CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Italian war crimes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b8d8efe2-42d9-41b1-96bb-7ecd0890be73","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Italian_war_crimes","wgTitle":"Italian war crimes","wgCurRevisionId":1258737068,"wgRevisionId":1258737068,"wgArticleId":1510942,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012","Articles with dead external links from January 2020","Italian war crimes", "War crimes committed by country","Human rights abuses in Italy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Italian_war_crimes","wgRelevantArticleId":1510942,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q474884","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/1200px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1716"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/800px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1144"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/640px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="915"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Italian war crimes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_war_crimes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_war_crimes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Italian_war_crimes rootpage-Italian_war_crimes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Italian+war+crimes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Italian+war+crimes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Italian+war+crimes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Italian+war+crimes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italo-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Italo-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacification_of_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacification_of_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pacification of Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacification_of_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second Italo-Ethiopian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_concentration_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_concentration_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Italian concentration camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_concentration_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_killings_of_civilians_and_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_killings_of_civilians_and_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Mass killings of civilians and hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_killings_of_civilians_and_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_repressive_anti-Partisan_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_repressive_anti-Partisan_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Other repressive anti-Partisan measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_repressive_anti-Partisan_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Destruction of cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>The Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Italian_war_criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Italian_war_criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>List of Italian war criminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Italian_war_criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian war crimes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جرائم الحرب الإيطالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرائم الحرب الإيطالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Kriegsverbrechen_in_Jugoslawien" title="Italienische Kriegsverbrechen in Jugoslawien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienische Kriegsverbrechen in Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_de_guerre_de_l%27Italie" title="Crimes de guerre de l'Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crimes de guerre de l'Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijanski_zlo%C4%8Dini_tijekom_2._svjetskog_rata" title="Talijanski zločini tijekom 2. svjetskog rata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijanski zločini tijekom 2. svjetskog rata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimini_di_guerra_italiani" title="Crimini di guerra italiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crimini di guerra italiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_de_guerra_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="Crimes de guerra da Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crimes de guerra da Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanski_vojni_zlo%C4%8Dini" title="Italijanski vojni zločini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanski vojni zločini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyan_sava%C5%9F_su%C3%A7lar%C4%B1" title="İtalyan savaş suçları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalyan savaş suçları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="意大利戰爭罪行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利戰爭罪行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q474884#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Italian_war_crimes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Italian_war_crimes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Italian_war_crimes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&oldid=1258737068" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Italian_war_crimes&id=1258737068&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FItalian_war_crimes"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FItalian_war_crimes"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Italian_war_crimes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_crimes_committed_by_Italy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q474884" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War crimes committed by Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Italian war crimes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/220px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/330px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg/440px-Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Italian soldiers burning a village in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cabar" title="Čabar">Čabar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> in 1941.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, in particular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1911–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">genocidal massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1911-1922) <br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> (1922-1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943-1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianisation">Italianisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Italian war crimes</b> have mainly been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (both under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>) starting from the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> then to <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Pacification of Libya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italo-Turkish_War">Italo-Turkish War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Italo-Turkish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1911, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">went to war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a>. One of the most notorious incidents during this conflict was the October <a href="/wiki/1911_Tripoli_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Tripoli massacre">Tripoli massacre</a>, wherein an estimated 4,000 inhabitants of the Mechiya oasis were killed as retribution for the execution and mutilation of Italian captives taken in an ambush at nearby <a href="/wiki/Shar_al-Shatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shar al-Shatt">Sciara Sciat</a>. Over the course of three days, Libyan and Turkish men, women, and children were indiscriminately murdered in the streets, in their houses, farms, and gardens. Libyan and Turkish women were also reportedly raped and sexually assaulted by Italian troops, prompting ferocious and violent retaliation against captured Italian troops by Ottoman soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another incident during the war reported by a British officer serving with the Turkish forces, Italian soldiers burned several hundred civilians in a mosque, wherein women and children had taken refuge. In 1912, 10,000 Turkish and Arab troops were imprisoned in concentration camps in Libya, and all Turkish troops were executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacification_of_Libya">Pacification of Libya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pacification of Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg/220px-Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg/330px-Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg/440px-Al-Magroon_Concentration_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Libyan prisoners in the <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila_concentration_camp" title="El Agheila concentration camp">El Agheila concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> embarked upon a <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">pacification of Libya campaign</a> to consolidate control over the Italian territory of Libya and Italian forces began to occupy large areas of Libya in order to allow Italian colonists to rapidly settle in it. They were met with resistance by the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> who were led by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a>. Civilians suspected of collaboration with the Senussi were executed. Refugees from the fighting were subject to bombing and strafing by Italian aircraft. In 1930, in northern <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> were relocated and their land was given to Italian settlers. The Bedouins were forced to march across the desert into <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps_in_Libya" title="Italian concentration camps in Libya">concentration camps</a>. Starvation and other poor conditions in the camps were rampant and the internees were used for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, ultimately leading to the death of nearly 4,000 internees by the time they were closed in September 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Duggan,_496-497_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duggan,_496-497-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 80,000 Cyrenaicans died during the Pacification in all.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg/170px-Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg/255px-Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg/340px-Omar_Mukhtar_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Execution of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> (16 September 1931)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Italo-Ethiopian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, Italian violations of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of War">laws of war</a> were reported and documented.