CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0'> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/manifest.json" > <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/fv/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>No clean air in sight: Europe's worst-affected cities - VSquare.org</title> <meta name="description" content="With the EU voting on new air quality rules, satellite data shows 98% of people face pollution above limits recommended by the WHO." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="No clean air in sight: Europe's worst-affected cities - VSquare.org" /> <meta property="og:description" content="With the EU voting on new air quality rules, satellite data shows 98% of people face pollution above limits recommended by the WHO." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="VSquare.org" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-09-07T12:45:50+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-11-11T17:16:27+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="The European Data Journalism Network" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="The European Data Journalism Network" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="7 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/","url":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/","name":"No clean air in sight: Europe's worst-affected cities - VSquare.org","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://vsquare.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg","datePublished":"2023-09-07T12:45:50+00:00","dateModified":"2023-11-11T17:16:27+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://vsquare.org/#/schema/person/41ec68b06207e480889582a89dbddd83"},"description":"With the EU voting on new air quality rules, satellite data shows 98% of people face pollution above limits recommended by the WHO.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/#primaryimage","url":"https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg","contentUrl":"https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg","width":1200,"height":797},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Strona główna","item":"https://vsquare.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"No clean air in sight: Europe’s worst-affected cities"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://vsquare.org/#website","url":"https://vsquare.org/","name":"VSquare.org","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://vsquare.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://vsquare.org/#/schema/person/41ec68b06207e480889582a89dbddd83","name":"The European Data Journalism Network","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://vsquare.org/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9620063cec5a9a397dce59372542260?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9620063cec5a9a397dce59372542260?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"The European Data Journalism Network"},"description":"EDJNet is a network of media organisations from all across Europe, producing and promoting data-driven coverage of European issues. FRONTSTORY.PL is a part of this network.","sameAs":["https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/"],"url":"https://vsquare.org/author/edjnet/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.stripe.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//vsquare.org' /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"wpemoji":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji.js?ver=6.7.2","twemoji":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-includes\/js\/twemoji.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /** * @output wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.js */ /** * Emoji Settings as exported in PHP via _print_emoji_detection_script(). * @typedef WPEmojiSettings * @type {object} * @property {?object} source * @property {?string} source.concatemoji * @property {?string} source.twemoji * @property {?string} source.wpemoji * @property {?boolean} DOMReady * @property {?Function} readyCallback */ /** * Support tests. * @typedef SupportTests * @type {object} * @property {?boolean} flag * @property {?boolean} emoji */ /** * IIFE to detect emoji support and load Twemoji if needed. * * @param {Window} window * @param {Document} document * @param {WPEmojiSettings} settings */ ( function wpEmojiLoader( window, document, settings ) { if ( typeof Promise === 'undefined' ) { return; } var sessionStorageKey = 'wpEmojiSettingsSupports'; var tests = [ 'flag', 'emoji' ]; /** * Checks whether the browser supports offloading to a Worker. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @returns {boolean} */ function supportsWorkerOffloading() { return ( typeof Worker !== 'undefined' && typeof OffscreenCanvas !== 'undefined' && typeof URL !== 'undefined' && URL.createObjectURL && typeof Blob !== 'undefined' ); } /** * @typedef SessionSupportTests * @type {object} * @property {number} timestamp * @property {SupportTests} supportTests */ /** * Get support tests from session. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @returns {?SupportTests} Support tests, or null if not set or older than 1 week. */ function getSessionSupportTests() { try { /** @type {SessionSupportTests} */ var item = JSON.parse( sessionStorage.getItem( sessionStorageKey ) ); if ( typeof item === 'object' && typeof item.timestamp === 'number' && new Date().valueOf() < item.timestamp + 604800 && // Note: Number is a week in seconds. typeof item.supportTests === 'object' ) { return item.supportTests; } } catch ( e ) {} return null; } /** * Persist the supports in session storage. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @param {SupportTests} supportTests Support tests. */ function setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ) { try { /** @type {SessionSupportTests} */ var item = { supportTests: supportTests, timestamp: new Date().valueOf() }; sessionStorage.setItem( sessionStorageKey, JSON.stringify( item ) ); } catch ( e ) {} } /** * Checks if two sets of Emoji characters render the same visually. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 4.9.0 * * @private * * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} context 2D Context. * @param {string} set1 Set of Emoji to test. * @param {string} set2 Set of Emoji to test. * * @return {boolean} True if the two sets render the same. */ function emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, set1, set2 ) { // Cleanup from previous test. context.clearRect( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ); context.fillText( set1, 0, 0 ); var rendered1 = new Uint32Array( context.getImageData( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ).data ); // Cleanup from previous test. context.clearRect( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ); context.fillText( set2, 0, 0 ); var rendered2 = new Uint32Array( context.getImageData( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ).data ); return rendered1.every( function ( rendered2Data, index ) { return rendered2Data === rendered2[ index ]; } ); } /** * Determines if the browser properly renders Emoji that Twemoji can supplement. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 4.2.0 * * @private * * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} context 2D Context. * @param {string} type Whether to test for support of "flag" or "emoji". * @param {Function} emojiSetsRenderIdentically Reference to emojiSetsRenderIdentically function, needed due to minification. * * @return {boolean} True if the browser can render emoji, false if it cannot. */ function browserSupportsEmoji( context, type, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ) { var isIdentical; switch ( type ) { case 'flag': /* * Test for Transgender flag compatibility. Added in Unicode 13. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly (white flag emoji + transgender symbol). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83C\uDFF3\uFE0F\u200D\u26A7\uFE0F', // as a zero-width joiner sequence '\uD83C\uDFF3\uFE0F\u200B\u26A7\uFE0F' // separated by a zero-width space ); if ( isIdentical ) { return false; } /* * Test for UN flag compatibility. This is the least supported of the letter locale flags, * so gives us an easy test for full support. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly ([U] + [N]). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83C\uDDFA\uD83C\uDDF3', // as the sequence of two code points '\uD83C\uDDFA\u200B\uD83C\uDDF3' // as the two code points separated by a zero-width space ); if ( isIdentical ) { return false; } /* * Test for English flag compatibility. England is a country in the United Kingdom, it * does not have a two letter locale code but rather a five letter sub-division code. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly (black flag emoji + [G] + [B] + [E] + [N] + [G]). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, // as the flag sequence '\uD83C\uDFF4\uDB40\uDC67\uDB40\uDC62\uDB40\uDC65\uDB40\uDC6E\uDB40\uDC67\uDB40\uDC7F', // with each code point separated by a zero-width space '\uD83C\uDFF4\u200B\uDB40\uDC67\u200B\uDB40\uDC62\u200B\uDB40\uDC65\u200B\uDB40\uDC6E\u200B\uDB40\uDC67\u200B\uDB40\uDC7F' ); return ! isIdentical; case 'emoji': /* * Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie. * * To test for Emoji 15.0 support, try to render a new emoji: Blackbird. * * The Blackbird is a ZWJ sequence combining 🐦 Bird and ⬛ large black square., * * 0x1F426 (\uD83D\uDC26) == Bird * 0x200D == Zero-Width Joiner (ZWJ) that links the code points for the new emoji or * 0x200B == Zero-Width Space (ZWS) that is rendered for clients not supporting the new emoji. * 0x2B1B == Large Black Square * * When updating this test for future Emoji releases, ensure that individual emoji that make up the * sequence come from older emoji standards. */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83D\uDC26\u200D\u2B1B', // as the zero-width joiner sequence '\uD83D\uDC26\u200B\u2B1B' // separated by a zero-width space ); return ! isIdentical; } return false; } /** * Checks emoji support tests. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @param {string[]} tests Tests. * @param {Function} browserSupportsEmoji Reference to browserSupportsEmoji function, needed due to minification. * @param {Function} emojiSetsRenderIdentically Reference to emojiSetsRenderIdentically function, needed due to minification. * * @return {SupportTests} Support tests. */ function testEmojiSupports( tests, browserSupportsEmoji, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ) { var canvas; if ( typeof WorkerGlobalScope !== 'undefined' && self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope ) { canvas = new OffscreenCanvas( 300, 150 ); // Dimensions are default for HTMLCanvasElement. } else { canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' ); } var context = canvas.getContext( '2d', { willReadFrequently: true } ); /* * Chrome on OS X added native emoji rendering in M41. Unfortunately, * it doesn't work when the font is bolder than 500 weight. So, we * check for bold rendering support to avoid invisible emoji in Chrome. */ context.textBaseline = 'top'; context.font = '600 32px Arial'; var supports = {}; tests.forEach( function ( test ) { supports[ test ] = browserSupportsEmoji( context, test, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ); } ); return supports; } /** * Adds a script to the head of the document. * * @ignore * * @since 4.2.0 * * @param {string} src The url where the script is located. * * @return {void} */ function addScript( src ) { var script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.src = src; script.defer = true; document.head.appendChild( script ); } settings.supports = { everything: true, everythingExceptFlag: true }; // Create a promise for DOMContentLoaded since the worker logic may finish after the event has fired. var domReadyPromise = new Promise( function ( resolve ) { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', resolve, { once: true } ); } ); // Obtain the emoji support from the browser, asynchronously when possible. new Promise( function ( resolve ) { var supportTests = getSessionSupportTests(); if ( supportTests ) { resolve( supportTests ); return; } if ( supportsWorkerOffloading() ) { try { // Note that the functions are being passed as arguments due to minification. var workerScript = 'postMessage(' + testEmojiSupports.toString() + '(' + [ JSON.stringify( tests ), browserSupportsEmoji.toString(), emojiSetsRenderIdentically.toString() ].join( ',' ) + '));'; var blob = new Blob( [ workerScript ], { type: 'text/javascript' } ); var worker = new Worker( URL.createObjectURL( blob ), { name: 'wpTestEmojiSupports' } ); worker.onmessage = function ( event ) { supportTests = event.data; setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ); worker.terminate(); resolve( supportTests ); }; return; } catch ( e ) {} } supportTests = testEmojiSupports( tests, browserSupportsEmoji, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ); setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ); resolve( supportTests ); } ) // Once the browser emoji support has been obtained from the session, finalize the settings. .then( function ( supportTests ) { /* * Tests the browser support for flag emojis and other emojis, and adjusts the * support settings accordingly. */ for ( var test in supportTests ) { settings.supports[ test ] = supportTests[ test ]; settings.supports.everything = settings.supports.everything && settings.supports[ test ]; if ( 'flag' !== test ) { settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag = settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag && settings.supports[ test ]; } } settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag = settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag && ! settings.supports.flag; // Sets DOMReady to false and assigns a ready function to settings. settings.DOMReady = false; settings.readyCallback = function () { settings.DOMReady = true; }; } ) .then( function () { return domReadyPromise; } ) .then( function () { // When the browser can not render everything we need to load a polyfill. if ( ! settings.supports.everything ) { settings.readyCallback(); var src = settings.source || {}; if ( src.concatemoji ) { addScript( src.concatemoji ); } else if ( src.wpemoji && src.twemoji ) { addScript( src.twemoji ); addScript( src.wpemoji ); } } } ); } )( window, document, window._wpemojiSettings ); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bb-tcs-editor-style-shared-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/editor-style-shared.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give-styles-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/css/give.css?ver=3.22.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give-donation-summary-style-frontend-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/css/give-donation-summary.css?ver=3.22.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cmplz-general-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/assets/css/cookieblocker.css?ver=1740384655' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give-currency-switcher-style-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give-currency-switcher/assets/css/give-currency-switcher-frontend.css?ver=2.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give_recurring_css-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give-recurring/assets/css/give-recurring.min.css?ver=2.11.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='main-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/style.css?vr=1.34&ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/popup-maker/assets/css/pum-site.css?ver=1.20.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='popup-maker-site-inline-css' type='text/css'> /* Popup Google Fonts */ @import url('//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:100'); /* Popup Theme 6795: Default Theme */ .pum-theme-6795, .pum-theme-default-theme { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6795 .pum-container, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 249, 249, 249, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6795 .pum-title, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; font-style: normal; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6795 .pum-content, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-content { color: #8c8c8c; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-style: inherit } .pum-theme-6795 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: auto; width: auto; left: auto; right: 0px; bottom: auto; top: 0px; padding: 8px; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 36px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 183, 205, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 6796: Light Box */ .pum-theme-6796, .pum-theme-lightbox { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.60 ) } .pum-theme-6796 .pum-container, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 3px; border: 8px solid #000000; box-shadow: 0px 0px 30px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 1.