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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steppe pontique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 38 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83_-_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سهوب بونتيك - قزوين – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سهوب بونتيك - قزوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99niz-X%C9%99z%C9%99r_%C3%A7%C3%B6ll%C9%99ri" title="Qara dəniz-Xəzər çölləri – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəniz-Xəzər çölləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Понтийско-Каспийска степ – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Понтийско-Каспийска степ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeg_vras_Europa" title="Pradeg vras Europa – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pradeg vras Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_p%C3%B2ntica" title="Estepa pòntica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estepa pòntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontsko-kaspick%C3%A1_step" title="Pontsko-kaspická step – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pontsko-kaspická step" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontisk-kaspiske_slette" title="Pontisk-kaspiske slette – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pontisk-kaspiske slette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontokaspis" title="Pontokaspis – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pontokaspis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pontic–Caspian steppe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra-mara-kaspia_stepo" title="Nigra-mara-kaspia stepo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra-mara-kaspia stepo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_p%C3%B3ntica" title="Estepa póntica – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estepa póntica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_pontikoa" title="Estepa pontikoa – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estepa pontikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سبزدشت پونتی‌خزری – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبزدشت پونتی‌خزری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontinen_aro" title="Pontinen aro – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pontinen aro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontysk-Kaspyske_Steppe" title="Pontysk-Kaspyske Steppe – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pontysk-Kaspyske Steppe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="पोंटिक-कैस्पियाई स्तेपी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोंटिक-कैस्पियाई स्तेपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontsko-kaspijska_stepa" title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa_Pontus-Kaspia" title="Stepa Pontus-Kaspia – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stepa Pontus-Kaspia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_pontico-caspiche" title="Steppe pontico-caspiche – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steppe pontico-caspiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E6%B5%B7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="ポントス・カスピ海草原 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポントス・カスピ海草原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B0%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4-%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC_%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9D" title="폰토스-카스피 스텝 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폰토스-카스피 스텝" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_step%C4%97" title="Ponto stepė – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ponto stepė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Понтско-касписка Степа – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Понтско-касписка Степа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontisch-Kaspische_Steppe" title="Pontisch-Kaspische Steppe – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pontisch-Kaspische Steppe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_pontisk-kaspiske_steppa" title="Den pontisk-kaspiske steppa – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den pontisk-kaspiske steppa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_pontisk-kaspiske_steppe" title="Den pontisk-kaspiske steppe – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den pontisk-kaspiske steppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Pontyjski" title="Step Pontyjski – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Step Pontyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="سٹیپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepe_p%C3%B4ntica" title="Estepe pôntica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estepe pôntica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa_ponto-caspic%C4%83" title="Stepa ponto-caspică – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stepa ponto-caspică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C" title="Черноморско-Каспийская степь – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черноморско-Каспийская степь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontsko-kaspijska_stepa" title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Понтско-каспијска степа – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Понтско-каспијска степа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontisk-kaspiska_st%C3%A4ppen" title="Pontisk-kaspiska stäppen – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pontisk-kaspiska stäppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz-Hazar_stepleri" title="Karadeniz-Hazar stepleri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz-Hazar stepleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Понтійсько-каспійський степ – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Понтійсько-каспійський степ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_dengiz-Kaspiy_kengliklari" title="Qora dengiz-Kaspiy kengliklari – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora dengiz-Kaspiy