<sup id="cite_ref-pedaliu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pedaliu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a>, the use of concentration camps in counter-insurgency, and attacks on <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-rain2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rain2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian authorities claimed that these actions were in response to the Ethiopians' use of <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Dum-Dum bullets</a>, which had been banned by declaration IV, 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention</a>, and mutilation of captured soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Ethiopian government, 382,800 civilian deaths were directly attributable to the Italian invasion. 17,800 women and children were killed by bombing, 30,000 people were killed in the massacre of February 1937, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, and 300,000 people died of privations due to the destruction of their villages and farms. The Ethiopian government also claimed that the Italians destroyed 2,000 churches and 525,000 houses, while confiscating or slaughtering 6 million cattle, 7 million sheep and goats, and 1.7 million horses, mules, and camels, leading to the latter deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1936–1941 Italian occupation, atrocities also occurred; in the February 1937 <a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a> massacres as many as 30,000 Ethiopians may have been killed and many more imprisoned as a reprisal for the attempted assassination of Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>. A 2017 study estimated that 19,200 were killed - a fifth of the population of Addis Ababa. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> was especially singled out. Thousands of Ethiopians also died in <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">concentration camps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Danane_concentration_camp" title="Danane concentration camp">Danane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocra_prison_camp" title="Nocra prison camp">Nocra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>75,000 Italian soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> fought on the side of the Nationalists during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, as did 7,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Aviazione Legionaria</a>. While they also bombed valid military targets such as the railway infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xativa</a>, the Italian air force partook in many bombings of civilian targets for the purposes of "weakening the morale of the Reds". One of the more notable bombings was the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">Bombing of Barcelona</a>, in which 1,300 civilians were killed, with thousands more being wounded or dehoused.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities subjected to terror bombing by the Italians included <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a>. </p><p>Documents found in British archives by the historian <a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Effie Pedaliu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and documents found in Italian archives by the Italian historian Davide Conti,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointed out that the memory of the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a> and Italian war crimes committed during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> had been repressed due to the Cold War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">American governments</a>, fearful of the post-war <a href="/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Italiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Partito Comunista Italiano">Italian Communist Party</a>, effectively undermined the quest for justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court.<sup id="cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillipo Focardi, a historian at Rome's <i>German Historical Institute</i>, has discovered archived documents showing how Italian civil servants were told to avoid extraditions. A typical instruction was issued by the Italian prime minister, Alcide De Gasperi, reading: "Try to gain time, avoid answering requests."<sup id="cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state, academe, and media, re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">Foibe massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of suspects, known to be on the list of Italian war criminals that <a href="/wiki/Federal_People%27s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> requested an <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> of, at the end of World War II never saw anything like the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg trial">Nuremberg trial</a>, because with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the British government saw in <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>, who was also on the list, a guarantee of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> post-war Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliva06_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliva06-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blpp2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blpp2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rab_ujetnik_predelava_paint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rab_ujetnik_predelava_paint.jpg/220px-Rab_ujetnik_predelava_paint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Rab_ujetnik_predelava_paint.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Italian concentration camp on Rab</a>, where they incarcerated 15,000 Slovene and Croatian civilians, among them many women and children, and over 3,500 civilians are estimated to have died in the camp.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1941, Italy invaded Yugoslavia, occupying large portions of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia, while directly annexing to Italy the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorski_Kotar" title="Gorski Kotar">Gorski Kotar</a> and Central <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, along with most Croatian islands. To suppress the mounting resistance led by the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene partisans">Slovenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian</a> Partisans, the Italians adopted tactics of "<a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. To regain military momentum, the Italians persuaded the Chetniks to become their subordinates. <a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a> recruited Serbs to help counteract German control in Croatia. The Chetniks were to occupy territories cleared by Axis rastrellamenti instead of the pro-German Croatians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roatta, like his fellow commanders, was wary that Wehrmacht generals would not honor Hitler’s repeated verbal promises to respect Italy’s long-standing imperial claims in Yugoslavia. In exchange for their cooperation, the Chetniks expected Italy to turn a blind eye while they avenged themselves against Muslims and conducted retaliatory raids on Croatian communities. Although Roatta did not support such vengeance due to the distress it caused in Zagreb, his occasional warnings to the Chetniks to restrain themselves were ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many field commanders preferred to spare their troops by using Chetniks and collaborators to undertake the unpleasant task of rooting out partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg/220px-Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg/330px-Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg/440px-Italian_soldiers_shooting_Slovenian_hostages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers shooting Slovenian civilian hostages from the village Dane, Loška dolina</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1942 Mussolini told <a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a>, commander of the Italian 2nd Army, that "the best situation is when the enemy is dead. So we must take numerous hostages and shoot them whenever necessary." To implement this Roatta suggested the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Fiume" title="Province of Fiume">Province of Fiume</a> and Croatia, the evacuation of people in the east of the former frontiers to a distance of 3–4 km inland, the organization of border patrols to kill anyone attempting to cross, the mass internment of "twenty to thirty thousand persons" to <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a>, burning down houses, and the confiscation of property from villagers suspected of having contact with Partisans for families of Italian soldiers. He also mentioned the need to extend the plan to Dalmatia and for the construction of concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno2003337_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2003337-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roatta insisted, "If necessary don't shy away from using cruelty. It must be a complete cleansing. We need to intern all the inhabitants and put Italian families in their place."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg200234_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg200234-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_concentration_camps">Italian concentration camps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian concentration camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png/330px-Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png/495px-Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png/660px-Dead_inmates_at_the_Rab_concentration_camp.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Dead inmates from the Rab concentration camp, one of many Italian concentration camps for civilians from the former Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>, alone, the Italians sent some 25,000 to 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovene civilians to concentration camps, which equalled 7.5% to 12% of its total population. The Italians also sent tens of thousands of Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins and others to concentration camps, including many women and children. 80,000 people from Dalmatia (12% of the population) passed through various Italian concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 98,703 Montenegrin civilians (one-third of the entire population of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) were sent to Italian concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194673_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194673-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up many <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monigo">Monigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renicci_di_Anghiari" title="Renicci di Anghiari">Renicci di Anghiari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molat_concentration_camp" title="Molat concentration camp">Molat</a> and elsewhere. Among the 10,619 civilians held in October 1942 in just the Rab concentration camp, 3,413 were women and children, with children accounting for 1,422 of the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 3,500 internees died at Rab alone, including at least 163 children listed by name,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving it a mortality rate of 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1,000 internees died in the Molat camp, while over 500 died in the Gonars camp, including 93 children.