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6796 .pum-title, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6796 .pum-content, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-content { color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-6796 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 26px; width: 26px; left: auto; right: -13px; bottom: auto; top: -13px; padding: 0px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-weight: 100; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; border: 2px solid #ffffff; border-radius: 26px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 15px 1px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.75 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 6797: Enterprise Blue */ .pum-theme-6797, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.70 ) } .pum-theme-6797 .pum-container, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-container { padding: 28px; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 10px 25px 4px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.50 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6797 .pum-title, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-title { color: #315b7c; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 34px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6797 .pum-content, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-6797 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 28px; width: 28px; left: auto; right: 8px; bottom: auto; top: 8px; padding: 4px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 20px; line-height: 20px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 42px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 49, 91, 124, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 6798: Hello Box */ .pum-theme-6798, .pum-theme-hello-box { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.75 ) } .pum-theme-6798 .pum-container, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-container { padding: 30px; border-radius: 80px; border: 14px solid #81d742; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6798 .pum-title, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-title { color: #2d2d2d; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6798 .pum-content, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-6798 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: auto; width: auto; left: auto; right: -30px; bottom: auto; top: -30px; padding: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 28px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 6799: Cutting Edge */ .pum-theme-6799, .pum-theme-cutting-edge { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.50 ) } .pum-theme-6799 .pum-container, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 10px 25px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.50 ); background-color: rgba( 30, 115, 190, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6799 .pum-title, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-title { color: #ffffff; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: Sans-Serif; font-weight: 100; font-size: 26px; line-height: 28px } .pum-theme-6799 .pum-content, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-content { color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-6799 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 24px; width: 24px; left: auto; right: 0px; bottom: auto; top: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 24px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: -1px 1px 1px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.10 ); text-shadow: -1px 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.10 ); background-color: rgba( 238, 238, 34, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 6800: Framed Border */ .pum-theme-6800, .pum-theme-framed-border { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.50 ) } .pum-theme-6800 .pum-container, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 20px outset #dd3333; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.97 ) inset; background-color: rgba( 255, 251, 239, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6800 .pum-title, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6800 .pum-content, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-6800 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 20px; width: 20px; left: auto; right: -20px; bottom: auto; top: -20px; padding: 0px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.55 ) } /* Popup Theme 6801: Floating Bar - Soft Blue */ .pum-theme-6801, .pum-theme-floating-bar { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ) } .pum-theme-6801 .pum-container, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-container { padding: 8px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 238, 246, 252, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-6801 .pum-title, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-title { color: #505050; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6801 .pum-content, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-content { color: #505050; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400 } .pum-theme-6801 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 18px; width: 18px; left: auto; right: 5px; bottom: auto; top: 50%; padding: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Sans-Serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; border: 1px solid #505050; border-radius: 15px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ); transform: translate(0, -50%) } /* Popup Theme 6802: Content Only - For use with page builders or block editor */ .pum-theme-6802, .pum-theme-content-only { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.70 ) } .pum-theme-6802 .pum-container, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-container { padding: 0px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ) } .pum-theme-6802 .pum-title, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-6802 .pum-content, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-content { color: #8c8c8c; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400 } .pum-theme-6802 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 18px; width: 18px; left: auto; right: 7px; bottom: auto; top: 7px; padding: 0px; color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-size: 20px; line-height: 20px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 15px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ) } #pum-6966 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-6803 {z-index: 1999999999} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-stripe-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_stripe_vars = {"zero_based_currency":"","zero_based_currencies_list":["JPY","KRW","CLP","ISK","BIF","DJF","GNF","KHR","KPW","LAK","LKR","MGA","MZN","VUV"],"sitename":"","checkoutBtnTitle":"Donate","publishable_key":"pk_live_51Mo3uKA9A4OlkjzTcJlNIBFiskckNLeO21EJJRihA0SuEgqO0AL0kqQIa7jJYuAJ03NuN3wC5oJbzg8e19SR54qd00fAIXjnzw","checkout_image":"","checkout_address":"","checkout_processing_text":"Donation Processing...","give_version":"3.22.1","cc_fields_format":"multi","card_number_placeholder_text":"Card Number","card_cvc_placeholder_text":"CVC","donate_button_text":"Donate Now","element_font_styles":{"cssSrc":false},"element_base_styles":{"color":"#32325D","fontWeight":500,"fontSize":"16px","fontSmoothing":"antialiased","::placeholder":{"color":"#222222"},":-webkit-autofill":{"color":"#e39f48"}},"element_complete_styles":{},"element_empty_styles":{},"element_invalid_styles":{},"float_labels":"","base_country":"PL","preferred_locale":"en","stripe_card_update":"","stripe_becs_update":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/?ver=3.22.1" id="give-stripe-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-stripe.js?ver=3.22.1" id="give-stripe-onpage-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-stripe-sepa.js?ver=3.22.1" id="give-stripe-sepa-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-stripe-becs.js?ver=3.22.1" id="give-stripe-becs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.js?ver=5b4ec27a7b82f601224a" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.js?ver=2aff907006e2aa00e26e" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_global_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","checkout_nonce":"cd2419d922","currency":"PLN","currency_sign":"z\u0142","currency_pos":"after","thousands_separator":" ","decimal_separator":",","no_gateway":"Please select a payment method.","bad_minimum":"The minimum custom donation amount for this form is","bad_maximum":"The maximum custom donation amount for this form is","general_loading":"Loading...","purchase_loading":"Please Wait...","textForOverlayScreen":"<h3>Processing...