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aria-controls="toc-Roles_and_purposes_of_bill_of_lading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles and purposes of bill of lading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles_and_purposes_of_bill_of_lading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_cargo_receipt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_cargo_receipt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As cargo receipt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_cargo_receipt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_evidence_of_the_contract_of_carriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_evidence_of_the_contract_of_carriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As evidence of the contract of carriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_evidence_of_the_contract_of_carriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>As title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_bills_of_lading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_bills_of_lading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of bills of lading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_bills_of_lading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bills_of_lading_and_charterparties_compared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bills_of_lading_and_charterparties_compared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bills of lading and charterparties compared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bills_of_lading_and_charterparties_compared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_(EDI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_(EDI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_(EDI)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_(EDI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_bills_of_lading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_bills_of_lading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Electronic bills of lading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_bills_of_lading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bill of lading</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86" title="بوليصة شحن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوليصة شحن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Канасамент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канасамент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Канасамэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канасамэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Коносамент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коносамент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosman" title="Konosman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konosman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosament" title="Konosament – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konosament" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnossement" title="Konnossement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konnossement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastikiri" title="Lastikiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lastikiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φορτωτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φορτωτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocimiento_de_embarque" title="Conocimiento de embarque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conocimiento de embarque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosamento" title="Konosamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konosamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garraio-gutun" title="Garraio-gutun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garraio-gutun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="بارنامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaissement" title="Connaissement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Connaissement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%95%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B6%8C" title="선하증권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선하증권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Կոնոսամենտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնոսամենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teretnica" title="Teretnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teretnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosmento" title="Konosmento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konosmento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagihan_muatan_angkut" title="Tagihan muatan angkut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tagihan muatan angkut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizza_di_carico" title="Polizza di carico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polizza di carico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="שטר מטען – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטר מטען" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სასაქონლო ზედნადები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასაქონლო ზედნადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2nosement" title="Kònosement – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kònosement" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Коносамент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коносамент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Коносамент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коносамент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavadz%C4%ABme" title="Pavadzīme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pavadzīme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosamentas" title="Konosamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konosamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognossement" title="Cognossement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognossement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%8D%B7%E8%A8%BC%E5%88%B8" title="船荷証券 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="船荷証券" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnossement" title="Konnossement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konnossement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosament" title="Konosament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konosament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conhecimento_de_Embarque_Mar%C3%ADtimo" title="Conhecimento de Embarque Marítimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conhecimento de Embarque Marítimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Коносамент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коносамент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Коносман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коносман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosman" title="Konosman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konosman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konossementti" title="Konossementti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konossementti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konossement" title="Konossement – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konossement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ใบตราส่งสินค้า – Thai" lang="th" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/80px-Nautical_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/120px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/160px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></li> <li><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)#Contents" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordinamenta_et_consuetudo_maris" title="Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris">Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfian_Laws" title="Amalfian Laws">Amalfian Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Shipping</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rate" title="Freight rate">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">Merchant marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_mortgage" title="Ship mortgage">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_registration" title="Ship registration">Registration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine insurance</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_collision" title="Ship collision">Collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaworthiness_(law)" title="Seaworthiness (law)">Seaworthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Total loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_security" title="Maritime security">Maritime security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_drug_trafficking_in_Latin_America" title="Maritime drug trafficking in Latin America">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">Wartime prizes</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charterparty" title="Charterparty">charterparty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratry_(admiralty_law)" title="Barratry (admiralty law)">Barratry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bill of lading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbroking" title="Shipbroking">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Chartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignment" title="Consignment">Consignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demurrage" title="Demurrage">Demurrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">Invoice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_invoice" title="Commercial invoice">Commercial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_forma" title="Pro forma">Pro forma</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">Laytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_lien" title="Maritime lien">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(transportation)" title="Manifest (transportation)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">Packing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_delivery" title="Proof of delivery">Proof of delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">Salvage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">Terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">Waybill</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_agency" title="Shipping agency">Agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">Freight forwarder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">Captain (Master)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_captain_goes_down_with_the_ship" title="The captain goes down with the ship">The captain goes down with the ship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Carrier</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Charterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_company" title="Freight company">Freight company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_management" title="Ship management">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignee" title="Consignee">Consignee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignor" title="Consignor">Consignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(commercial_law)" title="Principal (commercial law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-owner" title="Ship-owner">Owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaman_status_in_United_States_admiralty_law" title="Seaman status in United States admiralty law">Seaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">Stevedore</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Judiciaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court" title="Vice admiralty court">Vice admiralty court</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Maritime_International" title="Comité Maritime International">Comité Maritime International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Maritime_Arbitrators_Association" title="London Maritime Arbitrators Association">London Maritime Arbitrators Association</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International conventions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rules" title="Hamburg Rules">Hamburg Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rules" title="Rotterdam Rules">Rotterdam Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Labour_Convention" title="Maritime Labour Convention">Maritime Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Salvage" title="International Convention on Salvage">International Convention on Salvage</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on <br /> the Law of the Sea <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNCLOS)</span></a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">SOLAS Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_Water_Management_Convention" title="Ballast Water Management Convention">Ballast Water Management Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Control_of_Harmful_Anti-fouling_Systems_on_Ships" title="International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships">Anti-fouling Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Load_Lines" title="International Convention on Load Lines">International Convention on Load Lines</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for<br /> Preventing Collisions at Sea</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Maritime_Search_and_Rescue" title="International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue">SAR Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Convention" title="Athens Convention">Athens Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Facilitation_of_International_Maritime_Traffic" title="Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic">Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International Codes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Dangerous_Goods_Code" title="International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code">IMDG Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Safety_Management_Code" title="International Safety Management Code">ISM Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ship_and_Port_Facility_Security_Code" title="International Ship and Port Facility Security