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentration camp survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_killings_of_civilians_and_hostages">Mass killings of civilians and hostages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mass killings of civilians and hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In retaliation for Partisan actions during the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">Uprising in Montenegro</a>, Italian forces, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pirzio_Biroli" title="Alessandro Pirzio Biroli">Alessandro Pirzio Biroli</a>, killed 74 Montenegrin civilians and captured Partisans in <a href="/wiki/Pljevlja" title="Pljevlja">Pljevlja</a> on 2 December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian forces committed further massacres on 14 December 1941, in the villages of Babina Vlaka, Jabuka and Mihailovici, destroying homes and killing 120 Montenegrin civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early July 1942, Italian troops operating opposite Fiume were reported to have shot and killed 800 Croat and Slovene civilians and burned down 20 houses near Split on the Dalmatian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July 1942, Italian forces killed around 100 Croat civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Podhum_massacre" title="Podhum massacre">Podhum massacre</a>, and deported another 889 civilians to concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, the Italian Air Force was reported to have practically destroyed four Yugoslav villages near <a href="/wiki/Prozor-Rama" title="Prozor-Rama">Prozor</a>, killing hundreds of civilians in revenge for a local guerrilla attack that resulted in the death of two high-ranking officers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second week of August 1942, Italian troops were reported to have burned down six Croatian villages and shot dead more than 200 civilians in retaliation for guerrilla attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1942, the Italian Army was reported to have destroyed 100 villages in Slovenia and killed 7,000 villagers in reprisal for local guerrilla attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 1942, after a Partisan attack on a military truck convoy, Italian forces launched a combined and indiscriminate land, air and naval bombardment targeting the small Croatian town of <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%A1ten_massacre" title="Primošten massacre">Primošten</a> in reprisal. Some 150 civilians were killed in the attack, nearby villages were also burned and 200 citizens were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134–135_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134–135-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout January 1943, Italian forces belonging to the <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Division_%22Lombardia%22" title="57th Infantry Division "Lombardia"">"Lombardia"</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_Infantry_Division_%22Re%22" title="13th Infantry Division "Re"">"Re"</a> divisions, launched large anti-Partisan operations in the <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a> region, around <a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87" title="Gospić">Gospić</a>. During the operation, Italian forces razed 12 villages, destroying or burning around 2,806 homes and farms and killing 635 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946142–143_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946142–143-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During anti-Partisan operations in July 1943, Italian forces razed the village <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDrnovnica" title="Žrnovnica">Žrnovnica</a> and 23 surrounding hamlets. During these reprisals, Italian forces burned down about 900 houses, shot 97 civilians, interned 880 civilians and destroyed about 150 boats.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian authorities enacted a quota for civilian hostages to be shot in retaliation for Italian soldiers and citizens killed by Partisan attacks. In Dalmatia, five civilian hostages were to be executed for every Italian civilian killed and twenty civilian hostages were to be executed for every Italian officer or civil servant killed. Hostages were taken from the civilian population and were interned in concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other areas, the quota was more arbitrary. For example, Italian forces ordered the execution of 66 civilian hostages from Šibenik on 22 May 1943, in retaliation for 22 telegraph poles sabotaged by Partisans, a quota of three hostages for each telegraph pole damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the hostage quota was higher; in January 1942, the Governor of Montenegro ordered 50 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian officer killed or wounded, and 10 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian NCO and regular soldier killed or wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 24 April and 24 June 1942, Italian forces executed more than 1,000 hostages from across the Province of Ljubljana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194641_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194641-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Šibenik district, 240 hostages were executed between 23 April and 15 June 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a further 470 civilians were killed in reprisals at the same time across other areas of Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late-June 1943, the Governor of Montenegro ordered the execution of 180 hostages from the Bar concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194660_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194660-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 1941, governor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Giuseppe Bastianini</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Tribunal_for_Dalmatia" title="Extraordinary Tribunal for Dalmatia">Extraordinary Tribunal for Dalmatia</a>, a special <a href="/wiki/Judicial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial body">judicial body</a> operating within the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a>, with the task of judging <a href="/wiki/Political_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Political crimes">political crimes</a> and individuals belonging to <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-criminidiguerra1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criminidiguerra1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tribunal held four trials characterized by a hasty procedure without any guarantee for the accused, imposing forty-eight death sentences, of which thirty-five were executed, as well as thirty-seven prison sentences of different lengths. </p><p>A decree given by Mussolini on 24 October 1941, replaced the Extraordinary Tribunal with the Special Court for Dalmatia, which took over the tribunal's functionality and had wide jurisdiction. Like the Extraordinary Tribunal, the Special Court worked quickly, informally and arbitrarily. According to statistics from the Yugoslav State Commission of Crimes of the Occupier and Their Assistants, a total of 5,000 people became subject to proceedings in these Italian courts and the courts condemned 500 of them to death. The remainder were given punishments ranging from long prison sentences, being assigned to forced labour or being sent to concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to statistics collected through 1946 by the Commission for War Damages on the Territory of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Croatia">People's Republic of Croatia</a>, Italian authorities with their collaborators killed 30,795 civilians (not including those killed in concentration camps and prisons) in Dalmatia, Istria, Gorski Kotar and the Croatian Littoral, compared to 9,657 partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a Slovenian census determined that the Italian occupiers were responsible for the deaths of 6,400 Slovene civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_repressive_anti-Partisan_measures">Other repressive anti-Partisan measures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other repressive anti-Partisan measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana,_Slovenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/220px-Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/330px-Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/440px-Italian_occupation_of_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Italian poster forbidding exit from barbed-wire surrounded <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On their own, or with their Nazi allies, the occupying Italian army undertook many armed actions, including brutal offensives intended to wipe out Partisan resistance. This included <a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Case White</a> in Bosnia, in which German, Italian and allied quisling forces killed 12,000 Partisans, plus 3,370 civilians, while sending 1,722 civilians to concentration camps. During the <a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Case Black</a> offensive, German, Italian and allied troops killed 7,000 Partisans (two-thirds of the total 22,000 Partisan force were killed or wounded), and executed 2,537 civilians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italijanske_racije_v_Ljubljani_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italijanske_racije_v_Ljubljani_%284%29.jpg/220px-Italijanske_racije_v_Ljubljani_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Italijanske_racije_v_Ljubljani_%284%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Italian mass arrests of civilians in Ljubljana in 1942, many of whom were sent to concentration camps or shot as hostages</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana Province</a>, in July 1941, the Italian army assembled 80,000 well-armed troops to attack 2,500-3,000 poorly armed Partisans,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had liberated large portions of the Province. Italian general <a href="/wiki/Mario_Robotti" title="Mario Robotti">Mario Robotti</a> issued commands for all persons caught with arms or false identification papers to be shot on the spot, while most other men of military age were to be sent to concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All buildings from which shots were fired on Italian troops, or in which ammunition was found, or the owners showed hospitality to Partisans, were to be destroyed. Italian troops were ordered to burn crops, kill livestock and burn villages which supported Partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To destroy the resistance, the Italian occupiers also completely surrounded the capital city of Ljubljana with barbed wire, bunkers and control points. Civilians, particularly families of partisans and their supporters, were sent by the tens of thousands to Italian concentration camps, and in a meeting in Gorizia in July 1942, between Italian generals and Mussolini, they agreed to forcefully deport all 330,000 inhabitants of Ljubljana Province, if necessary, and replace them with Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the Italians responsible for the many war crimes against Yugoslavs - including Generals Roatta and Robotti, Fascist Commissar <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Grazioli" title="Emilio Grazioli">Emilio Grazioli</a>, etc - were ever brought to trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_cultural_heritage">Destruction of cultural heritage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Destruction of cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942 Italian fascist troops completely destroyed the remains of medieval <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Bartholomew_in_Kapitul" title="Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew in Kapitul">Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew in Knin</a>, in order to build themselves their barracks and concrete bunkers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOMENIKO-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DOMENIKO-1943.jpg/220px-DOMENIKO-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/DOMENIKO-1943.