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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography:_Oldenburg_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography:_Oldenburg_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography: Oldenburg Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography:_Oldenburg_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-County_of_Oldenburg_(1108–1774)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_of_Oldenburg_(1108–1774)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>County of Oldenburg (1108–1774)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_of_Oldenburg_(1108–1774)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1774–1810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1774–1810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Duchy of Oldenburg (1774–1810)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1774–1810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1814–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1814–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1814–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1814–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_State_of_Oldenburg_(1918–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_of_Oldenburg_(1918–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Free State of Oldenburg (1918–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_of_Oldenburg_(1918–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_restore_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_restore_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Attempts to restore statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_restore_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms,_colours_and_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms,_colours_and_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coat of arms, colours and anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms,_colours_and_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenborg_(land)" title="Oldenborg (land) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldenborg (land)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(Land)" title="Oldenburg (Land) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oldenburg (Land)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgio" title="Oldenburgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oldenburgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(estatua)" title="Oldenburg (estatua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oldenburg (estatua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgo_(stato)" title="Oldenburgo (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oldenburgo (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="ოლდენბურგი (მხარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლდენბურგი (მხარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF_(%E9%A0%98%E9%82%A6)" title="オルデンブルク (領邦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オルデンブルク (領邦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(land)" title="Oldenburg (land) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oldenburg (land)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(kraina)" title="Oldenburg (kraina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oldenburg (kraina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Ольденбург (государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ольденбург (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooldenbuurich_(Lound)" title="Ooldenbuurich (Lound) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ooldenbuurich (Lound)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(state)" title="Oldenburg (state) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oldenburg (state)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(land)" title="Oldenburg (land) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oldenburg (land)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19831559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Former state in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oldenburg_(state)" title="Special:EditPage/Oldenburg (state)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oldenburg%22+state">"Oldenburg" state</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oldenburg%22+state+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oldenburg%22+state&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oldenburg%22+state+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oldenburg%22+state">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oldenburg%22+state&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/220px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/330px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/440px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg from 1871</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_(1925).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg/220px-Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg/330px-Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg/440px-Oldenburg_in_the_German_Reich_%281925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Free State of Oldenburg in the German Reich in 1925</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldenburg_stamp_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Oldenburg_stamp_17.jpg/220px-Oldenburg_stamp_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Oldenburg_stamp_17.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Historic Oldenburg postage stamp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG/220px-Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG/330px-Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG/440px-Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Grand Duchy of Oldenburg – border marker in Hassendorf</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Oldenburg</b> is a former state in northwestern Germany whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>. The region gained its independence in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. It survived the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> as an independent country, formed part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, and was a member state of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> from 1871 to 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography:_Oldenburg_Land">Geography: Oldenburg Land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography: Oldenburg Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oldenburgish state has been joined to numerous distant <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> over time. Additionally, the country was governed for a long time by <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish</a> rulers. <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_Land" title="Oldenburg Land">Oldenburg Land</a> is used to designate in a narrower sense the northern, older part of the Grand Duchy, especially the territory of the old County of Oldenburg. The southern part of the country added in 1803 is called <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland" title="Oldenburg Münsterland">Oldenburg Münsterland</a>. To this was added <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landw%C3%BCrden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landwürden (page does not exist)">Landwürden</a>, lying to the east of the Weser. In no case were the exclaves that belonged to Oldenburg until 1937 included under the name of Oldenburg Land, nor were the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lübeck">Principality of Lübeck</a>, part of Oldenburg after 1773 (later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Eutin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Eutin (page does not exist)">Kreis Eutin</a>, currently part of <a href="/wiki/Ostholstein" title="Ostholstein">Ostholstein</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Birkenfeld" title="Principality of Birkenfeld">Principality of Birkenfeld</a> (part of Oldenburg after 1817, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a> region). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_of_Oldenburg_(1108–1774)"><span id="County_of_Oldenburg_.281108.E2.80.931774.29"></span>County of Oldenburg (1108–1774)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: County of Oldenburg (1108–1774)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> Oldenburg was a county that developed around the settlement of Oldenburg, (first attested in 1108) and in the course of history gained control of a wider area. The <a href="/wiki/Counts,_dukes_and_grand_dukes_of_Oldenburg" title="Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg">Counts of Oldenburg</a> stemmed from a Frisian princely house. At first vassals of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxon</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, they took advantage of his deposition by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Barbarossa</a> to make themselves autonomous. The first Oldenburgs belonged to the line of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstringen" title="Rüstringen">Rüstringen</a> Frisians. In 1234 the county was acquired by the also Frisian <a href="/wiki/Stedingen" title="Stedingen">Stedingens</a>, later by other Frisian territories (Butjadingen, Rüstringen, Wurden) and finally in 1575 came into the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Jever" title="Lordship of Jever">Lordship of Jever</a>. Oldenburg gained importance when <a href="/wiki/Dietrich,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg">Count Dietrich of Oldenburg</a> († 1440) married <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_of_Holstein" title="Hedvig of Holstein">Hedvig of Holstein</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_VI,_Count_of_Holstein-Rendsburg" title="Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg">Gerhard VI of Schleswig-Holstein-Rendsburg</a>. Dietrich's younger son carried on the line of Oldenburg counts, which died out in 1667. The elder son, Christian, was elected King <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1448 and Lord of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> in 1460. In 1667 this line acquired Oldenburg as well, which thereby was joined in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Danish crown. The lordships of Jever and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Kniphausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Kniphausen (page does not exist)">Kniphausen</a> were not affected. The Lordship of Jever was willed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_G%C3%BCnther,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg">Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst">Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst</a> and in 1795 fell by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunkellehen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunkellehen (page does not exist)">Kunkellehen</a></i> (female inheritance) to the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1774–1810)"><span id="Duchy_of_Oldenburg_.281774.E2.80.931810.29"></span>Duchy of Oldenburg (1774–1810)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duchy of Oldenburg (1774–1810)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Duchy of Oldenburg</a></div> <p>Through a territorial trade, the County of Oldenburg was assigned in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo">Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo</a> on the 27th of August, 1773, to the head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp">House of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, the future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a>, who four days later transferred the country to his cousin <a href="/wiki/Frederick_August_I,_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg">Frederick August</a>, the Prince-bishop of Lübeck, who was then promoted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> to the rank of duke in 1774/1777. The duchy thus consisted of two geographically separate parts: Oldenburg proper and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric of Lübeck">Prince-bishopric of Lübeck</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Residenz" title="Residenz">Residenz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eutin" title="Eutin">Eutin</a>. In 1785 Frederick August died. His nephew <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg">Peter Frederick Louis</a> accepted the successorship and regency for Frederick August's mentally ill son <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg">Peter Frederick William</a> as coadjutor. Under him Oldenburg again became a Residenz. In the <a href="/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" title="Reichsdeputationshauptschluss">Reichsdeputationshauptschluss</a> of 1803 Oldenburg obtained the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Wildeshausen" title="Wildeshausen">Wildeshausen</a> and the districts of <a href="/wiki/Vechta" title="Vechta">Vechta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloppenburg" title="Cloppenburg">Cloppenburg</a> from the dissolved <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Prince-Bishopric of Münster</a> in compensation for losing the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsflether_Weserzoll" class="extiw" title="de:Elsflether Weserzoll">Elsfleth Weser Toll</a> (ship toll on the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> levied by Oldenburg 1623 - 1820). The Prince-bishopric of Lübeck was transformed into a hereditary principality. Although it had joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, it was annexed to France in 1810 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. The Duke fled to his son George in Russia, who had married the Emperor's daughter <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Catherine Pavlovna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg_(1814–1918)"><span id="Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg_.281814.