<\/h3><p>This will only take a second!<\/p>","number_decimals":"2","is_test_mode":"","give_version":"3.22.1","magnific_options":{"main_class":"give-modal","close_on_bg_click":false},"form_translation":{"payment-mode":"Please select payment mode.","give_first":"Please enter your first name.","give_last":"Please enter your last name.","give_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","give_user_login":"Invalid email address or username.","give_user_pass":"Enter a password.","give_user_pass_confirm":"Enter the password confirmation.","give_agree_to_terms":"You must agree to the terms and conditions."},"confirm_email_sent_message":"Please check your email and click on the link to access your complete donation history.","ajax_vars":{"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajaxNonce":"e5d3f99ff2","loading":"Loading","select_option":"Please select an option","default_gateway":"stripe","permalinks":"1","number_decimals":2},"cookie_hash":"5291778e5707f442b0b6ae3af495f1d3","session_nonce_cookie_name":"wp-give_session_reset_nonce_5291778e5707f442b0b6ae3af495f1d3","session_cookie_name":"wp-give_session_5291778e5707f442b0b6ae3af495f1d3","delete_session_nonce_cookie":"0"}; var giveApiSettings = {"root":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-json\/give-api\/v2\/","rest_base":"give-api\/v2"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give.js?ver=9cbf3d9eb5dd62d5" id="give-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give_recurring_script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Give_Recurring_Vars = {"email_access":"1","pretty_intervals":{"1":"Every","2":"Every two","3":"Every three","4":"Every four","5":"Every five","6":"Every six"},"pretty_periods":{"day":"Daily","week":"Weekly","month":"Monthly","quarter":"Quarterly","half-year":"Semi-Annually","year":"Yearly"},"messages":{"daily_forbidden":"The selected payment method does not support daily recurring giving. Please select another payment method or supported giving frequency.","confirm_cancel":"Are you sure you want to cancel this subscription?"},"multi_level_message_pre_text":"You have chosen to donate"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give-recurring/assets/js/give-recurring.min.js?ver=2.11.1" id="give_recurring_script-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/2633" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://vsquare.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://vsquare.org/?p=2633' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fvsquare.org%2Fair-pollution-europe%2F" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//s3.amazonaws.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//play.ht/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//static.play.ht/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//a.play.ht/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//media.play.ht/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s3.amazonaws.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//play.ht/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.play.ht/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//a.play.ht/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//media.play.ht/"> <meta name="generator" content="Give v3.22.1" /> <style>.cmplz-hidden { display: none !important; }</style> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="v5XTqaMM0XZvQs3q-iSKFZcewztNjgZoEs5_RJhnvRU" />  <script type="text/plain" data-service="google-analytics" data-category="statistics"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-107560846-2', 'auto'); ga('require', 'linkid'); ga('set', 'anonymizeIp', true); ga('set', 'forceSSL', true); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/b303466c59f1b69eba50b2666/40828903f216206e68c93fa33.js");</script> </head> <body data-cmplz=1 class="post-template-default single single-post postid-2633 single-format-standard give-recurring"> <header> <a class="logo" href="https://vsquare.org"> <img width="300" height="61" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/logo.svg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" /> </a> <div class="right"> <div class="right-up"> <div class="mobile open-menu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> <nav class="mobile"> <span class="close"></span> <div class="menu-menu-container"><ul id="menu-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-2210" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-2210"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/">Investigations<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2211" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2211"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/exclusive-investigations/">Our Investigations<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2213" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2213"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/republications/">More From Our Partners<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-3218"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/">More from the Region<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-2215"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/analyses/">Analyses<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2216" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2216"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/news/">News<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2217" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2217"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/interviews/">Interviews<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2478"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/goulash-newsletter/">Goulash Newsletter<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2218"><a>Our Focus<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2219"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/crime-and-corruption/">#Crime and Corruption<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2220"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/disinformation/">#Disinformation<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2221"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/environment/">#Environment<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2222" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2222"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/politics/">#Politics<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2223"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/russian-influence/">#Russian Influence<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2224" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2224"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/war-in-ukraine/">#War in Ukraine<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-36"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/">Who We Are<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1928"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/core-team-and-core-partners/">Our Team<b></b></a></li> <li id="menu-item-1927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1927"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/partners-and-donors/">Networks and Donors<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1930"><a href="https://vsquare.org/contact/">Contact<b></b></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <b></b> <img id="open-search" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/loup.svg" alt="Search"> </div> <div class="right-down"> <div class="desktop