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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of maritime law</div> <p>The <b>law of carriage of goods by sea</b> is a body of law that governs the rights and duties of shippers, carriers and consignees of marine cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily concerned with <b><a href="/wiki/Cargo_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo claim">cargo claims</a></b>, this body of law combines the <a href="/wiki/International_commercial_law" title="International commercial law">international commercial law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty laws</a>. </p><p>The typical obligations of a carrier by sea to a shipper of cargo are: </p> <ul><li>to provide a <a href="/wiki/Seaworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaworthiness">seaworthy ship</a></li> <li>to issue a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">bill of lading</a></li> <li>to "properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to proceed with "reasonable despatch"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to follow the agreed route (and not to <a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">deviate</a> from it).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cargo_claims">Cargo claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cargo claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freight_claim" title="Freight claim">freight claim</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Consignee" title="Consignee">Consignees</a> (or indeed any lawful holder of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">bill of lading</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wishes to make a cargo claim because their goods are substandard or have been lost or damaged at sea, typically have four options: </p> <ul><li>They may sue the <b>seller</b>, the <b>shipper</b>, or the <b>carrier</b>; or they may claim from their own <b>insurance policy</b>.</li> <li>A suit will lie against the seller if the seller has insufficient title,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the goods are not of satisfactory quality,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or do not comply with sample<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or description.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A suit will lie against the shipper if the goods are damaged through insufficient packing,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if any loss is suffered through insufficient labelling.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A suit will lie against the carrier if the damage occurred aboard ship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carrier's <a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">P&I Club</a> cover will normally bear the cost.</li> <li>If the cargo is damaged where the shipper without fault (e.g. if the goods have been properly packed and stowed) or if the carrier is either blameless or exempted from liability<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. because of '<a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Justifiable Deviation</a>'),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cargo-owner will have to claim on his own cargo policy.</li></ul> <p>A claim having been paid, the assured's rights of claim will be <a href="/wiki/Subrogation" title="Subrogation">subrogated</a> to the insurer, who may consider proceeding against a party who has caused the damage. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ship-owner" title="Ship-owner">shipowner</a> may sue a <a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)#Charter_types" title="Chartering (shipping)">time-charterer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">voyage-charterer</a> in the event of breach of contract. For instance, if the charterer exceeds <a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">laytime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demurrage" title="Demurrage">demurrage</a> will have to be paid; and if the charterer cannot comply with a <a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">Notice of Readiness</a> (NOR), the shipowner may <a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">repudiate</a> (cancel) the contract of carriage and claim <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a> for any loss.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carriage_conventions">Carriage conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carriage conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most contracts of carriage the carrier has greater bargaining power than the shipper, and in the 19th century English judges developed rules to protect the weaker parties.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Rules" title="Hague Rules">Hague Rules</a>, the various conventions set out to codify and develop such <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> principles by providing an international set of basic standards to be met by the carrier, with a view to establishing a universal framework of legal rights and duties. In practice, however, the level of protection was actually reduced because of new provisions allowing the carrier to (i) limit his liability, and (ii) rely on a wide array of exemptions from liability <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, whereas up until about 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the carrier's duties were deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict</a>, by 1905 the duty became one of "<a href="/wiki/Reasonable_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasonable care">reasonable care</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a>" only.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hague Rules of 1924 effectively <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a>, albeit in a diluted form, the English common law rules to protect the cargo owner against exploitation by the carrier. Nearly 50 years later, the <a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby</a> "update" made few changes, so that the newer Rules still applied only to "tackle to tackle" carriage (i.e. carriage by sea) and the <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">container</a> revolution of the 1950s was virtually ignored. The Hague-Visby Rules both excluded cabotage carriage, and declared that deck cargo and live animals were not to be considered as "goods" (although the <a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1971" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971</a> provided that cabotage, deck cargo and live animals are to be covered in English contracts). </p><p>The enormous list of exemptions to liability in Article IV made the Rules seem biased in favour of the carrier. As a result, The United Nations produced its own Hamburg Rules which were both more modern and fairer to cargo-owners; but while these have been enthusiastically adopted by developing nations, the wealthier ship-owning nations have stuck to Hague-Visby. In 2008 the final text of the Rotterdam Rules was agreed at <a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCITRAL">UNCITRAL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Rules are very extensive, with over 90 Articles against 11 in Hague-Visby. Although the Rotterdam Rules are up-to-date and address multimodal carriage, they have, nine years later, yet to be in force. It now seems doubtful that the Rotterdam Rules will ever be adopted, but there is a slim possibility that a cut-down version of the Rules ("Rotterdam Lite") might find favour. </p><p>China has effectively adopted the Hague Rules. The USA, which tends to shun conventions and instead rely on homespun legislation, has its own <a href="/wiki/Statutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutes">statutes</a>. These comprise the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (a mildly updated version of the Hague Rules for goods in foreign commerce), and the <a href="/wiki/Harter_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Harter Act">Harter Act</a> (for mostly domestic carriage).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_statutes_and_sources">Relevant statutes and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relevant statutes and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1971" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971</a> - UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992</a> - UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_of_Goods_by_Sea_Act" title="Carriage of Goods by Sea Act">Carriage of Goods by Sea Act - (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harter_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Harter Act">Harter Act</a> - USA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea</i> (2011) - L.Singh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a> Art III rule 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%E2%80%99Andrew_v_Adams_(1834)_1_Bing_NC_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M’Andrew v Adams (1834) 1 Bing NC 29 (page does not exist)">M’Andrew v Adams (1834) 1 Bing NC 29</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Glynn_v_Margetson" title="Glynn v Margetson">Glynn v Margetson</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a> Art IV rule 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill of lading, or sea way bill or ship's delivery order: Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 ss.1 & 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sale of Goods Act1979 (as amended), section 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sale of Goods Act1979 (as amended), section 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sale of Goods Act1979 (as amended), section 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sale of Goods Act1979 (as amended), section 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hague Visby Rules Art. IV Rule 2(n)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Goodwin v Lamport and Holt</i> [1929] All ER 623</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hague Visby Rules Art. III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parsons v New Zealand Shipping</i> [1901] KB 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bunge v Brasil</i> [2009] 2 Lloyds Rep 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hague-Visby Rules Arts. II & III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hague-Visby Rules Art IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Teutonia</i> (1872) LR 4 PC 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Al Taha</i> [1990] 2 LL R 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Stag Line v Foscolo, Mango & Co</i> [1932] AC 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scaramanga v Stamp</i> (1880) 5 CPD 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maredelanto_Compania_Naviera_SA_v_Bergbau-Handel_GmbH" title="Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH">Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH</a>|<i>The Mihalis Angelos</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>M'Andrew v Adams</i> (1834) 1 Bing NC 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">...such as "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perils_of_the_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perils of the Sea (page does not exist)">Perils of the Sea</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a> in navigation or management of the ship").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Hague-Visby Rules Art. IV (1) & (2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Principles of the Carriage of Goods by Sea</i> -Paul Todd</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Glenfruin</i> (1885) 10 PD 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>McFadden v Blue Star Line</i> [1905] 1 KB 697</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNCITRAL: United Nations Commission of International Trade Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=04c1704f-05cd-4dc5-89c8-bb1a921dd13b">Lexology report</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&oldid=1127486666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_carriage_of_goods_by_sea&oldid=1127486666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade_law" title="Category:International trade law">International trade law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Admiralty_law" title="Category:Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_law" title="Category:International law">International law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 December 2022, at 00:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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