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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pineland_Archeological_District&params=26.66_N_82.15_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">82°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.66°N 82.15°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.66; -82.15</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic district in Florida, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Pineland Archeological District</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #E6E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">U.S. Historic district</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Florida_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineland Archeological District is located in Florida"><img alt="Pineland Archeological District is located in Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.797%;left:70.807%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pineland Archeological District"><img alt="Pineland Archeological District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Florida</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineland Archeological District is located in the United States"><img alt="Pineland Archeological District is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.224%;left:77.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pineland Archeological District"><img alt="Pineland Archeological District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pineland,_Florida" title="Pineland, Florida">Pineland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pineland_Archeological_District&params=26.66_N_82.15_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">82°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.66°N 82.15°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.66; -82.15</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Property Submission">MPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Archeological Resources of the Caloosahatchee Region <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places#Multiple_Property_Submission" title="National Register of Historic Places">MPS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/73000583">73000583</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">November 27, 1973</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pineland Archeological District</b> (also known as <b>Battey's Landing</b> or <b>Battey Place</b> or the <b>Pineland Site</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic district (United States)">historic district</a> (designated as such on November 27, 1973) located on <a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_(Lee_County,_Florida)" title="Pine Island (Lee County, Florida)">Pine Island</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Pineland,_Florida" title="Pineland, Florida">Pineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and next to <a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_Sound" title="Pine Island Sound">Pine Island Sound</a>. The site was occupied by people of the <a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee culture</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> in historic times, from 500 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> until after 1700. The site includes shell and sand <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> and other structures and prehistoric canals and artificial lakes. It also includes structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pineland Archeological District includes a number of mounds and other features. Close to the shore is Battey's Landing (8LL35), consisting of the Brown Mound Complex, with five mounds, to the northwest, and to the southeast, the Randell Mound Complex, with two mounds. The two complexes are separated by the western end of the Pine Island Canal (8LL34). Southeast of the Randell Mound Complex, close to the shore, is the Old Mound, or Pineland Midden (8LL37). Inland to the south of the canal are the Surf Clam Ridge, the Citrus Ridge, the Smith Mound, or Pineland Burial Mound (8LL36), and the Low Mound (8LL1612). Furthest inland, north of the canal, is Adam's Mound (8LL38).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pineland site was in use for most of the Caloosahatchee culture period, from about 50 until after 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site also includes historic buildings, such as the Pineland Post Office and the Ruby Gill House.<sup id="cite_ref-about_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pineland Site Complex is an area designated for the protection of the archaeological and natural resources of the Pineland site, managed by the University of Florida Foundation. In partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Conservancy">Archeological Conservancy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> Foundation, <a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee County</a> and the Calusa Land Trust, the State of Florida has designated 211 acres (85 ha) as an area of Critical Historical Resources. In 1996, the Randell family gave 53 acres (210,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of the site to the University of Florida, which the museum now operates as the Randell Research Center. As of 2012, 63 acres (25 ha) had been acquired by the state, and negotiations were underway to buy full ownership or conservation easements on several remaining parcels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Randell Research Center is a research and educational facility at Pineland operated by the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-about_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battey's_Landing"><span id="Battey.27s_Landing"></span>Battey's Landing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battey's Landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heart of the Pineland site, Battey's Landing, covered about 100 acres (40 ha) when visited by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_Cushing" title="Frank Hamilton Cushing">Frank Hamilton Cushing</a> in 1895, but by 1989 only 20 acres (8.1 ha) remained intact, preserved by landowners Don and Pat Randell.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cushing described the site as extending about .25 miles (0.40 km) inland and about .75 miles (1.21 km) along the shore, with the "high-built" portions (including the courts) covering at least 75 to 80 acres (30 to 32 ha). He reported five "enormous" rectangular courts, enclosed by nine quadrangular foundation terraces. A series of benches, courts and enclosures extended to the south of the main site, diminishing in size. The courts were connected to Pine Island Sound by canals. Cushing described the Pine Island Canal, leading from Pine Island Sound between two "very high shell elevations" to a court that was lower than the others. From the eastern end of the court, a canal 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep ran east into the interior of the island. Much of the Battey's Landing site, and in particular, the courts, was being used for agriculture at the time of Cushing's visit.