open-menu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> <nav class="desktop"> <span class="close"></span> <div class="menu-menu-container"><ul id="menu-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-2210"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/">Investigations<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2211"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/exclusive-investigations/">Our Investigations<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2213"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/investigations/republications/">More From Our Partners<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-3218"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/">More from the Region<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-2215"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/analyses/">Analyses<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2216"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/news/">News<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2217"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/interviews/">Interviews<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-2478"><a href="https://vsquare.org/category/goulash-newsletter/">Goulash Newsletter<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2218"><a>Our Focus<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2219"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/crime-and-corruption/">#Crime and Corruption<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2220"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/disinformation/">#Disinformation<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2221"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/environment/">#Environment<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2222"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/politics/">#Politics<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2223"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/russian-influence/">#Russian Influence<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2224"><a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/war-in-ukraine/">#War in Ukraine<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-36"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/">Who We Are<b></b></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1928"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/core-team-and-core-partners/">Our Team<b></b></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1927"><a href="https://vsquare.org/about-us/partners-and-donors/">Networks and Donors<b></b></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1930"><a href="https://vsquare.org/contact/">Contact<b></b></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div class="social-media"> <a target="" href="https://vsquare.org/newsletter/"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-design-1.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:100px; height:100px;" decoding="async" /> </a> <a target="" href="https://twitter.com/Vsquare_Project"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-design-4.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:100px; height:100px;" decoding="async" /> </a> <a target="" href="https://www.facebook.com/VSquare-506182003078568"> <img width="62" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/facebook.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:7px; height:17px;" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <a class="link" target="" href="https://vsquare.org/donate/">donate</a> </div> </div> </header> <article> <link rel="preload" href="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-400x266.jpg" as="image"> <section class="section-banner-posts"> <img width="1200" height="797" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg" class="desktop" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg 1200w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-300x199.jpg 300w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-768x510.jpg 768w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-400x266.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> <img width="768" height="510" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-768x510.jpg" class="mobile" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-768x510.jpg 768w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-300x199.jpg 300w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-400x266.jpg 400w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /> <img width="400" height="266" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-400x266.jpg" class="mobile-small" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-400x266.jpg 400w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-300x199.jpg 300w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786-768x510.jpg 768w, https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Warszawski_smog_22761150476-scaled-e1694093377786.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <div class="title"> <div class="tags-post"> <a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/environment/">#ENVIRONMENT</a> </div> <h1 class="many">No clean air in sight: Europe’s worst-affected cities</h1> </div> </section> <section class="section-desc"> <div class="container"> <div class="left-column"> <div class="details"> <b></b> <small>2023-09-07</small> <div class="category"> <a href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/"> <small>More from the Region</small> </a> <a class="sub-category" href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/analyses/"> <small>Analyses</small> </a> </div> <div class="social-media"> <a class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href, '', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600');return false;"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href, '', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600');return false;"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/twitter.svg" alt="Twitter"> </a> <a class="email" href="126"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/email.svg" alt="Email"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="tiles"> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="details"> <small>2023-09-07</small> <div class="category"> <a class="sub-category" href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/analyses/"> <small>Analyses</small> </a> <a class="" href="https://vsquare.org/category/more-from-the-region/"> <small>More from the Region</small> </a> </div> <div class="social-media"> <a class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href, '', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600');return false;"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=https://vsquare.org/air-pollution-europe/" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href, '', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600');return false;"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/twitter.svg" alt="Twitter"> </a> <a class="email" href="126"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/email.svg" alt="Email"> </a> </div> </div> <p><b>With the EU voting on new air quality rules, satellite data shows 98% of people face pollution above limits recommended by the World Health Organization.</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Virtually everyone in Europe lives in polluted towns and cities, where annual average levels of fine particulate matter are higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In practical terms, this means that almost everyone on the continent is breathing bad air that has been shown to be fatal.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Air pollution increases the risk of respiratory and heart disease, and lowers life expectancy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“With the current levels of air pollution, many people [are getting] sick. We know that lowering air pollution levels reduces these numbers,” said Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, director of the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal).</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <div class="textbox1 "> <p class="highlight1">This article was originally published on <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/air-pollution-nearly-everyone-in-europe-breathing-bad-air/a-66657048">Deutsche Welle</a>.