kengliklari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東歐大草原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q599529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steppe_pontique" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Steppe_pontique" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steppe_pontique"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steppe_pontique"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Steppe_pontique" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Steppe_pontique" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&oldid=219327528" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Steppe_pontique&id=219327528&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSteppe_pontique"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSteppe_pontique"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Steppe+pontique"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Steppe_pontique&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pontic_steppe" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q599529" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Pontique" class="mw-disambig" title="Pontique">Pontique</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #cdde87;"> <div>Steppe pontique <br /><span style="font-size:0.6em;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cor%C3%A9gion_terrestre_du_WWF" title="Écorégion terrestre du WWF">Écorégion terrestre</a> - Code PA0814</i></span></div> </div> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/260px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/390px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ensauvagement" title="Réensauvagement">réensauvagés</a>.</div> <table><caption style="background-color:#cdde87;">Classification</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cozone" title="Écozone">Écozone</a> :</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9arctique" class="mw-redirect" title="Paléarctique">Paléarctique</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a> :</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Prairies,_savanes_et_terres_arbustives_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9es" title="Prairies, savanes et terres arbustives tempérées">Prairies, savanes et terres arbustives tempérées</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#cdde87;">Géographie et climat</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;">Superficie :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">997 073 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><div class="hr" style="background-color:#cdde87; height:1px;"></div> <table><caption class="hidden" style="">Données clés</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="double"></th><th scope="col">min.</th><th scope="col">max.</th> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Altitude :</th> <td class="data">−35 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr></td> <td class="data">2 629 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Température :</th> <td class="data"><span title="3,2 °F ou 257,2 K" style="cursor:help">−16</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></td> <td class="data"><span title="78,8 °F ou 299,2 K" style="cursor:help">26</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Précipitations :</th> <td class="data">10 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr></td> <td class="data">135 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table><caption style="background-color:#cdde87;">Écologie</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:18em;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal" title="Végétal">Espèces végétales</a> :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">2 800</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:18em;"><a href="/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau">Oiseaux</a>:</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">305</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:18em;"><a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">Mammifères</a>:</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">142</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:18em;"><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamates</a>:</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">71</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:18em;"><a href="/wiki/End%C3%A9misme" title="Endémisme">Espèces endémiques</a> :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">1</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table><caption style="background-color:#cdde87;">Conservation</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cor%C3%A9gion_terrestre_du_WWF#Statut_de_conservation" title="Écorégion terrestre du WWF">Statut</a>:</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">Critique / En danger</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;"><a href="/wiki/Aire_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e" title="Aire protégée">Aires protégées</a> :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">3,1 %</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropisation" title="Anthropisation">Anthropisation</a> :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">72,8 %</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce_menac%C3%A9e" title="Espèce menacée">Espèces menacées</a> :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;">43</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:15em;">Ressources web :</th> <td> <div style="text-align: right;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/PA0814">Site du WWF</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><p class="bloc" style="background-color:#cdde87;">Localisation</p> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ecoregion_PA0814.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image Ecoregion PA0814.png." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ecoregion_PA0814.png/290px-Ecoregion_PA0814.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ecoregion_PA0814.png/435px-Ecoregion_PA0814.