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1814–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1814–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></div> <p>In 1814, after the fall of Napoleon, the Duke returned to his country, which was raised to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand duchy</a> in 1815 after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. Furthermore, Oldenburg received a new exclave, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Birkenfeld" title="Principality of Birkenfeld">Principality of Birkenfeld</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a>, so that the national territory now comprised three parts. In 1818 Oldenburg received the Lordship of Jever back from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>. After Peter Frederick Louis's death in 1829 his son <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg">Paul Frederick August</a> succeeded him and became the first to call himself Grand Duke. On the 28th of February, 1849, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848-1849" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions of 1848-1849">German Revolution</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_Law_of_the_State_of_Oldenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamental Law of the State of Oldenburg (page does not exist)">Fundamental Law of the State</a>, the first Oldenburgish constitution, came into force. It was revised as soon as 1852. In 1853 <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg">Nicholas Frederick Peter</a> became Grand Duke of Oldenburg. Under his rule the Lordship of In- and Kniphausen was regained. </p><p>Oldenburg joined the <a href="/wiki/Steuerverein" title="Steuerverein">Steuerverein</a> (Tax Union) in 1836, which was a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> and others. Hanover joined the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Zollverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Zollverein">Deutscher Zollverein</a> (German Customs Union) in 1854, after negotiating advantageous conditions with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and, facing isolation, Oldenburg followed suit the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-ploeckl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ploeckl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> of 1864 Oldenburg remained neutral. In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 Oldenburgish troops fought on the side of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, joining the Prussian dominated <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1867. In the course of Oldenburg's accession to the North German Confederation, a military convention of July 15, 1867 transferred the Oldenburg armed forces to the Prussian army <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently, Oldenburg's military participated on the Prussian side in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870/1871. </p><p>After a reign of 47 years, Nicholas Frederick Peter died in 1900. His son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg">Frederick August</a> succeeded him as the last Grand Duke of Oldenburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_State_of_Oldenburg_(1918–1946)"><span id="Free_State_of_Oldenburg_.281918.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Free State of Oldenburg (1918–1946)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free State of Oldenburg (1918–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Free State of Oldenburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG/220px-Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG/330px-Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG/440px-Oldenburgischer_Landtag.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Oldenburg state parliament</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG/220px-Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG/330px-Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG/440px-Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Former Oldenburg Ministry of State, from 1946 to 2004 the office of the local president</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the abdication of Grand Duke Frederick August, Oldenburg became a republic. It remained a state of the German Reich under the name Free State of Oldenburg. However, democracy lasted for only a short time. Already in the state parliamentary elections of 1931 the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a> became the strongest faction and in 1932 gained the state presidency as part of a coalition government. In the following years the Free State was <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Nazified</a>. With the British military government's Ordinance No. 46 on the 23rd of August, 1946, titled "Abolition of the Provinces in the British Zone of the Former State of Prussia and the Reconstitution Thereof as Separate Länder" Oldenburg was joined with the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a> as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwaltungsbezirk_Oldenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Verwaltungsbezirk Oldenburg">Verwaltungsbezirk (Administrative District) Oldenburg</a> to create Lower Saxony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_restore_statehood">Attempts to restore statehood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attempts to restore statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In non-binding referendums in 1956 and on 19 January 1975, citizens in Oldenburg voted to become a separate state from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> passed a law on 9 January 1976 refusing to restore the state of Oldenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the former Oldenburg state (874,600 in 1977) is greater than the existing state of Bremen (706,500) and slightly less than the state of Saarland (1,085,600).<sup id="cite_ref-stat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgische_Landschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Oldenburgische Landschaft">Oldenburgische Landschaft</a> is responsible for the cultural heritage of Oldenburg Land (including Oldenburg Münsterland). The history of the state of Oldenburg is displayed in <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Oldenburg" title="Schloss Oldenburg">Schloss Oldenburg</a> and other museums. </p><p>The territory of the former state of Oldenburg is presently divided among five federal states: </p> <ul><li>Lower Saxony: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Oldenburg">Landkreis Oldenburg</a>, except <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samtgemeinde_Harpstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samtgemeinde Harpstedt (page does not exist)">Samtgemeinde Harpstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Ammerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Ammerland">Landkreis Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Cloppenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Cloppenburg">Landkreis Cloppenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Vechta" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Vechta">Landkreis