</p> </div> <h2><b>How bad is air pollution in Europe?</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DW partnered with the European Data Journalism Network to analyze satellite data from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS).</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We found that in 2022, almost everyone in Europe — 98% of people — lived in areas where the concentration of fine particulate matter – commonly abbreviated as PM 2.5 – was over the limit set by the WHO.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The WHO recommends that the annual average concentration of fine particulate pollution should not exceed five micrograms per cubic meter of air. A microgram is a thousand times less than a milligram.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pollution levels differ from region to region in Europe. It can be especially severe in parts of Eastern Europe, the Po Valley in Italy and in larger metropolitan areas, such as Athens, Barcelona and Paris.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our analysis shows that the most polluted regions in Europe reach annual average PM 2.5 concentrations of about 25 micrograms per cubic meter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">High air pollution levels for individual European cities have been reported before, but this new data analysis offers a first, Europe-wide comparison of pollution in different regions. We show where air quality has improved and where it’s gotten worse.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We also used the data to identify two places with contrasting situations. First, in Northern Italy, where pollution levels are constantly high. Second, in Southern Poland, where they are high, but falling. We looked at how mitigation strategies are helping or not.<img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-10561 size-full" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Zrzut-ekranu-2023-09-7-o-15.32.59-e1694093618463.png" alt="" width="1200" height="784" /></span></p> <h2><b>What is fine particulate matter?</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fine particulate matter is a combination of very small solid and liquid particles of different materials and pollutants.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The pollutants are invisible to the naked eye. They have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers, or around 30 times thinner than a single strand of hair.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even though there are many other pollutants that affect human health, it’s common to focus on this kind of particle as there is consistent scientific evidence of its negative effect on public health.</span></p> <h2><b>How does Europe’s air quality compare to other regions of the world?</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">European air quality is generally better than in other regions of the world.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In northern Indian cities, such as New Delhi, Varanasi and Agra, for example, average PM 2.5 values can get as high as 100 micrograms per cubic meter. In Europe, our data shows pollution levels of up to 25 micrograms per cubic meter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But even at Europe’s comparatively lower levels, pollution can have a significant impact on people’s health.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <h2><b>What’s the EU proposing as a limit on pollution and what do experts say? </b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Europe’s new air quality rules would allow an annual average concentration of 10 micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter of air.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The European Parliament’s Environment Committee had suggested adopting the WHO recommendations, which are stricter at five micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter of air.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But even at 10 micrograms, it would be stricter than the current standards, which allow annual PM 2.5 concentrations at 20 micrograms per cubic meter — four times higher than the current WHO recommendation.</span></p> <p><iframe id="datawrapper-chart-ziKrL" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" title="Europe's pollution problem by country" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/ziKrL/9/" height="1484" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" aria-label="Stacked Bars" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Health researchers and environmentalists argue that the new European air quality rules should mirror the WHO's guidelines, but acknowledge that that would be a challenge. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"EU limits are not only [about] health, they're also about economic arguments, [whereas] the WHO limits are made by experts that only take health into account," said Nieuwenhuijsen. "I hope they'll go with the WHO, but probably some will argue that it would be too expensive."</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-10582 size-full" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Pollution-directives-paint-contrasting-pictures-of-Europe.png" alt="" width="600" height="2060" /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Let's turn to our first case study: Northern Italy.</span></p> <h2><b>Air quality consistently bad in Northern Italy</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In mid-February 2023, many cities in Italy's Po Valley were covered with pollution. The regions of Lombardy and Veneto were especially affected.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The daily PM 2.5 average concentration in cities such as Milan, Padova and Verona surged above 75 micrograms per cubic meter, according to Copernicus researchers. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Geography is partially to blame: the region is surrounded by mountains and pollution created by heavy traffic, industry, agricultural emissions and residential heating is trapped in the area. </span></p> <p><iframe title="Europe's most polluted regions: northern Italy and Central Europe" aria-label="Table" id="datawrapper-chart-Z1BPv" src=https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Z1BPv/7/ scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="1418" data-external="1"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}();</script></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Environmental agencies report that many thousands of people die prematurely every year due to pollution-related illnesses.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> A study published in the science journal The Lancet used pollution data from 2015 to estimate that around 10% of deaths in cities like Milan could be prevented if average PM 2.5 concentrations dropped by around 10 micrograms per cubic meter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If Europe's major cities were able to hit the five micrograms per cubic meter target, the researchers concluded there would be 100,000 fewer pollution-related deaths every year.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But that's not the direction that the Po Valley is headed for. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"On top of having a negative geographical situation, we've been doing exactly the opposite of what we should do," said Anna Gerometta, a lawyer and president of Cittadini per l'Aria, an NGO that advocates for stricter air quality policies in Italy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gerometta said that measures to limit emissions from cars, residential heating and meat factories were too weak to face the scale of the problem.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Poland, however, local strategies are showing improvements.</span></p> <h2><b>Poland gets rid of coal furnaces and improves air quality</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In parts of Poland, pollution levels are among the highest in Europe. But they have decreased steadily since 2018 — the first year in the data we analyzed.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Take the city of Kraków, the second largest city in the country. Back in 2018, the region saw annual pollution levels of nearly 25 micrograms per cubic meter. By the end of 2022, it had dropped by more than 20%.