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops walk among the bodies of Greek civilians executed during the <a href="/wiki/Domenikon_massacre" title="Domenikon massacre">Domenikon massacre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A similar phenomenon took place in Greece in the immediate postwar years. The Italian occupation of Greece was often brutal, resulting in reprisals such as the <a href="/wiki/Domenikon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenikon Massacre">Domenikon Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek government claimed that Italian occupation forces destroyed 110,000 buildings and via various causes inflicted economic damage of $6 billion (1938 exchange rates)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while executing 11,000 civilians; in terms of the percentage of direct and indirect destruction this was almost identical to the figures attributed to German occupation forces.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians also presided over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine</a> while occupying the majority of the country, and along with the Germans were responsible for it by initiating a policy of wide-scale plunder of everything of value in Greece, including food for its occupation forces. Ultimately, the Greek famine led to the deaths of 300,000 Greek civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, in a contemporary letter, directly blamed the Fascist Italian government for the deaths in addition to the Germans: "Axis authorities in Greece are robbing the starving population of their entire harvest of corn, grapes, olives, and currants; even vegetables, fish, milk, and butter are being seized... Italy is the occupying power and Italy is responsible for the proper feeding of the Greek people... after the war the story of Greece will be an indelible blot on the good name of Italy, at any rate Fascist Italy."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two Italian filmmakers were jailed in the 1950s for depicting the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian invasion of Greece">Italian invasion of Greece</a> and the subsequent occupation of the country as a "soft war", the Italian public and media were forced to repress their collective memory. The repression of memory led to historical revisionism<sup id="cite_ref-revisionism_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisionism-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italy and in 2003, the Italian media published <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s statement that <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> only "used to send people on vacation".<sup id="cite_ref-IHT_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHT-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom</a> on 7 April 1939. Albania was quickly overrun by the 12 April 1939, forcing its ruler, <a href="/wiki/King_Zog" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zog">King Zog</a>, into exile. Albania was then made a part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">protectorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Italian Crown</a>. Italian citizens began to settle in Albania as <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">colonists</a> and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Axis_Rule_in_Occupied_Europe_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axis_Rule_in_Occupied_Europe-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> of Albania was one of Mussolini's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1940, growing Albanian resistance to Italian rule led to an increase in repressive and punitive measures against the Albanian population.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 14–18 July 1943, the Italian army conducted a large anti-Partisan operation in villages surrounding the town of <a href="/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr" title="Mallakastër">Mallakastër</a>, destroying 80 Albanian villages and killing hundreds of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Statistics of the Albanian National Institute of Resistance, the Italian occupiers were responsible for 28,000 dead, 12,600 wounded, 43,000 interned in concentration camps, 61,000 homes burned, 850 villages destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the passing of the anti-Semitic <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a> in 1938, conditions worsened for the <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Libya">Jews of Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histclo_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histclo-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c3.ort.org.il_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3.ort.org.il-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, 2,600 Jews were sent by Italian authorities to the <a href="/wiki/Giado_concentration_camp" title="Giado concentration camp">Giado concentration camp</a>, where they remained until they were liberated by British forces in January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 564 prisoners died from typhus and other privations.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Soviet_Union">The Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In at least one recorded case, Italian forces taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_participation_on_the_Eastern_Front" title="Italian participation on the Eastern Front">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, handed over a captured group of Jews to be killed by a German <a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommando</a> unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Rochat388_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochat388-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">The Holocaust in Italy</a></div> <p>The oppression of Italian Jews began in 1938 with the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws">Racial Laws</a> of segregation by the fascist regime of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. This changed in September 1943, when German forces occupied the country, installed the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (RSI) and immediately began persecuting and deporting the Jews found there. </p><p>In November 1943, the Fascist authorities of the RSI declared Italian Jews to be of "enemy nationality" during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona_(1943)" title="Congress of Verona (1943)">Congress of Verona</a> and began to participate actively in the prosecution and arrest of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGentile15_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile15-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, after the Italian surrender, the Italian police had only assisted in the round-up of Jews when requested to do so by German authorities. With the <a href="/wiki/Manifest_of_Verona" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest of Verona">Manifest of Verona</a>, in which Jews were declared foreigners, and in times of war enemies, this changed. <a href="/wiki/RSI_Police_Order_No._5" title="RSI Police Order No. 5">Police Order No. 5</a> on November 30, 1943, issued by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guido Buffarini Guidi</a>, minister of the interior of the RSI, ordered the Italian police to arrest Jews and confiscate their property.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately half of all Jews arrested during the Holocaust in Italy were arrested in 1944 by the Italian police.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevane_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevane-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the estimated 44,500 Jews living in Italy before September 1943, 7,680 were murdered during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> (mostly at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>), while nearly 37,000 survived.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Italian_war_criminals">List of Italian war criminals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of Italian war criminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a working list of Italian high-ranking military personnel or other officials involved in acts of war. It includes also such personnel of lower rank that were accused of grave breaches of the laws of war. Inclusion of a person does not imply that the person was qualified as a war criminal by a court of justice. As noted in the relevant section, very few cases have been brought to court due to diplomatic activities of, notably, the government of the United Kingdom and subsequent general abolition. </p><p>The criterion for inclusion in the list is the existence of reliable documented sources. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>: In 1936, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, Mussolini ordered the manufacturing/purchase of hundreds of tons of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">yperite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">fire munitions</a> in the form of aerial bombs and artillery and mortar shells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>: In 1936, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, Badoglio approved, as commander in chief of the Italian army, the use of poisonous gas against enemy troops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Magliocco" title="Vincenzo Magliocco">Vincenzo Magliocco</a>: During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, Magliocco was one of the generals primarily responsible for carrying out orders to use chemical weapons. He was killed in action in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>: In 1950, a military tribunal sentenced Graziani to prison for a term of 19 years (but released after a few months) as punishment for his collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, when he was Minister of Defense of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. He was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">Pacification of Libya</a> and authorized the mass killing of Ethiopians known as <i><a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a></i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maletti" title="Pietro Maletti">Pietro Maletti</a>: During the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Between May 18 and May 22, 1937, Italian and Libyan troops under the command of Maletti massacred between 1700 and 2100 people at the Debre Libanos Monastery, including all 297 monks and 23 lay people who served the monastery, and the many pilgrims who had come to celebrate the patron saint of the monastery. Maletti was killed in action in 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a>: Key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">Pacification of Libya</a>. Ardent proponent of the use of poison gas and concentration camps, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians. Responsible for mass death sentences against resistance fighters. In 1944, De Bono was executed after being convicted at the <a href="/wiki/Verona_trial" title="Verona trial">Verona trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pirzio_Biroli" title="Alessandro Pirzio Biroli">Alessandro Pirzio Biroli</a>: The Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a>. He ordered that fifty Montenegrin civilians be executed for every Italian killed, and ten be executed for every Italian wounded. Biroli never stood trial and died in 1962.