Vechta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Friesland">Landkreis Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Wesermarsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Wesermarsch">Landkreis Wesermarsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Cuxhaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Cuxhaven">Landkreis Cuxhaven</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landw%C3%BCrden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landwürden (page does not exist)">Landwürden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Diepholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Diepholz">Landkreis Diepholz</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Stuhr" title="Stuhr">Stuhr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Leer" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Leer">Landkreis Leer</a> (Ortsteil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idafehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idafehn (page does not exist)">Idafehn</a> der Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Ostrhauderfehn" title="Ostrhauderfehn">Ostrhauderfehn</a>)</li> <li><i>kreisfreie Stadt</i> <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(Oldenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldenburg (Oldenburg)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><i>kreisfreie Stadt</i> <a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><i>kreisfreie Stadt</i> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schleswig-Holstein: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Ostholstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Ostholstein">Kreis Ostholstein</a> (only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Eutin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Eutin (page does not exist)">Altkreis Eutin</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Bremen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luneplate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luneplate (page does not exist)">Luneplate</a>, since its redefinition at the end of 2009)</li></ul></li> <li>Rheinland-Pfalz: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Birkenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Birkenfeld">Landkreis Birkenfeld</a> (central part, especially <a href="/wiki/Idar-Oberstein" title="Idar-Oberstein">Idar-Oberstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birkenfeld_(Nahe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkenfeld (Nahe)">Birkenfeld (Nahe)</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Saarland: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_St._Wendel" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis St. Wendel">Landkreis St. Wendel</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Nohfelden" title="Nohfelden">Nohfelden</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms,_colours_and_anthem"><span id="Coat_of_arms.2C_colours_and_anthem"></span>Coat of arms, colours and anthem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coat of arms, colours and anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the nineteenth century the following coat of arms was adopted: A quartered shield, above divided, below divided by an upward point. In the first field are two red crossbars in gold (Oldenburg), in the second in blue a suspended golden cross (Delmenhorst), in the third in a blue field a suspended golden cross covered with a bishop's miter (Principality of Lübeck), in the fourth a red and white checkered field (Birkenfeld), in the point in a blue field a golden, crowned lion (Jever). </p><p>The state colours were blue and red, the flag blue with a red cross. </p><p>"<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil_dir,_o_Oldenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Heil dir, o Oldenburg">Heil Dir O Oldenburg</a>" is the national anthem of the former Grand Duchy and, from 1918, of the Free State of Oldenburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Oldenburgische Bibliographie (16. Jahrhundert bis 1907)</i>. In der Landesbibliothek Oldenburg bearbeitet von Egbert Koolman. Lax, Hildesheim 1987 (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, Bd. XXXa).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/242198803"><i>Geschichte des Landes Oldenburg e. Handbuch</i></a>. Albrecht Eckhardt. Oldenburg. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87358-285-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87358-285-9"><bdi>978-3-87358-285-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/242198803">242198803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Landes+Oldenburg+e.+Handbuch&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F242198803&rft.isbn=978-3-87358-285-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F242198803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28928769"><i>Biographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte des Landes Oldenburg</i></a>. Hans Friedl, Oldenburgische Landschaft. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89442-135-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89442-135-5"><bdi>3-89442-135-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28928769">28928769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Handbuch+zur+Geschichte+des+Landes+Oldenburg&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Isensee+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28928769&rft.isbn=3-89442-135-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28928769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Wolfgang Günther: <i>Das Land Oldenburg unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft</i>. In: <i>Oldenburger Jahrbuch,</i> Bd. 85 (1985), S. 111–130 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/ihd/content/pageview/167475">online</a>).</li> <li>Franz Hellbernd und Heinz Möller, <i><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooldenbuurich_(Nachschlagewerk)" class="extiw" title="stq:Ooldenbuurich (Nachschlagewerk)">Oldenburg, ein heimatkundliches Nachschlagewerk</a>.</i> Vechtaer Druckerei und Verlag GmbH, Vechta 1965.</li> <li>Paul Kollmann: <i>Das Herzogthum Oldenburg in seiner wirthschaftlichen Entwickelung während der letzten vierzig Jahre auf statistischer Grundlage dargestellt</i>. Stalling, Oldenburg 1893 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Kollmann/kollmann_index.html">Digitalisat</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLübbing1971" class="citation book cs1">Lübbing, Hermann (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251044"><i>Oldenburg. Historische Konturen. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag</i></a>. Oldenburg: Holzberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87358-045-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-87358-045-4"><bdi>3-87358-045-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251044">251044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oldenburg.+Historische+Konturen.+Festschrift+zum+70.+Geburtstag.