<sup id="cite_ref-cushing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_features">Other features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the other mounds at Pineland, which were shell <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a>, the Smith Mound is a sand mound with thin layers of shell, and was used for burials. The Smith Mound was originally about 300 feet (91 m) long and 30 feet (9.1 m) high. (Cushing gave dimensions for this mound of 375 feet (114 m) long, 150 feet (46 m) wide and 58 feet (18 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It was surrounded by a pond fed by a canal which branched from the Pine Island Canal. A path wound around the mound to the summit, which was narrow but flat. Cushing observed <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherds</a>, broken shell ladles, and human bones on the mound. The Smith Mound was constructed around 1000 years ago. Part of the mound was destroyed more than a century ago, and the adjacent pond and canal filled in. Half of the mound and the pond were preserved by its owner, Captain Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-cushing_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pineland site faces the shallow Pine Island Sound. The people of Pineland were largely dependent on fish and shellfish taken from the Sound for sustenance. Early in the Current Era, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Warm_Period" title="Roman Warm Period">Roman Warm Period</a>, sea levels were comparable to or higher than current levels.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of Pineland during this period left linear shell middens parallel to the shore. Several lines of middens formed as people moved back and forth in response to variations in the sea level in the Sound. As the climate shifted into a cooler period, sometimes called the Vandal Minimum, sea levels fell to the point that Pine Island Sound no longer supported a fishery adequate to the needs of the Pineland population. </p><p>Sometime during the 9th century, Pineland and other population centers along the west side of Pine Island, such as <a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a>, were abandoned in favor of sites with access to deeper water on the <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier islands</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks Site</a>, and on islands on the west side of Pine Island Sound, such as <a href="/wiki/Useppa" class="mw-redirect" title="Useppa">Useppa</a>. This corresponds to the beginning of the Caloosahatchee IIB period, marked by changes in ceramics. The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a> brought a rapid return of sea level in Pine Island Sound to former levels, and Pineland was reoccupied in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 10th century, the people of Pineland constructed linear mounds in groups, with the mounds oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, in contrast to the earlier middens parallel to the shoreline. These mounds reached heights of up to 7 metres (23 ft) by about 1200, at the end of the Caloosahatchee IIB period. During this period a natural waterway passing between the Brown and Randell mound complexes was altered into the western end of the Pine Island Canal. The Smith Mound was also started in the 11th century. A pronounced cool spell, around 1100, briefly lowered sea levels in Pine Island Sound, and the Pineland site was apparently abandoned from before 1100 until about 1150. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> began around 1200, again lowering sea levels in Pine Island Sound, but never as low as during the Vandal Minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cushing has been said to have used 'hyperbole' in his estimates of the heights of mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2000xii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2000xii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marquardt and Walker list the Wulfert High sea level, corresponding to the Roman Warm Period (100 BCE - 500), Buck Key Low sea level, corresponding to the Vandal Minimum (500 -850), La Costa High sea level, corresponding to the Medieval Warm Period (850-1200), and Sanibel II Low sea level, corresponding to the Little Ice Age (1200 - 1850).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquardtWalker201232_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquardtWalker201232-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell-Tapping et al. posit a sea level along the southwest Florida coast about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) above late 20th century mean sea level (MSL) during the Wulfert High, and about 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) below late 20th century MSL during the Buck Key Low, with smaller excursions during the La Costa High and Sanibel II Low.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneWilliam_H._Marquardt1996" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Claudine; William H. Marquardt (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/newsletters/Calusa-News-8-January-1996.pdf">"Pineland, a Gift of the Past to the Future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Calusa News</i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calusa+News&rft.atitle=Pineland%2C+a+Gift+of+the+Past+to+the+Future&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1996-01&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Claudine&rft.au=William+H.+Marquardt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Fsflarch%2Fnewsletters%2FCalusa-News-8-January-1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Luer, George M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Historic+Resources+at+the+Pineland+Site%2C+Lee+County%2C+Florida&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1991-03&rft.aulast=Luer&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00027829%2F00046%2F2j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampsonRandee_HunterVictor_D._Thompson2011" class="citation news cs1">Sampson, Christina Perry; Randee Hunter; Victor D. Thompson (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/rrc/RRC_Vol10_No3.pdf">"Shallow Geophysics and Archaeology at Pineland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Friends of the Randell Research Center</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+the+Randell+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Shallow+Geophysics+and+Archaeology+at+Pineland&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Christina+Perry&rft.au=Randee+Hunter&rft.au=Victor+D.+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Frrc%2FRRC_Vol10_No3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardtKaren_J._Walker2013" class="citation web cs1">Marquardt, William H.; Karen J. Walker (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/730982807.pdf">"The Archaeology of Pineland: A Coastal Southwest Florida Site Complex: A.D 50 - 1710"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Pineland%3A+A+Coastal+Southwest+Florida+Site+Complex%3A+A.D+50+-+1710&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Karen+J.+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbv.de%2Fdms%2Fsub-hamburg%2F730982807.