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg/156px-Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg/234px-Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg/312px-Mario_Roatta_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a> (1887–1968): Italian General accused of War Crimes and called "The Beast" in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a>: In 1941–1943, during the 22-month existence of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>, Roatta ordered the deportation of 25,000 people, which equalled 7.5% of the total population. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a> on the island of Rab, in Gonars, Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova and elsewhere. The survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war. He had, as the commander of the 2nd Italian Army in Province of Ljubljana, ordered besides internments also summary executions, hostage-taking, and burning of houses and villages,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JamesBurgwyn_2004_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesBurgwyn_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which after the war the Yugoslav government sought unsuccessfully to have him extradited for war crimes. He was quoted as saying "<i>Non dente per dente, ma testa per dente</i>" ("<i>Not a tooth for a tooth but a head for a tooth</i>"), while Robotti was quoted as saying "<i>Non si ammazza abbastanza!</i>" ("<i>There are not enough killings</i>") in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "On 1 March 1942, he <i>(Roatta)</i> circulated a pamphlet entitled '3C' among his commanders that spelled out military reform and draconian measures to intimidate the Slav populations into silence by means of summary executions, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. By his reckoning, military necessity knew no choice, and law required only lip service. Roatta's merciless suppression of partisan insurgency was not mitigated by his having saved the lives of both Serbs and Jews from the persecution of Italy's allies Germany and Croatia. Under his watch, the 2nd Army's record of violence against the Yugoslav population easily matched the Germans. Tantamount to a declaration of war on civilians, Roatta's '3C' pamphlet involved him in war crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-JamesBurgwyn_2004_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesBurgwyn_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Roatta's soldiers wrote home on July 1, 1942: "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, when describing a meeting with the secretary general of the Fascist party who wanted Italian army to kill all Slovenes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(...) I took the liberty of saying they (the Slovenes) totalled one million. It doesn't matter – he replied firmly – we should model ourselves upon <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">ascari</a> (auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty) and wipe them out".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Robotti" title="Mario Robotti">Mario Robotti</a>: Commander of the Italian XI Corps in Slovenia and Croatia, issued an order in line with a directive received from Mussolini in June 1942: "I would not be opposed to all (<i>sic</i>) Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians. In other words, we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide." This qualified as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bellomo_(general)" title="Nicola Bellomo (general)">Nicola Bellomo</a> was an Italian general who was tried and found guilty for killing a British prisoner of war and wounding another in 1941. He was one of the few Italians to be executed for war crimes by the Allies, and the only one executed by the British military.</li> <li>Italo Simonitti, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army_(Italian_Socialist_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Army (Italian Socialist Republic)">4th <i>Monterosa</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpine</a> division, was executed for his involvement in the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lieutenant_Alfred_Lyth" title="Murder of Lieutenant Alfred Lyth">execution of an American prisoner</a>. He was the only Italian war criminal to be executed by the U.S. military. Simonitti's subordinate, Benedetto Pilon, received a life sentence. He was later transferred to Italian custody, but freed under an amnesty by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Minister of Justice (Italy)">Minister of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Attilio Piccioni</a> in January 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Caruso" title="Pietro Caruso">Pietro Caruso</a> was chief of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Fascist</a> police in Rome while it was occupied by the Germans. He helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a> in March 1944. After Rome was liberated by the Allies he was tried that September by an Italian Court and subsequently executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guido Buffarini Guidi</a> was the Minister of the Interior for the Italian Social Republic; shortly after the end of the war in Europe he was found guilty of war crimes by an Italian court and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Koch" title="Pietro Koch">Pietro Koch</a> was head of the <i>Banda Koch</i>, a special task force of the <i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Police_Corps" title="Republican Police Corps">Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana</a></i> dedicated to hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees. His ruthless extremism was cause for concern even to his fellow fascists, who had him arrested in October 1944. Then he came into Allied captivity and was later convicted of war crimes by an Italian court and executed.</li></ul> <p>A number of names of Italians can be found in the <a href="/wiki/CROWCASS" class="mw-redirect" title="CROWCASS">CROWCASS</a> list established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia and Greece for war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-CROWCASS_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CROWCASS-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Security_Suspects_1947_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Security_Suspects_1947-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism_and_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism and racism">Italian Fascism and racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Anti-Italianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Axis war crimes in Italy">Axis war crimes in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">The Holocaust in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2008" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Force_of_Destiny.html?id=lSRwOZ0Yxw8C"><i>The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-35367-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-35367-5"><bdi>978-0-618-35367-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Force+of+Destiny%3A+A+History+of+Italy+Since+1796&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-618-35367-5&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Force_of_Destiny.html%3Fid%3DlSRwOZ0Yxw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duggan,_496-497-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duggan,_496-497_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2007" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Christopher (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forceofdestinyhi00dugg"><i>The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796</i></a></span>. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forceofdestinyhi00dugg/page/496">496</a>–497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-35367-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-35367-5"><bdi>978-0-618-35367-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Force+of+Destiny%3A+A+History+of+Italy+Since+1796&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=496-497&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-35367-5&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforceofdestinyhi00dugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2006" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309"><i>The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53854-1"><bdi>978-0-521-53854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53854-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGHGPgj1_tIC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmida2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (23 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSg0lQkyJoIC&pg=PA146"><i>Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2893-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2893-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-2893-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+Modern+Libya%2C+The%3A+State+Formation%2C+Colonization%2C+and+Resistance%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2893-2&rft.aulast=Ahmida&rft.aufirst=Ali+Abdullatif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSg0lQkyJoIC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pedaliu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pedaliu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Effie_G._H._Pedaliu" class="mw-redirect" title="Effie G. H. Pedaliu">Effie G. H. Pedaliu</a> (2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408">4141408</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rain2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rain2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Baudendistel, <i>Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936</i>, Berghahn Books, 2006, p.239; 131-2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2MMGoY3MpMC&dq=tito+minniti+etiopia&pg=PA131">Google books link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-155-M-93-1936-VII_EN.pdf">League of Nations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36790158">"Dum-Dum Bullets for Abyssinia"</a>. <i>Courier-Mail</i>. 14 April 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Dum-Dum+Bullets+for+Abyssinia&rft.date=1936-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article36790158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, A. J. (1968). The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6. London: Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-93201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-93201-6">978-0-304-93201-6</a>. Pages 292-293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1931-2017., Thomas, Hugh, (2003). The Spanish Civil War (4th ed.). London: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101161-5">978-0-14-101161-5</a>. OCLC 53806663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Effie Pedaliu</a> (2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408">4141408</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConti,_Davide2011" class="citation web cs1">Conti, Davide (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odradek.it/Schedelibri/criminalidiguerra.html">"Criminali di guerra Italiani"</a>. Odradek Edizioni<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminali+di+guerra+Italiani&rft.pub=Odradek+Edizioni&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Conti%2C+Davide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odradek.it%2FSchedelibri%2Fcriminalidiguerra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">Italy's bloody secret</a> (Archived by <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>®), written by <a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Rory Carroll</a>, Education, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliva06-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oliva06_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Oliva" title="Gianni Oliva">Oliva, Gianni</a> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294"><i>«Si ammazza troppo poco». I crimini di guerra italiani. 