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ecoregion_PA0814.png/580px-Ecoregion_PA0814.png 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="2381" /></a></span> </div> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#cdde87;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_%C3%89cor%C3%A9gion_terrestre" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>La <b>steppe pontique</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Formation_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Formation végétale">formation végétale</a>, correspondant au <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> des <a href="/wiki/Prairies,_savanes_et_brousses_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairies, savanes et brousses tempérées">prairies, savanes et brousses tempérées</a> en <a href="/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Est" title="Europe de l'Est">Europe de l'Est</a>, qui s'étend entre l'embouchure du <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Oural_(fleuve)" title="Oural (fleuve)">fleuve Oural</a>, bordant le nord de la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a> (mer autrefois appelée le Pont). Elle constitue la partie occidentale et européenne de la grande <a href="/wiki/Steppe_eurasienne" title="Steppe eurasienne">steppe eurasienne</a>, qui se poursuit vers l'est à travers la <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A9rie" title="Sibérie">Sibérie</a> méridionale, le <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, jusqu'à la <a href="/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie">Mongolie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Mandchourie" title="Mandchourie">Mandchourie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> du nord. </p><p>Elle est limitée au sud par la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Caucase" title="Caucase">Caucase</a>, et au nord et à l'ouest par la <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bois%C3%A9e_d%27Europe_orientale" title="Steppe boisée d'Europe orientale">steppe boisée d'Europe orientale</a> qui forme une large transition avec la <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAt_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9cidue" title="Forêt tempérée décidue">forêt tempérée décidue</a> européenne. Elle couvre de vastes régions du sud et de l'est de l'<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> méridionale jusqu'à l'<a href="/wiki/Oural" title="Oural">Oural</a>. Elle correspond aux anciennes <a href="/wiki/Scythes" title="Scythes">Scythie</a> et <a href="/wiki/Sarmates" title="Sarmates">Sarmatie</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>. </p><p>Jusqu'à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, elle a été le domaine des <a href="/wiki/Peuple_cavalier" title="Peuple cavalier">peuples cavaliers</a> qui s'y sont succédé et mélangé, d'abord <a href="/wiki/Pontiques_(N%C3%A9olithique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiques (Néolithique)">Pontiques</a> ; ensuite <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Indo-Européens">Indo-Européens</a> : <a href="/wiki/Cimm%C3%A9riens" title="Cimmériens">Cimmériens</a> et <a href="/wiki/Langues_iraniennes" title="Langues iraniennes">Iraniens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythes" title="Scythes">Scythes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmates" title="Sarmates">Sarmates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxolans" title="Roxolans">Roxolans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alains" title="Alains">Alains</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>), puis <a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques">germanophones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bastarnes" title="Bastarnes">Bastarnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ; ensuite <a href="/wiki/Langues_turques" class="mw-redirect" title="Langues turques">turcophones</a> et <a href="/wiki/Langues_finno-ougriennes" title="Langues finno-ougriennes">magyarophones</a> : (<a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avars" title="Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onoghour" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoghour">Proto-Bulgares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tch%C3%A9n%C3%A8gues" class="mw-redirect" title="Pétchénègues">Pétchénègues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coumans" title="Coumans">Coumans</a> dits aussi Polovtses, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> de <a href="/wiki/Gengis_Khan" title="Gengis Khan">Gengis Khan</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Horde_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Horde d'Or">Horde d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ; sans oublier les <a href="/wiki/Cosaques" title="Cosaques">Cosaques</a> <a href="/wiki/Slaves" title="Slaves">slaves</a>, éleveurs de chevaux. À la fin du <a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_russe" title="Empire russe">Empire russe</a> met fin à plusieurs millénaires de <a href="/wiki/Nomadisme" title="Nomadisme">nomadisme</a> en colonisant et en mettant en culture le riche <a href="/wiki/Tchernoziom" title="Tchernoziom">tchernoziom</a> de la steppe pontique, qui devient le « <a href="/wiki/Grenier_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Grenier (région)">grenier</a> à <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé">blé</a> » des <a href="/wiki/Tzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzar">Tsars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géographie_et_écologie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie_et_.C3.A9cologie"></span>Géographie et écologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Géographie et écologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Géographie et écologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La steppe pontique se développe sous un <a href="/wiki/Climat_continental" title="Climat continental">climat continental</a> modérément sec, typique des steppes. La distance importante vis-à-vis des <a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an" title="Océan">océans</a> limite le volume des <a href="/wiki/Pluviom%C3%A9trie" title="Pluviométrie">précipitations annuelles</a> comparé aux régions forestières aux mêmes latitudes plus à l'ouest. </p><p>La steppe pontique couvre une surface de 994 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>, limitée à l'ouest par les collines <a href="/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie">moldaves</a>, à l'est par les montagnes de l'<a href="/wiki/Oural" title="Oural">Oural</a>, au nord par la <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bois%C3%A9e_d%27Europe_orientale" title="Steppe boisée d'Europe orientale">forêt-steppe</a> de l'Europe orientale (une zone de transition où se mêlent prairies et forêts de feuillus) et au sud par