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class="article-header"><header><small></small><h1>反抗父权和厌女文化：诺奖作家韩江与“韩女文学”</h1></header><div class="byline-row"><div class="byline-box"><div class="byline"><address>MOTOKO RICH, CHOE SANG-HUN</address><time pudate="2024-10-17 10:17:36" datetime="2024-10-17 10:17:36">2024年10月16日</time></div><div class="share-btn"><i class="icon-forward"></i></div></div></div></div><figure class="article-span-photo"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-01-kgmj/11han-korea-01-kgmj-master1050.jpg" width="1050" height="700" alt="韩江于2016年，她是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的韩国人，也是第一位获奖的亚洲女性。"><figcaption><span>韩江于2016年，她是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的韩国人，也是第一位获奖的亚洲女性。</span> <cite>Jean Chung for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure><div class="row"><div class="article-left"><section class="article-body"><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">上周四，韩江获得了诺贝尔文学奖，再次证明无比强大的韩国文化软实力。</div><div class="article-paragraph">诺贝尔文学奖是世界上最负盛名的文学奖项，在其123年的历史上，韩江是首位获得该奖项的韩国女性，也是首位获得该奖的<span>亚洲女性。在她取得这一成就之前，奉俊昊在2020年凭借<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/movies/parasite-movie-oscars-best-picture.html" title="Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/movies/parasite-movie-oscars-best-picture.html">《寄生虫》(Parasite)获得了奥斯卡最佳影片奖</a>，Netflix的《鱿鱼游戏》(Squid Game)等电视剧，以及“防弹少年团”(BTS)和“Blackpink”等韩国流行组合也获得了广泛的成功。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>韩江在国外最知名的作品是《<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/books/review/the-vegetarian-by-han-kang.html">素食者</a>》(The Vegetarian)。如今，韩国女性小说家和诗人正处于全盛时期，向国际读者</span>呈现了大量作品——尤其是通过翻译版，韩江的获奖可谓恰逢其时。</div><div class="article-paragraph">然而，尽管她的胜利被广泛誉为韩国文化的最高成就，韩江和这些女作家所代表的却是对韩国文化的一种反抗，这种文化仍然深深根植于父权、时有厌女表现的观念。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>自2008年韩国文化体育观光部更名以来，该部的10位部长中只有一位是女性。在韩江获奖之前，以男性为主的韩国文学评论界长期以来一直推崇诗人高银，认为他是该国最有可能、也最有资格获得诺贝尔奖的候选人。在针对他的<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/world/asia/south-korea-metoo-lee-youan-taek.html">性虐待指控</a>浮出水面之前，</span>每逢诺贝尔奖宣布前夕，当地记者都会聚集在他家门前。韩江从来没有吸引过这么多的人。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-02-kgmj/11han-korea-02-kgmj-master1050.jpg" alt="韩江在海外最著名的作品是《素食者》。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-02-kgmj/11han-korea-02-kgmj-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>韩江在海外最著名的作品是《素食者》。</span> <cite>Jonathan Nackstrand/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>对她和其他韩国女作家来说，写作“是一种异见和反抗的形式”，作家郑宝拉（音）说，她的短篇小说集《<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/04/books/review/bora-chung-cursed-bunny.html">被诅咒的兔子</a>》于2022年</span>出版<span>了英文版。去年，<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/books/seoul-books-han-kang.html">韩江本人在《纽约时报》上推荐了几位女性作家的作品</a>，这本书就是其中之一。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph">韩国痴迷于奥运会金牌和诺贝尔奖等奖项所带来的国际认可。在周四之前，韩国的诺贝尔奖得主只有一位：前总统金大中。2000年，他因在军事统治下争取民主，以及努力同朝鲜达成<span>和解与和平而<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/14/world/south-korean-president-wins-nobel-peace-prize-for-efforts-to-heal-rift.html">获得和平奖</a>。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph">当时与现在的诺贝尔奖都与韩国动荡不安的现代史密切相关，朝鲜半岛的分裂、战争、军事独裁以及为争取民主和劳工权利而进行的长期且经常伴随流血的斗争，都是这段历史的重要标志。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-03-kgmj/11han-korea-03-kgmj-master1050.jpg" alt="韩国总统金大中从颁奖委员会主席贡纳尔-贝格手中接过2000年诺贝尔和平奖。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-03-kgmj/11han-korea-03-kgmj-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>韩国总统金大中从颁奖委员会主席贡纳尔-贝格手中接过2000年诺贝尔和平奖。</span> <cite>Pool photo by Lise Aserud</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">在韩国，韩江<span>最出名的作品是《<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/books/review/han-kang-human-acts.html">少年来了</a>》(Human Acts)，这是一部关于1980年光州民主活动人士被屠杀的小说。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph">据反对党议员姜与正（音）称，韩国保守派总统朴槿惠的政府——从朴槿惠2013年上任到2017年被弹劾为止——<span>将韩江列入其认为不友好的作家、艺术家和导演的“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/world/asia/south-korea-president-park-blacklist-artists.html">黑名单</a>”，并禁止她参与政府控制的支持项目。</span></div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-0" data-target="{"pos":"mid1","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph"><span>这份名单从未公开过，但姜与正说，韩江之所以被列入黑名单，是因为《少年来了》当中记载的残酷镇压是由过去的保守派独裁政权实施的。韩江2021年出版的小说《不做告别》(We Do Not Part)讨论了<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/world/asia/south-korea-jeju-massacres.html">另一场针对平民的大屠杀</a>，许多保守的韩国人不希望在公开辩论中看到这场屠杀。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph">《素食者》是韩江在国际上最受欢迎的作品，记录了一名女性在自己家中受到的更私密的压迫。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><span><a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rFKfCcH_Kk" title="Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rFKfCcH_Kk">韩江说</a>，她的写作灵感来自韩国历史上“人类暴力”引发的问题。她说，她说，《素食者》的一个重要元素——她对肉类消费的“负罪感”与她的家乡光州发生的大屠杀有关。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-wzjf/11han-korea-wzjf-master1050.jpg" alt="韩国光州的万月墓地，纪念在民主运动中牺牲的人们。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-wzjf/11han-korea-wzjf-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>韩国光州的万月墓地，纪念在民主运动中牺牲的人们。</span> <cite>Youngrae Kim for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">在谈到《少年来了》的写作过程时，她说：“我在写这本书时最常感受到的是痛苦，一种势不可挡的痛苦。写这本小说的时候，我几乎每天都在哭。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">上周五，韩江的小说家父亲、84岁的韩升源告诉韩国记者，因为更大范围的暴力，他的女儿决定不召开新闻发布会谈论诺贝尔奖。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“她告诉我，在（乌克兰和中东）每天都有人死于战争的时候，她不想庆祝，”韩国媒体援引韩升源在韩国西南会见记者时的话说。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-1" data-target="{"pos":"mid2","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">韩江的作品涉及沉重的历史负担，但也可以被视为女权主义。在《素食者》中，女主人公不吃肉的决定可以被解读为反抗父权的行为。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在韩国，女性在政界、商界和新闻媒体中仍然面临歧视，文学是她们表达自己力量的一个渠道。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>“这是少数几个可以不受性别影响的空间之一，”现居首尔的小说家<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/books/review/how-i-became-a-north-korean-krys-lee.html">克莉丝·李</a>说。“</span>任何年龄、任何性别都可以写。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">其他女性作家表示，现在一位女性在全球舞台上代表了韩国的文学力量，这并不令她们感到惊讶。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>“即使是在男性主导的时代，文学中最强烈的声音也来自最受压迫的群体，”《韩国酷的诞生：一个国家如何通过流行文化征服世界》(The Birth of Korean Cool: How One Nation Is Conquering the World Through Pop Culture)一书的作者<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/03/opinion/bts-k-pop-conspiracy.html">洪又妮</a>（音）说。</span></div><div class="article-paragraph">“身处困境的人或被边缘化的群体，”洪又妮说，“必须发出非常清晰响亮的声音，否则就不会被听到，这一点在文学作品中一直有所体现。”</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-2" data-target="{"pos":"mid3","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">小说家克莉丝·李说，近年来，随着职业女性群体的壮大，女性读者在韩国文学市场上的影响力也越来越大。国际上和韩国国内反对性骚扰和性侵犯活动的兴起，也引发了女性对发声的渴求。</div><div class="article-paragraph">克莉丝·李说，韩江“是父权制下长大的特定一代女性，也是在有暴力现代史的国家长大的女性，我认为她的作品反映了这一点”。</div><div class="article-paragraph">许多被翻译成英文的女性作品——包括一些更倾向于商业而非严格意义上的文学作品——都涉及通常被视为女性范畴的典型主题，比如母性或身体形象。这些话题反映了许多美国和英国读者的兴趣。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><span>在国际上引起共鸣的韩国小说包括赵南柱的《<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/books/review/kim-jiyoung-born-1982-cho-nam-joo.html">1982年出生的金智英</a>》(Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982)和<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/books/kyung-sook-shins-please-look-after-mom-review.html">申京淑</a>的《<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-please-look-after-mom-by-kyung-sook-shin.html">请照顾我妈妈</a>》(Please Look After Mom)，后者讲述了一位</span>牺牲自己的母亲走失的故事，在2011年获得了曼氏亚洲文学奖。</div><div class="article-paragraph">然而，读者想要的似乎不仅仅是直白的女权主义素材。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“看到不同类型的故事，我们都很兴奋，这也反映在正在创作和翻译的不同类型的故事上，”金志永（音）说。她曾将多部韩国小说翻译成英文，包括《请照顾我妈妈》。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-04-kgmj/11han-korea-04-kgmj-master1050.jpg" alt="韩江说，她从韩国历史上的“人类暴力”问题中汲取灵感。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/10/11/multimedia/11han-korea-04-kgmj/11han-korea-04-kgmj-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>韩江说，她从韩国历史上的“人类暴力”问题中汲取灵感。</span> <cite>Jung Yeon-Je/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">“30年前，被翻译成英语的都是文学作品，”金志永说。“现在，你可以看到是科幻小说、奇幻小说和回忆录被译成英文。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">她说，最大的限制是翻译人员的数量。近年来，政府对学校文化艺术教育的资助一直在减少。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-3" data-target="{"pos":"mid4","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">“我们需要更多的翻译人员，把韩国文学的多样性和惊人广度也转化为英语和其他语言，”金志永说。</div><div class="article-paragraph">韩国文学界和旅居海外的韩国人希望，正如电影和电视剧让韩国故事在影视界大受欢迎一样，韩江的诺贝尔奖能把人们的注意力吸引到韩国的书籍上。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“因为先看了韩国电影，人们开始认识到，韩国人非常善于讲故事，”洪又妮说。</div><div class="article-paragraph">韩江的获奖“将带来对韩国高雅文化的新认识，因为这是一个以生产流行文化而闻名的国家，”洪又妮说。“但它不仅仅是一个流行文化的国家，也是一个充满思想的国家。所以我认为这可以打开人们的眼界。哦，韩国不只有电影和流行组合。他们还拥有丰富的文学作品。”</div></div><div class="article-body-aside col-lg-3"></div></div></section><footer class="author-info"><p>Su-Hyun Lee自首尔对本文有研究贡献。</p><div data-poster="" class=""></div><p>Motoko Rich是驻东京记者，领导时报对日本新闻的报道。<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/motoko-rich">点击查看更多关于她的信息。</a></p><p>Choe Sang-Hun是时报驻首尔首席记者，报道韩国和朝鲜新闻。<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/choe-sang-hun">点击查看更多关于他的信息。</a></p><p>翻译：晋其角</p><p><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/world/asia/han-kang-nobel-south-korea.html">点击查看本文英文版。</a></p></footer></div></div></article><div class="container article-footer"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 mobile-refer-cont" id="J_hideRefer"><div class="related-cont"><h4>相关报道</h4><ul class="refer-list"><li class="article-refer"><div class="refer-list-item"><a href="/culture/20241011/nobel-prize-literature/" title="韩国女作家韩江获诺贝尔文学奖"><div><h3 class="refer-list-headline">韩国女作家韩江获诺贝尔文学奖</h3><p class="refer-pubdate">2024年10月11日</p></div><img alt="韩国女作家韩江获诺贝尔文学奖" 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