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/rrc/aboutus.htm">"Randell Research Center"</a>. Florida Museum of Natural History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randell+Research+Center&rft.pub=Florida+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Frrc%2Faboutus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/FFAnnual/Pineland%20Site%20Complex.pdf">"Pineland Site Complex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Florida Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pineland+Site+Complex&rft.pub=Florida+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dep.state.fl.us%2Flands%2FFFAnnual%2FPineland%2520Site%2520Complex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt1989" class="citation news cs1">Marquardt, William H. (May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/newsletters/Calusa-News-3-May-1989.pdf">"Return to Battey's Landing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Calusa News</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calusa+News&rft.atitle=Return+to+Battey%27s+Landing&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1989-05&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Fsflarch%2Fnewsletters%2FCalusa-News-3-May-1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cushing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cushing_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cushing_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushing2000" class="citation book cs1">Cushing, Frank Hamilton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRiwKU4ikkkC"><i>Exploration of Ancient Key-Dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1791-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1791-2"><bdi>0-8130-1791-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploration+of+Ancient+Key-Dweller+Remains+on+the+Gulf+Coast+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=13-15&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8130-1791-2&rft.aulast=Cushing&rft.aufirst=Frank+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRiwKU4ikkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2000xii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2000xii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer 2000</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/rrc/RRC_Vol12_No4.pdf">"The Smith Mound at Pineland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Friends of the Randell Research Center</i>. December 2013. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+the+Randell+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+Smith+Mound+at+Pineland&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Frrc%2FRRC_Vol12_No4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquardtWalker201232-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquardtWalker201232_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquardtWalker2012">Marquardt & Walker 2012</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell-TappingMitchell-TappingLeeWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell-Tapping, Hugh J.; Mitchell-Tapping, Aleta M.; Lee, Thomas J.; Williams, Cathy R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617090850/http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/9802-8.pdf">"Core Evidence of Sea Level High Stands in Southwestern Florida During the Last 5,000 Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Florida Gulf Coast University. pp. 51–52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/9802-8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Core+Evidence+of+Sea+Level+High+Stands+in+Southwestern+Florida+During+the+Last+5%2C000+Years&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Florida+Gulf+Coast+University&rft.aulast=Mitchell-Tapping&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rft.au=Mitchell-Tapping%2C+Aleta+M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Cathy+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fgcu.edu%2Fchnep%2F9802-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marquardt & Walker: 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marquardt & Walker: 39–41</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardtWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, William H.; Walker, Karen J. (2012). "Southwest Florida During the Mississippi Period". In Ashley, Keith; Nancy Marie White (eds.). <i>Late Prehistoric Florida: Archaeology at Edge of the Mississippian World</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 29–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4014-1"><bdi>978-0-8130-4014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southwest+Florida+During+the+Mississippi+Period&rft.btitle=Late+Prehistoric+Florida%3A+Archaeology+at+Edge+of+the+Mississippian+World&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=29-61&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4014-1&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Karen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Widmer, Randolph J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRiwKU4ikkkC">Introduction</a>. <i>Exploration of Ancient Key-Dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida</i>. By <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_Cushing" title="Frank Hamilton Cushing">Cushing, Frank Hamilton</a> (Reprint of 1896 ed.). Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida. pp. ix–xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1791-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1791-2"><bdi>0-8130-1791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Exploration+of+Ancient+Key-Dweller+Remains+on+the+Gulf+Coast+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=ix-xxii&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1896&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8130-1791-2&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Randolph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRiwKU4ikkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APineland+Archeological+District" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/FL/Lee/state.html">Lee County listings</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com">National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060326093115/http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/places/Counties/Lee.cfm">Lee County listings</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flheritage.com">Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Royal_(Florida)_second_copper_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/20px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/30px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/40px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>Periods</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Paleoindians" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Paleoindians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Archaic period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Post-Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Post-Archaic period</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period" title="Mount Taylor period">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood_culture" title="Norwood culture">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_period" title="Orange period">Orange period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">McKeithen</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region" title="Weeden Island culture">North peninsular Gulf coast</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/165px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/220px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay#Underwater_archaeological_sites" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqui_Esta_Burial_Mound" title="Aqui