la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a> (hormis sur les rives de la <a href="/wiki/Crim%C3%A9e" title="Crimée">Crimée</a> et du nord-ouest <a href="/wiki/Caucase" title="Caucase">Caucase</a>, occupées par une forêt mixte de type méditerranéen correspondant au <a href="/wiki/Climat_pontique" title="Climat pontique">climat pontique</a>). La steppe s'étend au <a href="/wiki/Daghestan" title="Daghestan">Daghestan</a> jusqu'aux rives de la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Caspienne" title="Mer Caspienne">mer Caspienne</a> mais une plaine semi-aride la sépare de ses rives nord et nord-ouest. Au <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9nozo%C3%AFque" title="Cénozoïque">Cénozoïque</a>, cet espace était occupé par une mer, la « mer Sarmatique » ou <a href="/wiki/Parat%C3%A9thys" title="Paratéthys">Paratéthys</a>. La mer Noire, la mer Caspienne et la <a href="/wiki/Mer_d%27Aral" title="Mer d'Aral">mer d'Aral</a> sont des vestiges de cette ancienne mer. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B,_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La floraison du printemps est souvent spectaculaire dans la steppe. Ici Tulipa suaveolens et Iris pumila, typiques de la steppe pontique, dans une réserve naturelle de l'oblast de Rostov, Russie."><img alt="La floraison du printemps est souvent spectaculaire dans la steppe. Ici Tulipa suaveolens et Iris pumila, typiques de la steppe pontique, dans une réserve naturelle de l'oblast de Rostov, Russie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/270px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/405px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/540px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">La floraison du printemps est souvent spectaculaire dans la steppe. Ici <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_suaveolens" title="Tulipa suaveolens">Tulipa suaveolens</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_pumila" title="Iris pumila">Iris pumila</a></i>, typiques de la steppe pontique, dans une réserve naturelle de l'<a href="/wiki/Oblast_de_Rostov" title="Oblast de Rostov">oblast de Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_(%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La steppe dans une réserve naturelle de l'oblast de Louhansk, Ukraine, en été, typiquement dominée par des panaches de Stipa sp."><img alt="La steppe dans une réserve naturelle de l'oblast de Louhansk, Ukraine, en été, typiquement dominée par des panaches de Stipa sp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg/266px-%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg/399px-%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg/532px-%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%9F%D0%97_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3_%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%22_Stipa_tirsa_%28%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%A3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">La steppe dans une réserve naturelle de l'<a href="/wiki/Oblast_de_Louhansk" title="Oblast de Louhansk">oblast de Louhansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, en été, typiquement dominée par des panaches de <i><a href="/wiki/Stipa" title="Stipa">Stipa sp</a></i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_pontique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_eurasienne" title="Steppe eurasienne">Steppe eurasienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_cultures_pontiques" title="Liste des cultures pontiques">Liste des cultures pontiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrations_indo-iraniennes" title="Migrations indo-iraniennes">Migrations indo-iraniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Proto-Indo-Européens">Proto-Indo-Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_steppe_eurasienne_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histoire de la steppe eurasienne centrale (page inexistante)">Histoire de la steppe eurasienne centrale</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_central_steppe" class="extiw" title="en:History of the central steppe"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « History of the central steppe »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_la_steppe_eurasienne_occidentale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histoire de la steppe eurasienne occidentale (page inexistante)">Histoire de la steppe eurasienne occidentale</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" class="extiw" title="en:History of the western steppe"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « History of the western steppe »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89coatlas" title="Portail de l'écoatlas"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/36px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/48px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89coatlas" title="Portail:Écoatlas">Portail de l'écoatlas</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Bois_et_for%C3%AAt" title="Portail du bois et de la forêt"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Silhouette_of_a_Tree.svg/20px-Silhouette_of_a_Tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Silhouette_of_a_Tree.svg/30px-Silhouette_of_a_Tree.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Russie" title="Portail:Russie">Portail de la Russie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ukraine" title="Portail de l’Ukraine"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/66px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ukraine" title="Portail:Ukraine">Portail de l’Ukraine</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Moldavie" title="Portail de la Moldavie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/44px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/66px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/88px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Moldavie" title="Portail:Moldavie">Portail de la Moldavie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Roumanie" title="Portail de la Roumanie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/50px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/66px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Roumanie" title="Portail:Roumanie">Portail de la Roumanie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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