1940–43</i></a>, Mondadori, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1">88-04-55129-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blpp2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blpp2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldissara, Luca & Pezzino, Paolo (2004). <i>Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo</i>, L'Ancora del Mediterraneo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1">978-88-8325-135-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2003337-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno2003337_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodogno2003">Rodogno 2003</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg200234-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg200234_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2002">Steinberg 2002</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2002" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%3A+1941+-+1945&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizdar2005" class="citation web cs1">Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35407">"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War"</a>. Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Policies+Toward+Croatians+In+Occupied+Territories+During+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dizdar&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194673-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194673_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people 1946</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodogno, Davide (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgEMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo: le politiche di occupazione dell'Italia fascista in Europa (1940-1943)</i></a> (in Italian). Bollati Boringhieri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-339-1432-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-339-1432-9"><bdi>978-88-339-1432-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+nuovo+ordine+mediterraneo%3A+le+politiche+di+occupazione+dell%27Italia+fascista+in+Europa+%281940-1943%29&rft.pub=Bollati+Boringhieri&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-339-1432-9&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgEMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua-rab.hr/index.php/talijanski-fasisticki-logor-kampor">"Talijanski fašistički logor Kampor - Udruga antifašista Rab"</a>. <i>www.ua-rab.hr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ua-rab.hr&rft.atitle=Talijanski+fa%C5%A1isti%C4%8Dki+logor+Kampor+-+Udruga+antifa%C5%A1ista+Rab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua-rab.hr%2Findex.php%2Ftalijanski-fasisticki-logor-kampor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) Clash of civilisations, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documenta.hr/novosti/odrzana-komemoracija-na-spomen-groblju-kampor/">"Održana komemoracija na Spomen groblju Kampor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odr%C5%BEana+komemoracija+na+Spomen+groblju+Kampor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumenta.hr%2Fnovosti%2Fodrzana-komemoracija-na-spomen-groblju-kampor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Scotti - L. Viazzi, <i>L'inutile vittoria: la tragica esperienza delle truppe italiane in Montenegro</i>, Milano, Mursia, 1998, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davide Conti, <i>L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)</i>, Odradek, Roma 2008, pp. 129-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19420706&id=O_E0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=zWkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3484,285569">Report Italians Execute 800 in Yugoslavia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2002">Tomasevich 2002</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19420725&id=3KFhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DmoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5756,298579">Italians Level Slav Villages In Reprisal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19420812&id=IrouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=stQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5261,1919029">ITALIANS BURN 6 CROAT TOWNS</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19420904&id=TPQjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=V_8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6550,3875812">Italians Raze 100 Sloven Villages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134–135-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2002134–135_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2002">Tomasevich 2002</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946142–143-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946142–143_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people 1946</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/dalmacija/s-mora-i-kraja/ubili-su-milijun-ljudi-a-prema-hrvatima-su-bili-posebno-necovjecni-mucili-su-ih-slali-u-logore-palili-sela-srhoj-podsjeca-na-sve-te-strahote-mnogi-se-jos-nisu-odrekli-1230807">"Ubili su milijun ljudi, a prema Hrvatima su bili posebno nečovječni. Mučili su ih, slali u logore, palili sela... Srhoj podsjeća na sve te strahote: 'Mnogi se još nisu odrekli'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ubili+su+milijun+ljudi%2C+a+prema+Hrvatima+su+bili+posebno+ne%C4%8Dovje%C4%8Dni.+Mu%C4%8Dili+su+ih%2C+slali+u+logore%2C+palili+sela...+Srhoj+podsje%C4%87a+na+sve+te+strahote%3A+%27Mnogi+se+jo%C5%A1+nisu+odrekli%27&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslobodnadalmacija.hr%2Fdalmacija%2Fs-mora-i-kraja%2Fubili-su-milijun-ljudi-a-prema-hrvatima-su-bili-posebno-necovjecni-mucili-su-ih-slali-u-logore-palili-sela-srhoj-podsjeca-na-sve-te-strahote-mnogi-se-jos-nisu-odrekli-1230807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizdar2005" class="citation web cs1">Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35407">"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War"</a>. Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Policies+Toward+Croatians+In+Occupied+Territories+During+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dizdar&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizdar2005" class="citation web cs1">Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35407">"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War"</a>. Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Policies+Toward+Croatians+In+Occupied+Territories+During+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dizdar&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194657_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people 1946</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194641-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194641_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people 1946</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetacco2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Petacco" title="Arrigo Petacco">Petacco, Arrigo</a> (2020). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYtpzQEACAAJ"><i>Tragedy Revealed: The Story of Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943-1956</i></a></span>. Toronto, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2636-8"><bdi>978-1-4875-2636-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy+Revealed%3A+The+Story+of+Italians+from+Istria%2C+Dalmatia%2C+and+Venezia+Giulia%2C+1943-1956&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-2636-8&rft.aulast=Petacco&rft.aufirst=Arrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYtpzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194660-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people194660_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people 1946</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znaci.org/00001/4_13_1_1.pdf">"znaci.net"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. znaci.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=znaci.net&rft.pub=znaci.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznaci.org%2F00001%2F4_13_1_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegonja2008" class="citation journal cs1">Begonja, Zlatko (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/39779">"Vincenzo Serrentino - posljednji talijanski prefekt Zadarske provincije"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>40</b> (3). Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski institut za povijest – via <a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%8Dak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrčak">Hrčak</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Vincenzo+Serrentino+-+posljednji+talijanski+prefekt+Zadarske+provincije&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Begonja&rft.aufirst=Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fen%2F39779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oddone Talpo, Dalmazia. Una cronaca per la storia (1941), p. 711</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criminidiguerra1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criminidiguerra1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criminidiguerra.it/TribunaleStraDalm.shtml">"Crimini di guerra"</a>. Criminidiguerra.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimini+di+guerra&rft.pub=Criminidiguerra.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criminidiguerra.it%2FTribunaleStraDalm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizdar2005" class="citation web cs1">Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35407">"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War"</a>. Hrvatski institut za povijest. pp. 190–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Policies+Toward+Croatians+In+Occupied+Territories+During+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=190-191&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dizdar&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizdar2005" class="citation web cs1">Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35407">"Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War"</a>. Hrvatski institut za povijest. pp. 205–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Policies+Toward+Croatians+In+Occupied+Territories+During+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dizdar&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/prvi-pravi-popis-v-vojnem-in-povojnem-nasilju-je-umrlo-6-5-slovencev/284939">"Prvi pravi popis - v vojnem in povojnem nasilju je umrlo 6,5 % Slovencev :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija"</a>. Rtvslo.si. 2011-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prvi+pravi+popis+-+v+vojnem+in+povojnem+nasilju+je+umrlo+6%2C5+%25+Slovencev+%3A%3A+Prvi+interaktivni+multimedijski+portal%2C+MMC+RTV+Slovenija&rft.pub=Rtvslo.si&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fslovenija%2Fprvi-pravi-popis-v-vojnem-in-povojnem-nasilju-je-umrlo-6-5-slovencev%2F284939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2002">Tomasevich 2002</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2002">Tomasevich 2002</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJadrijević1967" class="citation journal cs1">Jadrijević, Ante (1967-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/92702">"Smrt hrvatskih kraljeva Miroslava i Zvonimira (2). Ekskurs I — Starohrvatska katedrala na Kapitulu kod Knina, Ekskurs II — Starohrvatska županija Polje kod Knina"</a>. <i>Crkva u svijetu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crkva+u+svijetu&rft.atitle=Smrt+hrvatskih+kraljeva+Miroslava+i+Zvonimira+%282%29.