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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the U.S. Department of State agency, see <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Political-Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Political-Military Affairs">Bureau of Political-Military Affairs</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Bureau of Military Affairs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">樞密院</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shūmìyuàn</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Privy Court') was the central government agency in charge of a state's military forces during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. It was headed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">樞密使</span>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Military_Affairs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Warriors in armour, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> painting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Military_Affairs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shumiyuan (Bureau of Military Affairs) was created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Daizong of Tang">Emperor Daizong of Tang</a> (r. 762-779) for provisional palace secretary work. This bureau was staffed with eunuchs. Although assignments to the Shumiyuan were not regularized, the secretaries wielded great power and were able to influence accession to the throne as well as the appointment and dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellors</a>. The two Shumishi ("palace secretaries") and the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a> were together called the "four nobles" due to their immense influence.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang dynasty</a> (907-923), the Office for the Veneration of Governance (<i>Chongzhengyuan</i>) was founded for the administration of military matters by state officials. The <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Tang dynasty">Later Tang dynasty</a> (923-936) changed the name to Shumiyuan. Its head, the Shumishi, assisted the Left <a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a> and specialized in military affairs. This office was further elevated during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960-1279) to parallel the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a>, which was responsible for civilian matters, while the Shumiyuan was responsible for military affairs. They were called the "two offices" or the "two places". The Zhongshu Sheng was the "Western Office" while the Shumiyuan was the "Eastern Office".<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shumishi had a deputy called the Vice Military Affairs Commissioner (<i>shumi fushi</i>). The notaries of the Shumiyuan were called <i>qianshu shumiyuan shi</i> while the vice notaries were called <i>tong qianshu shumiyuan shi</i>. Between 1078 and 1089, the commissioner and vice commissioner were called <i>zheng zhangguan</i> and <i>fu zhangguan</i>. Near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> period (960-1126), numerous officials held the title of Shumishi as an honorific. The title was often held concurrently by the Grand Chancellor. During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> period (1127-1279), the Shumi Fushi also officially participated in governmental affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shumiyuan was divided into six departments corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a>. They were headed by a Recipient of Edicts (<i>chengzhi</i>) and each department had one or two Vice Recipients of Edicts (<i>fu chengzhi</i>). The number of departments increased to more than 20 by the beginning of the Southern Song and were reduced back down to the traditional six and an additional department for miscellaneous matters.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Military_Affairs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Khitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitans">Khitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (907-1125), the Shumiyuan was only responsible for Han Chinese military units. It was called the "Southern" or "Chinese" Bureau of Military Affairs (<i>nan shumiyuan</i>). <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a> (r. 947-950) founded a Shumiyuan for Khitans that was divided between a northern and southern department. The northern department was responsible for military affairs while the southern department civilian affairs. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> founded a Shumiyuan in 1123 to deal with Khitan and Han Chinese military units. The Chief Military Command (<i>du yuanshuai fu</i>) was renamed by <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a> (r. 1149-1160) to Shumiyuan. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Zhangzong of Jin">Emperor Zhangzong of Jin</a> (r. 1189-1208) changed the name back in 1206 but chose to call it Shumiyuan again in 1208.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1279-1368), the post of Shumishi was held by the heir apparent. In practice the post was left vacant and the Shumiyuan was guided by a deputy who was in <i>de facto</i> control over the bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368-1644), <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> (r. 1368-1398), abolished the term Shumiyuan in 1361 during his uprising and replaced it with the Chief Military Command (<i>da dudu fu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Military_Affairs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chinaknowledge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/shumiyuan.html">"shumiyuan 樞密院 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shumiyuan+%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fshumiyuan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABureau+of+Military+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hucker" title="Charles Hucker">Hucker, Charles O.</a> (1985). <i>A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Official+Titles+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABureau+of+Military+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Imperial_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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sovereign">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">Consort kin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Harem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Nine-rank system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Directorates" title="Five Directorates">Five Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_(Shuyuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies (Shuyuan)">Academies (Shuyuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Territorial administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">Yamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translated titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bureau of Military Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangshu_Sheng" title="Shangshu Sheng">Shangshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrance_Bureau" title="Remonstrance Bureau">Remonstrance Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator and provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qing" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Qing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Imperial guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Tang Imperial Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Qing Imperial Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Auditory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Prosecutory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Separation of powers in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a 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review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_mandate" title="Dual mandate">Dual mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span style="vertical-align:middle; background:transparent; color:inherit"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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