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<ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Epistle_of_Jude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Epistle_of_Jude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with the Epistle of Jude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Epistle_of_Jude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonical_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canonical acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonical_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Outline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chapter 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chapter 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chapter 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_translations_of_the_epistle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_translations_of_the_epistle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Online translations of the epistle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_translations_of_the_epistle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Epistle of Peter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Petrus" title="2 Petrus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="2 Petrus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رسالة بطرس الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسالة بطرس الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A2_%DC%95%DC%A6%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܕܦܛܪܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܕܦܛܪܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD-tek_H%C5%8D%CD%98-su" title="Pí-tek Hō͘-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pí-tek Hō͘-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Другі ліст Пятра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другі ліст Пятра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Другое пасланьне Пятра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Другое пасланьне Пятра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Второ съборно послание на свети апостол Петра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Второ съборно послание на свети апостол Петра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Briaf_vom_Petrus" title="2. Briaf vom Petrus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="2. Briaf vom Petrus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_lizher_Sant_P%C3%AAr" title="Eil lizher Sant Pêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil lizher Sant Pêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_carta_de_Pere" title="Segona carta de Pere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona carta de Pere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%BD_list_Petr%C5%AFv" title="Druhý list Petrův – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhý list Petrův" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_Andet_Brev" title="Peters Andet Brev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peters Andet Brev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Brief_des_Petrus" title="2. Brief des Petrus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="2. Brief des Petrus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peetruse_teine_kiri" title="Peetruse teine kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peetruse teine kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Β΄ Επιστολή Πέτρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β΄ Επιστολή Πέτρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_ep%C3%ADstola_de_Pedro" title="Segunda epístola de Pedro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda epístola de Pedro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-a_epistolo_de_Petro" title="2-a epistolo de Petro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2-a epistolo de Petro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petriren_Bigarren_Gutuna" title="Petriren Bigarren Gutuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petriren Bigarren Gutuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نامه دوم پطرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه دوم پطرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_%C3%A9p%C3%AEtre_de_Pierre" title="Deuxième épître de Pierre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deuxième épître de Pierre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Brief_fan_Petrus" title="Twadde Brief fan Petrus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Twadde Brief fan Petrus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Litir_Naomh_Peadar" title="Dara Litir Naomh Peadar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dara Litir Naomh Peadar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पेद्रुचें दुस्रें पत्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पेद्रुचें दुस्रें पत्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD-tet-heu-s%C3%BB" title="Pí-tet-heu-sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pí-tet-heu-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%91%98%EC%A7%B8_%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%80" title="베드로의 둘째 편지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베드로의 둘째 편지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9" title="Պետրոս առաքյալի երկրորդ ընդհանրական թուղթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետրոս առաքյալի երկրորդ ընդհանրական թուղթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_Petrova_poslanica" title="Druga Petrova poslanica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga Petrova poslanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Petrus_yang_Kedua" title="Surat Petrus yang Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat Petrus yang Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Petru" title="2 Petru – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="2 Petru" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_lettera_di_Pietro" title="Seconda lettera di Pietro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda lettera di Pietro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="איגרת פטרוס השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגרת פטרוס השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_P%C3%A9trus" title="II Pétrus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="II Pétrus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="ეპისტოლე წმ. მოციქულისა პეტრესი (მეორე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპისტოლე წმ. მოციქულისა პეტრესი (მეორე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwandiko_rwa_II_rwa_Petero" title="Urwandiko rwa II rwa Petero – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Urwandiko rwa II rwa Petero" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraka_wa_pili_wa_Petro" title="Waraka wa pili wa Petro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waraka wa pili wa Petro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistula_II_Petri" title="Epistula II Petri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epistula II Petri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93tera_2._v%C4%93stule" title="Pētera 2. vēstule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pētera 2. vēstule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_Petro_lai%C5%A1kas" title="Antrasis Petro laiškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antrasis Petro laiškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_letera_de%27l_Peder" title="Segunda letera de'l Peder – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Segunda letera de'l Peder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_m%C3%A1sodik_levele" title="Péter második levele – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Péter második levele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Второ послание на апостол Петар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Второ послание на апостол Петар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistily_faharoa_nosoratan%27_i_Petera" title="Epistily faharoa nosoratan' i Petera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epistily faharoa nosoratan' i Petera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പത്രോസ് എഴുതിയ രണ്ടാം ലേഖനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്രോസ് എഴുതിയ രണ്ടാം ലേഖനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رسالة بطرس التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسالة بطرس التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Petrus_yang_Kedua" title="Surat Petrus yang Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surat Petrus yang Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%AB-d%C3%A1ik,_H%C3%A2iu_C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Bī-dáik, Hâiu Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bī-dáik, Hâiu Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A9%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရှင်ပေတရုဩဝါဒစာဒုတိယစောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်ပေတရုဩဝါဒစာဒုတိယစောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_brief_van_Petrus" title="Tweede brief van Petrus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede brief van Petrus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99%E4%BA%8C" title="ペトロの手紙二 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペトロの手紙二" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_andre_brev" title="Peters andre brev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peters andre brev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._List_Piotra" title="2. List Piotra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="2. List Piotra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Pedro" title="Segunda Epístola de Pedro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Epístola de Pedro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_doua_epistol%C4%83_a_lui_Petru" title="A doua epistolă a lui Petru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A doua epistolă a lui Petru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidrup_iskay_%C3%B1iqin_qillqasqan" title="Pidrup iskay ñiqin qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pidrup iskay ñiqin qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Второе послание Петра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второе послание Петра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_tusi_e_lua_a_Peteru" title="O le tusi e lua a Peteru – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le tusi e lua a Peteru" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DD%99%D9%88%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="پطرس دا ݙوجھا خط – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پطرس دا ݙوجھا خط" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Epistle of Peter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%BD_Petrov_list" title="Druhý Petrov list – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhý Petrov list" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Petrovo_pismo" title="2. Petrovo pismo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="2. Petrovo pismo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Друга посланица Петрова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друга посланица Петрова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_Petrova_poslanica" title="Druga Petrova poslanica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Druga Petrova poslanica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_Pietarin_kirje" title="Toinen Pietarin kirje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen Pietarin kirje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_Petrusbrevet" title="Andra Petrusbrevet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra Petrusbrevet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Sulat_ni_Pedro" title="Ikalawang Sulat ni Pedro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Sulat ni Pedro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="2 பேதுரு (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2 பேதுரு (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="จดหมายของนักบุญเปโตร ฉบับที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จดหมายของนักบุญเปโตร ฉบับที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Petrus" title="2. Petrus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2. Petrus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="2-ге послання Петра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="2-ге послання Петра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="پطرس کا دوسرا خط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پطرس کا دوسرا خط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA" title="پېترۇس يازغان ئىككىنچى خەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پېترۇس يازغان ئىككىنچى خەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Sur%C3%A1t_ni_Pedro" title="Ikaduha nga Surát ni Pedro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ikaduha nga Surát ni Pedro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Piyeer" title="2 Piyeer – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="2 Piyeer" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%90%8E%E4%B9%A6" title="彼得后书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得后书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episteli_P%C3%A9t%C3%A9r%C3%B9_Kej%C3%AC" title="Episteli Pétérù Kejì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Episteli Pétérù Kejì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%BE%8C%E6%9B%B8" title="彼得後書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彼得後書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_twidde_brieve_van_Petrus" title="Den twidde brieve van Petrus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Den twidde brieve van Petrus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%BE%8C%E6%9B%B8" title="彼得後書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得後書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_2_Petrus" title="Buku 2 Petrus – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"2 Pet." redirects here. For the second volume of <i>Peters's Reports</i>, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_27" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 27">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 27</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/250px-P46.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">New Testament manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/203px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/270px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_ear_of_a_servant" title="Healing the ear of a servant">Servant's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Vision of a sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Peter</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Peter" title="Cross of Saint Peter">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Peter" title="Sword of Peter">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_vadis%3F" title="Quo vadis?">Quo vadis?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Judaism" title="Saint Peter and Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peter" title="Template:Peter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peter" title="Template talk:Peter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>2 Peter</b>, also known as the <b>Second Epistle of Peter</b> and abbreviated as <b>2 Pet.</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. It identifies the author as "Simon Peter" (in some translations, 'Simeon' or 'Shimon'), a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%201:1&version=nrsv">2 Peter 1:1</a>). The epistle is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter the Apostle</a>, but most critical scholars consider the epistle <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraph">pseudepigraphical</a> (i.e., authored by one or more of Peter's followers, using Peter as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_31_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005_31-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuff20071271_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff20071271-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars estimate the date of authorship anywhere from AD 60 to 150. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_date">Authorship and date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship of the Petrine epistles</a></div> <p>According to the Epistle itself, it was composed by the Apostle Peter, an eyewitness to Jesus' ministry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:1&version=nrsv">2 Peter 3:1</a> says "This is now the second letter I have written to you"; if this is an allusion to <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a>, then the audience of the epistle may have been the same as it was for 1 Peter, namely, various churches in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:1&version=nrsv">1 Peter 1:1</a>). </p><p>The date of composition has proven to be difficult to determine. Taken literally, it would have been written around AD 64–68, as Christian tradition holds Peter was martyred in the 60s by <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, and also because Peter references his approaching death in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%201:14&version=nrsv">2 Peter 1:14</a> ("since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/330px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/440px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Two sides of the <i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_72" title="Papyrus 72">Papyrus Bodmer VIII</a></i>. This Papyrus today is the oldest source to the Second Epistle of Peter.</figcaption></figure> <p>The questions of authorship and date are closely related. Scholars consider the epistle to have been written anywhere between c. AD 60–150, with "some reason to favour" a date between 80 and 90.<sup id="cite_ref-duff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dates suggested by various authors include: </p> <ul><li>c. 60 (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Bigg" title="Charles Bigg">Charles Bigg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>63 (Giese, Wohlenberg)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>64 – 110 (<a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Davids" title="Peter H. Davids">Davids</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mid 60s (Harvey and Towner, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(theologian)" title="Michael Green (theologian)">M. Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Moo" title="Douglas J. Moo">Moo</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Mounce" title="William D. Mounce">Mounce</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. 70 or 80 (Chaine)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>75 – 100 (<a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Bauckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Bauckham">Bauckham</a>, perhaps about 80–90)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>80 – 90 (Duff)<sup id="cite_ref-duff_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. 90 (<a href="/wiki/Bo_Reicke" title="Bo Reicke">Reicke</a>, Spicq)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late first or early second century (<a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington</a>, Werse)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. 100 (Schelkle)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>100 – 110 (Knoch, <a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">Kelly</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>100 – 125 (<a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">James</a>, Vogtle, Paulsen)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>100 – 140 (Callan, perhaps about 125)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>130 (<a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, Sidebottom)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>150 (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">L. Harris</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Harris1980_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris1980-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The scholarly debate can be divided into two parts: external and internal evidence. The external evidence for its authenticity, although feasible, remains open to criticism. (There is debate as to whether 2 Peter is being quoted or the other way around.) Much of this debate derives from Professor Robert E. Picirilli's article "Allusion to 2 Peter in the Apostolic Fathers," which compiles many of the allusions by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> of the late first and early second centuries, thus demonstrating that 2 Peter is not to be considered a second-century document.<sup id="cite_ref-Picirilli_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picirilli-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this effort, scholars such as Michael J. Gilmour, who consider Picirilli's evidences to be correct, disagree with classifying the work as authentic but rather as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, arguing among many other things that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:1–2&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 2:1–2</a>) had to warn against contemporary pseudo-Pauline writers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal debate focuses more on its style, its ideology, and its relationship to the other works and stories. Some of the internal arguments against the authenticity of 2 Peter have gained significant popularity since the 1980s. One such argument is the argument that the scholar <a href="/wiki/Bo_Reicke" title="Bo Reicke">Bo Reicke</a> first formulated in 1964, where he argued that 2 Peter is clearly an example of an ancient literary genre known as a 'testament', which originally arose from Moses' farewell discourse in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Bauckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Bauckham">Richard J. Bauckham</a>, who popularized this argument, wrote that the 'testament' genre contains two main elements: ethical warnings to be followed after the death of the writer and revelations of the future. The significant fact about the 'testament' genre was not in its markers but in its nature; it is argued that a piece of 'testament' literature is meant to "be a completely transparent fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument has its detractors, who classify it as a <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others characterize the writing as a 'farewell speech' because it lacks any semblance of final greetings or ties with recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the questions to be resolved is 2 Peter's relationship with the Pauline letters since it refers to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and so must postdate at least some of them, regardless of authorship. Thus, a date before AD 60 is improbable. Further, it goes as far as to name the Pauline epistles as "scripture"—one of only two times a New Testament work refers to another New Testament work in this way—implying that it postdates them by some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various hypotheses have been put forward to improve or resolve this issue; one notable hypothesis is that the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a> (c. AD 96), by citing as Scripture several of the Pauline letters,<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was inspired by 2 Peter because it was considered authentic. This would mean that even the recipients of 1 Clement, the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, would have also considered it authentic, which would indicate that the letter must have been in circulation long before that time.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest reference to a Pauline collection is probably found in <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> around AD 108.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another debate is about its linguistic complexity and its relationship with 1 Peter. According to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, the historical <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> could not have written any works, either because he was "unlettered" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:13&version=nrsv">Acts 4:13</a>) or because he was a fisherman from <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, a comparatively small and probably monolingual town, in a time and province where there was little literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauckham addresses the statistical differences in the vocabulary of the two writings, using the data given by U. Holzmeister's 1949 study;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38.6 percent of the words are common to 1 and 2 Peter. 61.4 percent peculiar to 2 Peter, while of the words used in 1 Peter, 28.4 percent are common to 1 and 2 Peter, 71.6 percent are peculiar to 1 Peter. However, these figures can be compared with other epistles considered authentic,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that pure statistical analysis of this type is a weak way of showing literary relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauckham also notes that "the Greek style of Second Peter is not to the taste of many modern readers, at times pretentiously elaborate, with an effort at pompous phrasing, a somewhat artificial piece of rhetoric, and 'slimy Greek'"; contrary to the style of the first epistle, "2 Peter must relate to the 'Asiatic Greek.'"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crux of the matter is how these differences are explained. Those who deny the Petrine authorship of the epistle, such as, for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">Kelly</a>, insist that the differences show that First and Second Peter were not written by the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others add that 2 Peter was a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphy</a> common and morally accepted at the time, either because it was a testamentary genre or because the works of the disciples could bear the names of their masters without any inconvenience.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who defend Petrine authorship often appeal to the different <a href="/wiki/Amanuenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanuenses">amanuenses</a> or secretaries Peter used to write each letter, as first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Schreiner" title="Thomas R. Schreiner">Thomas R. Schreiner</a> criticizes people who regard arguments in favor of the authenticity of 2 Peter as mere arguments of religious conservatives who impotently try to invent arguments to support authenticity. People of this mindset, according to Schreiner, object to the claim that different secretaries may have been used but then claim that the corpus of the two letters is too small to establish stylistic variation. Schreiner states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we examine historical documents, we are not granted exhaustive knowledge of the circumstances in which the document came into being. Therefore, we must postulate probabilities, and in some cases, of course, more than one scenario is likely. Moreover, in some cases the likely scenarios are not internally contradictory, but both constitute plausible answers to the problem posed. Suggesting more than one solution is not necessarily an appeal to despair, but can be a sign of humility.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Simon_J._Kistemaker" title="Simon J. Kistemaker">Simon J. Kistemaker</a> believes that linguistically "the material presented in both documents provides substantial evidence to indicate that these letters are the product of a single author."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view is very much in the minority. Most biblical scholars have concluded Peter is not the author, considering the epistle pseudepigraphal.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erhman_2005_31_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erhman_2005_31-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moyise_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moyise-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris1992_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris1992-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris1980_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris1980-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for this include its linguistic differences from 1 Peter, its apparent use of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>, possible allusions to second-century <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a>, encouragement in the wake of a delayed <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">parousia</a>, and weak external support.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_surviving_manuscripts">Early surviving manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early surviving manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_72" title="Papyrus 72">Papyrus 72</a> (3rd/4th century)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (<b>B</b> or <b>03</b>; 325–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (<b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">א</span></span></b> or <b>01</b>; 330–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (<b>A</b> or <b>02</b>; 400–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a> (<b>C</b> or <b>04</b>; c. 450; partial)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">Papyrus 74</a> (7th century; extant verses 3:4, 3:11, 3:16)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Floriacensis" title="Codex Floriacensis">Codex Floriacensis</a> (<b>h</b>; 6th century Old-Latin; partial)<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Epistle_of_Jude">Relationship with the Epistle of Jude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Epistle of Jude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an obvious relationship between the texts of 2 Peter and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, to the degree that one of them clearly had read the other and copied phrases, or both had read some lost common source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallan200442_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallan200442-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shared passages are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson201710_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson201710-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>2 Peter</th> <th>Jude </th></tr> <tr> <td>1:5</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1:12</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:1</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:4</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:6</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:10–11</td> <td>8–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:12</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2:13–17</td> <td>11–13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3:2-3</td> <td>17–18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3:14</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3:18</td> <td>25 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In general, most scholars believe that Jude was written first, and 2 Peter shows signs of adapting phrases from Jude for its specific situation.<sup id="cite_ref-lapham_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapham-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonical_acceptance">Canonical acceptance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canonical acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>The earliest undisputed mention of 2 Peter is by the theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (c. 185–254) in his <i>Commentary on the Gospel of John</i>, although he marks it as "doubted"/"disputed".<sup id="cite_ref-lapham_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapham-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Origen mentioned no explanation for the doubts, nor did he give any indication concerning the extent or location. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a> suggests that "It is fair to assume, therefore, that he saw no reason to treat these doubts as serious, and this would mean to imply that in his time the epistle was widely regarded as canonical."<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acceptance of the letter into the canon did not occur without some difficulty; however, "nowhere did doubts about the letter's authorship take the form of definitive rejection."<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Origen, in another passage, has been interpreted as considering the letter to be Petrine in authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Origen's time, the evidence is inconclusive;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a lack of definite early quotations from the letter in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, though possible use or influence has been located in the works of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (d. c. 211), <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilius</a> (d. c. 183), <a href="/wiki/Aristides_the_Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristides the Athenian">Aristides</a> (d. c. 134), <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> (d. 155), and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a> (d. 165).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Picirilli_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picirilli-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert E. Picirilli observed that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a> linked James 1:8, 2 Peter 3:4, and Mark 4:26 in <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a> 23:3.<sup id="cite_ref-Picirilli_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picirilli-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59–65">: 59–65 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Davids" title="Peter H. Davids">Peter H. Davids</a> also noted the reference to “Scripture” in 1 Clement 23:3 matched 2 Peter 3:4, but make it dependent on a common apocalyptic source, which was also used in <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a> 11:2.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a> adds to Picirilli's work authors such as Justin and <a href="/wiki/Minucius_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a> who would use 2 Peter directly and a new reference in Clement of Rome (1 Clem. 9.2 = 2 Pet. 1.17).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2 Peter seems to be quoted amongst apocryphal literature in <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> (AD 95–160),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a> (c. AD 125–135),<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a> (AD 140–170), and the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a> (AD 120–180).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> (c. 275–339) professed his own doubts (see also <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>), and is the earliest direct testimony of such, though he stated that the majority supported the text, and by the time of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (c. 346–420) it had been mostly accepted as canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, the standard version of the Bible for churches in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac tradition</a>, does not contain the Second Epistle of Peter and thus rejects its canonical status.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both content and style this letter is very different from <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a>. Its author, like the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, is familiar with literary conventions, writing in a more elevated <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> than, for example, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul's</a> writings or the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorgianic figures are used which are characteristic of Asian rhetoric (<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with style similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads some scholars to think that, like 1 Peter, the letter is addressed to Gentile Christians in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> presciently declares that it is written shortly before the apostle's death (1:14), an assertion that may not have been part of the original text. Arguments for and against the assertion being original are based largely on the acceptance or rejection of supernatural intervention in the life of the writer.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epistle contains eleven references to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. In 3:15-16 a reference is made to one of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a>'s epistles, which some have identified as <i>3:10a</i> with <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thess.</a> 5:2; <i>3:14</i> with 1 Thess. 5:23.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of 2 Peter had a relationship with the Gospel tradition, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a>, <i>1:4</i> with Mark 9:1; <i>1:11</i> with Mark 9:1; <i>1:16,18</i> with Mark 9:2-10; <i>1:17</i> with Matthew 17:5; <i>1:19</i> with Mark 9:4;<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the promise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, <i>3:10b</i> with Mark 13:31 or Luke 21:33.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book also shares a number of passages with the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, <i>1:5</i> with Jude 3; <i>1:12</i> with Jude 5; <i>2:1</i> with Jude 4; <i>2:4</i> with Jude 6; <i>2:5</i> with Jude 5; <i>2:6</i> with Jude 7; <i>2:10–11</i> with Jude 8–9; <i>2:12</i> with Jude 10; <i>2:13–17</i> with Jude 11–13; <i>2:18</i> with Jude 16; <i>3:2f</i> with Jude 17f; <i>3:3</i> with Jude 18; <i>3:14</i> with Jude 24; and <i>3:18</i> with Jude 25.<sup id="cite_ref-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Epistle of Jude is much shorter than 2 Peter, and due to various stylistic details, the scholarly consensus is that Jude was the source for the similar passages of 2 Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> is mentioned in 2 Peter 2:4 as devoted to the holding of certain <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>. It is elaborated on in Jude 6. Jude 6, however, is a clear reference to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham</a> suggests that 2 Peter 2:4 is partially dependent on Jude 6 but is independently drawing on paraenetic tradition that also lies behind Jude 5–7. The paraenetic traditions are found in <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> 16:7–10, <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a> 2:17–3:12, <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> 2:4–7, <a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testament of Naphtali</a> 3:4–5, and Mishna Sanhedrin 10:3.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outline">Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_1">Chapter 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chapter 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2_Peter_1" title="2 Peter 1">2 Peter 1</a></div> <p>The chapters of this epistle show a triangular relationship between Christology (chapter 1), ethics (chapter 2) and eschatology (chapter 3). </p><p>At the beginning of chapter 1, the author calls himself "Simeon Peter" (see Acts 15:14). This detail, for the scholar Rob. van Houwelingen, is evidence of the authenticity of the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter gives a list of seven virtues in the form of a ladder: Love, Brotherly affection, Godliness, Steadfastness, Self-control, Knowledge, and Excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the memory of Peter (1:12–15), the author encourages the addressees to lead holy and godly lives (11b); in verse 13 the author speaks of righteousness (being just) in a moral sense, and in verse 14 his line of argument reaches a climax as the addressees are encouraged to do all they can to be found blameless (1 Thess 5:23). In short, the author's concern is to encourage his addressees to behave ethically without reproach (1:5–7; 3:12–14), probably because of the impending parousia (<a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>), which will come like a thief in the night (3:10; 1 Thess 5:2).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_2">Chapter 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2_Peter_2" title="2 Peter 2">2 Peter 2</a></div> <p>In this chapter, the author affirms that false teachers have arisen among the faithful to lead them astray with "destructive heresies" and "exploit people with false words" (2:1–2). Just as there were false prophets in ancient times, so there would be false teachers,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn,_Karl_2006_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn,_Karl_2006-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> false prophets and sheep's clothing were one of the prophecies of Jesus [Matt. 7:15], to which the author of this letter together with the author of <a href="/wiki/1_John" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John">1 John</a> refers [1 John 4:1].<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False teachers are accused of "denying the Lord who bought them" and promoting licentiousness (2:1–2). The author classifies false teachers as "irrational animals, instinctive creatures, born to be caught and destroyed" (2:12). They are "spots and stains, delighting in their dissipation" with "eyes full of adultery, insatiable for sin… hearts trained in covetousness" (2:13–14).<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn,_Karl_2006_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn,_Karl_2006-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a solution, 2 Peter proposes in the following chapter tools such as penance, aimed at purging sins, and the reactualization of the eschatological hope, to be expected with attention, service and perseverance.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This chapter in all likelihood adapts significant portions of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethical goal is not to fall into that debauchery, and errors, and to have hope. This is promoted with many stories of how God rescues the righteous while holding back the unrighteous for the day of judgment, and the stories of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, the story of Lot in <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (2:6–8) and the story <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a>, son of Bosor (2:15–16) are used as a warning. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%202:22&version=nrsv">2 Peter 2:22</a> quotes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%2026:11&version=nrsv">Proverbs 26:11</a>: "<a href="/wiki/As_a_dog_returns_to_his_vomit,_so_a_fool_repeats_his_folly" title="As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly">As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_3">Chapter 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chapter 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2_Peter_3" title="2 Peter 3">2 Peter 3</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg/220px-Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg/330px-Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg/440px-Andachtsbild_17_J%C3%BCngstes_Gericht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>19th-century <a href="/wiki/Holy_card" title="Holy card">holy card</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>: it quotes 2 Peter 3:13 — "But in keeping with his promise we are looking forward to <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology#New_Heaven_and_New_Earth" title="Christian eschatology">a new heaven and a new earth</a>, where righteousness dwell."</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental of this chapter is the authoritative Christian revelation. The revelation is found in a two-part source (3:2). There is little doubt that the "words spoken beforehand by the holy prophets" refers to the OT writings, either in part or in whole.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davids_2006,_260_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davids_2006,_260-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the author mentions the second source of revelation, the "commandment of the Lord" spoken by "your apostles." It is remarkable that this two-part authority includes an obvious older means "words spoken beforehand" as well as an obvious newer half, the apostolically mediated words (words about Jesus). One could be forgiven if he sees here a precursor to a future "old" and "new" Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This juxtaposition of prophet and apostle as a two-part revelatory source is not first found in 3:1–2, but in 1:16–21.<sup id="cite_ref-Davids_2006,_260_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davids_2006,_260-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another remarkable feature of this chapter is that the author presupposes that his audience is familiar with a plurality of apostles ("how many" is unclear), and, moreover, that they have had (and perhaps still have) access to the teaching of these apostles. One cannot "remember" teaching that they have not received. Of course, this raises difficult questions about the precise medium (oral or written) by which the public received this apostolic teaching. However, near the end of this chapter, the means by which the audience at least received the apostle <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul's</a> teaching is expressly stated. We are told that the audience knew the teachings of "our beloved brother Paul" (3:15) and that they knew them in written form: "Paul also wrote to you according to wisdom as he does in all his letters" (3:16), the "also" being the key word since in the first verse of the chapter the author referred to another written apostolic text, namely his first epistle (<a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a>): considering part of the "Scriptures" not only the OT prophets, but also Paul and the author himself,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Pauline corpus the author may have known <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thought on Christian revelation is also located in other early authors, namely <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, and in the work <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the chapter is the explanation for the delay in Jesus' return (3:9); Jesus' delay is only to facilitate the salvation of the "already faithful" who may at times waver in their faith or have been led astray by false teachers (2:2–3). God is delaying to make sure that "all" have had sufficient time to secure their commitment (or return) to the gospel, including the false teachers. The remaining verses provide details about the coming day of the Lord along with the exhortation that flows seamlessly into the conclusion of the letter. The instruction offered here (3:11–13) echoes that of Jesus who called his disciples to await the consummation of his kingdom with attention, service and perseverance (Mt 24–25; Mk 13:3–13, 32–37; Lk 18:1–30; 21:1–38). Taken together with the final verses (3:14–18), here again the author expresses the concern that believers secure their eternal place in God's new creation by embracing lives that foster blessing and even hasten God's coming day.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:6&version=nrsv">2 Peter 3:6</a> quotes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%207:11–12&version=nrsv">Genesis 7:11–12</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:8&version=nrsv">2 Peter 3:8</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Psalm_90" title="Psalm 90">Psalm 90</a>, specifically <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2090:4&version=nrsv">90:4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament#Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the Second Epistle of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The work is also called the <b>Second Letter of Peter</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Within the New Testament it is speculated that 2 Timothy, John 13-17, Luke 22:21-38, and Acts 20:18-35 are also farewell discourses or testamentary works.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to the end of Deuteronomy within the Old Testament, it is speculated that Genesis 47:29–49:33 and 1 Samuel 12 are also farewell discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i>Adversus Marcionem</i>. 4.5.3-4; <i>That which Mark edited is stated to be Peter’s [Petri affirmetur], whose interpreter Mark was. Luke’s digest also they usually attribute to Paul [Paulo adscribere solent]. It is permissible for the works which disciples published to be regarded as belonging to their masters [Capit magistrorum videri quae discipuli promulgarint]</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The alleged citation of 1 Thess 5:2 in 2 Pet 3:10 is a disputed allusion. Duane F. Watson, Terranee Callan, and Dennis Farkasfalvy identify the allusion to 1 Thessalonians. Michael J. Gilmour, on the other hand, disputes the identification of the allusion.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ"><i>ESV Pew Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0"><bdi>978-1-4335-6343-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Pew+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=1018&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPouAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">"Bible Book Abbreviations"</a>. <i>Logos Bible Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=Bible+Book+Abbreviations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fbible-book-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Raymond_E._1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Raymond E., Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>. p. 767 "the pseudonymity of II Pet is more certain than that of any other NT work."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2005_31-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_31_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2005). <i>Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</i>. Harper Collins. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-182514-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-182514-9"><bdi>978-0-06-182514-9</bdi></a>. <q>Evidence comes in the final book of the New Testament to be written, 2 Peter, a book that most critical scholars believe was not actually written by Peter but by one of his followers, pseudonymously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-182514-9&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff20071271-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuff20071271_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuff2007">Duff 2007</a>, p. 1271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavids1982" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Peter H (1982). Marshall, I Howard; Gasque, W Ward (eds.). <i>The Epistle of James</i>. New International Greek Testament Commentary (repr. ed.). Grand Rapids, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80282388-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-80282388-2"><bdi>0-80282388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+James&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.series=New+International+Greek+Testament+Commentary&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-80282388-2&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Peter+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A (2005). Evans, Craig A (ed.). <i>John, Hebrews-Revelation</i>. Bible Knowledge Background Commentary. Colorado Springs, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a>: Victor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-78144228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-78144228-1"><bdi>0-78144228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+Hebrews-Revelation&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+CO&rft.series=Bible+Knowledge+Background+Commentary&rft.pub=Victor&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-78144228-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham, RJ (1983), Word Bible Commentary, Vol. 50, Jude-2 Peter, Waco.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duff_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duff_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duff, J. (2001). 78. 2 Peter, in <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">John Barton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Muddiman" title="John Muddiman">John Muddiman</a> (ed.), "Oxford Bible Commentary". Oxford University Press. p. 1271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigg, C. (1901) "The Epistle of St Peter and Jude", in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Critical_Commentary" title="International Critical Commentary">International Critical Commentary</a></i>. pp. 242-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giese. C. P. (2012). 2 Peter and Jude. Concordia Commentary. St Louis: Concordia. pp. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wohlenberg, G. (1915). Der erste und zweite Petrusbrief, pp. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davids, P. H. (2006). The Letters of 2 Peter and Jude. (PNTC; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans), pp. 130-260. at. 130-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey and Towner. (2009). 2 Peter & Jude. pp. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, M. (1987). Second Epistle General of Peter and the Epistle of Jude. An Introduction and Commentary. Rev. ed. TNTC. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. pp. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moo, D. J. (1996). 2 Peter and Jude. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. pp. 24-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mounce. (1982). A Living Hope. pp. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaine, J. (1943). Les Epitres Catholiques. pp. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 157-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reicke, B. (1964). James, Peter and Jude. pp. 144 -145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicq, C. (1966). Epitres de Saint Pierre. pp. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins, P. (1995). First and Second Peter. pp. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, D. J. (2008). “Jude and 2 Peter”. pp. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werse, N. R. (2016). Second Temple Jewish Literary Traditions in 2 Peter. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Vol. 78, No. 1. pp. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schelkle, K. H. (1964). Die Petrusbriefe. pp. 178-179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoch, O. (1998). Erste und Zweite Petrusbrief. pp. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, J. N. D. (1969). Epistles of Peter and of Jude, The (Black's New Testament Commentary). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. pp. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, M. R. (1912). Second Epistle General of Peter. pp. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogtle, A. (1994). Der Judasbrief/Der 2. Petrusbrief. pp. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulsen, H. (1992). Der Zweite Petrusbrief und der Judasbrief. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callan. (2014). Acknowledging the Divine Benefactor: The Second Letter of Peter. James Clarke & Company pp 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. E. Brown 1997, 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidebottom, E. M. (1982) James, Jude, 2 Peter. New Century Bible Commentary. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand Rapids-Michigan. pp. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris1980-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris1980_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris1980_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_L._Harris1980" class="citation book cs1">Stephen L. Harris (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC"><i>Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference</i></a>. Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-472-6"><bdi>978-0-87484-472-6</bdi></a>. <q>Virtually no authorities defend the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, which is believed to have been written by an anonymous churchman in Rome about 150 C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+a+reader%27s+guide+and+reference&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87484-472-6&rft.au=Stephen+L.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGJKeHOmGhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picirilli-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picirilli_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picirilli_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picirilli_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicirilli1988" class="citation journal cs1">Picirilli, Robert E. (May 1988). "Allusions to 2 Peter in the Apostolic Fathers". <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>10</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X8801003304">10.1177/0142064X8801003304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161724733">161724733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Allusions+to+2+Peter+in+the+Apostolic+Fathers&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X8801003304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161724733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Picirilli&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmour, Michael. J. (2001), "Reflections on the Authorship of 2 Peter" EvQ 73. Pp. 298-300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reicke 1964, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Raymond (2002). 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 182–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham, R. J. (2010). The Jewish World Around the New Testament. Baker Academic. p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Reumann (1991). "Two Blunt Apologists for Early Christianity: Jude and 2 Peter"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262015.003.0015">Variety and Unity in New Testament Thought</a>. Oxford Scholarship Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 131–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas R. Schreiner, 2003, 1, 2 Peter, Jude, NAC, Nashville, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a>: Holman Reference), pp. 266–75, at 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Gene (2008). Jude and 2 Peter. Baker Academic, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. H. R. Van Houwelingen (2010), “The Authenticity of 2 Peter: Problems and Possible Solutions.” European Journal of Theology 19:2, pp. 121–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Daryl Charles, 1997, “Virtue amidst Vice: The Catalog of Virtues in 2 Peter 1,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement 150, Sheffield, ENG: Academic Press, pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathews, Mark. D. (2011). The Genre of 2 Peter: A Comparison with Jewish and Early Christian Testaments. Bulletin for Biblical Research 21.1: pp. 51–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reumann 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2009-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Martin_(scholar)" title="Dale Martin (scholar)">Dale Martin</a> 2009 (lecture). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ9Gt_R5a-k"><span class="plainlinks">"24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Accessed 22 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmolearning.com/video-lectures/apocalyptic-and-accommodation-6817/">Lecture 24 (transcript)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a>, <i>Canon of the New Testament</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>) 1987:42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Randolph Richards. (1998). The Code and the Early Collection of Paul's Letters. BBR 8. PP. 155-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duane F. Watson, Terrance D. Callan. (2012). First and Second Peter (Paideia: Commentaries on the New Testament). Baker Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians</a> 12:2 and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans">Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans</a> 4:3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2011). <i>Forged: Writing in the Name of God: Why the Bible's authors are not who we think they are</i>. Harper One. p. 52–77; 133–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062012616" title="Special:BookSources/9780062012616"><bdi>9780062012616</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639164332">639164332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God%3A+Why+the+Bible%27s+authors+are+not+who+we+think+they+are&rft.pages=52-77%3B+133-141&rft.pub=Harper+One&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639164332&rft.isbn=9780062012616&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holzmeister, U. (1949). Vocabularium secundae espitolae S. Petri erroresque quidam de eo divulg ati. Biblica 30:339-355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 144. “These percentages do not compare badly with those for 1 and 2 Corinthians: of the words used in 1 Corinthians, 40.4 percent are common to 1 and 2 Corinthians, 59.6 percent are peculiar to 1 Corinthians; of the words used in 2 Corinthians, 49.3 percent are common to 1 and 2 Corinthians, 50.7 percent are peculiar to 2 Corinthians.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a>. (1972). Literary Forgeries and Canonical Pseudepigrapha. Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1972), pp. 3-24 at. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a>. (1958). A Reconsideration of Certain Arguments Against the Pauline Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles. The Expository Times 1970; pp. 91-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1993, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham, RJ. (1988). Pseudo-Apostolic Letters. Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 107, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 469-494 (26 pages). at. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armin D. Baum. (2017). Content and Form: Authorship Attribution and Pseudonymity in Ancient Speeches, Letters, Lectures, and Translations—A Rejoinder to Bart Ehrman. Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 136, No. 2 (Summer 2017), pp. 381-403 (23 pages). at. 389-390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, Letter 120 [to Hedibia]: Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel. Also we see that the two epistles attributed to Saint Peter have different styles and turn phrases differently, by which it is discerned that it was sometimes necessary for him to use different interpreters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum. "2 Peter" EBC, 12: 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031209164253/http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/2petotl.htm"><i>Second Peter: Introduction, Argument, and Outline</i></a>. Archive date: 9 December 2003. Access date: 19 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schreiner 2003, pp. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon J. Kistemaker, New Testament Commentary: Exposition of the Epistles of Peter and the Epistle of Jude (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Pub Group, 1987), 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erhman_2005_31-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erhman_2005_31_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErhman2005" class="citation book cs1">Erhman, Bart (2005). <i>Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</i>. Harper Collins. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-182514-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-182514-9"><bdi>978-0-06-182514-9</bdi></a>. <q>Evidence comes in the final book of the New Testament to be written, 2 Peter, a book that most critical scholars believe was not actually written by Peter but by one of his followers, pseudonymously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-182514-9&rft.aulast=Erhman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moyise-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moyise_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoyise2004" class="citation book cs1">Moyise, Steve (9 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCSOK_Q4D1sC&pg=PA116"><i>The Old Testament in the New</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08199-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08199-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08199-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+the+New&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08199-5&rft.aulast=Moyise&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTCSOK_Q4D1sC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris1992-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris1992_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_L._Harris1992" class="citation book cs1">Stephen L. Harris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a64SAQAAIAAJ"><i>Understanding the Bible</i></a>. Mayfield. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55934-083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55934-083-0"><bdi>978-1-55934-083-0</bdi></a>. <q>Most scholars believe that 1 Peter is pseudonymous (written anonymously in the name of a well-known figure) and was produced during postapostolic times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55934-083-0&rft.au=Stephen+L.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da64SAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1234"><i>A Historical Introduction To The New Testament</i>, chap. 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102730/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1234">Archived</a> 2010-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nongbri, "The Construction of P. Bodmer VIII and the Bodmer 'Composite' or 'Miscellaneous' Codex," 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Nestle" title="Eberhard Nestle">Eberhard Nestle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Nestle" title="Erwin Nestle">Erwin Nestle</a>, Barbara Aland and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Kurt Aland</a> (eds), <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i>, 26th ed., (Stuttgart: <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a></i>, 1991), p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory" title="Caspar René Gregory">Gregory, Caspar René</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne01greggoog#page/n141/mode/2up"><i>Textkritik des Neuen Testaments</i></a>. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 609. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-6347-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-6347-9"><bdi>1-4021-6347-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textkritik+des+Neuen+Testaments&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=609&rft.pub=Hinrichs&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=1-4021-6347-9&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Caspar+Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftextkritikdesne01greggoog%23page%2Fn141%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallan200442-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallan200442_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallan2004">Callan 2004</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson201710-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson201710_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2017">Robinson 2017</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapham-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapham_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapham_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapham2004" class="citation book cs1">Lapham, Fred (2004) [2003]. <i>Peter: The Myth, the Man and the Writings: A study of the early Petrine tradition</i>. T&T Clark International. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567044904" title="Special:BookSources/0567044904"><bdi>0567044904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%3A+The+Myth%2C+the+Man+and+the+Writings%3A+A+study+of+the+early+Petrine+tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0567044904&rft.aulast=Lapham&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Guthrie_1990_p._806_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a>, <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> 4th ed. (Leicester: Apollos, 1990), p. 806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. R. James, "The Second Epistle General of St. Peter and the General Epistle of St. Jude", in <i>Cambridge Greek Testament</i> (1912), p. xix; cf. Origen, <i>Homily in Josh</i>. 7.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Guthrie, <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> 4th ed. (Leicester: Apollos, 1990), p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigg 1901, 202–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. C. Wand, <i>The General Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude</i> (1934), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 283–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davids, P. H. (2004). “The Use of Second Temple Traditions in 1 and 2 Peter and Jude,” in Jacques Schlosser, ed. The Catholic Epistles and the Tradition, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 176; Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 426–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiede, C. P. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X8600802605">A Pagan Reader of 2 Peter</a>: Cosmic Conflagration in 2 Peter 3 and the Octavius of Minucius Felix. Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 8(26), 79–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osburn, D. Carroll. (2000). "Second Letter of Peter", in Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, pp. 1039.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, John. (1993). "Second Epistle of Peter", in Anchor Bible Dictionary 5. pp. 282–87, at 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott 1993, 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Detlef G. Müller (1992). "Apocalypse of Peter", in Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha, vol. 2, pp. 620–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigg 1901, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicq 1966, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmbold, Andrew (1967). The Nag Hammati Gnostic Texts and the Bible. Grand Rapids, pp. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Guthrie, 1990, <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> 4th ed. Leicester: Apollos, pp. 808–9, though the exception of the Syrian canon is noted, with acceptance occurring sometime before 509; cf. Jerome, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a></i> chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table of Contents". <i>ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝ̈ܫܐ: ܟܬܒܐ ܕܕܝܬܩܐ ܥܛܝܼܩܬܐ ܘ ܚ̇ܕܬܐ</i>. [London]: United Bible Societies. 1979. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38847449">38847449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+of+Contents&rft.btitle=%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90+%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%9D%CC%88%DC%AB%DC%90%3A+%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90+%DC%95%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%A9%DC%90+%DC%A5%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%BC%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%90+%DC%98+%DC%9A%CC%87%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90&rft.place=%5BLondon%5D&rft.pub=United+Bible+Societies&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38847449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Koester, 1982, Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. One: History, Culture and Religion of the Hellenistic Age, Fortress Press/Walter de Gruyter. pp. 107–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reicke 1964, 146–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly 1969, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aune, David E. (2003). The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köstenberger, Andreas J; Kellum, Scott L, and Quarles, Charles L. (2012). The Lion and the Lamb. B&H Publishing Group, pp. 338–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaine 1939, 32–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoch 1990, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavids2006" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Peter H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3211XRR5WHcC&pg=126"><i>The Letters of 2 Peter and Jude</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80283726-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80283726-4"><bdi>978-0-80283726-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+2+Peter+and+Jude&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-80283726-4&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3211XRR5WHcC%26pg%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werse 2016, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longenecker, Richard N. (2005). Contours of Christology in the New Testament, pp 280–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werse 2016, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T._Callan_2004_pp._42-64_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Callan, "Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter", <i><a href="/wiki/Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a></i> 85 (2004), pp. 42–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Westminster dictionary of New Testament and early Christian literature, David Edward Aune, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian-Jewish Relations Through the Centuries By Stanley E. Porter, Brook W. R. Pearson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Houwelingen 2010, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köstenberger 2020, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lévy L. B. (2019). "Ethics and Pseudepigraphy – Do the Ends Always Justify the Means?" Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts, pp. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn,_Karl_2006-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn,_Karl_2006_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn,_Karl_2006_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhn, Karl (2006). 2 Peter 3:1–13. Sage Publications (UK).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koestenberger, AJ (2020). Handbook on Hebrews Through Revelation (Handbooks on the New Testament). Baker Academic, pp. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbert, C. H. (1966) “II Peter and the delay of the parousia”, Vigiliae Christianae 20, 137–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köstenberger, Kellum, Quarles, 2012. 862–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callan, T. (2014). Use of the letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter. Bib 85, pp. 42–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurén, L. (2004). The Relationship between 2 Peter and Jude: A Classical Problem Resolved?. in The Catholic Epistles and the Tradition, ed. Jacques Schlosser. BETL 176, Leuven: Peeters, pp. 451–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasemann, Ernst (1982). Essays on New Testament Themes, "An Apologia for Primitive Christian Eschatology", trans. W. J. Montague, (SCM Press, 1968: Great Britain), pp. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham 1983, 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davids_2006,_260-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davids_2006,_260_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davids_2006,_260_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davids 2006, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruger, M. J. (2020). 2 Peter 3:2, the Apostolate, and a Bi-Covenantal Canon. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 63, pp. 5–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruger 2020, 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houwelingen 2010, 122. "These considerations make us think especially of Paul's letter to the Galatians. It is also possible to think of the letters to the Ephesians and Colossians – the latter is indeed difficult to interpret."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levoratti, Armando J. (1981). La Biblia. Libro del Pueblo de Dios. Verbo Divino, 2018, pp. 1791. "In this passage is found the first mention of a collection of Paul's Letters considered an integral part of the canonical Scriptures. The passages therein which lent themselves to false interpretations were undoubtedly those concerning the second Coming of the Lord (1 Thess. 4. 13–5. 11; 2 Thess. 1.7–10; 2.1–12), and Christian liberty (Rom. 7; Gal. 5). In the latter, especially, some sought justification for moral licentiousness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruger 2020, 15–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhn 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kirkpatrick" title="Alexander Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick, A. F.</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLJzlHElr6cC"><i>The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes</i></a>. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Psalms%3A+with+Introduction+and+Notes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Bible+for+Schools+and+Colleges&rft.pages=839&rft.pub=At+the+University+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLJzlHElr6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Thomas B, 1990. "A Commentary on the Second Epistle General of Second Peter" Soli Deo Gloria Ministries. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877611-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877611-24-7">978-1-877611-24-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Callan, Terrance (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-85-2004/use-of-the-letter-of-jude-by-the-second-letter-of-peter/156/">"Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>85</b>: <span class="nowrap">42–</span>64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+Letter+of+Jude+by+the+Second+Letter+of+Peter&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Callan&rft.aufirst=Terrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsw.org%2Fbiblica%2Fvol-85-2004%2Fuse-of-the-letter-of-jude-by-the-second-letter-of-peter%2F156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuff2007" class="citation book cs1">Duff, Jeremy (2007). "78. 2 Peter". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a> (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1270–</span>1274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"><bdi>978-0199277186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=78.+2+Peter&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1270-%3C%2Fspan%3E1274&rft.edition=first+%28paperback%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199277186&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJdVkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Green, Michael, 2007. "The Second Epistle of Peter and The Epistle of Jude: An Introduction and Commentary" <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2997-2">978-0-8308-2997-2</a></li> <li>Leithart, Peter J, 2004. "The Promise of His Appearing: An Exposition of Second Peter" <a href="/wiki/Canon_Press" title="Canon Press">Canon Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59128-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59128-026-2">978-1-59128-026-2</a></li> <li>Lillie, John, 1978. "Lectures on the First and Second Epistles of Peter" Klock & Klock. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86524-116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86524-116-9">978-0-86524-116-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Alexandra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_lBDwAAQBAJ"><i>Jude on the Attack: A Comparative Analysis of the Epistle of Jude, Jewish Judgement Oracles, and Greco-Roman Invective</i></a>. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567678799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567678799"><bdi>978-0567678799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jude+on+the+Attack%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+the+Epistle+of+Jude%2C+Jewish+Judgement+Oracles%2C+and+Greco-Roman+Invective&rft.series=The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0567678799&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_lBDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seton, Bernard E, 1985. "Meet Pastor Peter: Studies in Peter's second epistle" Review & Herald. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8280-0290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8280-0290-5">978-0-8280-0290-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:2 Peter">2 Peter</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_translations_of_the_epistle">Online translations of the epistle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Online translations of the epistle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Peter%201%20;&version=51;">Book of 2 Peter (NLT)</a> at BibleGateway.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=2Peter+1"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=NT+22:+2+Peter&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: 2 Peter</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Epistle_of_Peter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Epistles of Saint Peter"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Epistles_of_Saint_Peter">"Epistles of Saint Peter" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistles+of+Saint+Peter&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Epistle+of+Peter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleproject.com/explore/video/2-peter/">BibleProject Animated Overview (Evangelical Perspective)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Second Epistle of Peter </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistle</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Peter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First John</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Epistle_of_Peter54" 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Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Textual variants in the Second Epistle of Peter">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_B%27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Πέτρου B'">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Petri_II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Petri II">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/2_Petre" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/2 Petre">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/2 Peter">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/2_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/2 Peter">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/2_Peter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/2 Peter">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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