+Ekskurs+I+%E2%80%94+Starohrvatska+katedrala+na+Kapitulu+kod+Knina%2C+Ekskurs+II+%E2%80%94+Starohrvatska+%C5%BEupanija+Polje+kod+Knina&rft.date=1967-04-14&rft.aulast=Jadrijevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F92702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/kako-sam-otkrio-katedralu-hrvatskih-kraljeva-u-kninu-4084485">"Globus - Kako sam otkrio katedralu hrvatskih kraljeva u Kninu"</a>. <i>www.jutarnji.hr</i> (in Croatian). 2013-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jutarnji.hr&rft.atitle=Globus+-+Kako+sam+otkrio+katedralu+hrvatskih+kraljeva+u+Kninu&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Fglobus%2Fkako-sam-otkrio-katedralu-hrvatskih-kraljeva-u-kninu-4084485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Fonzi, "Liquidare e dimenticare il passato": i rapporti italo – greci tra il 1943 e il 1948, in "Italia Contemporanea", 266 (2012), pp. 7–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantine A. Doxiadis, "Destruction of Towns and Villages in Greece." Series of Publications of the Ministry of Reconstruction, no.11 (Athens: Ministry of Reconstruction, 1947), p.59. The 112 GRD/USD conversion can be worked out from p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67408-9">978-0-521-67408-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margherita, Marchione. "Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace." Paulist Pr, May 2000. Page 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revisionism-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revisionism_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHT_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/10/29/camp_ed3_.php"><i>Survivors of war camp lament Italy's amnesia</i></a>, 2003, <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Sante, Costantino (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ombrecorte.it/more.asp?id=15">Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951)</a>, Ombre Corte, Milano. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054449/http://www.ombrecorte.it/more.asp?id=15">Archived by WebCite®</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axis_Rule_in_Occupied_Europe-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Axis_Rule_in_Occupied_Europe_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkinPower2008" class="citation cs2">Lemkin, Raphael; Power, Samantha (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i></a>, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., pp. 99–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.pages=99-107&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Power%2C+Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullhaj2016" class="citation book cs1">Cullhaj, Florian (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwtDDwAAQBAJ&dq=mussolini+italianize+albanians&pg=PA42"><i>Democratization from within: Political Culture and the Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Communist Albania</i></a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6812-825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6812-825-8"><bdi>978-88-6812-825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+from+within%3A+Political+Culture+and+the+Consolidation+of+Democracy+in+Post-Communist+Albania&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.isbn=978-88-6812-825-8&rft.aulast=Cullhaj&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwtDDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmussolini%2Bitalianize%2Balbanians%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davide Conti: <i>L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)</i>. Odradek, Rom 2008, pp.152-153, ISBN 978-88-86973-92-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davide Conti: <i>L'occupazione italiana dei Balcani. Crimini di guerra e mito della «brava gente» (1940-1943)</i>. Odradek, Rom 2008, pg.157, ISBN 978-88-86973-92-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistiche dell'Istituto nazionale albanese della Resistenza, Cfr. E. Misefari, <i>La resistenza degli albanesi contro l'imperialismo italiano</i>, Milano, Ediz. Cultura Popolare, 1976, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histclo-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histclo_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/hol/holc-lib.html">"The Holocaust in Libya (1938-43)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Libya+%281938-43%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fessay%2Fwar%2Fww2%2Fhol%2Fholc-lib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c3.ort.org.il-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c3.ort.org.il_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926085654/http://c3.ort.org.il/Apps/WW/page.aspx?ws=496fe4b2-4d9a-4c28-a845-510b28b1e44b&page=c1133131-9b1b-469e-a08e-0ae9eb685f98&box=e4b8e529-3402-411d-bb44-57b80f06af12&_pstate=item&_item=8a02225e-4c52-484f-bf0c-0afb107e6d71">"Jewish resistance in Libya"</a>. <i>Organization of Partizans Underground and Ghetto Fighters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c3.ort.org.il/Apps/WW/page.aspx?ws=496fe4b2-4d9a-4c28-a845-510b28b1e44b&page=c1133131-9b1b-469e-a08e-0ae9eb685f98&box=e4b8e529-3402-411d-bb44-57b80f06af12&_pstate=item&_item=8a02225e-4c52-484f-bf0c-0afb107e6d71">the original</a> on 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organization+of+Partizans+Underground+and+Ghetto+Fighters&rft.atitle=Jewish+resistance+in+Libya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc3.ort.org.il%2FApps%2FWW%2Fpage.aspx%3Fws%3D496fe4b2-4d9a-4c28-a845-510b28b1e44b%26page%3Dc1133131-9b1b-469e-a08e-0ae9eb685f98%26box%3De4b8e529-3402-411d-bb44-57b80f06af12%26_pstate%3Ditem%26_item%3D8a02225e-4c52-484f-bf0c-0afb107e6d71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190345/http://www.pbmstoria.it/giornali3228">"Scopri StoriaLive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbmstoria.it/giornali3228">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scopri+StoriaLive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbmstoria.it%2Fgiornali3228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkat2003" class="citation news cs1">Barkat, Amiram (30 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4725847">"A new look at Libyan Jewry's Holocaust experience"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030005350/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4725847">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+new+look+at+Libyan+Jewry%27s+Holocaust+experience&rft.date=2003-04-30&rft.aulast=Barkat&rft.aufirst=Amiram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4725847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochat388-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rochat388_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Rochat" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Rochat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Rochat (page does not exist)">Giorgio Rochat</a>. <i>Le guerre italiane 1935-1943. Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta</i>. Einaudi. p. 388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+guerre+italiane+1935-1943.+Dall%27impero+d%27Etiopia+alla+disfatta&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.au=Giorgio+Rochat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile15-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGentile15_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGentile">Gentile</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joshua D. (June 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WGZ0MWIgUwC&q=italian+police+order+no+5+1943&pg=PA217"><i>Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84101-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84101-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Italy+Under+Fascist+and+Nazi+Rule%2C+1922-1945&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84101-6&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WGZ0MWIgUwC%26q%3Ditalian%2Bpolice%2Border%2Bno%2B5%2B1943%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ&q=italian+police+order+no+5+1943&pg=PA428"><i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. May 29, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5"><bdi>978-0-253-02386-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02386-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nBTDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ditalian%2Bpolice%2Border%2Bno%2B5%2B1943%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevane-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kevane_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridget_Kevane2011" class="citation web cs1">Bridget Kevane (June 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/139293/a-wall-of-indifference-italy-s-shoah-memorial/">"A Wall of Indifference: Italy's Shoah Memorial"</a>. The Jewish Daily Forward.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Wall+of+Indifference%3A+Italy%27s+Shoah+Memorial&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward.com&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.au=Bridget+Kevane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F139293%2Fa-wall-of-indifference-italy-s-shoah-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/faqs.html">"How many Jews were murdered in each country?", Yad Vashem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiglione2020" class="citation web cs1">Ghiglione, Giorgio (2020-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/30/as-europe-reckons-with-racism-italy-still-wont-confront-its-colonial-past/">"As Europe Reckons With Racism, Italy Still Won't Confront Its Colonial Past"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=As+Europe+Reckons+With+Racism%2C+Italy+Still+Won%27t+Confront+Its+Colonial+Past&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.aulast=Ghiglione&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F07%2F30%2Fas-europe-reckons-with-racism-italy-still-wont-confront-its-colonial-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gooch: <i>Re-conquest and Suppression: Fascist Italy's Pacification of Libya and Ethiopia, 1922–39.</i> In: <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>, Band 28, Nr. 6, 2005, S. 1005–1032, hier S. 1009; Aram Mattioli: <i>Experimentierfeld der Gewalt. Der Abessinienkrieg und seine internationale Bedeutung 1935–1941.</i> Zürich 2005, S. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War.</i> Author: E. Pedaliu. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, 2003, page 13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59740-2">978-0-230-59740-2</a> Adicionado em 20/05/2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Piemontese (1946).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&confirm=no_antivirus&id=0B0f1zNWb8BZ0MDllMjViMTgtZTlmMi00YjFlLTk5YTctNmNjMWQ2MzYwNDVl">Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana</a>, page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesBurgwyn_2004-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamesBurgwyn_2004_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesBurgwyn_2004_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Burgwyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942</a>, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gianni, Oliva (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unilibro.it/find_buy/Scheda/libreria/autore-oliva_gianni/sku-12356598/si_ammazza_troppo_poco_i_crimini_di_guerra_italiani_1940_1943_.htm">"Si ammazza troppo poco". I crimini di guerra italiani 1940–1943</a>, Mondadori.