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Neighboring cities Katowice, Gliwice and Tychy, and also Poznań and the capital Warsaw, saw a drop in pollution, too. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The improvements came after Polish authorities launched a plan to modernize household heating systems, known commonly as "smokers." The process has been ongoing for ten years.</span></p> <p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-10589" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pollution-levels-fell-on-poland-but-not-on-northern-italy-e1694094862504.png" alt="" width="1200" height="2187" /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"We call them 'smokers' as they produce a lot of smoke, but they are old furnaces" said Piotr Siergiej at the environmental organization Polish Smog Alert. "Nearly 800,000 have been replaced, but there are still around 3 million left. It's a slow process."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the Kraków area, where a ban on burning coal and wood for domestic heating came into effect in 2019, almost all the old heaters have been replaced.</span></p> <h2><b>How do public attitudes affect air quality policy?</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"Ten years ago, if you talked about air pollution in Poland, people said it was not a big deal it felt like banging your head against the wall," Sierjiej said. "But after years of constant banging, the biggest success is the change in perception. The law is important, but politicians will only do what [voters want]."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Italy, environmental campaigners have noticed a similar problem in bridging a gap between science and daily life: "People don't understand the issue with air pollution. As you often don't see it, you don't realize what the impact is," said Gerometta. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">But things are changing. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a 2022 Eurobarometer survey, a majority of Europeans see respiratory diseases caused by air pollution as a serious problem now. While many respondents said they didn't feel well informed about the current standards, the large majority of those that are aware think that air quality rules should be strengthened.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This project is a collaboration among several media outlets in the </span><a href="https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Data Journalism Network</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></em></p> <div class="tags-content"> <a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/data/">#DATA</a> <a href="https://vsquare.org/tag/environment/">#ENVIRONMENT</a> </div> <div class="users"> <div class="user"> <a href="https://vsquare.org/author/edjnet/"> <strong>The European Data Journalism Network</strong> </a> <p>EDJNet is a network of media organisations from all across Europe, producing and promoting data-driven coverage of European issues. FRONTSTORY.PL is a part of this network.</p> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right-column"> <div class="tiles"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </article> <div id="search-modal" class="modal"> <div class="inner"> <label for="search"> <img src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/img/loup.svg" alt="Search"> <input type="text" placeholder="Search" id="search"> </label> <span class="close">×</span> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="footer-up">   <div class="footer-up-medium"> <small>©VSQUARE.ORG 2025</small> <a class="link" target="" href="https://vsquare.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> </div> <div class="footer-up-right"> <small>FOLLOW US</small> <div class="social-media"> <a target="" href="https://vsquare.org/newsletter/"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-design-1.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:100px; height:100px;" decoding="async" /> </a> <a target="" href="https://twitter.com/Vsquare_Project"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-design-4.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:100px; height:100px;" decoding="async" /> </a> <a target="" href="https://www.facebook.com/VSquare-506182003078568"> <img width="62" height="150" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/facebook.svg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" style="width:7px; height:17px;" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-bottom"> <p>We believe in the free flow of information and so publish under a <strong>Creative Commons – Attribution 4.0 International</strong> license. This means you can republish our articles online or in print for free, provided you comply with <strong>CC BY 4.0</strong> rules and so publish this article under.</p> </div> </footer> <script>document.querySelectorAll('.playHtListenArea').forEach(function(el) {el.style.display = 'block'});</script>  <div id="cmplz-cookiebanner-container"><div class="cmplz-cookiebanner cmplz-hidden banner-1 bottom-right-view-preferences optin cmplz-bottom-right cmplz-categories-type-view-preferences" aria-modal="true" data-nosnippet="true" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-labelledby="cmplz-header-1-optin" aria-describedby="cmplz-message-1-optin"> <div class="cmplz-header"> <div class="cmplz-logo"></div> <div class="cmplz-title" id="cmplz-header-1-optin">Manage Cookie Consent</div> <div class="cmplz-close" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="times" class="svg-inline--fa fa-times fa-w-11" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 352 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"></path></svg> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-divider-header"></div> <div class="cmplz-body"> <div class="cmplz-message" id="cmplz-message-1-optin">To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.</div>  <div class="cmplz-categories"> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-functional" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Functional</span> <span class='cmplz-always-active'> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-functional-optin" data-category="cmplz_functional" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-functional" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-functional-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Functional</span></label> </span> Always active </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-functional">The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-preferences" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Preferences</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-preferences-optin" data-category="cmplz_preferences" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-preferences" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-preferences-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Preferences</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-preferences">The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-statistics" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Statistics</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-statistics-optin" data-category="cmplz_statistics" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-statistics" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-statistics-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Statistics</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.</span> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics-anonymous">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-marketing" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Marketing</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-marketing-optin" data-category="cmplz_marketing" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-marketing" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-marketing-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Marketing</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-marketing">The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.