&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Holzberg&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251044&rft.isbn=3-87358-045-4&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCbbing&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F251044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Horst Milde: <i>Oldenburg in Niedersachsen. Einige Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen. Ein Beitrag zum 50jährigen Bestehen des Landes Niedersachsen</i>. In: <i>Oldenburger Jahrbuch,</i> Bd. 96 (1996), S. 1–23 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/ihd/content/pageview/172222">online</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4001454"><i>Geschichte Niedersachsens</i></a>. Hans Patze, Ernst Schubert, Christine van den Heuvel, Manfred von Boetticher, Stefan Brüdermann, Gerd Steinwascher. v. 3, pt. 2: Lax. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7848-3421-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7848-3421-3"><bdi>3-7848-3421-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4001454">4001454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Niedersachsens&rft.place=v.+3%2C+pt.+2&rft.pub=Lax&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4001454&rft.isbn=3-7848-3421-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F4001454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180973527"><i>Das Oldenburger Land ein starkes Stück Niedersachsen</i></a>. Rainer Rheude, Peter Kreier, Oldenburgische Landschaft Körperschaft. Oldenburg. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89995-371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89995-371-8"><bdi>978-3-89995-371-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180973527">180973527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Oldenburger+Land+ein+starkes+St%C3%BCck+Niedersachsen&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180973527&rft.isbn=978-3-89995-371-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F180973527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Schwarting A. C.: <i>Oldenburg unter Herzog Peter Friedrich Ludwig von 1785–1811.</i> – Gerh. Stalling, Oldenburg, 1936. – 70 S.</li> <li>Georg Sello: <i>Die territoriale Entwicklung des Herzogtums Oldenburg.</i> Neudruck der Ausgabe Göttingen 1917, Wenner, Osnabrück 1975.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinwascher2011" class="citation book cs1">Steinwascher, Gerd (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724754481"><i>Die Oldenburger die Geschichte einer europäischen Dynastie</i></a>. Stuttgart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021061-5"><bdi>978-3-17-021061-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724754481">724754481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Oldenburger+die+Geschichte+einer+europ%C3%A4ischen+Dynastie&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F724754481&rft.isbn=978-3-17-021061-5&rft.aulast=Steinwascher&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F724754481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVonderach2015" class="citation book cs1">Vonderach, Andreas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/922713744"><i>Kleine Geschichte des Landes Oldenburg</i></a>. Florian Isensee GmbH. Oldenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7308-1188-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7308-1188-7"><bdi>978-3-7308-1188-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922713744">922713744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Geschichte+des+Landes+Oldenburg&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922713744&rft.isbn=978-3-7308-1188-7&rft.aulast=Vonderach&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F922713744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Rolf-Harald Wippich: <i>Oldenburg und Ostasien. Der Schiffs- und Handelsverkehr eines norddeutschen Kleinstaates im Chinesischen Meer in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.</i> In: <i>Jahrbuch für europäische Überseegeschichte,</i> Bd. 4, 2004, S. 33–62, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1436-6371">1436-6371</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duchy_of_Oldenburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Duchy of Oldenburg">Duchy of Oldenburg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/grossherzogtum_oldenburg.htm">Das Großherzogtum Oldenburg 1815–1918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?oldenburg1900.htm">Gemeinden des Großherzogtums Oldenburg 1910</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Oldenburg/index.htm">Der Freistaat Oldenburg im Überblick</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/land_oldenburg.html">Verwaltungsgeschichte Land Oldenburg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ploeckl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ploeckl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Zollverein and the Formation of a Customs Union, by Florian Ploeckl; Discussion Paper no. 84 in Economic and Social History series, Nuffield College, Oxford, p. 23. Retrieved from www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History March 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/ihd/content/pageview/268044">[1]</a> Eduard von Finckh: <i>Geschichte des Oldenburgischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 91, vormals Großherzoglich Oldenburgischen Infanterie-Regiments von seiner Errichtung bis zur Gegenwart (1813–1880).</i> Mittler, Berlin 1881, pp. 108 ff. retrieved 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41560863.html">"Was Napoleon respektierte"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>. 1975-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Was+Napoleon+respektierte&rft.date=1975-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-41560863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldenburg+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bv049015.html">Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court, 1 August 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/id/514402342_1978?tify=%7B%22view%22:%22toc%22%7D">[2]</a> Statistical Year Book 1978; retrieved July 2023</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the North German Confederation">States of the North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_1866-1871.99.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the North German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/175px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/263px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/350px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg SR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19831559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19831559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19831559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134970665">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWHXvfb7DqpQ8Y46Y3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043465-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88052859">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560118505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&oldid=1265820658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(state)&oldid=1265820658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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