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Walston" title="James Walston">James Walston</a>, a historian at <a href="/wiki/The_American_University_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University of Rome">The American University of Rome</a>. Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816083040/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/itaimp1.html">Rory, Carroll. Italy's bloody secret. The Guardian. (Archived by WebCite®)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, London, UK, June 25, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Ciano Diaries 1939–1943: The Complete, Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1936–1943</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931313-74-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-931313-74-1">1-931313-74-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tommaso Di Francesco, Giacomo Scotti (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1Y7G4b7KzqSMXkdLJg-jkHUXWqso_pF33-YztoPdsYe4">Sixty years of ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Diplomatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Diplomatique">Le Monde Diplomatique</a>, May Issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109495808/italians-released/">"Italians released"</a>. <i>The Daily Calumet</i>. 1951-01-19. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Calumet&rft.atitle=Italians+released&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1951-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F109495808%2Fitalians-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CROWCASS-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CROWCASS_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Consolidated Wanted Lists, Part 2 - Non-Germans only (March 1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press); pp. 56–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Security_Suspects_1947-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Security_Suspects_1947_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Supplementary Wanted List No. 2, Part 2 - Non Germans (September 1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press); pp. 81–82</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentile" class="citation book cs1">Gentile, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1351730"><i>The Police Transit Camps in Fossoli and Bolzano – Historical report in connection with the trial of Manfred Seifert</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Police+Transit+Camps+in+Fossoli+and+Bolzano+%E2%80%93+Historical+report+in+connection+with+the+trial+of+Manfred+Seifert&rft.place=Cologne&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1351730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diecifebbraio.info/2012/01/ventinove-mesi-la-documentazione-fotografica/">Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diecifebbraio.info/2020/02/da-fascist-legacy-a-lolocausto-rimosso-il-libro-ritrovato-di-michael-palumbo/">Michael Palumbo, <i>L'olocausto rimosso</i>, Milano, Rizzoli, 1992</a></li> <li>Lidia Santarelli: "Muted violence: Italian war crimes in occupied Greece", <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i>, September 2004, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 280–299(20); Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1354571042000254728">10.1080/1354571042000254728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Effie Pedaliu</a> (2004): Britain and the 'Hand-Over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48, <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, Vol. 39, No. 4, 503–529 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408">4141408</a></li> <li>Pietro Brignoli (1973): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criminidiguerra.it/BrignoliSMessa.htmSanta">messa per i miei fucilati</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>, Longanesi & C., Milano,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._James_Burgwyn" title="H. James Burgwyn">H. James Burgwyn</a> (2004): "General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942", <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i>, September vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 314–329(16) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1354571042000254746">10.1080/1354571042000254746</a></li> <li>Gianni Oliva (2006): 'Si ammazza troppo poco'. I crimini di guerra italiani 1940–43. ('There are too few killings'. Italian war crimes 1940–43), Mondadori, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1">88-04-55129-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Kersevan" title="Alessandra Kersevan">Alessandra Kersevan</a> (2003): "<a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Un campo di concentramento fascista. Gonars 1942–1943</a>", Comune di Gonars e Ed. Kappa Vu,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Kersevan" title="Alessandra Kersevan">Alessandra Kersevan</a> (2008): <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Lager italiani</a>. Pulizia etnica e campi di concentramento fascisti per civili jugoslavi 1941–1943</i>. Editore Nutrimenti,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Kersevan" title="Alessandra Kersevan">Alessandra Kersevan</a> 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Jonathan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIgoGnRb1hcC"><i>All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29069-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29069-2"><bdi>978-0-415-29069-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Or+Nothing%3A+The+Axis+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29069-2&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLIgoGnRb1hcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Luca Baldissara, Paolo Pezzino (2004). Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1">978-88-8325-135-1</a></li> <li><i>The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS) - Consolidated Wanted Lists</i> (1947), Uckfield 2005 (Naval & University Press, facsimile edition of the original document at the National Archives in Kew/London)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnj.it/documentazione/ITA_CRIMES_1945/ic1.pdf">Italian Crimes In Yugoslavia (Yugoslav Information Office – London 1945)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diecifebbraio.info/2012/05/campi-di-concentramento-italiani-nella-jugoslavia-occupata/">Mass internment of civil population under inhuman conditions – Italian concentration camps</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diecifebbraio.info/2015/10/report-on-italian-crimes-against-yugoslavia-and-its-peoples/">Report on Italian War Crimes against Yugoslavia and its people</a> (Report). Belgrade: The State Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes. 1946. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5186960">5186960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+Italian+War+Crimes+against+Yugoslavia+and+its+people&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=The+State+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+War+Crimes&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5186960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diecifebbraio.info%2F2015%2F10%2Freport-on-italian-crimes-against-yugoslavia-and-its-peoples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+war+crimes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International<br />humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes<br />committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li>2nd <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">ICC arrest warrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">health facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">in the occupied Palestinian territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>) <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes" title="Category:War crimes">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&oldid=1258737068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&oldid=1258737068</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_war_crimes" title="Category:Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes_committed_by_country" title="Category:War crimes committed by country">War crimes committed by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Italy" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Italy">Human rights abuses in Italy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Croatian-language_sources_(hr)" title="Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)">CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2020">Articles with dead external links from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 09:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_war_crimes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67c44fb794-hljxz","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.957","walltime":"1.157","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7322,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":282280,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7616,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":202523,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 894.849 1 -total"," 41.40% 370.506 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.67% 167.067 7 Template:Military_navigation"," 17.23% 154.178 13 Template:Cite_book"," 13.28% 118.826 1 Template:War_crimes"," 8.51% 76.157 19 Template:Cite_web"," 8.17% 73.085 11 Template:Sfn"," 7.61% 68.072 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.02% 62.854 5 Template:Fix"," 6.76% 60.508 3 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.511","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8618005,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmida2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegonja2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridget_Kevane2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConti,_Davide2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullhaj2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDizdar2005\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhiglione2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiorgio_Rochat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJadrijević1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkinPower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetacco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport_on_Italian_War_Crimes_against_Yugoslavia_and_its_people1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodogno2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"War crimes\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-85cc865678-7rkkh","timestamp":"20241127092749","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Italian war crimes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_war_crimes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q474884","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q474884","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-15T23:39:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T09:38:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2c\/Italians_burning_villages_in_Croatia.jpg","headline":"war crimes committed by Italy"}</script> </body> </html>