</span> </div> </details> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information"> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookies-overview">Manage services</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/">Read more about these purposes</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-footer"></div> <div class="cmplz-buttons"> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-accept">Accept</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-deny">Deny</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-view-preferences">View preferences</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-save-preferences">Save preferences</button> <a class="cmplz-btn cmplz-manage-options tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">View preferences</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-documents"> <a class="cmplz-link cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cmplz-manage-consent" data-nosnippet="true"><button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-1">Manage Consent</button> </div><div id="pum-6966" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" aria-labelledby="pum_popup_title_6966" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-6796 pum-theme-lightbox popmake-overlay auto_open click_open" data-popmake="{"id":6966,"slug":"donate-to-vsquare","theme_id":6796,"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-6966","key":"","session":true,"path":true,"time":"1 month"}}],"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":["pum-6966"],"delay":"2000"}},{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"small","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"500px","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"640px","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"380px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":false,"location":"center","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"100","position_left":"0","position_bottom":"0","position_right":"0","position_fixed":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"1999999999"},"close":{"text":"","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":false,"esc_press":false,"f4_press":false},"click_open":[]}}"> <div id="popmake-6966" class="pum-container popmake theme-6796 pum-responsive pum-responsive-small responsive size-small"> <div id="pum_popup_title_6966" class="pum-title popmake-title"> Independent journalism needs defenders. Be one of them. </div> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <p><span class="im">The fight for independent journalism is happening now. Don’t let sudden funding cuts silence critical investigations in Central Europe. </span></p> <p><span class="im">Stand with <span class="il">VSquare</span> and help us expose corruption, oligarchy, Russian and Chinese influence operations, and the rise of authoritarianism.</span></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Help us stay strong. Your support matters.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://vsquare.org/donate/"><strong>>>Donate today, keep our stories flowing.<<</strong></a></p> <p style="text-align: left;"> <p> </p> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> × </button> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_cs_json_obj = 'null'; /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> /** * Core styles: block-supports */ </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-donation-summary-script-frontend-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var GiveDonationSummaryData = {"currencyPrecisionLookup":{"USD":2,"EUR":2,"GBP":2,"AUD":2,"BRL":2,"CAD":2,"CZK":2,"DKK":2,"HKD":2,"HUF":2,"ILS":2,"JPY":0,"MYR":2,"MXN":2,"MAD":2,"NZD":2,"NOK":2,"PHP":2,"PLN":2,"SGD":2,"KRW":0,"ZAR":2,"SEK":2,"CHF":2,"TWD":2,"THB":2,"INR":2,"TRY":2,"IRR":2,"RUB":2,"AED":2,"AMD":2,"ANG":2,"ARS":2,"AWG":2,"BAM":2,"BDT":2,"BHD":3,"BMD":2,"BND":2,"BOB":2,"BSD":2,"BWP":2,"BZD":2,"CLP":0,"CNY":2,"COP":2,"CRC":2,"CUC":2,"CUP":2,"DOP":2,"EGP":2,"GIP":2,"GTQ":2,"HNL":2,"HRK":2,"IDR":2,"ISK":0,"JMD":2,"JOD":2,"KES":2,"KWD":2,"KYD":2,"MKD":2,"NPR":2,"OMR":3,"PEN":2,"PKR":2,"RON":2,"SAR":2,"SZL":2,"TOP":2,"TZS":2,"UAH":2,"UYU":2,"VEF":2,"XCD":2,"AFN":2,"ALL":2,"AOA":2,"AZN":2,"BBD":2,"BGN":2,"BIF":0,"XBT":8,"BTN":1,"BYR":2,"BYN":2,"CDF":2,"CVE":2,"DJF":0,"DZD":2,"ERN":2,"ETB":2,"FJD":2,"FKP":2,"GEL":2,"GGP":2,"GHS":2,"GMD":2,"GNF":0,"GYD":2,"HTG":2,"IMP":2,"IQD":2,"IRT":2,"JEP":2,"KGS":2,"KHR":0,"KMF":2,"KPW":0,"KZT":2,"LAK":0,"LBP":2,"LKR":0,"LRD":2,"LSL":2,"LYD":3,"MDL":2,"MGA":0,"MMK":2,"MNT":2,"MOP":2,"MRO":2,"MUR":2,"MVR":1,"MWK":2,"MZN":0,"NAD":2,"NGN":2,"NIO":2,"PAB":2,"PGK":2,"PRB":2,"PYG":2,"QAR":2,"RSD":2,"RWF":2,"SBD":2,"SCR":2,"SDG":2,"SHP":2,"SLL":2,"SOS":2,"SRD":2,"SSP":2,"STD":2,"SYP":2,"TJS":2,"TMT":2,"TND":3,"TTD":2,"UGX":2,"UZS":2,"VND":1,"VUV":0,"WST":2,"XAF":2,"XOF":2,"XPF":2,"YER":2,"ZMW":2},"recurringLabelLookup":{"day":"Daily","week":"Weekly","month":"Monthly","quarter":"Quarterly","half-year":"Semi-Annually","year":"Yearly"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-donation-summary.js?ver=3.22.1" id="give-donation-summary-script-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-currency-switcher-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_currency_switcher = {"nonce":"3f3f6f55dd","notice_dismiss_image":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/give\/assets\/dist\/images\/close.svg","currency_not_support_message":"<b>{currency_code}<\/b> is not supported by <b>{payment_gateway}<\/b> gateway.","cs_custom_price_message":"","setting_vars":{"base_currency":"PLN"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/give-currency-switcher/assets/js/give-currency-switcher-frontend.js?ver=2.1.0" id="give-currency-switcher-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.7" id="page-links-to-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pum_vars = {"version":"1.20.4","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"6795","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-6966":{"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":["pum-6966"],"delay":"2000"}}],"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-6966","key":"","session":true,"path":true,"time":"1 month"}}],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"6796","size":"small","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_max_width":"500px","custom_width":"640px","custom_height_auto":false,"custom_height":"380px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"0","position_left":"0","position_right":"0","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"stackable":false,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":false,"close_on_esc_press":false,"close_on_f4_press":false,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"lightbox","id":6966,"slug":"donate-to-vsquare"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/popup-maker/assets/js/site.js?defer&ver=1.20.4" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var complianz = {"prefix":"cmplz_","user_banner_id":"1","set_cookies":[],"block_ajax_content":"","banner_version":"26","version":"7.3.0#1742772232","store_consent":"","do_not_track_enabled":"","consenttype":"optin","region":"eu","geoip":"","dismiss_timeout":"","disable_cookiebanner":"","soft_cookiewall":"","dismiss_on_scroll":"","cookie_expiry":"365","url":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-json\/complianz\/v1\/","locale":"lang=en&locale=en_US","set_cookies_on_root":"","cookie_domain":"","current_policy_id":"17","cookie_path":"\/","categories":{"statistics":"statistics","marketing":"marketing"},"tcf_active":"","placeholdertext":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content","css_file":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/complianz\/css\/banner-{banner_id}-{type}.css?v=261742772232","page_links":{"eu":{"cookie-statement":{"title":"Privacy Policy","url":"https:\/\/vsquare.org\/privacy-policy\/"}}},"tm_categories":"","forceEnableStats":"","preview":"","clean_cookies":"","aria_label":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/cookiebanner/js/complianz.js?ver=1740384655" id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://vsquare.org/wp-content/themes/vsquare/js/scripts.js?vr=1.34&ver=6.7.2" id="custom-scripts-js"></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-category="statistics">window['gtag_enable_tcf_support'] = false; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', '', { cookie_flags:'secure;samesite=none', 'anonymize_ip': true }); </script></body> </html>