Code">ISPS Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_for_Ships_Operating_in_Polar_Waters" title="International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters">Polar Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_the_Construction_and_Equipment_of_Ships_Carrying_Liquefied_Gases_in_Bulk" title="International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk">IGC Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_for_the_Construction_and_Equipment_of_Ships_carrying_Dangerous_Chemicals_in_Bulk" title="International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk">IBC Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Safe_Practice_for_Ships_Carrying_Timber_Deck_Cargoes" title="Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes">TDC Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_on_Intact_Stability" title="International Code on Intact Stability">IS Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_for_the_Safe_Carriage_of_Grain_in_Bulk" title="International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk">International Grain Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Solid_Bulk_Cargoes_Code" title="International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code">IMSBC Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_for_the_Safe_Carriage_of_Packaged_Irradiated_Nuclear_Fuel,_Plutonium_and_High-Level_Radioactive_Wastes_on_board_Ships" title="International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on board Ships">INF Code</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Admiralty_law" title="Template talk:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bill of lading</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (sometimes abbreviated as <b>B/L</b> or <b>BOL</b>) is a document issued by a <a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">carrier</a> (or their <a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">agent</a>) to acknowledge receipt of <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipment">shipment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term is historically related only to <a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">carriage</a> by sea, a bill of lading may today be used for any type of carriage of goods.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bills of lading are one of three crucial documents used in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exporters</a> receive payment and <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">importers</a> receive the merchandise.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two documents are a <a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">policy of insurance</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">invoice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas a bill of lading is negotiable, both a policy and an invoice are <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">assignable</a>. </p><p>In international trade outside the United States, bills of lading are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">waybills</a> in that the latter are not transferable and do not confer title. Nevertheless, the UK <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> grants "all rights of suit under the contract of carriage" to the lawful holder of a bill of lading, or to the consignee under a sea waybill or a ship's delivery order. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connaissement_conteneur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Connaissement_conteneur.JPG/220px-Connaissement_conteneur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Connaissement_conteneur.JPG/330px-Connaissement_conteneur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Connaissement_conteneur.JPG/440px-Connaissement_conteneur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>An example of a bill of lading</figcaption></figure> <p>A bill of lading must be transferable,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serves three main functions: </p> <ul><li>it is a conclusive receipt,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loaded;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>it contains, or evidences,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms of the contract of carriage; and</li> <li>it serves as a document of title to the goods,<sup id="cite_ref-Levi_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subject to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">nemo dat</a></i> rule.</li></ul> <p>Typical export transactions use <a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a> terms such as <a href="/wiki/Cost,_Insurance_and_Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost, Insurance and Freight">CIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/FOB_(shipping)" title="FOB (shipping)">FOB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_Alongside_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Alongside Ship">FAS</a>, requiring the exporter/shipper to deliver the goods to the ship, whether onboard or alongside. Nevertheless, the loading itself will usually be done by the carrier or by a third party <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">stevedore</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bill of lading is a standard-form document which is transferable by endorsement (or by lawful transfer of possession).<sup id="cite_ref-B.L._Mathur_and_Raman_K._Dave_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.L._Mathur_and_Raman_K._Dave-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most shipments by sea are covered by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Rules" title="Hague Rules">Hague Rules</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rules" title="Hamburg Rules">Hamburg Rules</a>, which require the carrier to issue the shipper a bill of lading identifying the nature, quantity, quality and leading marks (identification marks and numbers) of the goods. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in the case of <i>Coventry v Gladstone</i> (1867), Lord Justice Blackburn defined a bill of lading as "A writing signed on behalf of the owner of ship in which goods are embarked, acknowledging the receipt of the Goods, and undertaking to deliver them at the end of the voyage, subject to such conditions as may be mentioned in the bill of lading." Therefore, it can be stated that the bill of lading was introduced to provide a receipt to the shipper in the absence of the owners. </p><p>In <i>Glyn Mills & Co. v. East and West India Dock Co</i> (1882), which concerned the presentation of a series of bills of lading, the decision also encompassed any document which "by mercantile law and usage ... is a symbol of the right of property in the goods".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term "bill of lading" is well known and well understood, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rules" title="Rotterdam Rules">Rotterdam Rules</a> use the term "transport documents",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which bills of lading and seaway bills are examples.