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id="toc-Deuteronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuteronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Deuteronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuteronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Former prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Latter prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isaiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Isaiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeremiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeremiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Jeremiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeremiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezekiel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezekiel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>Ezekiel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezekiel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_Prophets_or_Book_of_the_Twelve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_Prophets_or_Book_of_the_Twelve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.4</span> <span>Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_Prophets_or_Book_of_the_Twelve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Job</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Ruth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_of_Songs_(Song_of_Solomon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_of_Songs_(Song_of_Solomon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_of_Songs_(Song_of_Solomon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamentations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamentations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Lamentations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamentations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Esther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>Daniel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezra-Nehemiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezra-Nehemiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>Ezra-Nehemiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezra-Nehemiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.11</span> <span>Chronicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterocanonicals/Biblical_Apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterocanonicals/Biblical_Apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deuterocanonicals/Biblical Apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deuterocanonicals/Biblical_Apocrypha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deuterocanonicals/Biblical Apocrypha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deuterocanonicals/Biblical_Apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additions_to_Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions_to_Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Additions to Daniel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions_to_Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_&_2_Esdras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_&_2_Esdras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1 & 2 Esdras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_&_2_Esdras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Baruch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Baruch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Book of Baruch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Baruch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1,_2,_3_&_4_Maccabees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1,_2,_3_&_4_Maccabees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1, 2, 3 & 4 Maccabees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1,_2,_3_&_4_Maccabees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_of_Jeremiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_of_Jeremiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Letter of Jeremiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_of_Jeremiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_of_Manasseh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_of_Manasseh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Prayer of Manasseh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_of_Manasseh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom_of_Sirach_and_Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom_of_Sirach_and_Wisdom_of_Solomon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Wisdom of Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom_of_Sirach_and_Wisdom_of_Solomon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additions_to_Esther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions_to_Esther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Additions to Esther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions_to_Esther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Tobit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Judith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_Psalms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_Psalms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Additional Psalms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_Psalms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New Testament subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gospels_and_Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels_and_Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gospels and Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospels_and_Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Matthew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luke_and_Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luke_and_Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Luke and Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luke_and_Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>John</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_to_the_Hebrews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_to_the_Hebrews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Letter to the Hebrews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_to_the_Hebrews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>General epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentateuch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentateuch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Pentateuch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentateuch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuteronomistic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuteronomistic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Deuteronomistic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuteronomistic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophets_and_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets_and_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Prophets and writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets_and_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Authorship of the Bible</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor%C3%ADa_de_la_Biblia" title="Autoría de la Biblia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoría de la Biblia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepengarangan_Alkitab" title="Kepengarangan Alkitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepengarangan Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Biblia_%C3%ADr%C3%B3i" title="A Biblia írói – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Biblia írói" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarang_Bible" title="Pengarang Bible – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengarang Bible" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteurschap_van_de_Bijbel" title="Auteurschap van de Bijbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auteurschap van de Bijbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autores_da_B%C3%ADblia" title="Autores da Bíblia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autores da Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Авторство Библии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авторство Библии" 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yazarları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahit yazarları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C5%9Ftekar%C3%AA_Ehdi" title="Nuştekarê Ehdi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuştekarê Ehdi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="聖經作者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖經作者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is much disagreement within <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholarship">biblical scholarship</a> today over the <b>authorship of the Bible</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of scholars believe that most of the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books of the Bible</a> are the work of multiple authors and that most have been edited to produce the works known today.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following article outlines the conclusions of the majority of contemporary scholars, along with the traditional views, both Jewish and Christian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divine_authorship">Divine authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Divine authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Biblical inspiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> held that God wrote the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in heaven in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire before the world was created, and that Moses received it by divine dictation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_&_546_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_&_546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> agreed that the scriptures were inspired or dictated by God, but not on which writings were scriptural: as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> churches treat some books (the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>) as inspired, but the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> tradition does not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201690–91_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201690–91-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century the vast majority of theologians, both Catholic and Protestant, moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201692–95_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201692–95-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, even many conservative scholars now accept, for example, that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> has multiple authors and that <a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> is two letters joined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201695_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201695-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, or Tanakh, is the collection of scriptures making up the Bible used by <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. The same books, in a slightly different order, also make up the Protestant version of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The order used here follows the divisions used in Jewish Bibles. </p><p>Most of the Hebrew Bible was written between the late 8th century BCE and early 6th century BCE. Biblical texts were written by <a href="/wiki/Scribe#Judaism" title="Scribe">scribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a></i></span>), the literate class of bureaucrats in a mostly non-literate, oral culture. The question of biblical authorship was not important until <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> in the 4th century BCE, long after most biblical books had been written. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> believed that a text's authority depended on its author, and Jewish tradition was pressured to identify authors for its writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20047_&_18–19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20047_&_18–19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah">Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torah_and_jad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/220px-Torah_and_jad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/330px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/440px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first division of the Jewish Bible is the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Instruction</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Law</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. In scholarly literature, it is frequently called by its Greek name, the Pentateuch (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">five scrolls</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). It is the group of five books made up of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> and stands first in all versions of the Christian Old Testament. </p><p>There is a tradition within Judaism and Christianity that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> wrote the Torah. The Torah itself attributes certain sections to <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later biblical texts, such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">Daniel 9</a>:11 and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_3" title="Ezra 3">Ezra 3</a>:2, it is called the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Torah of Moses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic tradition">Rabbinic tradition</a>, the five books of the Torah were written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1995375_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1995375-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moses would have lived in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BCE</a>, before the development of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew writing">Hebrew writing</a>. Scholars date the Torah to the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="1st millennium BCE">1st millennium BCE</a>. The Torah may, however, incorporate older <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>, such as proverbs, stories, and songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Jews and Christians believed in Mosaic authorship until the 17th century. Today, the majority of scholars agree that the Pentateuch does not have a single author and that its composition took place over centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genesis,_Exodus,_Leviticus_and_Numbers"><span id="Genesis.2C_Exodus.2C_Leviticus_and_Numbers"></span>Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">historical criticism</a> in the 19th century led scholars to conclude that multiple authors wrote the Pentateuch over a long period. By the mid-20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a> had gained nearly universal consensus among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham19963_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham19963-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the documentary hypothesis, the Pentateuch was created by combining four originally independent documents. The <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> source (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9th century BCE</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a> source (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century BCE</span>) were the first to be combined into one document. In the 7th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a> produced Deuteronomy, which was later added to the combined document. In the <a href="/wiki/Post-exilic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-exilic period">post-exilic period</a>, the Pentateuch reached its final form with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BCE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind200410_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind200410-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters19989_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters19989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus around the documentary hypothesis began to break down in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham19963_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham19963-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this approach has since seen various revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters199716_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters199716-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the identification of distinctive Deuteronomistic and Priestly theologies and vocabularies remains widespread, they are used to form new approaches suggesting that the books were combined gradually over time by the slow accumulation of "fragments" of text, or that a basic text was "supplemented" by later authors/editors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200474–79_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200474–79-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time there has been a tendency to bring the origins of the Pentateuch further forward in time, and the most recent proposals place it in 5th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Judah under the Persian empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217ff_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217ff-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deuteronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist#Deuteronomistic_history" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist § Deuteronomistic history</a></div> <p>Deuteronomy is treated separately from Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. Its place in the documentary hypothesis is anomalous, as it, unlike the other four, consists of a single "source". The process of its formation probably took several hundred years, from the 8th century to the 6th,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19902–3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19902–3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its authors have been variously identified as prophetic circles (because the concerns of Deuteronomy mirror those of the prophets, especially <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a>), Levitical priestly circles (because it stresses the role of the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a>), and wisdom and scribal circles (because it esteems wisdom, and because the treaty-form in which it is written would be best known to <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19905–8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19905–8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deuteronomy was later used as the introduction to the comprehensive history of Israel written in the early part of the 6th century, and later still it was detached from the history and used to round off the Pentateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200493_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200493-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets">Prophets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_prophets">Former prophets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Former prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Composition" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua § Composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges#Composition" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges § Composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel#Composition" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel § Composition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings#Composition" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings § Composition</a></div> <p>The Former Prophets (נביאים ראשונים, <i>Nevi'im Rishonim</i>), make up the first part of the second division of the Hebrew Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, which translates as "Prophets". In Christian Bibles the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a>, which belongs in the final section of the Hebrew Bible, is inserted between Judges and Samuel. </p><p>According to Jewish tradition dating from at least the 2nd century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a> were by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a> (with some passages by the prophets <a href="/wiki/Gad_(Bible_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gad (Bible prophet)">Gad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(Prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan (Prophet)">Nathan</a>), while the two <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> were by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1943 most scholars have accepted <a href="/wiki/Martin_Noth" title="Martin Noth">Martin Noth</a>'s argument that Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings make up a single work, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic history</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noth believed that the history was the work of a single author writing in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a> (586–539 BCE). This author/editor took as his starting point an early version of the book of Deuteronomy, which had already been composed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> (last quarter of the 7th century), selecting, editing and composing it to produce a coherent work.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a> later proposed that an earlier version of the history was composed in Jerusalem in Josiah's time; this first version, Dtr1, was then revised and expanded to create Noth's second edition, or Dtr2. Still later scholars have discovered further layers and further author-editors.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s some scholars began to question the existence of a Deuteronomistic history<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the question of the origin of these books continues to be debated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_prophets">Latter prophets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latter prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1QIsa_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/220px-1QIsa_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/330px-1QIsa_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/440px-1QIsa_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the Book of Isaiah found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Isaiah">Isaiah</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Isaiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah#Composition" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah § Composition</a></div> <p>Modern scholars divide the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> into three parts, each with a different origin:<sup id="cite_ref-Boadt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boadt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Isaiah">"First Isaiah"</a>, chapters 1–39, containing the words of the historical 8th century BCE prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> and later expansions by his disciples;<sup id="cite_ref-CSB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Deutero-Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutero-Isaiah">Deutero-Isaiah</a>" (chapters 40–55), by an anonymous Jewish author in Babylon near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Boadt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boadt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 418">: 418 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah#Trito-Isaiah_(Isaiah_56-66)" title="Book of Isaiah">"Trito-Isaiah"</a> (chapters 56–66), by anonymous disciples of Deutero-Isaiah in Jerusalem immediately after the return from Babylon<sup id="cite_ref-Boadt_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boadt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 444">: 444 </span></sup> (although some scholars suggest that chapters 55–66 were written by Deutero-Isaiah after the fall of Babylon).<sup id="cite_ref-Kugel_561_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugel_561-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This orderly sequence of pre-exilic, exilic and post-exilic material is somewhat misleading, as some scholars note that significant editing appears to have taken place in all three parts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jeremiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah#Composition" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah § Composition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> lived in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> presents <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a> as the prophet's companion who writes his words on several occasions, and there has accordingly been much speculation that Baruch could have composed an early edition of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Mowinckel" title="Sigmund Mowinckel">Sigmund Mowinckel</a> identified three types of material in the book, Jeremiah 1–25 (Type A) being the words of Jeremiah himself, the biographic prose material (Type B) by an admirer writing c. 580–480 BCE, and the remainder (Type C) from later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been considerable debate over Mowinckel's ideas, notably the extent of the Jeremiah material and the role of Baruch, who may have been the author of the Type B material.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally agreed that the book has strong connections with the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistic</a> layers from the Former Prophets, recapitulating in modern terms the traditional idea that Jeremiah wrote both his own book and the Books of Kings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ezekiel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel#Composition" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel § Composition</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> describes itself as the words of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> between 593 and 571 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various manuscripts, however, differ markedly from each other, and it is clear that the book has been subjected to extensive editing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ezekiel himself may have been responsible for some of this revision, there is general agreement that the book as we have it today is the product of a highly educated <a href="/wiki/Priestly" title="Priestly">priestly</a> circle that owed allegiance to the historical Ezekiel and was closely associated with the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Minor_Prophets_or_Book_of_the_Twelve">Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Book of Hosea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Book of Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Book of Obadiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Book of Nahum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Book of Habakkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Book of Zephaniah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Book of Haggai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Book of Malachi</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minor_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Prophets">Minor Prophets</a> are one book in the Hebrew Bible, and many (though not all) modern scholars agree that the Book of the Twelve underwent a process of editing which resulted in a coherent collection.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is believed to have reached its final form in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Achaemenid_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period">Persian period</a> (538–332 BCE), although there is disagreement over whether this was early or late.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the individual books, scholars usually assume that there exists an original core of prophetic tradition which can be attributed to the figure after whom the book is named.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noteworthy exception is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, an anonymous work containing no prophetic oracles, probably composed in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Hellenistic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> period (332–167 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg/200px-1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg/300px-1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg/400px-1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, 1795</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psalms">Psalms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psalms#Composition" title="Psalms">Psalms § Composition</a></div> <p>While a number of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> bear headings which seem to identify their authors, these are probably the result of the need to find a significant identification in tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individual psalms come from widely different periods: "some ... presuppose a reigning king and an established cult in the Temple; others clearly presuppose and mention the events of the Exile."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Job">Job</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Job"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job#Composition" title="Book of Job">Book of Job § Composition</a></div> <p>The unknown author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> is unlikely to have written earlier than the 6th century BCE, and the cumulative evidence suggests a post-Exilic date.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains some 1,000 lines, of which about 750 form the original core.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs#Authorship" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs § Authorship</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> consists of several collections taken from various sources.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapters 10:1–22:16 are probably the oldest section, with chapters 1–9 being composed as a prologue – there is some question whether this happened before or after the Exile (587 BCE). The remaining collections are probably later, with the book reaching its final form around the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ruth">Ruth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ruth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth#Authorship_and_date" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth § Authorship and date</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a> as the author of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, but this conflicts with several details inside the book.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that the anonymous author was a woman, or if a man then one who took women's issues seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is largely a unity, although the genealogy of David appears to be a later addition.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Song_of_Songs_(Song_of_Solomon)"><span id="Song_of_Songs_.28Song_of_Solomon.29"></span>Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs#Authorship" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs § Authorship</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> was traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, but modern scholars date it around the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars still debate whether it is a single unified work (and therefore from a single author), or more in the nature of an anthology.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes"><span id="Qoheleth.2FEcclesiastes"></span>Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Qoheleth/Ecclesiastes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiastes#Authorship_and_historical_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Ecclesiastes">Book of Ecclesiastes § Authorship and historical context</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Ecclesiastes">Book of Ecclesiastes</a> is usually dated to the mid-3rd century BCE. A provenance in Jerusalem is considered likely. The book's claim of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> as author is a literary fiction; the author also identifies himself as "Qoheleth", a word of obscure meaning which critics have understood variously as a personal name, a <i>nom de plume</i>, an acronym, and a function; a final self-identification is as "shepherd", a title usually implying royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lamentations">Lamentations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lamentations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations#Authorship" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations § Authorship</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> is assigned by tradition to the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah (prophet)">Jeremiah</a>; linguistic and theological evidence point to its origin as a distinct book in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE, with the contents having their origin in special mourning observances in Exilic and post-Exilic Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esther">Esther</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Esther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Authorship_and_date" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther § Authorship and date</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> was composed in the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE among the Jews of the eastern diaspora. The genre of the book is the novella or short story, and it draws on the themes of wisdom literature; its sources are still unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daniel">Daniel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel#Dating_and_content" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel § Dating and content</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> presents itself as the work of a prophet named <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> who lived during the 6th century BCE; the overwhelming majority of modern scholars date it to the 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author, writing in the time of the Maccabees to assure his fellow-Jews that their persecution by the Syrians would come to an end and see them victorious, seems to have constructed his book around the legendary Daniel mentioned in Ezekiel, a figure ranked with Noah and Job for his wisdom and righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ezra-Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ezra-Nehemiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra#Structure,_composition_and_date" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra § Structure, composition and date</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah#Composition_and_date" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah § Composition and date</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a> were originally one work, <a href="/wiki/Ezra-Nehemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra-Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a>. H.G.M Williamson (1987) proposed three basic stages leading to the final work: (1) composition of the various lists and Persian documents, which he accepts as authentic and therefore the earliest parts of the book; (2) composition of the "Ezra memoir" and "Nehemiah memoir", about 400 BCE; and (3) composition of Ezra 1–6 as the final editor's introduction to the combined earlier texts, about 300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lester Grabbe (2003) puts the combination of the two texts Ezra and Nehemiah, with some final editing, somewhat later, in the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronicles">Chronicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chronicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles#Authorship_and_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Chronicles">Book of Chronicles § Authorship and composition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> is an anonymous work from Levitical circles in Jerusalem, probably composed in the late 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the book is divided into two parts (1st and 2nd Chronicles), the majority of studies propose a single underlying text with lengthy later additions and amendments to underline certain interests such as the cult or the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deuterocanonicals/Biblical_Apocrypha"><span id="Deuterocanonicals.2FBiblical_Apocrypha"></span>Deuterocanonicals/Biblical Apocrypha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Deuterocanonicals/Biblical Apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg/220px-Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg/330px-Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg/440px-Raphael_and_Tobias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4188" /></a><figcaption>Tobias, Raphael and the fish (<a href="/wiki/Pieter_Lastman" title="Pieter Lastman">Pieter Lastman</a>: illustration to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Tobias">Book of Tobias</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Apocrypha">Biblical Apocrypha</a></div> <p>The Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches include some or all of the following books in their Bibles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions_to_Daniel">Additions to Daniel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Additions to Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah#Texts_and_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Azariah">Prayer of Azariah § Texts and Origin</a></div> <p>The Greek text of the Book of Daniel <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">contains additions</a> not found in the Hebrew/Aramaic version. All are anonymous. The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Azariah">Prayer of Azariah</a> (one of Daniel's companions) was probably composed around 169/8–165/4, when <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> was oppressing the Jews. The <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Holy Children</a> (i.e., the three thrown into the furnace) may have been composed by priestly circles in Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a> may have been composed around 170–130 BCE in the context of the Hellenisation struggle. <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a> is difficult to date, but the late 6th century is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_&_2_Esdras"><span id="1_.26_2_Esdras"></span>1 & 2 Esdras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1 & 2 Esdras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras#Author_and_criticism" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras § Author and criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#Author_and_criticism" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras § Author and criticism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s translation of the Bible into Latin (the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>) contained four books of Esdras (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>); Jerome's 1 and 2 Esdras were eventually renamed <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>; the remaining books each moved up two places in most versions, but the numbering system remains highly confused. The present <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> takes material from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Chronicles">Book of Chronicles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>, but ignores <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> entirely; it was probably composed in the period 200–100 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> has no connection with the other Esdras books beyond taking Ezra as its central character. It was probably written soon after the destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Baruch">Book of Baruch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Book of Baruch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Book of Baruch</a> is traditionally held to be <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a> the companion of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, but this is considered unlikely. Some scholars propose that it was written during or shortly after the period of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1,_2,_3_&_4_Maccabees"><span id="1.2C_2.2C_3_.26_4_Maccabees"></span>1, 2, 3 & 4 Maccabees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1, 2, 3 & 4 Maccabees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees#Transmission.2C_language_and_author" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees § Transmission.2C language and author</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees#Author" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees § Author</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees#Authorship_and_historicity" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees § Authorship and historicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees#Authorship_and_criticism" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees § Authorship and criticism</a></div> <p>The anonymous author of <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> was an educated Jew and a serious historian; a date around 100 BCE is most likely.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> is a revised and condensed version of a work by an otherwise unknown author called Jason of Cyrene, plus passages by the anonymous editor who made the condensation (called "the Epitomist"). Jason most probably wrote in the mid to late 2nd century BCE, and the Epitomist before 63 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> concerns itself with the Jewish community in Egypt a half-century before the revolt, suggesting that the author was an Egyptian Jew, and probably a native of Alexandria. A date of c. 100–75 BCE is "very probable".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> was probably composed in the middle half of the 1st century CE, by a Jew living in Syria or Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_of_Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Letter of Jeremiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah#Author" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah § Author</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> is not by Jeremiah; the author apparently appropriated the name of the prophet to lend authority to his composition. Nor is it by Jeremiah's secretary <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a>, although it appears as the last chapter of Baruch in the Catholic Bible and the KJV. Internal evidence points to a date around 317 BCE, with the author possibly a Jew in Palestine addressing <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jews of the diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_of_Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prayer of Manasseh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> presents itself as a prayer from the wicked, but now penitent, king <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a> (or Manassas) from his exile in Babylon. The actual author is unknown, and the date of composition is probably the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisdom_of_Sirach_and_Wisdom_of_Solomon">Wisdom of Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wisdom of Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach#Author" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach § Author</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon#Date_and_authorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon § Date and authorship</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Sirach</a> names its author as <a href="/wiki/Jesus_ben_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus ben Sirach">Jesus ben Sirach</a>. He was probably a scribe, offering instruction to the youth of Jerusalem. His grandson's preface to the Greek translation helps date the work to the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE, probably between 196 BCE and the beginning of the oppression of the Jews by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a>, who reigned 175–164 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> is unlikely to be earlier than the 2nd century BCE, and probably dates from 100 to 50 BCE. Its self-attribution to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> was questioned even in the medieval period, and it shows affinities with the Egyptian Jewish community and with <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions_to_Esther">Additions to Esther</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Additions to Esther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther § Additions to Esther</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> itself was composed probably around 400 BCE by Jews living in the eastern provinces of the Persian empire and reached its final form by the 2nd century BCE; concerns over the legitimacy of certain passages in the Hebrew text led to the identification of the <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">additions to Esther</a> in the Greek translation of Esther of the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobit">Tobit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tobit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit#Date_of_composition" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit § Date of composition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> is set in the 8th century BCE and is named after its central character, a pious Jew in exile. The generally recognised date of composition is the early 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judith">Judith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Judith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a> is set in Israel in the time of Nebuchadrezzar, king of Assyria. It has strong Persian elements, which suggests a 4th-century BCE date; it also has strong parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> period, which suggests a 2nd-century date. It is typically labeled <a href="/wiki/Pharisaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaic">Pharisaic</a>, but an origin in <a href="/wiki/Sadducee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadducee">Sadducee</a> circles has also been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_Psalms">Additional Psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Additional Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psalms#Other_psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms § Other psalms</a></div> <p>The canonical <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> contains 150 entries. <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> is found in most Greek translations, and the Hebrew version was found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a> are part of the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> Bible, some of which were found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/220px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/330px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/440px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><i>De evangelist Matteüs en de engel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospels_and_Acts">Gospels and Acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Gospels and Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gospels (and Acts) are anonymous, in that none of them provide the name of the author within their text.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Gospel of John might be considered something of an exception, because the author refers to himself as "the disciple Jesus loved" and claims to be a member of Jesus' inner circle,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_John_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_John-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most scholars today consider this passage to be a later addition (see below). </p><p>Many scholars argue that the Gospels were written by anonymous figures rather than the disciples traditionally associated with them. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> in his book named "<a href="/wiki/First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr" title="First Apology of Justin Martyr">1 apology</a>" explicitly refers to the apostles as "uneducated" or "illiterate" (Acts 4:13), which has led scholars to question their ability to write the sophisticated Greek texts of the New Testament. Bart Ehrman, a leading New Testament scholar, supports this view, explaining that the socio-economic background of Jesus' disciples—many of whom were fishermen or peasants—makes it unlikely that they could have authored these works.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrman also notes that literacy rates in first-century Palestine were extremely low, particularly in rural areas like Galilee, where most of the disciples lived.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further supported by Catherine Hezser’s research on Jewish literacy in Roman Palestine, which highlights the rarity of literacy among common people during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it is widely accepted among scholars that the Gospels were likely written by anonymous authors rather than the disciples themselves. </p><p><br /> There is general agreement among scholars that the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>) show a high level of cross-reference. The usual explanation, the <a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a>, is that Mark was written first and that the authors of Matthew and Luke relied on Mark and the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a>. Scholars agree that the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> was written last, using a different tradition and body of testimony. In addition, most scholars agree that the author of Luke also wrote the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> two halves of a single work.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mark">Mark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to tradition and early church fathers, first attested by <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, the author is <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, the companion of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Peter">apostle Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gospel, however, appears to rely on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, which tells against the tradition that the gospel was based on Peter's preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-TM1998_Mark_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM1998_Mark-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various elements within the gospel, including the importance of the authority of Peter and the broadness of the basic theology, suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community which had earlier absorbed the influence of pre-Pauline beliefs and then developed them further independent of Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matthew">Matthew</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Matthew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Christian tradition, first attested by <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, held that the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Matthew">apostle Matthew</a>, the tax-collector and disciple of Jesus, had written a Gospel in "Hebrew" (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, the language of Judea).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars interpret the tradition to mean that Papias, writing about 125–150 CE, believed that Matthew had made a collection of the sayings of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Papias's description does not correspond well with the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>: it was most probably written in Greek, not Aramaic or Hebrew; it depends on the Greek Gospel of Mark and on the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a>; it is not a collection of sayings;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is unlikely to have been written by an eyewitness.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the identity of the author of our Gospel of Matthew is unknown, the internal evidence of the Gospel suggests that he was an ethnic Jewish male scribe from a Hellenised city, possibly <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch in Syria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he wrote between 70 and 100 CE<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a variety of oral traditions and written sources about Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luke_and_Acts">Luke and Acts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Luke and Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of Luke-Acts">Authorship of Luke-Acts</a></div> <p>There is general acceptance that the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> originated as a two-volume work by a single author addressed to an otherwise unknown individual named <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilus (Biblical)">Theophilus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This author was an "amateur Hellenistic historian" versed in Greek rhetoric, that being the standard training for historians in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to tradition, first attested by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, the author was <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, the companion of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, but many modern scholars have expressed doubt and opinion on the subject is evenly divided.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they believe Luke-Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text. Some of the evidence cited comes from the text of Luke-Acts itself. In the preface to Luke, the author refers to having eyewitness testimony "handed down to us" and to having undertaken a "careful investigation", but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events, except for the <i>we passages</i>. And in the <i>we passages</i>, the narrative is written in the first person plural— the author never refers to himself as "I" or "me". To those who are skeptical of an eyewitness author, the <i>we passages</i> are usually regarded as fragments of a second document, part of some earlier account, which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke-Acts, or simply a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John">John</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: John"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John 21:24 identifies the source of the Gospel of John as "the beloved disciple," and from the late 2nd century tradition, first attested by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, this figure, unnamed in the Gospel itself, was identified with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the son of Zebedee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, however, most scholars agree that <a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">John 21</a> is an appendix to the Gospel, which originally ended at John 20:30–31.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is considerable debate about how and when the appendix was added, and by whom. For example, several scholars argue it was added after "the beloved disciple" had died.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of scholars date the Gospel of John to <i>c</i>. 80–95,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and propose that the author made use of two major sources, a <a href="/wiki/Signs_Gospel" title="Signs Gospel">"Signs" source</a> (a collection of seven miracle stories) and a "Discourse" source.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistles">Epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/250px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/375px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/500px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i>, 16th-century painting. Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary, for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:22&version=nrsv">Romans 16:22</a> cites a scribe named <a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">First Corinthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">Second Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> are almost universally accepted as the work of Paul – the superscripts to all except Romans and Galatians identify these as coming from Paul and at least one other person, a practice which was not usual in letters of the period, and it is not clear what role these other persons had in their composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vo-11umIZQC_2003-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some support for Paul's authorship of the three "Deutero-Pauline Epistles," <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>. The three <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a> – <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">Second Timothy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a>, are probably all from one author,<sup id="cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vo-11umIZQC_2003-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">historical-critical</a> scholars regard them as the work of someone other than Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letter_to_the_Hebrews">Letter to the Hebrews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Letter to the Hebrews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church included the <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Hebrews">Letter to the Hebrews</a> as the fourteenth letter of Paul <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena#Reformation" title="Antilegomena">until the Reformation</a>. Pauline authorship is now generally rejected, and the real author is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-NewAdvent_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_epistles">General epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: General epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></div> <p>The traditional authors are unknown and the names were attributed to them arbitrarily to make it seem more credible : Peter the apostle (First and Second Peter); the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (First, Second and Third John), writing in advanced age; "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James" (Epistle of Jude); and <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James). In fact <a href="/wiki/1_John" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John">1 John</a> is anonymous, and <a href="/wiki/2_John" class="mw-redirect" title="2 John">2</a> and <a href="/wiki/3_John" class="mw-redirect" title="3 John">3 John</a> identify their author only as "the Elder." Though <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a> states its author as "Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ", most scholars today regard this as pseudonymous, and many hold the same opinion of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vo-11umIZQC_2003-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revelation">Revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation#Authorship" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation § Authorship</a></div> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> was traditionally believed to be the same person as both <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John, the apostle of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel – the tradition can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, writing in the early 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "John" suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent, and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">churches in Asia Minor</a>. Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John. Others, however, have argued that the author could have been <a href="/wiki/John_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Elder">John the Elder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> was referring to someone other than the apostle. The precise identity of "John" therefore remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship of the Petrine epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Exodus 17:14, 24:4, 34:28; Numbers 33:2; and Deuteronomy 31:9, 31:22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabin2006">Rabin 2006</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabin2006">Rabin 2006</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_&_546-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_&_546_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeschel2005">Heschel 2005</a>, pp. 539–540 & 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201690–91-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201690–91_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2016">Olson 2016</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201692–95-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201692–95_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2016">Olson 2016</a>, pp. 92–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201695-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson201695_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2016">Olson 2016</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20047_&_18–19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20047_&_18–19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchniedewind2004">Schniedewind 2004</a>, pp. 7 & 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1995375-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1995375_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs1995">Jacobs 1995</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2002">McDermott 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham19963-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham19963_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham19963_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenham1996">Wenham 1996</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind200410-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind200410_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchniedewind2004">Schniedewind 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters19989-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters19989_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Seters1998">Van Seters 1998</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters199716-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters199716_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Seters1997">Van Seters 1997</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200474–79-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200474–79_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Seters2004">Van Seters 2004</a>, pp. 74–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217ff-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217ff_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 217ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19902–3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19902–3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1990">Miller 1990</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19905–8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19905–8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1990">Miller 1990</a>, pp. 5–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200493-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200493_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Seters2004">Van Seters 2004</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoppers2000" class="citation book cs1">Knoppers, Gary N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoHhPAKgETkC&q=Reconsidering"><i>Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-037-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconsidering+Israel+and+Judah%3A+Recent+Studies+on+the+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-037-8&rft.aulast=Knoppers&rft.aufirst=Gary+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoHhPAKgETkC%26q%3DReconsidering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2000" class="citation book cs1">Römer, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfJHpNXUusC&q=Le+spectre+nominal.+Des+noms+de+mati%C3%A8res+aux+noms+d%E2%80%99abstractions"><i>Le spectre nominal. Des noms de matières aux noms d'abstractions</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0858-1"><bdi>978-90-429-0858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+spectre+nominal.+Des+noms+de+mati%C3%A8res+aux+noms+d%27abstractions&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0858-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjfJHpNXUusC%26q%3DLe%2Bspectre%2Bnominal.%2BDes%2Bnoms%2Bde%2Bmati%25C3%25A8res%2Baux%2Bnoms%2Bd%25E2%2580%2599abstractions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEynikel1996" class="citation book cs1">Eynikel, Erik (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl9dYJH_xUYC&q=The+reform+of+King+Josiah+and+the+composition+of+the+deuteronomistic+history"><i>The Reform of King Josiah and the Composition of the Deuteronomistic History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 14ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10266-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reform+of+King+Josiah+and+the+Composition+of+the+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.pages=14ff&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10266-8&rft.aulast=Eynikel&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFl9dYJH_xUYC%26q%3DThe%2Breform%2Bof%2BKing%2BJosiah%2Band%2Bthe%2Bcomposition%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdeuteronomistic%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2000" class="citation book cs1">Römer, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfJHpNXUusC&q=Le+spectre+nominal.+Des+noms+de+mati%C3%A8res+aux+noms+d%E2%80%99abstractions"><i>Le spectre nominal. Des noms de matières aux noms d'abstractions</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 120ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0858-1"><bdi>978-90-429-0858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+spectre+nominal.+Des+noms+de+mati%C3%A8res+aux+noms+d%27abstractions&rft.pages=120ff&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0858-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjfJHpNXUusC%26q%3DLe%2Bspectre%2Bnominal.%2BDes%2Bnoms%2Bde%2Bmati%25C3%25A8res%2Baux%2Bnoms%2Bd%25E2%2580%2599abstractions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boadt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boadt_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boadt_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boadt_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoadt1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Boadt" title="Lawrence Boadt">Boadt, Lawrence</a> (1984). <i>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2631-6"><bdi>978-0-8091-2631-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2631-6&rft.aulast=Boadt&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSB-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSB_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/isaiah/0">"Introduction to the Book of Isaiah"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Book+of+Isaiah&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fisaiah%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugel_561-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kugel_561_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugel, p. 561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1996" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&q=Blenkinsopp+A+history+of+prophecy+in+Israel"><i>A History of Prophecy in Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25639-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prophecy+in+Israel&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25639-5&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6P9YEd9lXeAC%26q%3DBlenkinsopp%2BA%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bprophecy%2Bin%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com.au-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangano2005" class="citation book cs1">Mangano, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsF4sUJJd6YC&q=Old+Testament+Introduction++Mark+Mangano"><i>Old Testament Introduction</i></a>. College Press. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-896-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-896-7"><bdi>978-0-89900-896-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Introduction&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-896-7&rft.aulast=Mangano&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsF4sUJJd6YC%26q%3DOld%2BTestament%2BIntroduction%2B%2BMark%2BMangano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1996" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&q=A+history+of+prophecy+in+Israel"><i>A History of Prophecy in Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 166–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25639-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prophecy+in+Israel&rft.pages=166-168&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25639-5&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6P9YEd9lXeAC%26q%3DA%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bprophecy%2Bin%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddittSchart2003" class="citation book cs1">Redditt, Paul L.; Schart, Aaron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKBTfJiaElMC&q=Thematic+threads+in+the+Book+of+the+Twelve"><i>Thematic Threads in the Book of the Twelve</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017594-3"><bdi>978-3-11-017594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematic+Threads+in+the+Book+of+the+Twelve&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017594-3&rft.aulast=Redditt&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft.au=Schart%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKBTfJiaElMC%26q%3DThematic%2Bthreads%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTwelve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddittSchart2003" class="citation book cs1">Redditt, Paul L.; Schart, Aaron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKBTfJiaElMC&q=Thematic+threads+in+the+Book+of+the+Twelve"><i>Thematic Threads in the Book of the Twelve</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017594-3"><bdi>978-3-11-017594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematic+Threads+in+the+Book+of+the+Twelve&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017594-3&rft.aulast=Redditt&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft.au=Schart%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKBTfJiaElMC%26q%3DThematic%2Bthreads%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTwelve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Michael H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJRqa-5HTj0C&dq=Minor+prophets%2C+Part+2++By+Michael+H.+Floyd&pg=PA497"><i>Minor Prophets</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4452-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minor+Prophets&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4452-1&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJRqa-5HTj0C%26dq%3DMinor%2Bprophets%252C%2BPart%2B2%2B%2BBy%2BMichael%2BH.%2BFloyd%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonReimer1996" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Reimer, David James (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUb7EDXODOwC&dq=Katharine+Dell+Shaping+Book+Jonah&pg=PA85"><i>After the Exile: Essays in Honour of Rex Mason</i></a>. Mercer University Press. pp. 86–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-524-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Exile%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Rex+Mason&rft.pages=86-89&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-524-3&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Reimer%2C+David+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUb7EDXODOwC%26dq%3DKatharine%2BDell%2BShaping%2BBook%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uf8cSMSffmMC&q=Psalms+James+Luther+Mays"><i>Psalms</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. 1994. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23747-9"><bdi>978-0-664-23747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23747-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duf8cSMSffmMC%26q%3DPsalms%2BJames%2BLuther%2BMays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228123314/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/psalms/">"Henry Wansbrough, "The Prayers of the Psalter" ("written for the seventh annual course for monks and nuns during the Easter Vacation at St Benet's Hall, Oxford, at the instigation of the Union of Monastic Superiors and in particular of Sister Zoe, the Prioress of Turvey")"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/psalms/">the original</a> on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Wansbrough%2C+%22The+Prayers+of+the+Psalter%22+%28%22written+for+the+seventh+annual+course+for+monks+and+nuns+during+the+Easter+Vacation+at+St+Benet%27s+Hall%2C+Oxford%2C+at+the+instigation+of+the+Union+of+Monastic+Superiors+and+in+particular+of+Sister+Zoe%2C+the+Prioress+of+Turvey%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~sben0056%2Fpsalms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9F1hkMuN0gC&q=date"><i>The Book of Job: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 May 1985. pp. 40–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22218-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Job%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=40-43&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1985-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22218-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9F1hkMuN0gC%26q%3Ddate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhybray2005" class="citation book cs1">Whybray, Roger Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9xnnKrEEUAC&q=Wisdom:+the+collected+articles+Whybray"><i>Wisdom: The Collected Articles of Norman Whybray</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3917-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3917-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-3917-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisdom%3A+The+Collected+Articles+of+Norman+Whybray&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3917-6&rft.aulast=Whybray&rft.aufirst=Roger+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9xnnKrEEUAC%26q%3DWisdom%3A%2Bthe%2Bcollected%2Barticles%2BWhybray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, James L. (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKpWNrkO8dEC&q=Old+Testament+wisdom:+an+introduction++By+James+L.+Crenshaw"><i>Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23459-1"><bdi>978-0-664-23459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Wisdom%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23459-1&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKpWNrkO8dEC%26q%3DOld%2BTestament%2Bwisdom%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2B%2BBy%2BJames%2BL.%2BCrenshaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1993" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Daniel C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DJXeEjpshgC&q=Twice-told+Proverbs+and+the+composition+of+the+book+of+Proverbs"><i>Twice-told Proverbs and the Composition of the Book of Proverbs</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-66-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-66-9"><bdi>978-0-931464-66-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice-told+Proverbs+and+the+Composition+of+the+Book+of+Proverbs&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-66-9&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DJXeEjpshgC%26q%3DTwice-told%2BProverbs%2Band%2Bthe%2Bcomposition%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbook%2Bof%2BProverbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1988" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Robert L. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJQvoHg91QkC&q=Hubbard,+Robert+L.+(1989).+Book+of+Ruth"><i>The Book of Ruth</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2526-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2526-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ruth&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2526-1&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJQvoHg91QkC%26q%3DHubbard%2C%2BRobert%2BL.%2B%281989%29.%2BBook%2Bof%2BRuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner,_AthalyaFontaine,_Carole_R.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athalya_Brenner" title="Athalya Brenner">Brenner, Athalya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Carole_R._Fontaine" title="Carole R. Fontaine">Fontaine, Carole R.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-q2JrzXqDAC&dq=%22the+book+of+ruth%22+bible+%22female+author%22&pg=PA34"><i>The Feminist Companion to the Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-978-2"><bdi>978-1-85075-978-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminist+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-978-2&rft.au=Brenner%2C+Athalya&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+Carole+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-q2JrzXqDAC%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bruth%2522%2Bbible%2B%2522female%2Bauthor%2522%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorpel2001" class="citation book cs1">Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeCSyiTV_QgC&q=Date&pg=PA240"><i>The Structure of the Book of Ruth</i></a>. Van Gorcum. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3657-3"><bdi>978-90-232-3657-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+the+Book+of+Ruth&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3657-3&rft.aulast=Korpel&rft.aufirst=Marjo+Christina+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeCSyiTV_QgC%26q%3DDate%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlochBloch1998" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Ariel A.; Bloch, Chana (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_sUl5TN1oIC&q=The+Song+of+songs:+a+new+translation+with+an+introduction+and+commentary"><i>The Song of Songs: A New Translation with an Introduction and Commentary</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 21–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21330-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+Songs%3A+A+New+Translation+with+an+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=21-27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21330-2&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Ariel+A.&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Chana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_sUl5TN1oIC%26q%3DThe%2BSong%2Bof%2Bsongs%3A%2Ba%2Bnew%2Btranslation%2Bwith%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Band%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExum2005" class="citation book cs1">Exum, J. Cheryl (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLKBcC5ND30C&q=Song+of+songs:+a+commentary"><i>Song of Songs: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22190-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+Songs%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22190-4&rft.aulast=Exum&rft.aufirst=J.+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLKBcC5ND30C%26q%3DSong%2Bof%2Bsongs%3A%2Ba%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, James L. (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKpWNrkO8dEC&q=Old+Testament+wisdom:+an+introduction++By+James+L.+Crenshaw"><i>Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23459-1"><bdi>978-0-664-23459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Wisdom%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23459-1&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKpWNrkO8dEC%26q%3DOld%2BTestament%2Bwisdom%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2B%2BBy%2BJames%2BL.%2BCrenshaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstenberger2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerstenberger, Erhard S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhNUmZ_EofEC&q=Psalms,+Part+2,+and+Lamentations++By+Erhard+Gerstenberger"><i>Psalms, Part 2, and Lamentations</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 467–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0488-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0488-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-0488-4</bdi></a>. <q>for linguistic and theological reasons, point to a time of origin for Lamentations as a distinct book only in the third or second century B.C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms%2C+Part+2%2C+and+Lamentations&rft.pages=467-468&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0488-4&rft.aulast=Gerstenberger&rft.aufirst=Erhard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhNUmZ_EofEC%26q%3DPsalms%2C%2BPart%2B2%2C%2Band%2BLamentations%2B%2BBy%2BErhard%2BGerstenberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=329-330&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2005" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James; Flint, Peter (10 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC&q=Vanderkam+and+Flint"><i>The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08468-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08468-2"><bdi>978-0-567-08468-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Their+Significance+For+Understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08468-2&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBMXnB4CRpUC%26q%3DVanderkam%2Band%2BFlint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterKermode1990" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert; Kermode, Frank (1 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4hYlvzWui8C&q=Book+of+daniel"><i>The Literary Guide to the Bible</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87531-9"><bdi>978-0-674-87531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-87531-9&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kermode%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4hYlvzWui8C%26q%3DBook%2Bof%2Bdaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrontveit1992" class="citation book cs1">Throntveit, Mark A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VI1bMiMXLs0C&q=Ezra-Nehemiah++By+Mark+A.+Throntveit"><i>Ezra-Nehemiah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23744-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23744-8"><bdi>978-0-664-23744-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra-Nehemiah&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23744-8&rft.aulast=Throntveit&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVI1bMiMXLs0C%26q%3DEzra-Nehemiah%2B%2BBy%2BMark%2BA.%2BThrontveit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=313-314&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 803–806. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=803-806&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. P. Saydon, "Baruch" by revised by T. Hanlon, in A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, ed. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_C._Fuller" title="Reginald C. Fuller">Reginald C. Fuller</a>, Thomas Nelson, Inc. Publishers, 1953, 1975, §504h.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 807–808. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=807-808&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 831–832. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=831-832&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 866. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=888&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullardMcKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey; McKnight, Edgar V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+Aubrey&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Edgar+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BBible%2BDictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullardMcKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey; McKnight, Edgar V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+Aubrey&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Edgar+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BBible%2BDictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 650–653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=650-653&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 627. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875500-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=627&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875500-5&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullardMcKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey; McKnight, Edgar V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+Aubrey&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Edgar+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BBible%2BDictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoggin1989" class="citation book cs1">Soggin, J. Alberto (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqSNsKXnHQgC&q=Psalm+151"><i>Introduction to the Old Testament</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22156-0"><bdi>978-0-664-22156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22156-0&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=J.+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqSNsKXnHQgC%26q%3DPsalm%2B151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_John-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_John_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). <i>Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062285201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062285201"><bdi>978-0062285201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels%3A+How+the+Earliest+Christians+Remembered%2C+Changed%2C+and+Invented+Their+Stories+of+the+Savior&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0062285201&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). <i>Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062285201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062285201"><bdi>978-0062285201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels%3A+How+the+Earliest+Christians+Remembered%2C+Changed%2C+and+Invented+Their+Stories+of+the+Savior&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0062285201&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHezser2001" class="citation book cs1">Hezser, Catherine (2001). <i>Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161475467" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161475467"><bdi>978-3161475467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy+in+Roman+Palestine&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3161475467&rft.aulast=Hezser&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2001–2007" class="citation web cs1">Peter, Kirby (2001–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html">"Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Mark"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115192938/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Writings%3A+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.date=2001%2F2007&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Kirby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtemeier1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Achtemeier, Paul J. (1992). "The Gospel of Mark". <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. Vol. 4. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19362-9"><bdi>0-385-19362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-385-19362-9&rft.aulast=Achtemeier&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.G. Easton, Easton's Bible Dictionary (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1996, c1897), "Luke, Gospel According To"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> (1991). <i>A Marginal Jew</i>. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Doubleday. pp. 955–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4"><bdi>0-385-46993-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=955-56&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-385-46993-4&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1997" class="citation book cs1">Helms, Randel (1997). <i>Who Wrote the Gospels?</i>. Altadena, California: Millennium Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9655047-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9655047-2-7"><bdi>0-9655047-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+the+Gospels%3F&rft.place=Altadena%2C+California&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Millennium+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9655047-2-7&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Randel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 277–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=277-278&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM1998_Mark-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM1998_Mark_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jens Schroter, <i>Gospel of Mark</i>, in Aune, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=301-302&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Matthew, Gospel acc. to St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrman 2004, p. 110 and Harris 1985 both specify a range c. 80–85; Gundry 1982, Hagner 1993, and Blomberg 1992 argue for a date before 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrell, DG, An Introduction to the study of Paul, T&T Clark, 2006, 2nd Ed., p. 7; cf. W. L. Knox, <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i> (1948), pp. 2–15 for detailed arguments that still stand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1987" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David Edward (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC&q=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment"><i>The New Testament in Its Literary Environment</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+Its+Literary+Environment&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdSto1nkx9AC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%2Bin%2Bits%2Bliterary%2Benvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>, New York: Anchor Bible (1997), pp. 267–68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, Vernon. "Perspectives on Luke-Acts", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.christianorigins.com/bylandbysea.html">http://www.christianorigins.com/bylandbysea.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004101256/http://www.christianorigins.com/bylandbysea.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Originally appeared in: Perspectives on Luke-Acts. C. H. Talbert, ed. Perspectives in Religious Studies, Special Studies Series, No. 5. Macon, Ga: Mercer Univ. Press and Edinburgh: T.& T. Clark, 1978: 215–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&q=The+Gospel+and+Epistles+of+John:+a+concise+commentary++By+Raymond+Edward+Brown"><i>The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-1283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+and+Epistles+of+John%3A+A+Concise+Commentary&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIM0Q0bjgYkC%26q%3DThe%2BGospel%2Band%2BEpistles%2Bof%2BJohn%3A%2Ba%2Bconcise%2Bcommentary%2B%2BBy%2BRaymond%2BEdward%2BBrown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindars1990" class="citation book cs1">Lindars, Barnabas (1 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TriOFb9VSS0C&q=John++By+Barnabas+Lindars"><i>John</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-255-4"><bdi>978-1-85075-255-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1990-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-255-4&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTriOFb9VSS0C%26q%3DJohn%2B%2BBy%2BBarnabas%2BLindars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John, Jesus, and History, Volume 2, p. 210 p. 245 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, F.F. <i>The New Testament Documents: Are they Reliable?</i> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1987" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David Edward (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC&q=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment"><i>The New Testament in Its Literary Environment</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+Its+Literary+Environment&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdSto1nkx9AC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%2Bin%2Bits%2Bliterary%2Benvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vo-11umIZQC_2003-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vo-11umIZQC_2003_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=1274&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrman 2004:385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215031916/http://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged">"3. Forgeries in the Name of Paul. The Pastoral Letters: 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus"</a>. <i>Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</i> (First Edition. EPub ed.). New York: HarperCollins e-books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(EPUB)</span> on 15 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>Before showing why most scholars consider them to be written by someone other than Paul, I should give a brief summary of each letter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Forgeries+in+the+Name+of+Paul.+The+Pastoral+Letters%3A+1+and+2+Timothy+and+Titus&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=First+Edition.+EPub&rft.pub=HarperCollins+e-books&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F55685655%2FForged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewAdvent-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fonck, Leopold. "Epistle to the Hebrews." <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia.</i> Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Web: 30 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justin-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Justin_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Martyr, <i>Dialogue with Trypho</i>, 81.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004). <i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i>. New York: Oxford. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2"><bdi>0-19-515462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=1535&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bbible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&q=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes">Brueggemann, Walter, "Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes" (Westminster John Knox, 2002)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_97TAwAAQBAJ&dq=hebrew+bible+prophets&pg=PA1"><i>The Hebrew Bible</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780304337033" title="Special:BookSources/9780304337033"><bdi>9780304337033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780304337033&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_97TAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhebrew%2Bbible%2Bprophets%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC&q=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism:+The+late+Roman-Rabbinic+period">Davies, William David; Katz, Steven T.; and Finkelstein, Louis; "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period" (Cambridge University Press, 2006)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFNBDTS5HY0C&q=ehrman+forged"><i>Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062078636" title="Special:BookSources/9780062078636"><bdi>9780062078636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God%E2%80%94Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=9780062078636&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFNBDTS5HY0C%26q%3Dehrman%2Bforged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues">Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., "The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschel2005" class="citation book cs1">Heschel, Abraham Joshua (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAGK8GiNrQgC&dq=%22With+respect+to+the+process+of+writing+the+Torah%22&pg=PA539"><i>Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826408020" title="Special:BookSources/9780826408020"><bdi>9780826408020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavenly+Torah%3A+As+Refracted+Through+the+Generations&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780826408020&rft.aulast=Heschel&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAGK8GiNrQgC%26dq%3D%2522With%2Brespect%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bprocess%2Bof%2Bwriting%2Bthe%2BTorah%2522%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1u-_VMDM80C&q=The+Jewish+religion:+a+companion"><i>The Jewish religion: a companion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198264637" title="Special:BookSources/9780198264637"><bdi>9780198264637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+religion%3A+a+companion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780198264637&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1u-_VMDM80C%26q%3DThe%2BJewish%2Breligion%3A%2Ba%2Bcompanion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=Old+Testament+Interpretation+Mays+Peterson+Richards">Mays, James Luther, Petersen, David L., Richards, Kent Harold, "Old Testament Interpretation" (T&T Clark, 1995)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BBible%2BDictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2016" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPXRCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+christian+consensus+about+the+bible%22&pg=PA91"><i>The Mosaic of Christian Belief</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830899708" title="Special:BookSources/9780830899708"><bdi>9780830899708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosaic+of+Christian+Belief&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780830899708&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPXRCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bchristian%2Bconsensus%2Babout%2Bthe%2Bbible%2522%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2001" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Leo G., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41_0okLzQJkC&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+Hebrew+Bible"><i>The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210719" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210719"><bdi>9780631210719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780631210719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41_0okLzQJkC%26q%3DBlackwell%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHebrew%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin2006" class="citation book cs1">Rabin, Elliott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=507FnpyVR1gC&dq=dating+the+bible&pg=PA112"><i>Understanding the Hebrew Bible: a reader's guide</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881258714" title="Special:BookSources/9780881258714"><bdi>9780881258714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+a+reader%27s+guide&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780881258714&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D507FnpyVR1gC%26dq%3Ddating%2Bthe%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Schmid_(theologian)" title="Konrad Schmid (theologian)">Schmid, Konrad</a>; Schröter, Jens (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AlBEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Bible: From the First Fragments to Sacred Scripture</i></a>. Translated by Lewis, Peter. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674269392" title="Special:BookSources/9780674269392"><bdi>9780674269392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Bible%3A+From+the+First+Fragments+to+Sacred+Scripture&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674269392&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6ter%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AlBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Schniedewind" title="William Schniedewind">Schniedewind, William M.</a> (2004). <i>How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511499135">10.1017/CBO9780511499135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53622-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53622-6"><bdi>978-0-521-53622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Bible+Became+a+Book%3A+The+Textualization+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511499135&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53622-6&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">Van Seters, John</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-skPdXtewwC&q=Samuel&pg=PA406"><i>In search of history: historiography in the ancient world and the origins of biblical history</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-013-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+history%3A+historiography+in+the+ancient+world+and+the+origins+of+biblical+history&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-013-2&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-skPdXtewwC%26q%3DSamuel%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1970" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, D.J. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnG2067meU0C&dq=%22literary+works+were+generally+anonymous%22&pg=PA38">"Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament"</a>. In Ackroyd, P.R.; Evans, C.F. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome</i>. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521099738" title="Special:BookSources/9780521099738"><bdi>9780521099738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Jerome&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780521099738&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnG2067meU0C%26dq%3D%2522literary%2Bworks%2Bwere%2Bgenerally%2Banonymous%2522%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Pentateuch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2002" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, John J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC"><i>Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Pentateuch%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4082-4&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkr7rVd3hAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. Miller">Miller, Patrick D.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yoFvN_QOjYC"><i>Deuteronomy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23737-0"><bdi>978-0-664-23737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23737-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yoFvN_QOjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC"><i>Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-122-1&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">Van Seters, John</a> (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">Van Seters, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&q=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary"><i>The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08088-2"><bdi>978-0-567-08088-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+a+social-science+commentary&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08088-2&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-Vi9eK_vS0C%26q%3DThe%2BPentateuch%2BSocial%2BScience%2BCommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wenham" title="Gordon Wenham">Wenham, Gordon</a> (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.thegospelcoalition.org/documents/themelios/Themelios22.1.pdf?_gl=1*ahlmqg*_gcl_au*MTQ4MDU1MTIyMC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE3*_ga*MjAzMTA0ODM2OC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE2*_ga_R61P3F5MSN*MTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.*_ga_3FT6QZ0XX1*MTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.">"Pentateuchal Studies Today"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Themelios</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 3–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629081005/https://media.thegospelcoalition.org/documents/themelios/Themelios22.1.pdf?_gl=1%2Aahlmqg%2A_gcl_au%2AMTQ4MDU1MTIyMC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE3%2A_ga%2AMjAzMTA0ODM2OC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE2%2A_ga_R61P3F5MSN%2AMTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.%2A_ga_3FT6QZ0XX1%2AMTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Themelios&rft.atitle=Pentateuchal+Studies+Today&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=1996-10&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fdocuments%2Fthemelios%2FThemelios22.1.pdf%3F_gl%3D1%2Aahlmqg%2A_gcl_au%2AMTQ4MDU1MTIyMC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE3%2A_ga%2AMjAzMTA0ODM2OC4xNzE5NjQ4MDE2%2A_ga_R61P3F5MSN%2AMTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.%2A_ga_3FT6QZ0XX1%2AMTcxOTY0ODAxOC4xLjEuMTcxOTY0ODUxOS42MC4wLjA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthorship+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deuteronomistic_history">Deuteronomistic history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Deuteronomistic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&q=Past,+present,+future:+the+Deuteronomistic+history+and+the+prophets">de Moor, Johannes Cornelis, and Van Rooy, H. F. (eds), "Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets" (Brill, 2000)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&q=Israel+in+exile:+the+history+and+literature+of+the+sixth+century">Albertz, Rainer (ed) "Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E." (Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfJHpNXUusC&q=Le+spectre+nominal.+Des+noms+de+mati%C3%A8res+aux+noms+d%E2%80%99abstractions">Romer, Thomas, "The Future of the Deuteronomistic History" (Leuven University Press, 2000)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Collective+reinterpretation+in+the+Psalms&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a">Marttila, Marko, "Collective reinterpretation in the Psalms" (Mohr Siebeck, 2006)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prophets_and_writings">Prophets and writings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Prophets and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00ECWP4NZYYC&q=Miller%2C+Patrick+D.+and+Peter+W.+Flint%2C+eds.%2C++The+Book+of+Psalms%3A+Composition+and+Reception">Miller, Patrick D. and Peter W. Flint, (eds) "The book of Psalms: composition and reception" (Brill, 2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&q=Blenkinsopp+A+history+of+prophecy+in+Israel">Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "A history of prophecy in Israel" (Westminster John Knox, 1996)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7GkCB_7N6MC&q=Jeremiah++Ronald+Ernest+Clements">Clemets, R.E., "Jeremiah" (John Knox Press, 1988)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kj5vKhTWhRUC&q=Jeremiah:+a+commentary++Leslie+C.+Allen">Allen, Leslie C., "Jeremiah: a commentary" (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7HaijsNACAC&q=The+twelve+prophets+Sweeney">Sweeney, Marvin, "The Twelve Prophets" vol.1 (Liturgical Press, 2000)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOwFysWpogC&dq=The+twelve+prophets%3A+Hosea%2C+Joel%2C+Amos%2C+Obadiah%2C+Jonah%2C+Volume+1&pg=PR21">Sweeney, Marvin, "The Twelve Prophets" vol.2 (Liturgical Press, 2000)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_2">New Testament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity+Delbert+Royce+Burkett">Burkett, Delbert Royce, "An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity" (Cambridge University Press, 2002)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament">Aune, David E., (ed) "The Blackwell companion to the New Testament" (Blackwell Publishing, 2010)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&q=Cambridge+History+of+Christianity+origins+to+Constantine">Mitchell, Margaret Mary, and Young, Frances Margaret, "Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine" (Cambridge University Press, 2006)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lost-history.com/authors.php">List of Old and New Testament Authors by Tradition and Conjecture</a></li> <li>Helms, Ronald McCraw (1996?). <i>Who Wrote the Gospels?</i> First ed. Millennium Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9655047-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9655047-2-7">0-9655047-2-7</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> 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