Esta Burial Mound">Aqui Esta Burial Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Pines_Site" title="Bay Pines Site">Bay Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District">Bear Lake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Heart_West" title="Big Heart West">Big Heart West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_City" title="Big Mound City">Big Mound City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_Key-Boggess_Ridge_Archeological_District" title="Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District">Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Hammock" title="Bird Hammock">Bird Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Site" title="Blueberry Site">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowers_Bluff_Middens_Archeological_District" title="Bowers Bluff Middens Archeological District">Bowers Bluff Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Midden" title="Bubba Midden">Bubba Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake_Site" title="Burns Lake Site">Burns Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcherpen_Mound" title="Butcherpen Mound">Butcherpen Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Pelau_Archaeological_Site" title="Cayo Pelau Archaeological Site">Cayo Pelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson Mound and Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Ostl_Site" title="C. J. Ostl Site">C. J. Ostl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demere_Key" title="Demere Key">Demere Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_Cave" title="Devil's Den Cave">Devil's Den Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Key" title="Dismal Key">Dismal Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Beach_Site" title="Douglass Beach Site">Douglass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Patch_Archeological_Site" title="Garden Patch Archeological Site">Garden Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mound" title="Green Mound">Green Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Creek_Site" title="Halfway Creek Site">Halfway Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinson_Mounds" title="Hinson Mounds">Hinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fields" title="Indian Fields">Indian Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26J_Hunt_Submerged_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="J&J Hunt Submerged Archaeological Site">J&J Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Prada_Site" title="Jungle Prada Site">Jungle Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Island_Midden_Archeological_Site" title="Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site">Kimball Island Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pithlachocco_Canoe_Site" title="Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site">Lake Pithlachocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring" title="Little Salt Spring">Little Salt Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Circle" title="Miami Circle">Miami Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Cove_Complex" title="Mill Cove Complex">Mill Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District" title="Monroe Lake Archeological District">Monroe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Archeological_Site" title="Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site">Mount Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(Florida)" title="Mount Royal (Florida)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Florida)" title="Mount Taylor (Florida)">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_Key" title="Mullet Key">Mullet Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakkahatchee_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Myakkahatchee Creek Archaeological Site">Myakkahatchee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocoroco" title="Nocoroco">Nocoroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortona_Prehistoric_Village" title="Ortona Prehistoric Village">Ortona Prehistoric Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Hare_Archeological_Site" title="Otis Hare Archeological Site">Otis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page-Ladson_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Page-Ladson site">Page-Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_Mound" title="Persimmon Mound">Persimmon Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Island" title="Platt Island">Platt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Site" title="Plaza Site">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Mound" title="Pompano Beach Mound">Pompano Beach Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavant_Mound" title="Portavant Mound">Portavant Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_Bar_Site" title="Porter's Bar Site">Porter's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mound" title="Princess Mound">Princess Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Rock Mound Archeological Site">Rock Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Mound" title="Rookery Mound">Rookery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hammock_Site" title="Ross Hammock Site">Ross Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_site" title="Safety Harbor site">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District" title="Shark River Slough Archeological District">Shark River Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Bluff_Landing" title="Shell Bluff Landing">Shell Bluff Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Creek_Mound_Complex" title="Spruce Creek Mound Complex">Spruce Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District" title="Thomas Creek Archeological District">Thomas Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mound" title="Turtle Mound">Turtle Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Twin Mounds Archeological District">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tampa_Bay_Park" title="Upper Tampa Bay Park">Upper Tampa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useppa_Island" title="Useppa Island">Useppa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon Mound and Village</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key_Offshore" title="Manasota Key Offshore">Manasota Key Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)" title="Warm Mineral Springs (spring)">Warm Mineral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point" title="Beaver Lake point">Beaver Lake point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Everglades_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region">Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Native_American_sites_in_Florida" title="Protection of Native American sites in Florida">Protection of Native American sites in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">Shell ring</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites#Florida" title="List of shell ring sites">List of shell ring sites#Florida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_works" title="Shell works">Shell works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&oldid=1242509418">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pineland_Archeological_District&oldid=1242509418</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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