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is evidence of the existence of receipts for goods loaded aboard merchant vessels stretching back as far as Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of recording cargo aboard ship in the ship's log is almost as long-lived as shipping itself, the modern bill of lading only came into use with the growth of international trade in the medieval world. </p><p>The growth of mercantilism (which produced other financial innovations such as the <a href="/wiki/Charterparty" title="Charterparty">charterparty</a> or <i>carta partita</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of exchange">bill of exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">insurance policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) produced a requirement for a title document that could be traded in much the same way as the goods themselves. It was this new avenue of trade that produced the bill of lading in much the same format as currently used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "lading" means "loading", both words being derived from the Old English word <i>hladan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lading" specifically refers to the loading of cargo aboard a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch word "lading" has exactly the same meaning (freight, cargo, an amount of transportable goods) as it has in the English "bill of lading", but is not restricted to shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under English law, the <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> provides that the term "bill of lading" includes a "received-for-shipment" bill of lading issued by, say, a <a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">freight forwarder</a> or a storage depot/warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "combined bill of lading" may be issued by a carrier who, say, collects goods from a factory for subsequent delivery to a ship via <a href="/wiki/Multi-modal_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-modal transport">multi-modal transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_purposes_of_bill_of_lading">Roles and purposes of bill of lading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles and purposes of bill of lading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_credit_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Letter_of_credit_2.png/220px-Letter_of_credit_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Letter_of_credit_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><b>Step 1:</b> Seller consigns the goods to a carrier in exchange for a bill of lading.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_credit_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Letter_of_credit_3.png/220px-Letter_of_credit_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Letter_of_credit_3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><b>Step 2:</b> Seller provides the bill of lading to bank in exchange for payment. Seller's bank then provides the bill to buyer's bank, who provides the bill to buyer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_credit_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Letter_of_credit_4.png/220px-Letter_of_credit_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Letter_of_credit_4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><b>Step 3:</b> Buyer provides the bill of lading to carrier and takes delivery of the goods.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_cargo_receipt">As cargo receipt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As cargo receipt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal use of the bill of lading is as a receipt issued by the carrier once the goods have been loaded onto the vessel. This receipt can be used as proof of shipment for customs and insurance purposes, and also as commercial proof of completing a contractual obligation,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially under <a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">INCOTERMS</a> such as CFR<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cost and freight) and <a href="/wiki/FOB_(shipping)" title="FOB (shipping)">FOB (free on board)</a>. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a> provide that a bill of lading is only <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> evidence of receipt, the <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> s.4 declares a BoL "conclusive evidence of receipt".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A "clean bill of lading" (aka "on-board bill of lading") is used when there is full compliance with no discrepancies between the description filed by the shipper and the actual goods shipped. A clean bill of lading indicates that the goods have been properly loaded onboard the carrier's ship in accordance with the contract.</li> <li>A "dirty bill of lading" (aka "claused bill of lading") will be issued if the goods to be shipped differ in quality or quantity from the contract description. The buyer's bank is entitled to reject a dirty bill of lading, but will often accept it after an agreed reduction in price.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For examples, cargo could be leaking, or package could be damaged where the carrier has the right to issue a clause BL.</li> <li>"STC": if the cargo cannot be effectively examined, such as goods in a sealed <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">container</a>), the carrier will issue a bill of lading describing the goods as "container (identified by number) <b>said to contain</b>" the contracted cargo. The carrier or the agent mentions "STC" in BLs to safeguard themselves from shipper declaring wrong information on BL. Even this term is more favourable to the carrier in FCL shipping and there are instances where the carrier become at least partially liable in LCL shipping even after mentioning "STC" under cargo description. This is due to the carrier or agent do the stuffings of cargo for the shipper's LCL shipment. If the cargo within the container does not comply with the description, the consignee will take action against the seller, and the carrier will not be involved.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_evidence_of_the_contract_of_carriage">As evidence of the contract of carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As evidence of the contract of carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill of lading from the carrier to the shipper can be used as evidence of the contract of carriage by the fact that the carrier has received the goods and upon the receipt, the carrier would deliver the goods. In this case, the bill of lading would be used as evidence of contract of carriage. In this case, the bill of lading can be used if the shipper does not properly ship the goods then the shipper cannot receive the bill of lading from the carrier. Eventually, the shipper would have to deliver the bill of lading to the seller. In this case, the bill of lading is used as evidence of contract of carriage between seller and carrier. However, when the bill of lading is negotiated to a <a href="/wiki/Bona_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a> third party then the bill of lading becomes conclusive evidence where no contradictory evidence can be introduced. It is because the third party cannot examine the actual shipment and can only pay attention to the document itself, not survey or examination of the shipment itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bill of lading will rarely be the contract itself, since the cargo space will have been booked previously, perhaps by telephone, email or letter. The preliminary contract will be acknowledged by both the shipper and carrier to incorporate the carrier's standard terms of business. If the <a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a> apply, then all of the Rules will be automatically annexed to the bill of lading, thus forming a statutory contract. </p><p>The bill of lading is not a contract of carriage as it is only signed by the carrier. Yet, it acts as evidence of contract due to the activities taken place between the shipper and the consignee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_title">As title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the bill of lading is used as a document of title, it is particularly related to the case of the buyer. When the buyer is entitled to receive goods from the carrier, the bill of lading in this case performs as a document of title for the goods. In simple words, the function of BL as a document of title shows who owns the cargo. Whoever has the duly endorsed BL is the rightful owner of the cargo described in the BL. Carrier becomes responsible before the law if they issue cargo to a party who is not the authorised person to claim the goods under this function. Further, if the BL is a "Seaway BL" document of title function will not be applicable. Simply, the bill of lading confers <i>prima facie</i> title over the goods to the named consignee or lawful holder. Under the "<i>nemo dat quod non habet"</i> rule ("no one gives what he doesn't have"), a seller cannot pass better title than he himself has; so if the goods are subject to an encumbrance (such as a mortgage, charge or hypothec), or even stolen, the bill of lading will not grant full title to the holder.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_bills_of_lading">Types of bills of lading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of bills of lading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bills of lading may take various forms, such as on-board and received-for-shipment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An <i>on-board bill of lading</i> denotes that merchandise has been physically loaded onto a shipping vessel, such as a freighter or cargo plane.</li> <li>A <i>received-for-shipment bill of lading</i> denotes that merchandise has been received, but is not guaranteed to have already been loaded onto a shipping vessel.(Typically, it will be issued by a freight-forwarder at a port or depot). Such bills can be converted upon being loaded.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The received for shipment BLs are used to deliver documents to the consignee faster. Yet these BLs are not accepted if the payment method is LC (Letter of Credit).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charter-party bill of lading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png/250px-Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png/330px-Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png/500px-Charter-party_Bill_of_lading.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Charter-party bill of lading, for a sulfuric acid bulk cargo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A <i>straight bill of lading</i> is used when payment has been made in advance of shipment and requires a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the appropriate party.</li> <li>An <i>order bill of lading</i> is used when shipping merchandise prior to payment, requiring a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the importer, and at the endorsement of the exporter the carrier may transfer title to the importer. Endorsed order bills of lading can be traded as a <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">security</a> or serve as <a href="/wiki/Collateral_(finance)" title="Collateral (finance)">collateral</a> against <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bills_of_lading_and_charterparties_compared">Bills of lading and charterparties compared</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bills of lading and charterparties compared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A charterparty is the contract governing the relationship between the shipowner and the charterer. The bill of lading governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier (who will be either a shipowner or a demise charterer). If the exporter (the shipper) is shipping a small amount of cargo, he will arrange for a carrier to carry the goods for him, using a bill of lading. If the exporter needs the whole (or a very substantial part) of the ship's cargo capacity, the exporter may need to charter the vessel, and he will enter into a charterparty agreement with the shipowner. </p><p>If the charter party is a time or voyage charterparty, the shipowner will still have control of the ship and its crew. If there is a demise (or "bareboat") charterparty, the charterer will effectively have a long lease and will have full control of the vessel. When the master (captain) issues a B/L to a shipper, he will be acting as an agent for the carrier, who will be either the shipowner (time or voyage) or the charterer (demise). In a time-charterparty or voyage-charterparty, if the charterer is shipping his own cargo (rather than the cargo of a third party) he will receive a bill of lading from the master, acting as agent of the shipowner; but that B/L will serve solely as a receipt and document of title, and its terms will (subject to contrary intent) be secondary to the terms of the charterparty, which remains the dominant contract.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_(EDI)"><span id="Sea_waybills_and_electronic_data_interchange_.28EDI.29"></span>Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Art. III of the Hague-Visby Rules, a carrier must, on demand, provide the shipper with a bill of lading; but if the shipper agrees, a lesser document such as a "<a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">sea waybill</a>" may be issued instead. In recent years, the use of bills of lading has declined, and they have tended to be replaced with the sea waybill. (If a so-called bill of lading is declared to be "non-negotiable", then it is not a true B/L,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead will be treated as a sea waybill.) </p><p>The main difference between these two documents is that the waybill gives the bearer the right to possession of the cargo, but does not confer title in the goods. As a result, there is no need for the physical document to be presented for the goods to be released. The carrier will automatically release the goods to the consignee once the import formalities have been completed. This results in a much smoother flow of trade, and has allowed shipping lines to move towards <a href="/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange" title="Electronic data interchange">electronic data interchange</a> which may greatly ease the flow of global trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For some time, it has been the case that the cargo may arrive at the destination before the bill of lading; and a practice has arisen for the shipper (having sent the bill of lading to the banks for checking) to send to the consignee a letter of indemnity (LOI) which can be presented to the carrier in exchange for the cargo. The LOI indemnifies the carrier against any cargo claim, but the document is not transferable and has no established legal status. For <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credit" title="Letter of credit">letter of credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Documentary_collection" title="Documentary collection">documentary collection</a> transactions, it is important to retain title to the goods until the transaction is complete. This means that the bill of lading still remains a vital document within international trade. Alternatively, to overcome the possibility of the goods reaching the destination ahead of the cargo, majority of the Shipping Lines offer an “Express release” service (formerly known as “Telex release”). By surrendering the full set of bills of lading issues at the port of loading, the shipping line can instruct the port of discharge to release the cargo without the physical presentation of bills of lading at destination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_bills_of_lading">Electronic bills of lading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronic bills of lading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, the industry has sought a solution to the difficulties, costs and inefficiencies associated with paper bills of lading. One answer is to make the bill an electronic document.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An electronic bill of lading (or eB/L) is the legal and functional equivalent of a paper bill of lading.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An electronic bill of lading must replicate the core functions of a paper bill of lading,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely its functions as a receipt, as evidence of or containing the contract of carriage and as a document of title.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_Electronic_Transferable_Records" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records">UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records</a> enables the issuance of bills of lading in electronic form that are functionally equivalent to paper-based ones.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, electronic bills of lading may be issued in the jurisdictions that have enacted that Model Law. These are Singapore and Bahrain. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Besides that, German law allows the usage of electronic Bills of Lading and other documents of title, see sec. 516 of the German Commercial Code.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German principle of functional equivalence matches with the MLETR. In the United Kingdom the Electronic Trade Documents Act, enacted in July 2023; made the usage of electronic Bills of lading legal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea">Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">Trade finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">Waybill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a <a href="/wiki/Cost,_Insurance_and_Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost, Insurance and Freight">CIF</a> contract, the buyer is essentially buying three documents, all of which grant rights over the cargo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If a so-called "bill of lading" is NOT transferable, it will be merely a sea-waybill or a ship's delivery order</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">... or received for shipment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Evidences": the contract may already have been made informally by say, booking cargo space on board.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CFR - formerly known as C&F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.4 thereby overrules the decision in <i>Grant v Norway</i> 1851 10 CB 665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">... but there is no legal advantage to this exercise.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, Torsten (13 September 2011). "The bill of lading as a document of title". <i>Journal of International Trade Law and Policy</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F14770021111165526">10.1108/14770021111165526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Trade+Law+and+Policy&rft.atitle=The+bill+of+lading+as+a+document+of+title&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F14770021111165526&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> s.1(2)b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/c4isl6rev1_en.pdf">"UNCTAD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unctad</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unctad&rft.atitle=UNCTAD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fen%2FPublicationsLibrary%2Fc4isl6rev1_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> s.1(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> s.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levi_2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levi_2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevi,_Maurice_D.2005" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Maurice D. (2005). <i>International Finance, 4th Edition</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-530900-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-530900-4"><bdi>978-0-41-530900-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Finance%2C+4th+Edition&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-41-530900-4&rft.au=Levi%2C+Maurice+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B.L._Mathur_and_Raman_K._Dave-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B.L._Mathur_and_Raman_K._Dave_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohra" class="citation book cs1">Bohra, Harsh. <i>International Trade and Finance</i>. Wide Vision.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trade+and+Finance&rft.pub=Wide+Vision&rft.aulast=Bohra&rft.aufirst=Harsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304053029/http://pntodd.users.netlink.co.uk/cases/cases_g/glyn_m.htm">Glyn Mills & Co. v. East and West India Dock Co</a>., updated 8 May 1997, archived 4 March 2015, accessed 5 December 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNCITRAL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/rotterdam-rules-e.pdf">United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea</a>, Article 1.14, Vienna, 2009, accessed 3 December 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShope2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shope, Mark L. (2020). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+lading+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Flading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lading#Dutch">"Definition of lading in Dutch from Wiktionary"</a>. 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+lading+in+Dutch+from+Wiktionary&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Flading%23Dutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/50">"Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. 2024-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Carriage+of+Goods+by+Sea+Act+1992&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1992%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpttrans.com/gui-hang-di-my-bang-duong-bien/">"Gửi hàng đi mỹ bằng đường biển"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%E1%BB%ADi+h%C3%A0ng+%C4%91i+m%E1%BB%B9+b%E1%BA%B1ng+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+bi%E1%BB%83n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpttrans.com%2Fgui-hang-di-my-bang-duong-bien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qais Ali Mahafzah, <i>The Legal Effectiveness of the Both-to-Blame Collision Clause under Bills of Lading and Charterparties</i>, 41 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 263 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law Commission report into "Rights of Suit in respect of Carriage of Goods by Sea", LAW COM No 196 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayerBixby2013" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Ray August; with revisions by Don; Bixby, Michael (2013). <i>International business law : text, cases, and readings</i> (6th ed., international ed.). Harlow [etc.]: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0273768616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0273768616"><bdi>978-0273768616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+business+law+%3A+text%2C+cases%2C+and+readings&rft.place=Harlow+%5Betc.%5D&rft.edition=6th+ed.%2C+international&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0273768616&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Ray+August%3B+with+revisions+by+Don&rft.au=Bixby%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2004_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2004_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckley,_Adrian2004" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Adrian (2004). <i>Multinational Finance</i>. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27-368209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-27-368209-7"><bdi>978-0-27-368209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Finance&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-27-368209-7&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFService2002" class="citation book cs1">Service, U. S. Customs (2002-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=AA3G2bJxEm0C&redir_esc=y"><i>Importing Into the United States: A Guide for Commercial Importers</i></a>. The Minerva Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89499-077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89499-077-9"><bdi>978-0-89499-077-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importing+Into+the+United+States%3A+A+Guide+for+Commercial+Importers&rft.pub=The+Minerva+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89499-077-9&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=U.+S.+Customs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.vn%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA3G2bJxEm0C%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> s.1(2) provides that a bill of lading may be a "received for shipment bill of lading"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <i>Sandeman v Scurr</i> (1866) L.R. 2 Q.B. 86, <i>Manchester Trust v Furness</i> [1895] 2 QB 282 & [1895] 2 QB 539, & <i>The Draupner</i> [1910] AC 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.1 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 1(5) of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> empowers the minister to make such provisions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukpandi.com/knowledge/article/paperless-trading-electronic-bills-of-lading-frequently-asked-questions-faqs-6167/">"PAPERLESS TRADING (ELECTRONIC BILLS OF LADING) -Frequently asked questions ("FAQs") - UK P&I"</a>. Ukpandi.com. 2013-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAPERLESS+TRADING+%28ELECTRONIC+BILLS+OF+LADING%29+-Frequently+asked+questions+%28%22FAQs%22%29+-+UK+P%26I&rft.pub=Ukpandi.com&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukpandi.com%2Fknowledge%2Farticle%2Fpaperless-trading-electronic-bills-of-lading-frequently-asked-questions-faqs-6167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315832685-18">"Bill of lading as document of title"</a>, <i>Commercial Shipping Handbook</i>, Informa Law from Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51, 2013-09-05, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315832685-18">10.4324/9781315832685-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-83268-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-83268-5"><bdi>978-1-315-83268-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+Shipping+Handbook&rft.atitle=Bill+of+lading+as+document+of+title&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315832685-18&rft.isbn=978-1-315-83268-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315832685-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_transferable_records">"UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (2017) | United Nations Commission On International Trade Law"</a>. <i>uncitral.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uncitral.un.org&rft.atitle=UNCITRAL+Model+Law+on+Electronic+Transferable+Records+%282017%29+%7C+United+Nations+Commission+On+International+Trade+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcitral.un.org%2Fen%2Ftexts%2Fecommerce%2Fmodellaw%2Felectronic_transferable_records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaive2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saive, David (2021). <i>Das elektronische Konnossement</i> [<i>The Electronic Bill of Lading</i>] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159688-9"><bdi>978-3-16-159688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+elektronische+Konnossement&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-16-159688-9&rft.aulast=Saive&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3344">"Electronic Trade Documents Bill [HL] - Parliamentary Bills"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>. 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Electronic+Trade+Documents+Bill+%5BHL%5D+-+Parliamentary+Bills&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F3344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+of+lading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_lading&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Porter" title="William W. Porter">William W. Porter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUcSAAAAYAAJ">A Treatise on the Law of Bills of Lading</a> (Philadelphia: Kay and Brothers, 1891)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_trade" title="Tramp trade">Tramp trade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bill of lading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demurrage" title="Demurrage">Demurrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">Laytime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Connaissement"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319106t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Connaissement"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319106t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563664">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284621805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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