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id="toc-Devas_and_devis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_Vedic-era_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_Vedic-era_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics of Vedic-era deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_Vedic-era_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_medieval-era_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_medieval-era_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Characteristics of medieval-era deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_medieval-era_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishvara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishvara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ishvara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishvara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Number of deities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_of_deities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Number of deities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Number_of_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One_or_one-ness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_or_one-ness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>One or one-ness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_or_one-ness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Temple and worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trimurti_and_Tridevi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trimurti_and_Tridevi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Trimurti and Tridevi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trimurti_and_Tridevi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Hindu_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Hindu_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Avatars of Hindu deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Hindu_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_regional_and_pan-Indian_Hindu_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_regional_and_pan-Indian_Hindu_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Major regional and pan-Indian Hindu deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_regional_and_pan-Indian_Hindu_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu deities</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلهة هندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلهة هندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="হিন্দু দেবদেবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু দেবদেবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Спіс індуісцкіх божастваў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс індуісцкіх божастваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदू देवी-देवता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू देवी-देवता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_doueed_India" title="Roll doueed India – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roll doueed India" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinitats_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Divinitats de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Divinitats de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinidades_hinduistas" title="Divinidades hinduistas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Divinidades hinduistas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ایزدان هندوئیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزدان هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9s_du_Sanatana_Dharma" title="Divinités du Sanatana Dharma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divinités du Sanatana Dharma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93" title="હિંદુ દેવી દેવતાઓ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદુ દેવી દેવતાઓ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%A0" title="힌두교의 신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두교의 신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दू देवी-देवता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू देवी-देवता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisti%C4%8Dka_bo%C5%BEanstva" title="Hinduistička božanstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hinduistička božanstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewa-dewi_Hindu" title="Dewa-dewi Hindu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewa-dewi Hindu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitates_hindu" title="Deitates hindu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deitates hindu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A0_induiste" title="Divinità induiste – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Divinità induiste" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವತೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವತೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_panteon" title="Hindu panteon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hindu panteon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87" title="हिंदू दैवते – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू दैवते" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯌꯥꯝꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯌꯥꯝꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्दू द्यःतेगु धलः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दू द्यःतेगु धलः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindugudar" title="Hindugudar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindugudar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଦେବଦେବୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଦେବଦେବୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दू देवता – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हिन्दू देवता" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هندو خدايان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندو خدايان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Индуистские божества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индуистские божества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्दुदेवताः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दुदेवताः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="හින්දු දෙවිවරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දු දෙවිවරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_gods" title="Hindu gods – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindu gods" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்துக் கடவுள்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்துக் கடவுள்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="เทพเจ้าฮินดู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทพเจ้าฮินดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Індуїстські божества – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індуїстські божества" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ہندو مت کے معبود – 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about deities in Hinduism. For Hindu views on God, see <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a>. For the Hindu concept of God, see <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hindu pantheon" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Pantheon" title="The Hindu Pantheon">The Hindu Pantheon</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/157px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/236px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/314px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_(1_of_12).jpg" 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2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/133px-Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/200px-Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/266px-Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of Hindu deities (from top): <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hindu deities</b> are the gods and goddesses in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Deities in Hinduism are as diverse as its traditions, and a Hindu can choose to be <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monistic">monistic</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheistic">atheistic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-juliuslipnerhindu82_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juliuslipnerhindu82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms and epithets for deities within the diverse traditions of Hinduism vary, and include <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishvari" title="Ishvari">Ishvari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavathi">Bhagavati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mirceaelaide73_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirceaelaide73-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deities of Hinduism have evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic era">Vedic era</a> (2nd millennium BCE) through the medieval era (1st millennium CE), regionally within <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and across Hinduism's diverse traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-nickgier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickgier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu deity concept varies from a personal god as in <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to thirty-three major deities in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to hundreds of deities mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illustrations of major deities include <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. These deities have distinct and complex personalities, yet are often viewed as aspects of the same Ultimate Reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-avatars_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avatars-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From ancient times, the idea of equivalence has been cherished for all Hindus, in its texts and in early 1st-millennium sculpture with concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (Half Vishnu, Half Shiva)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanārīshvara</a> (half Shiva, half Parvati),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with myths and temples that feature them together, declaring they are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major deities have inspired their own Hindu traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, but with shared <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, ritual grammar, theosophy, <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiology</a> and polycentrism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juliuslipner371-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frazierintrop2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frazierintrop2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindu traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a> from the mid 1st millennium CE, have included multiple major deities as <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheistic</a> manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a> Brahman, and as a means to realizing <a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">Nirguna</a> Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-fxclooney_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooney-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmyers_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmyers-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tompad_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tompad-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a> or <i>deities</i> are considered as "natural sources of energy" who have <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattva</a> as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma199017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma199017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu deities are represented with various icons and anicons in sculptures and paintings, called <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murtis</a> and <i>Pratimas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-klausklost264_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausklost264-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pratima_Hinduism_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratima_Hinduism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pkacharya_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pkacharya-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindu traditions, such as ancient <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvakas</a>, rejected all deities and concept of god or goddess,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Clayton_2010_page_150_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Clayton_2010_page_150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 19th-century British colonial era movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> rejected deities and adopted monotheistic concepts similar to <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu deities have been adopted in other religions such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in regions outside India, such as predominantly Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where they continue to be revered in regional temples or arts.<sup id="cite_ref-hajime26_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajime26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism, the human body is described as a temple,<sup id="cite_ref-holmbowker76_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmbowker76-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deities are described to be parts residing within it,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Absolute Reality, God)<sup id="cite_ref-fxclooney_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooney-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is described to be the same, or of similar nature, as the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self), which Hindus believe is eternal and within every living being.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams2037_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams2037-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jkoller_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkoller-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devas_and_devis">Devas and devis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Devas and devis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva (Hinduism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5114" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and a pantheon of other gods and goddesses being worshipped during <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> Festival in Kolkata.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deities in Hinduism are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> (masculine) and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (feminine).<sup id="cite_ref-monierdevi_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierdevi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root of these terms means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence".<sup id="cite_ref-monier_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monier-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the earliest Vedic literature, all <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural being">supernatural beings</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">Asuras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late Vedic period (c. 500 BCE), benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as <i>Deva-Asuras</i>. In post-Vedic texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Itihasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasas">Itihasas</a> of Hinduism, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<sup id="cite_ref-nickgier_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickgier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some medieval Indian literature, <i>Devas</i> are also referred to as Suras and contrasted with their equally powerful, but malevolent counterparts referred to as the Asuras.<sup id="cite_ref-ang_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ang-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu deities are part of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, both Devas and Devis feature in one of many cosmological theories in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_Vedic-era_deities">Characteristics of Vedic-era deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics of Vedic-era deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vedic literature, Devas and Devis represent the forces of nature and some represent moral values (such as the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80dityas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ādityas">Adityas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a>), each symbolizing the epitome of specialized knowledge, creative energy, exalted and magical powers (<i><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-binagupta_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binagupta-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudra.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudra.gif/115px-Rudra.gif" decoding="async" width="115" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudra.gif/173px-Rudra.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudra.gif/230px-Rudra.gif 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/101px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/152px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg/202px-ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1775" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/116px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/174px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg/232px-Indian_-_Festival_Image_of_Shiva_-_Walters_543084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1069" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Vedic era deities evolved. Rudra (left) is represented in Vedic literature, is shown as Shiva-Rudra 2nd-century sculpture (middle), and as Shiva (meaning kind) in 13th-century artwork (right). The iconography evolved, retaining some symbolic elements such as trident, axe, or antelope.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The most referred to Devas in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> are <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> (fire) and <a href="/wiki/Soma_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soma (deity)">Soma</a>, with "fire deity" called the friend of all humanity. Indra and Soma are two celebrated in a <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> fire ritual that marks major Hindu ceremonies. <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> (later given the exclusive epithet of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>) are gods and hence Devas.<sup id="cite_ref-hajime26_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajime26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> describes a number of significant Devis such as <a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a> (dawn), <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a> (earth), <a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> (cosmic moral order), <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> (river, knowledge), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81c" title="Vāc">Vāc</a> (sound), <a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bti_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛti (goddess)">Nirṛti</a> (destruction), <a href="/wiki/Ratri" title="Ratri">Ratri</a> (night), <a href="/wiki/Aranyani" title="Aranyani">Aranyani</a> (forest), and bounty goddesses such as Dinsana, Raka, Puramdhi, Parendi, Bharati, Mahi, among others, mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kinsley717_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinsley717-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri, also called Lakshmi, appears in late Vedic texts dated to be pre-Buddhist, but verses dedicated to her do not suggest that her characteristics were fully developed in the Vedic era.<sup id="cite_ref-kinsley18_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinsley18-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All gods and goddesses are distinguished in the Vedic times, but in the post-Vedic texts (c. 500 BCE to 200 CE), and particularly in the early medieval era literature, they are ultimately seen as aspects or manifestations of one <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the Supreme power.<sup id="cite_ref-kinsley18_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinsley18-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ananda Coomaraswamy states that Devas and Asuras in the Vedic lore are similar to <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Angels-Theoi-Gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> of Greek mythology, both are powerful but have different orientations and inclinations, the Devas representing the powers of Light and the Asuras representing the powers of Darkness in Hindu mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Coomaraswamy's interpretation of Devas and Asuras, both these natures exist in each human being, the tyrant and the angel is within each being, the best and the worst within each person struggles before choices and one's nature, and the Hindu formulation of Devas and Asuras is an eternal dance between these within each person.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gier_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gier-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The Devas and Asuras, Angels and Titans, powers of Light and powers of Darkness in Rigveda, although distinct and opposite in operation, are in essence consubstantial, their distinction being a matter not of essence but of orientation, revolution, or transformation. In this case, the Titan is potentially an Angel, the Angel still by nature a Titan; the Darkness in <i>actu</i> is Light, the Light in <i>potentia</i> Darkness; whence the designations Asura and Deva may be applied to one and the same Person according to the mode of operation, as in Rigveda 1.163.3, "Trita art thou (Agni) by interior operation". </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ananda Coomaraswamy, <i> Journal of the American Oriental Society</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_medieval-era_deities">Characteristics of medieval-era deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics of medieval-era deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Itihasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasas">Itihasas</a> with the embedded Bhagavad Gita, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<sup id="cite_ref-nickgier_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickgier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (16.6–16.7), all beings in the universe have both the divine qualities (<i>daivi sampad</i>) and the demonic qualities (<i>asuri sampad</i>) within them.<sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chrischapple_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrischapple-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixteenth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita states that pure god-like saints are rare, as are pure demon-like evil individuals among human beings. Instead, the majority of humanity is multi-charactered with a few or many faults.<sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita states that desires, aversions, greed, needs, emotions in various forms "are facets of ordinary lives". It is only when they turn to lust, hate, cravings, arrogance, conceit, anger, harshness, hypocrisy, violence, cruelty and such negativity- and destruction-inclined tendencies that natural human inclinations metamorphose into something demonic (Asura).<sup id="cite_ref-fowlergita_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chrischapple_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrischapple-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_Surin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Seal_Surin.png/220px-Seal_Surin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Seal_Surin.png/330px-Seal_Surin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Seal_Surin.png/440px-Seal_Surin.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> is a Vedic era deity, found in south and southeast Asia. Above Indra is part of the seal of a <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> state.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Epics and medieval era texts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, developed extensive and richly varying mythologies associated with Hindu deities, including their <a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">genealogies.</a><sup id="cite_ref-ludorocher_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludorocher-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliverleaman437_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliverleaman437-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gregorybailey_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregorybailey-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the Purana texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-ludorocher_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludorocher-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other texts and commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> explain that Hindu deities live or rule over the cosmic body as well as in the temple of the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-holmbowker76_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmbowker76-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-danielou57_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danielou57-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remark that the Sun deity is the eyes, the <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vāyu</a> the nose, the <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> the sexual organs, the <a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapalas</a> the ears, <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> the mind, Mitra the inward breath, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> the outward breath, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> the arms, Bṛhaspati the speech, Vishnu, whose stride is great, is the feet, and Māyā is the smile.<sup id="cite_ref-danielou57_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danielou57-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edelmann states that gods and anti-gods of Hinduism are symbolism for spiritual concepts. For example, god Indra (a Deva) and the antigod Virocana (an Asura) question a sage for insights into the knowledge of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-edelmann14_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelmann14-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virocana leaves with the first given answer, believing now he can use the knowledge as a weapon. In contrast, Indra keeps pressing the sage, churning the ideas, and learning about means to inner happiness and power. Edelmann suggests that the Deva-Asura dichotomies in Hindu mythology may be seen as "narrative depictions of tendencies within our selves".<sup id="cite_ref-edelmann14_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelmann14-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu deities in Vedic era, states Mahoney, are those artists with "powerfully inward transformative, effective and creative mental powers".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hindu mythology, everyone starts as an Asura, born of the same father. "Asuras who remain Asura" share the character of powerful beings craving for more power, more wealth, ego, anger, unprincipled nature, force and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-gierasurach_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gierasurach-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stellaray_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellaray-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Asuras who become Devas" in contrast are driven by an inner voice, seek understanding and meaning, prefer moderation, principled behavior, aligned with <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i>, knowledge and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-gierasurach_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gierasurach-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stellaray_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellaray-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The god (Deva) and antigod (Asura), states Edelmann, are also symbolically the contradictory forces that motivate each individual and people, and thus Deva-Asura dichotomy is a spiritual concept rather than mere genealogical category or species of being.<sup id="cite_ref-edelmann13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelmann13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bhāgavata Purana, saints and gods are born in families of Asuras, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a>, conveying the symbolism that motivations, beliefs and actions rather than one's birth and family circumstances define whether one is Deva-like or Asura-like.<sup id="cite_ref-edelmann13_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelmann13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ishvara">Ishvara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ishvara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg/220px-Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg/330px-Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg/440px-Surya_Majapahit_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Ishvara is, along with Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma, one of the 17 deities commonly found in Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Surya_Majapahit" title="Surya Majapahit">Surya Majapahit</a> Hindu arts and records. However, Ishvara represents different concepts in various Hindu philosophies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another Hindu term that is sometimes translated as the deity is <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, or various deities are described, state Sorajjakool et al., as "the personifications of various aspects of the same Ishvara".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Ishvara</i> has a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwizvara_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwizvara-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riepe_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riepe-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, <i>Ishvara</i> means supreme Self, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwizvara_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwizvara-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval era texts, <i>Ishvara</i> means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-mirceaelaide73_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirceaelaide73-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riepe_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riepe-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ianw_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ianw-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the six systems of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> do not consider the concept of <i>Ishvara</i>, i.e., a supreme being, relevant. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara but assign different meanings. </p><p>Early Nyaya school scholars considered the hypothesis of a deity as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons, and fruits; but these early Nyaya scholars then rejected this hypothesis, and were non-theistic or atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Clayton_2010_page_150_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Clayton_2010_page_150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered counter arguments for what is Ishvara and various arguments to prove the existence of an omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent deity (God).<sup id="cite_ref-fxc_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxc-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaisheshika school of Hinduism, as founded by Kanada in the 1st millennium BCE, neither required nor relied on a creator deity.<sup id="cite_ref-klausk_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausk-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Vaisheshika school adopted the concept of <i>Ishvara</i>, states <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a>, but as an eternal God who co-exists in the universe with eternal substances and atoms, but He "winds up the clock, and lets it run its course".<sup id="cite_ref-klausk_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausk-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Mimamsa scholars of Hinduism questioned what is <i>Ishvara</i> (deity, God)?<sup id="cite_ref-fxc3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxc3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They considered a deity concept unnecessary for a consistent philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (soteriology).<sup id="cite_ref-fxc3_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxc3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bilimoria_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bilimoria-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, <i>Isvara</i> is neither a creator-God nor a savior-God.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called one of the several major atheistic schools of Hinduism by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" class="extiw" title="no:Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen</a>, state that Samkhya is more accurately described as non-theistic.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deity is considered an irrelevant concept, neither defined nor denied, in Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Yoga school of Hinduism, it is any "personal deity" (Ishta Deva or Ishta Devata)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "spiritual inspiration", but not a creator God.<sup id="cite_ref-ianw_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ianw-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whicher explains that while Patanjali's terse verses in the Yogasutras can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of <i>Isvara</i> in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism asserted that there is no <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualistic</a> existence of a deity (or deities).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no otherness nor distinction between <i>Jiva</i> and <i>Ishvara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Indich_2000_page_5_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Indich_2000_page_5-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God (Ishvara, Brahman) is identical with the Atman (Self) within each human being in Advaita Vedanta school,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> Universal Absolute Oneness that connects everyone and everything.<sup id="cite_ref-jkoller_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkoller-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Indich_2000_page_5_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Indich_2000_page_5-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lance_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lance-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> sub-school of Vedanta Hinduism, <i>Ishvara</i> is defined as a creator God that is distinct from <i>Jiva</i> (individual Selfs in living beings).<sup id="cite_ref-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this school, God creates individual Self (Atman), but the individual Self never was and never will become one with God; the best it can do is to experience bliss by getting infinitely close to God.<sup id="cite_ref-tompad_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tompad-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_deities">Number of deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Number of deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Yantra as aniconic deities</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sriyantra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sriyantra.svg/200px-Sriyantra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sriyantra.svg/300px-Sriyantra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sriyantra.svg/400px-Sriyantra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Yantra" title="Sri Yantra">Sri Yantra</a> symbolizing the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantras</a> or <i>mandalas</i> (shown) are 3-D images.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tantra, a minority tradition in Hinduism,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are considered identical with deity.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar tantric yantras are found in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>, the earliest known language scholar of India (c. 500 BCE), notes Wilkins, mentions that there are three deities (<i>Devas</i>) according to the Vedas, "<i>Agni</i> (fire), whose place is on the earth; <i>Vayu</i> (wind), whose place is the air; and <i>Surya</i> (sun), whose place is in the sky".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle of three worlds (or zones), and its multiples is found thereafter in many ancient texts. The <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, which are the oldest layer of text in <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> enumerate 33 devas,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either 11 each for the three worlds, or as 12 <a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a>, 11 <a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a>, 8 <a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</a> layer of Vedic texts.<sup id="cite_ref-George_Williams_2008_pages_90,_112_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Williams_2008_pages_90,_112-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monier_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monier-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rigveda states in hymn 1.139.11, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>ये <b>देवा</b>सो दिव्येकादश स्थ पृथिव्यामध्येकादश स्थ ।<br /> अप्सुक्षितो महिनैकादश स्थ ते देवासो यज्ञमिमं जुषध्वम् ॥११॥<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> O ye eleven gods whose home is heaven, O ye eleven who make earth your dwelling,<br /> Ye who with might, eleven, live in waters, accept this sacrifice, O gods, with pleasure.<br /> – Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith" title="Ralph T. H. Griffith">Ralph T. H. Griffith</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> Gods who are eleven in heaven; who are eleven on earth;<br /> and who are eleven dwelling with glory in mid-air; may ye be pleased with this our sacrifice.<br /> – Translated by HH Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 1.139.11</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_or_one-ness">One or one-ness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: One or one-ness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thirty-three <i>koti</i> (33 supreme) divinities are mentioned in other ancient texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>. Most by far, are goddesses state Foulston and Abbott, suggesting "how important and popular goddesses are" in Hindu culture.<sup id="cite_ref-lynnfoulston_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynnfoulston-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars state all deities are typically viewed in Hinduism as "emanations or manifestation of genderless principle called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, representing the many facets of Ultimate Reality".<sup id="cite_ref-lynnfoulston_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynnfoulston-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawrence78_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence78-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brodd43_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodd43-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hinduism, the concept is that "God, the universe, human beings and all else is essentially one thing" and there is a connected oneness where the same God resides within every human being as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, the eternal Self.<sup id="cite_ref-brodd43_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodd43-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_practices">Iconography and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iconography and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:379px;max-width:379px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_murti_(statue)_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg/125px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg/188px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg/250px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_murti_(statue)_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg/110px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg/165px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg/220px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_murti_(statue)_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg/132px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg/198px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg/264px-Indian_murti_%28statue%29_proportions_posture_shape_design_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Proper <i>Murti</i> design is described in ancient and medieval Indian texts (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>). They describe proportions, posture, and expressions among other details, often referencing nature.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>A Hindu prayer before cutting a tree for a <i>Murti</i></b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Oh, Tree! you have been selected for the worship of a deity,<br /> Salutations to you!<br /> I worship you per rules, kindly accept it.<br /> May all who live in this tree, find residence elsewhere,<br /> May they forgive us now, we bow to them. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i> Brihat Samhita</i> 59.10 - 59.11<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Hinduism has an ancient and extensive iconography tradition, particularly in the form of <i>Murti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मूर्ति, IAST: Mūrti), or <i>Vigraha</i> or <i>Pratima</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratima_Hinduism_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratima_Hinduism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Murti</i> is itself not the god in Hinduism, but it is an image of god and represents emotional and religious value.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler41_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A literal translation of <i>Murti</i> as an idol is incorrect, states Jeaneane Fowler when the idol is understood as superstitious end in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler41_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a <i>Murti</i> is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases, the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler41_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a person worships a <i>Murti</i>, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality or <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is not confined in it.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler41_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Murti of a Hindu deity is typically made by carving stone, woodworking, metal casting, or through pottery. Medieval era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klausklost264_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausklost264-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expressions in a <i>Murti</i> vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from <i>Ugra</i> symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence (<a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>), as well as <i>Saumya</i> symbolism to express joy, knowledge, and harmony (Parvati, Saraswati, Lakshmi). Saumya images are most common in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grao17_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grao17-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stella179_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stella179-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>Murti</i> is an embodiment of the divine, the Ultimate Reality or <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> to some Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-klausklost264_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klausklost264-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the religious context, they are found in Hindu temples or homes, where they may be treated as a beloved guest and serve as a participant of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a> rituals in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-willis96_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willis96-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A murti is installed by priests, in Hindu temples, through the <a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a> ceremony,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby state Harold Coward and David Goa, the "divine vital energy of the cosmos is infused into the sculpture" and then the divine is welcomed as one would welcome a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other occasions, it serves as the center of attention in annual festive processions and these are called <i>Utsava Murti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-james726_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james726-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_and_worship">Temple and worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Temple and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja (Hinduism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:301px;max-width:301px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet)_(5153565239).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/86px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/129px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/172px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG/83px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG/125px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG/166px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namaste_to_the_rising_sun,_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg/120px-Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg/180px-Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg/240px-Namaste_to_the_rising_sun%2C_Hindu_culture_religion_rites_rituals_sights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Along with <i>murtis</i>, Hindus use nature and aniconic symbols for deities. The lingam (left) symbolizes Shiva and Parvati,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Tulasi</i> plant in a square base (center) is symbolism for Vishnu,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sunrise (or rivers) are revered as aspects of the spiritual everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In Hinduism, deities and their icons may be hosted in a Hindu temple, within a home, or as an amulet. The worship performed by Hindus is known by several regional names, such as <i>Puja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldpuja_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldpuja-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice in front of a <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> may be elaborate in large temples, or be a simple song or mantra muttered in home, or offering made to sunrise or river or symbolic an icon of a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galepuja_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galepuja-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence of deity worship in Hindu temples trace <i>Puja</i> rituals to <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> era (c. 4th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu temples, various pujas may be performed daily at various times of the day; in other temples, it may be occasional.<sup id="cite_ref-ebp_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebp-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hgb_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hgb-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Puja</i> practice is structured as an act of welcoming, hosting, and honoring the deity of one's choice as one's honored guest,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remembering the spiritual and emotional significance the deity represents to the devotee.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler41_122-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldpuja_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldpuja-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a>, states that a typical <i>Puja</i> involves one or more of 16 steps (<i>Shodasha Upachara</i>) traceable to ancient times: the deity is invited as a guest, the devotee hosts and takes care of the deity as an honored guest, praise (hymns) with <a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Aarti</a> along with food (<a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a>) is offered to the deity, after an expression of love and respect the host takes leave, and with affection expresses goodbye to the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dleck_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dleck-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worship practice may also involve reflecting on spiritual questions, with image serving as support for such meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deity worship (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i>), visiting temples, and <i>Puja</i> rites are not mandatory and are optional in Hinduism; it is the choice of a Hindu, it may be a routine daily affair for some Hindus, periodic ritual or infrequent for some.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worship practices in Hinduism are as diverse as its traditions, and a Hindu can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.<sup id="cite_ref-juliuslipnerhindu82_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juliuslipnerhindu82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotees engage with deities in more personalized relationships. <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> differentiates between three types of devotees: power-seekers, liberation-seekers, and those seeking love and communion with the deity. While all three are considered dharmic, they are not equally significant in terms of liberation. Power-seekers pursue goals for overall benefit, while liberation-seekers seek unity with the divine. The highest form of devotion is characterized by selfless love for the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">List of Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Hinduism_deities._Surya,_Parvati,_Hanuman,_Lakshmi,_Vishnu,_and_Indra._All_of_them_came_from_India,_except_Vishnu_(from_the_Thai-Cambodian_border)._Various_eras._National_Museum_of_Scotland,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Six_Hinduism_deities._Surya%2C_Parvati%2C_Hanuman%2C_Lakshmi%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Indra._All_of_them_came_from_India%2C_except_Vishnu_%28from_the_Thai-Cambodian_border%29._Various_eras._National_Museum_of_Scotland%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Six_Hinduism_deities._Surya%2C_Parvati%2C_Hanuman%2C_Lakshmi%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Indra._All_of_them_came_from_India%2C_except_Vishnu_%28from_the_Thai-Cambodian_border%29._Various_eras._National_Museum_of_Scotland%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Six_Hinduism_deities._Surya%2C_Parvati%2C_Hanuman%2C_Lakshmi%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Indra._All_of_them_came_from_India%2C_except_Vishnu_%28from_the_Thai-Cambodian_border%29._Various_eras._National_Museum_of_Scotland%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Six Hinduism deities. Surya, Parvati, Hanuman, Lakshmi, Vishnu, and Indra. All of these statues came from India, except Vishnu (from the Thai-Cambodian border). Various eras. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Major deities have inspired a vast genre of literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a> texts as well their own Hindu traditions, but with shared <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, ritual grammar, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiology</a> and polycentrism.<sup id="cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juliuslipner371-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frazierintrop2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frazierintrop2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu and his avatars are at the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, Shiva for <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, Devi for <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and some Hindu traditions such as Smarta traditions who revere multiple major deities (five) as henotheistic manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (absolute metaphysical Reality).<sup id="cite_ref-lawrence78_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence78-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are diverse deities in Hinduism, states Lawrence, "Exclusivism – which maintains that only one's own deity is real" is rare in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-lawrence78_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence78-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius Lipner</a>, and other scholars, state that pluralism and "polycentrism" – where other deities are recognized and revered by members of different "denominations", has been the Hindu ethos and way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juliuslipner371-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trimurti_and_Tridevi">Trimurti and Tridevi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trimurti and Tridevi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div> <p>The concept of Triad (or <i>Trimurti</i>, <i>Trinity</i>) makes a relatively late appearance in Hindu literature, or in the second half of 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of triad, playing three roles in the cosmic affairs, is typically associated with Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva (also called <i>Mahesh</i>); however, this is not the only triad in Hindu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-baileytrim_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileytrim-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other triads include <i>Tridevi</i>, of three goddesses – Lakshmi, Saraswati and Parvati in the text <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, in the Shakta tradition, which further assert that Devi is the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Ultimate Reality) and it is her energy that empowers Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other triads, formulated as deities in ancient Indian literature, include Sun (creator), Air (sustainer) and Fire (destroyer); Prana (creator), Food (sustainer) and Time (destroyer).<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These triads, states <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, are in some mythologies grouped together without forming a Trinity, and in other times represented as equal, a unity and manifestations of one Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Puranas, for example, this idea of threefold "hypostatization" is expressed as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>They [Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva] exist through each other, and uphold each other; they are parts of one another; they subsist through one another; they are not for a moment separated; they never abandon one another. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>, 5.17, Translated by Jan Gonda<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The triad appears in <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a>, for the first time in recognized roles known ever since, where they are deployed to present the concept of three <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a> – the innate nature, tendencies and inner forces found within every being and everything, whose balance transform and keeps changing the individual and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-baileytrim_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileytrim-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the medieval Puranic texts, <i>Trimurti</i> concepts appears in various context, from rituals to spiritual concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavad Gita, in verses 9.18, 10.21-23 and 11.15, asserts that the triad or trinity is manifestation of one Brahman, which Krishna affirms himself to be.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, suggests Bailey, the mythology of triad is "not the influence nor the most important one" in Hindu traditions, rather the ideologies and spiritual concepts develop on their own foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-baileytrim_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileytrim-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triad, with Brahma creating, Vishnu preserving and Shiva destroying, balances the functioning of the whole universe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatars_of_Hindu_deities">Avatars of Hindu deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Avatars of Hindu deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Avatars.jpg/260px-Avatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Avatars.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The ten avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, (Clockwise, from top left) Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Krishna, Kalki, Buddha, Parshurama, Rama and Narasimha, (in centre) Radha and Krishna. Painting currently in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></div> <p>Hindu mythology has nurtured the concept of the avatar (<i>avatāra</i>), which represents the descent of a deity on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld72-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheth98_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheth98-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept is commonly translated as "<a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld72-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is an "appearance" or "manifestation".<sup id="cite_ref-Matchett_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matchett-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the avatar is most developed in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> tradition, and associated with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bryant18_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant18-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu takes numerous avatars in Hindu mythology. He becomes female, during the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, to resolve a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">asuras</a>. His male avatars include <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant18_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant18-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some lists, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> replaces the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various texts, particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>, discuss the idea of an avatar of Vishnu appearing to restore the cosmic balance whenever the power of evil becomes excessive and causes persistent oppression in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheth98_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheth98-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions, the concept appears in its legends as the various manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, the divine-mother principle in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avatars of Devi or Parvati include <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, who are particularly revered in the eastern states of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, as well as Tantra traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jansen134_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen134-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-one avatars of Shiva are also described in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> texts, but unlike Vaishnava traditions, Shaiva traditions focus directly on Shiva rather than the avatar concept.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld72-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_regional_and_pan-Indian_Hindu_deities">Major regional and pan-Indian Hindu deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major regional and pan-Indian Hindu deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Other Names </th> <th><i>Avatārs</i> or Associated Deities </th> <th>Geography </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th class="unsortable">Early illustrative art </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Nārāyana</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateshwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, Other names of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perumal_(deity)" title="Perumal (deity)">Perumal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/100px-Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/150px-Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/200px-Vishnu_Kumartuli_Park_Sarbojanin_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_(3.22_gm,_12h)._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/100px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/150px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/200px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="232" /></a></span><br />2nd century BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> </td> <td>Mahādeva, <a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tripurantaka" title="Tripurantaka">Tripurantaka</a>, Vishvanatha,<br /><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshinamurthy">Dakshinamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nilakantha">Nilakantha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalantaka" title="Kalantaka">Kālāntaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadashiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiva">Sadashiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veerabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerabhadra">Veerabhadra</a> <pre><a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a> (Indonesia)<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghose15_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghose15-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Acalanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Acalanatha">Achalanatha</a> (Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG/100px-Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG/150px-Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG/200px-Shiva_Kanachur_MP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="309" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg/100px-Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg/150px-Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg/200px-Shiva_temple_with_trident_standard_Audumbara_State_Punjab_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1678" /></a></span><br />1st century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahmā</a> </td> <td>Adi Prajāpati, Virinci, