb8e2284b79ff7f44a7 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ypres is located in Belgium"><img alt="Ypres is located in Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Belgium_location_map.svg/250px-Belgium_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Belgium_location_map.svg/375px-Belgium_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Belgium_location_map.svg/500px-Belgium_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="988" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.507%;left:14.574%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ypres"><img alt="Ypres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ypres</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Belgium <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-top:2px; border:1px solid grey;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; font-size:115%; text-align: left; height:auto; padding:0.2em; padding-left:0.6em; padding-right:2em;">Location of Ypres in <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg/232px-Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg/348px-Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg/464px-Ieper_West-Flanders_Belgium_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ypres&params=50_51_03_N_02_53_06_E_region:BE_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°53′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.85083°N 2.88500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.85083; 2.88500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Community</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium#Administrative" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Ypres" title="Arrondissement of Ypres">Ypres</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Emmily Talpe (<a href="/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats">Open Ieper</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing party/ies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats">Open Ieper</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">N-VA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vooruit_(political_party)" title="Vooruit (political party)">Vooruit</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">131.45 km<sup>2</sup> (50.75 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-01-01)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-354c41bf74d0f15c07c40ab0a8c1dd9bfadc1f49-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-354c41bf74d0f15c07c40ab0a8c1dd9bfadc1f49-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">35,039</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">270/km<sup>2</sup> (690/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Belgium" title="Postal codes in Belgium">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">8900, 8902, 8904, 8906, 8908</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/NIS_code" title="NIS code">NIS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">33011</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Belgium" title="Telephone numbers in Belgium">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">057</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieper.be/">www<wbr />.ieper<wbr />.be</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102728#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ypres</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-prə</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ipʁ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Ieper</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈipər]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Nl-Ieper.ogg\/Nl-Ieper.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Ieper.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Nl-Ieper.ogg/Nl-Ieper.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Ieper.ogg" title="File:Nl-Ieper.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Flemish language">West Flemish</a>: <i lang="vls">Yper</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ypern</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈyːpɐn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/De-Ypern.ogg\/De-Ypern.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ypern.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/De-Ypern.ogg/De-Ypern.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ypern.ogg" title="File:De-Ypern.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities in Belgium">municipality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>. Though the Dutch name <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ieper</i></span> is the official one, the city's French name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ypres</i></span> is most commonly used in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge</a>, Brielen, Dikkebus, <a href="/wiki/Elverdinge" title="Elverdinge">Elverdinge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollebeke" title="Hollebeke">Hollebeke</a>, Sint-Jan, <a href="/wiki/Vlamertinge" title="Vlamertinge">Vlamertinge</a>, Voormezele, <a href="/wiki/Zillebeke" title="Zillebeke">Zillebeke</a>, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British troops</a>) was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Ypres">Battles of Ypres</a> between <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> forces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper,_Belgium_;_Ferraris_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg/246px-Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg/369px-Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg/492px-Ieper%2C_Belgium_%3B_Ferraris_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Ypres on the <a href="/wiki/Ferraris_map" title="Ferraris map">Ferraris map</a> (around 1775)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg/249px-Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg/374px-Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg/498px-Archive-ugent-be-A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD_DS-195_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from the chronicle of Ypres, with numerous legends and anecdotes. Written in the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ypres is an ancient town, known to have been raided by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> in the first century BC. It is first mentioned by name in 1066 and is probably named after the river <a href="/wiki/Ieperlee" title="Ieperlee">Ieperlee</a> on the banks of which it was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-HistOfY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistOfY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Ypres was a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> city with a population of 40,000 in 1200 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> trade with England, which was mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>. </p><p>As the third largest city in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>), Ypres played an important role in the history of the textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-HistOfY_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistOfY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textiles from Ypres could be found in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> in Kievan Rus' in the early 12th century. In 1241, a major fire ruined much of the old city. The powerful city was involved in important treaties and battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a>, the Battle at Mons-en-Pévèle, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melun" title="Treaty of Melun">Peace of Melun</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1328)" title="Battle of Cassel (1328)">Battle of Cassel</a>. </p><p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Cloth_Hall,_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth Hall, Ypres">Cloth Hall</a> was built in the 13th century. Also during this time cats, then the symbol of the devil and witchcraft, were thrown off Cloth Hall, possibly because of the belief that this would get rid of evil demons. Today, this act is commemorated with a <a href="/wiki/Triennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennial">triennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Kattenstoet" title="Kattenstoet">Cat Parade</a> through town. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich Crusade">Norwich Crusade</a>, led by the English bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_le_Despenser" title="Henry le Despenser">Henry le Despenser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ypres_(1383)" title="Siege of Ypres (1383)">Ypres was besieged</a> from May to August 1383, until French relief forces arrived. After the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a>, Ypres became the seat of the new <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ypres" title="Diocese of Ypres">Diocese of Ypres</a> in 1561, and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Ypres" title="St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres">Saint Martin's Church</a> was elevated to cathedral. On 25 March 1678, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ypres_(1678)" title="Siege of Ypres (1678)">Ypres was conquered</a> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>. It remained French under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> constructed his typical fortifications that can still be seen today. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> in 1709 intended to capture Ypres, at the time a major French fortress, but changed his mind owing to the long time and effort it had taken him to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1709)" title="Siege of Tournai (1709)">capture Tournai</a> and apprehension of disease spreading in his army in the poorly drained land around Ypres (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malplaquet" title="Battle of Malplaquet">Battle of Malplaquet</a>). In 1713 it was handed over to the Habsburgs, and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise,_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/220px-Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/330px-Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/440px-Prise_d%27Ypres_par_l%27arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1794_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Ypres in 1794 by General Pichegru, (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Musée de la Révolution française</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1782 the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a> ordered parts of the walls torn down. This destruction, which was only partly repaired, made it easier for the French to capture the city in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ypres_(1794)" title="Siege of Ypres (1794)">1794 Siege of Ypres</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, the <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> Age of the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> Epoch was named on the basis of geology in the region by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> geologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hubert_Dumont" class="mw-redirect" title="André Hubert Dumont">André Hubert Dumont</a>. </p><p>Ypres had long been fortified to keep out invaders. Parts of the early ramparts, dating from 1385, still survive near the Rijselpoort (Lille Gate). Over time, the earthworks were replaced by sturdier masonry and earth structures and a partial <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>. Ypres was further fortified in the 17th and 18th centuries while under the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> and the French. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YpresOnFire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/YpresOnFire.jpg/170px-YpresOnFire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/YpresOnFire.jpg/255px-YpresOnFire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/YpresOnFire.jpg/340px-YpresOnFire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Ypres's shell-blasted Cloth Hall burns</figcaption></figure> <p>Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium and into France from the north (the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> of Belgium, established by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">First Treaty of London</a>, was guaranteed by Britain; Germany's invasion of Belgium brought the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> into the war. The German army surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. To counterattack, British, French, and allied forces made costly advances from the <a href="/wiki/Ypres_Salient" title="Ypres Salient">Ypres Salient</a> into the German lines on the surrounding hills. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a> (19 October to 22 November 1914), the Allies captured the town from the Germans. The Germans had used <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolimov" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bolimov">Battle of Bolimov</a> on 3 January 1915. Their use of <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a> for the first time on 22 April 1915 marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, which continued until 25 May 1915. They captured high ground east of the town. The first gas attack occurred against Canadian, British, and French soldiers, including both metropolitan French soldiers as well as <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">tirailleurs</a> (light infantry) from French Africa. The gas used was <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Mustard gas</a>, also called Yperite from the name of this town, was also used for the first time near Ypres, in the autumn of 1917. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru%C3%AFne,_1919,_Ieper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg/290px-Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg/435px-Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg/580px-Ru%C3%AFne%2C_1919%2C_Ieper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Ypres, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the battles, the largest, best-known, and most costly in human suffering was the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July to 10 November 1917, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>), in which the British, Canadian, <a href="/wiki/ANZAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC">ANZAC</a>, and French forces recaptured the <a href="/wiki/Passchendaele_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Passchendaele Ridge">Passchendaele Ridge</a> east of the city at a terrible cost of lives. After months of fighting, this battle resulted in nearly half a million casualties to all sides, and only a few miles of ground won by Allied forces. During the course of the war the town was all but obliterated by the artillery fire. </p><p>English-speaking soldiers often referred to Ieper/Ypres by the deliberate mispronunciation "Wipers". British soldiers even published a wartime newspaper called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wipers_Times" title="The Wipers Times">The Wipers Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same style of deliberate mispronunciation was applied to other Flemish place names in the Ypres area for the benefit of British troops, such as <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wytschaete" title="Capture of Wytschaete">Wytschaete</a> becoming "White Sheet" and <a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert" title="Ploegsteert">Ploegsteert</a> becoming "Plug Street". </p><p>Ypres was one of the sites that hosted an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Truce">Christmas Truce</a> in 1914 between German and British soldiers. </p><p>During World War Two, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) would fight the Germans in a delaying action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres-Comines Canal</a>, one of the actions that allowed the Allied retreat to Dunkirk. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>) fought at Ypres in the First World War and later visited the town during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_memory_and_memorial">War memory and memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War memory and memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 February 1920, <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> to the City of Ypres, one of only two awards of this decoration to a municipality during World War I, the other being to <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1920 <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Field Marshal French</a> presented the Cross in a special ceremony in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1925 it was added to the city's coat of arms, along with the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Connelly" title="Mark Connelly">Mark Connelly</a> states that in the 1920s, British veterans set up the Ypres League and made the city the symbol of all that they believed Britain was fighting for and gave it a holy aura in their minds. The Ypres League sought to transform the horrors of trench warfare into a spiritual quest in which British and imperial troops were purified by their sacrifice. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beckles_Willson" title="Henry Beckles Willson">Lieutenant-Colonel Beckles Willson</a>'s guide book, <i>The Holy Ground of British Arms</i> captured the mood of the Ypres League: </p> <blockquote><p>There is not a single half-acre in Ypres that is not sacred. There is not a single stone which has not sheltered scores of loyal young hearts, whose one impulse and desire was to fight and, if need be, to die for England. Their blood has drenched its cloisters and its cellars, but if never a drop had been spilt, if never a life had been lost in defence of Ypres still would Ypres have been hallowed, if only for the hopes and the courage it has inspired and the scenes of valour and sacrifice it has witnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ypres became a pilgrimage destination for Britons to imagine and share the sufferings of their men and gain a spiritual benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> proposed to leave Ypres as a mausoleum, with the rightful owners to be deprived from regaining their land. By early March 1919, the Belgian scheme was to leave the Cathedral and Cloth Hall and the buildings around them in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019173,_176_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019173,_176-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1919, the Belgian government was seriously considering two schemes, both of which would have kept the Cloth Hall and the Cathedral in ruins, but one scheme would allow rebuilding houses around the Grand Place, whereas the other would have created a belt of trees surrounding the Hall and Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019178_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019178-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early September 1920, the decision had been made by the British Government that the <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a> and its immediate surroundings would be used as a memorial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019180_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019180-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which time, the Belgians had already begun to rebuild the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019181_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 100th anniversary period more attempts were being made to preserve the First World War heritage in and around Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 6, 1944, the 1st Polish Armoured Division liberated the town of Ypres after four years of occupation, and the nightly '<a href="/wiki/Last_Post#Menin_Gate" title="Last Post">Last Post</a>' ceremony was resumed at the <a href="#Menin_Gate">Menin Gate</a>; the Germans had forbidden the ceremony when they occupied Ypres in 1940; from January 1941 until the liberation, the daily commemoration took place in <a href="/wiki/Brookwood_Cemetery#Brookwood_Military_Cemetery_and_memorials" title="Brookwood Cemetery">Brookwood Military Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ypres_today">Ypres today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ypres today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg/220px-Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg/330px-Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg/440px-Fountain-grote-markt-ieper.redvers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The fountain in the Grote Markt, Ypres, opposite the Cloth Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war the town was extensively rebuilt using money paid by Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a>, with the main square, including the Cloth Hall and town hall, being rebuilt as close to the original designs as possible (the rest of the rebuilt town is more modern in appearance). The Cloth Hall today is home to <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields_Museum" title="In Flanders Fields Museum">In Flanders Fields Museum</a>, dedicated to Ypres's role in the First World War and named for the <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">poem</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>. </p><p>Ypres is a small city in the very western part of Belgium, the so-called <i>Westhoek</i>. Ypres these days<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> has the title of "city of peace" and maintains a close friendship with another town on which war had a profound impact: <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>. Both towns witnessed warfare at its worst: Ypres was one of the first places where <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> was <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">employed</a>, while Hiroshima suffered the debut of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>. The city governments of Ypres and Hiroshima advocate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> that cities should never be targets again and campaign<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (January 2022)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Ypres hosts the international campaign secretariat of <a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a>, an international Mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_centre">Town centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Town centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg/220px-Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg/330px-Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg/440px-Ieper_Grote_Markt_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption>Cloth Hall and Grote Markt (Great Market) at night</figcaption></figure> <p>The imposing <a href="/wiki/Cloth_Hall,_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth Hall, Ypres">Cloth Hall</a> was built in the 13th century and was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages. The structure which stands today is the exact copy of the original medieval building, rebuilt after the war. The <a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">belfry</a> that surmounts the hall houses a 49-bell <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a>. The whole complex was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO in 1999. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin's Cathedral">Saint Martin's Cathedral</a>, built in 1221, was also completely reconstructed after the war, but now with a higher spire. It houses the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Jansenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenius">Jansenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ypres">bishop of Ypres</a> and father of the religious movement known as <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert III of Flanders">Robert of Bethune</a>, nicknamed "The Lion of Flanders", who was <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nevers" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nevers">Count of Nevers</a> (1273–1322) and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a> (1305–1322). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menin_Gate">Menin Gate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Menin Gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg/220px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg/330px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg/440px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commemorates those soldiers of the British Commonwealth – with the exception of Newfoundland and New Zealand – who fell in the <a href="/wiki/Ypres_Salient" title="Ypres Salient">Ypres Salient</a> during the First World War before 16 August 1917 and who have no known grave. United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Cot" title="Tyne Cot">Tyne Cot</a>, a site which marks the farthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war. Other New Zealand casualties are commemorated on memorials at <a href="/wiki/Buttes_New_British_Cemetery" title="Buttes New British Cemetery">Buttes New British Cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messines_Ridge_(New_Zealand)_Memorial" title="Messines Ridge (New Zealand) Memorial">Messines Ridge British Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Menin Gate records only soldiers for whom there is no known grave. As graves are identified, the names of those buried in them are removed from the Gate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The memorial, designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield" title="Reginald Blomfield">Reginald Blomfield</a> with sculpture by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Dick" title="William Reid Dick">William Reid Dick</a>, was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Plumer,_1st_Viscount_Plumer" title="Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer">Lord Plumer</a> on 24 July 1927. It was built and is maintained by <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth War Graves Commission">The Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memorial's location is especially poignant, as it lies on the eastward route from the town, which <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente</a> soldiers would have taken heading towards the fighting – many never to return. Every evening since 1929, at precisely eight o'clock, traffic around the imposing arches of the Menin Gate Memorial has been stopped while the "<a href="/wiki/Last_Post" title="Last Post">Last Post</a>" is sounded beneath the gate by the buglers of the Last Post Association in honour of the memory of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> soldiers who fought and died there. During the Second World War the ceremony was prohibited by the occupying German forces, but was resumed on the very evening of liberation – 6 September 1944 – notwithstanding the heavy fighting still underway in other parts of the town. The Last Post ceremony was, instead, hosted daily at Brookwood Military Cemetery in England for the duration of that period. </p><p>The stone lions bearing the Ypres coat-of-arms, which once flanked the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menin_Gate_-_start_of_WWI.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Menin Gate - start of WWI.jpg">original gate</a>, were presented to Australia in 1936 by the people of Belgium, as acknowledgement of Australia's sacrifice during the war. They now reside in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>. In 2017, for the 100th anniversary memorial services of the Third Battle of Ypres, or <a href="/wiki/Passendale" title="Passendale">Passendale</a>, in a joint effort by the Belgian, Flemish and Australian governments, the lions were temporarily returned to the Menin Gate. Exact replicas are now installed, in their original position, guarding the approach to Menin Gate on its eastern side.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>"Who will remember, passing through this Gate,</dd> <dd>The unheroic Dead who fed the guns?"</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>-- <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, <i>On Passing the Menin Gate</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_graves">War graves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War graves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>War graves, both of the Allied side and the Central Powers, cover the landscape around Ypres. The largest number of dead are at <a href="/wiki/Langemark_German_war_cemetery" title="Langemark German war cemetery">Langemark German war cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Cot" title="Tyne Cot">Tyne Cot Commonwealth war cemetery</a>. The countryside around Ypres is featured in the famous poem by <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg/220px-Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg/330px-Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg/440px-Ieper_-_Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Saint George's Memorial Church</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Memorial_Church,_Ypres" title="Saint George's Memorial Church, Ypres">Saint George's Memorial Church</a> commemorates the British and Commonwealth soldiers who died in the five battles fought for Ypres during First World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kattenstoet_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG/220px-Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG/330px-Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG/440px-Kattenstoet_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kattenstoet" title="Kattenstoet">Cat Parade</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kattenstoet" title="Kattenstoet">Cat Parade</a> ("Kattenstoet") takes place every three years on the second Sunday of May. It involves the throwing of stuffed toy cats from the belfry and a colourful parade of cats and witches. The latest Cat Parade took place on 13 May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ypres is also the home of the <a href="/wiki/Belgium_Ypres_Westhoek_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally">Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally</a> since its creation in 1965. It is organized by the Auto Club Targa Florio. Some of the drivers to have taken part are among the best-known names in rallying, such as <a href="/wiki/Juha_Kankkunen" title="Juha Kankkunen">Juha Kankkunen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Thiry" title="Bruno Thiry">Bruno Thiry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Toivonen" title="Henri Toivonen">Henri Toivonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_McRae" title="Colin McRae">Colin McRae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McRae" title="Jimmy McRae">Jimmy McRae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Duez" title="Marc Duez">Marc Duez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duval" title="François Duval">François Duval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Breen" title="Craig Breen">Craig Breen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Loix" title="Freddy Loix">Freddy Loix</a> among others.</li> <li>Ypres holds an annual canoe polo tournament in which teams come from all over Europe to play.</li> <li>On 9 July 2014, the 101st Tour de France started stage 5 in Ypres.</li> <li>During the last weekend of August each year, Ypres hosts the <i><a href="/wiki/Ieperfest" title="Ieperfest">Ieperfest</a></i>, one of the biggest European festivals in the hardcore metal subculture.</li> <li>From 11 - 13 July 2023, a conference for micronations called <a href="/wiki/MicroCon" title="MicroCon">MicroCon</a> took place in Ypres with 70 people attending.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Ypres is an historic city, and generates significant income from tourism, it also has a number of industrial areas. The biggest one is along the <a href="/wiki/Ieperlee" title="Ieperlee">Ieperlee</a> canal, which hosts room for around 120 companies and a wind farm in the north of Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office area known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieper_Business_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieper Business Park (page does not exist)">Ieper Business Park</a> is connected to the industrial area. That office area started as the site of speech recognition company <a href="/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie" title="Lernout & Hauspie">Lernout & Hauspie</a>, and was named "Flanders Language Valley" (mimicking <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>), until the company went bankrupt. Since then, the office area had many difficult years, where a big share of the offices were unused. However, those years are mostly over, and currently, the area offers about 1000 employees a job. </p><p>Then there are also various other, smaller industrial areas like the area around <a href="/wiki/Picanol" title="Picanol">Picanol</a> in the south of Ypres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Ieper_(DSCF9477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg/220px-Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg/330px-Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg/440px-Station_Ieper_%28DSCF9477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ieper_railway_station" title="Ieper railway station">Ieper railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ieper_railway_station" title="Ieper railway station">Ieper railway station</a> run by <a href="/wiki/NMBS" class="mw-redirect" title="NMBS">NMBS</a> has hourly trains to <a href="/wiki/Kortrijk_railway_station" title="Kortrijk railway station">Kortrijk</a>. </p><p>It can also be accessed from Brussels, linking to Eurostar, and takes about 75 minutes with two stops.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ypres" title="William of Ypres">William of Ypres</a>, a commander of Flemish mercenaries in England who was reckoned among the more able of the military commanders fighting for <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">King Stephen of England</a> in his <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">19-year civil war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacob Clemens non Papa</a> (c. 1510–1556), <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> composer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Robin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Robin (page does not exist)">Georg Robin</a> (1522–1595), architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (1585–1638), bishop of Ypres and father of the <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Thomas_van_Ieperen" title="Jan Thomas van Ieperen">Jan Thomas van Ieperen</a> (1617–1673), Baroque painter, draughtsman and printmaker. He was first active in Antwerp, where he worked in the workshop of Rubens, and later became court painter at the Habsburg court in Vienna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Lynch" title="Clementine Lynch">Clementine Lynch</a> (1754– 1799), Abbess of the Ypres Benedictine convent during the French Revolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Malou" title="Jules Malou">Jules Malou</a> (1810–1886), politician, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> from 1871 to 1878 and in 1884</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Vandenpeereboom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Vandenpeereboom (page does not exist)">Alphonse Vandenpeereboom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Vandenpeereboom" class="extiw" title="nl:Alphonse Vandenpeereboom">nl</a>]</span> (1812–1884), politician, minister</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nyssens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Nyssens (page does not exist)">Albert Nyssens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nyssens" class="extiw" title="nl:Albert Nyssens">nl</a>]</span> (1855–1901) Minister of Industry and Labour, Lawyer, University Professor,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Nyssens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Nyssens (page does not exist)">Julien Nyssens</a> (1859–1910) engineer, builder of <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a> harbour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dev%C3%A8ze" title="Albert Devèze">Albert Devèze</a> (1881–1959), politician, minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Durutte" title="Camille Durutte">Camille Durutte</a> (1803–1881), music theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Phillips_(cricketer,_born_1883)" title="Edward Phillips (cricketer, born 1883)">Edward Phillips</a> (1883–1915), cricketer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sobry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Sobry (page does not exist)">Paul Sobry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sobry" class="extiw" title="nl:Paul Sobry">nl</a>]</span> (1895–1954), university professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simona_Noorenbergh" title="Simona Noorenbergh">Simona Noorenbergh</a> (1907–1990), nun, social worker, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Fane,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fane, Papua New Guinea">Fane</a>, Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French, 1st Earl of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoon_Verschoot" title="Antoon Verschoot">Antoon Verschoot</a> (1925–2017), from 1954 to 2015 chief bugler at the Menin Gate for the daily Last Post ceremony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fiers" title="Walter Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> (1931–2019), molecular biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Vervenne" title="Marc Vervenne">Marc Vervenne</a> (born 1949), emeritus dean Leuven university</li> <li>Jo Lernout and Pol Hauspie, founders of the speech technology company <a href="/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie" title="Lernout & Hauspie">Lernout & Hauspie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Lauwers" title="Henk Lauwers">Henk Lauwers</a> (born 1956), classical baritone singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Verfaillie" title="Catherine Verfaillie">Catherine Verfaillie</a> (born, 1957), MD and stem cell pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lens" title="Nicholas Lens">Nicholas Lens</a> (born 1957), opera composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Vermeulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Vermeulen">Edouard Vermeulen</a> (born 1957), fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaat_Landuyt" title="Renaat Landuyt">Renaat Landuyt</a> (born 1959), politician, Belgian minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Vermeulen" title="Erik Vermeulen">Erik Vermeulen</a> (born 1959), jazz pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saelens" title="David Saelens">David Saelens</a> (born 1975), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Delahaye" title="Isaac Delahaye">Isaac Delahaye</a> (born 1982), lead guitarist of <a href="/wiki/Epica_(band)" title="Epica (band)">Epica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Meesseman" title="Emma Meesseman">Emma Meesseman</a> (born 1993), professional basketball player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Twin cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semey</a> (since 2012)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Sittingbourne" title="Sittingbourne">Sittingbourne</a>, Kent (since 1964)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westfalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfalen">Westphalia</a> (since 1967)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>, Pas-de-Calais (since 1969)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Wa,_Ghana" title="Wa, Ghana">Wa</a>, Upper West Region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-354c41bf74d0f15c07c40ab0a8c1dd9bfadc1f49-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-354c41bf74d0f15c07c40ab0a8c1dd9bfadc1f49-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Bevolking_per_gemeente.xlsx">"Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022"</a>. Statbel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking+per+gemeente+op+1+januari+2022&rft.pub=Statbel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fbevolking%2F5.1%2520Structuur%2520van%2520de%2520bevolking%2FBevolking_per_gemeente.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:A8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD#?c=&m=&s=&cv=96&xywh=-2277,-791,15705,8768">"Kroniek van Ieper, 180-1695, met talrijke legendarische of anecdotische onderdelen"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Kroniek+van+Ieper%2C+180-1695%2C+met+talrijke+legendarische+of+anecdotische+onderdelen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3AA8BC176A-E926-11E9-B925-64BA755DA7FD%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D96%26xywh%3D-2277%2C-791%2C15705%2C8768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistOfY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistOfY_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistOfY_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatwar.co.uk/westfront/ypsalient/ypres.htm">"A History of Ypres (Ieper): Origins"</a>. <i>Greatwar.co.uk</i>. 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greatwar.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Ypres+%28Ieper%29%3A+Origins&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatwar.co.uk%2Fwestfront%2Fypsalient%2Fypres.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230511/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>isites.harvard.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isites.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fdocs%2Ficb.topic599385.files%2Fvenice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoX4bsr0EEIC&q=ypres++40%2C000+inhabitants&pg=PA193"><i>IBN JALDUN</i></a>. Fundación El legado andalusì. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496556348" title="Special:BookSources/9788496556348"><bdi>9788496556348</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBN+JALDUN&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+El+legado+andalus%C3%AC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788496556348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoX4bsr0EEIC%26q%3Dypres%2B%2B40%252C000%2Binhabitants%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissonnade2013" class="citation book cs1">Boissonnade (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd23AAAAQBAJ&q=ypres++40%2C000+inhabitants&pg=PA315"><i>Life & Work in Medieval Europe</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136196416" title="Special:BookSources/9781136196416"><bdi>9781136196416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+%26+Work+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=9781136196416&rft.au=Boissonnade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd23AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dypres%2B%2B40%252C000%2Binhabitants%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethesis.net/staten_van_vlaanderen/svv_hfst_5.htm">"See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)"</a>. <i>Ethesis.net</i>. 23 November 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethesis.net&rft.atitle=See+chapter+5.6.2+%28in+Dutch%29&rft.date=1914-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethesis.net%2Fstaten_van_vlaanderen%2Fsvv_hfst_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps,_Ramsay_Weston2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Weston_Phipps" title="Ramsay Weston Phipps">Phipps, Ramsay Weston</a> (2011). <i>The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume I The Armée du Nord</i>. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-24-5"><bdi>978-1-908692-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+First+French+Republic%3A+Volume+I+The+Arm%C3%A9e+du+Nord&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-908692-24-5&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Ramsay+Weston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode,_Dominic2006" class="citation web cs1">Goode, Dominic (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortified-places.com/ypres/">"Ypres"</a>. <i>Fortified-places.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortified-places.com&rft.atitle=Ypres&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Goode%2C+Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortified-places.com%2Fypres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/tv-review-the-wipers-times-bbc2--a-bit-like-blackadder-only-true-8810148.html">"TV review: The Wipers Times, BBC2 – A bit like Blackadder, only true"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925024650/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/tv-review-the-wipers-times-bbc2--a-bit-like-blackadder-only-true-8810148.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Independent 12 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, Peter Edward; Tamplin (1981). British Gallantry Awards (2nd ed.). London, UK: Nimrod Dix and Co.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780902633742" title="Special:BookSources/9780902633742">9780902633742</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205178222">"Award of Military Cross to City of Ypres, Imperial War Museum Accessed: 8 November 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107224850/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205178222">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Award+of+Military+Cross+to+City+of+Ypres%2C+Imperial+War+Museum+Accessed%3A+8+November+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F205178222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Ieper">"Heraldry of the world: Iper. Accessed: 8 November 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104311/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Ieper">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heraldry+of+the+world%3A+Iper.+Accessed%3A+8+November+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngw.nl%2Fheraldrywiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIeper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940", <i>War in History</i> (2009) 16#1 pp. 51–76, quote p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940", pp. 51–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019173,_176-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019173,_176_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Emden2019">van Emden 2019</a>, pp. 173, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019178-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019178_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Emden2019">van Emden 2019</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019180-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019180_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Emden2019">van Emden 2019</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019181-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2019181_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Emden2019">van Emden 2019</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1hull.com/the-western-front/">"The Western Front | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914-1918"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Western+Front+%7C+Kingston+upon+Hull+War+Memorial+1914-1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1hull.com%2Fthe-western-front%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brookwoodlastpost.org/2019/09/06/ypres-75th-liberation-ceremony/">"Ypres 75th Liberation Ceremony"</a>. Brookwood Last Post Association. 6 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ypres+75th+Liberation+Ceremony&rft.pub=Brookwood+Last+Post+Association&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrookwoodlastpost.org%2F2019%2F09%2F06%2Fypres-75th-liberation-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418083236/http://www.2020visioncampaign.org/">"Mayors for Peace 2020 Vision Campaign"</a>. <i>2020visioncampaign.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2020visioncampaign.org">the original</a> on 18 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2020visioncampaign.org&rft.atitle=Mayors+for+Peace+2020+Vision+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2020visioncampaign.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The gate is called "Menin Gate" because it is situated on the road to the Flemish city of <a href="/wiki/Menen" title="Menen">Menen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_ypressalient.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615055413/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_ypressalient.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org">"CWGC – Homepage"</a>. <i>Cwgc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cwgc.org&rft.atitle=CWGC+%E2%80%93+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Government</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030224726/http://www.kattenstoet.be/en/home.html">"Welcome!"</a>. <i>Kattenstoet Ieper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kattenstoet.be/en/home.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kattenstoet+Ieper&rft.atitle=Welcome%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kattenstoet.be%2Fen%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/bedrijventerrein-langs-ieperleekanaal-breidt-uit-met-9-ha/article-normal-119845.html">"Bedrijventerrein langs Ieperleekanaal breidt uit met 9 ha"</a>. <i>Kw.knack.be</i>. 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kw.knack.be&rft.atitle=Bedrijventerrein+langs+Ieperleekanaal+breidt+uit+met+9+ha&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkw.knack.be%2Fwest-vlaanderen%2Fnieuws%2Fbedrijventerrein-langs-ieperleekanaal-breidt-uit-met-9-ha%2Farticle-normal-119845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgianrail.be">"Taalkeuze – Choix de langue – Choose your language – Wählen Sie Ihre Sprache"</a>. <i>Belgianrail.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belgianrail.be&rft.atitle=Taalkeuze+%E2%80%93+Choix+de+langue+%E2%80%93+Choose+your+language+%E2%80%93+W%C3%A4hlen+Sie+Ihre+Sprache&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgianrail.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Emden2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_van_Emden" title="Richard van Emden">van Emden, Richard</a> (30 October 2019). <i>Missing: The Need for Closure after the Great War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526760968" title="Special:BookSources/9781526760968"><bdi>9781526760968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missing%3A+The+Need+for+Closure+after+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.isbn=9781526760968&rft.aulast=van+Emden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYpres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypres&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ypres" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ypres">Ypres</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ypres#Q102728" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ypres">Ypres</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a-w-a.be">Association for World War Archaeology; information about World War I excavations near Ypres</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inflandersfields.be/">In Flanders Fields Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastpost.be/">Last Post Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rleggat.com/ypres/">Pilgrimage to Ypres and Sanctuary Wood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/first-world-war/interviews/025015-1100-e.html"><i>The Second Battle of Ypres</i> in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221046/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/first-world-war/interviews/025015-1100-e.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2020visioncampaign.org">Mayors For Peace International Secretariat Ypres</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortified-places.com/ypres/">Webpage about the fortifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Ieper">Coat of arms of Ieper (Ypres)</a></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieper.be">Ieper official website</a></span></span> – Information available in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and limited information available in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belgium.beertourism.com/cities/ypres">Ypres Travel Guide</a> – A comprehensive English language guide to Ypres (Ieper); includes history, sightseeing and Belgian beer culture.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Ypres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Ypres</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vleteren" title="Vleteren">Vleteren</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lo-Reninge" title="Lo-Reninge">Lo-Reninge</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langemark-Poelkapelle" title="Langemark-Poelkapelle">Langemark-Poelkapelle</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Poperinge" title="Poperinge">Poperinge</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Ypres</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Zonnebeke" title="Zonnebeke">Zonnebeke</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heuvelland" title="Heuvelland">Heuvelland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comines-Warneton" title="Comines-Warneton">Comines-Warneton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">WHT</a>)</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_in_the_Province_of_West_Flanders,_Flanders,_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_in_West_Flanders" title="Template:Municipalities in West Flanders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_in_West_Flanders" title="Template talk:Municipalities in West Flanders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_in_West_Flanders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities in West Flanders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_in_the_Province_of_West_Flanders,_Flanders,_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">Municipalities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bruges" title="Arrondissement of Bruges">Bruges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beernem" title="Beernem">Beernem</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Blankenberge" title="Blankenberge">Blankenberge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges/Brugge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbeke" title="Jabbeke">Jabbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knokke-Heist" title="Knokke-Heist">Knokke-Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oostkamp" title="Oostkamp">Oostkamp</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torhout" title="Torhout">Torhout</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedelgem" title="Zedelgem">Zedelgem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuienkerke" title="Zuienkerke">Zuienkerke</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgiewvl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Belgiewvl.png/100px-Belgiewvl.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Belgiewvl.png/150px-Belgiewvl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Belgiewvl.png/200px-Belgiewvl.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Diksmuide" title="Arrondissement of Diksmuide">Diksmuide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diksmuide" title="Diksmuide">Diksmuide</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthulst" title="Houthulst">Houthulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekelare" title="Koekelare">Koekelare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortemark" title="Kortemark">Kortemark</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lo-Reninge" title="Lo-Reninge">Lo-Reninge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Kortrijk" title="Arrondissement of Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzegem" title="Anzegem">Anzegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelgem" title="Avelgem">Avelgem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerlijk" title="Deerlijk">Deerlijk</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harelbeke" title="Harelbeke">Harelbeke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuurne" title="Kuurne">Kuurne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendelede" title="Lendelede">Lendelede</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Menen" title="Menen">Menen</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiere-Helkijn" title="Spiere-Helkijn">Spiere-Helkijn</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Waregem" title="Waregem">Waregem</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wevelgem" title="Wevelgem">Wevelgem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwevegem" title="Zwevegem">Zwevegem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Ostend" title="Arrondissement of Ostend">Ostend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bredene" title="Bredene">Bredene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Haan,_Belgium" title="De Haan, Belgium">De Haan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gistel" title="Gistel">Gistel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichtegem" title="Ichtegem">Ichtegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelkerke" title="Middelkerke">Middelkerke</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Oostende/Ostend</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oudenburg" title="Oudenburg">Oudenburg</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Roeselare" title="Arrondissement of Roeselare">Roeselare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooglede" title="Hooglede">Hooglede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelmunster" title="Ingelmunster">Ingelmunster</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Izegem" title="Izegem">Izegem</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledegem" title="Ledegem">Ledegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtervelde" title="Lichtervelde">Lichtervelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorslede" title="Moorslede">Moorslede</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roeselare" title="Roeselare">Roeselare</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staden" title="Staden">Staden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Tielt" title="Arrondissement of Tielt">Tielt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardooie" title="Ardooie">Ardooie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentergem" title="Dentergem">Dentergem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meulebeke" title="Meulebeke">Meulebeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oostrozebeke" title="Oostrozebeke">Oostrozebeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittem" title="Pittem">Pittem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruiselede" title="Ruiselede">Ruiselede</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tielt" title="Tielt">Tielt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielsbeke" title="Wielsbeke">Wielsbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingene" title="Wingene">Wingene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Veurne" title="Arrondissement of Veurne">Veurne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveringem" title="Alveringem">Alveringem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Panne" title="De Panne">De Panne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koksijde" title="Koksijde">Koksijde</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Veurne" title="Veurne">Veurne</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Ypres" title="Arrondissement of Ypres">Ypres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heuvelland" title="Heuvelland">Heuvelland</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ieper/Ypres</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langemark-Poelkapelle" title="Langemark-Poelkapelle">Langemark-Poelkapelle</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mesen" title="Mesen">Mesen</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Poperinge" title="Poperinge">Poperinge</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vleteren" title="Vleteren">Vleteren</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wervik" title="Wervik">Wervik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonnebeke" title="Zonnebeke">Zonnebeke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">cities</a></li> <li><i>Italic</i> indicates <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">Municipalities with language facilities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102728#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406132987">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143000948">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmdKmtxpFFfwdWdJyrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4225219-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002953">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ypern (Belgie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge559671&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557352105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6f46e080-d9aa-4e4b-87c9-b681e8e3613c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045093">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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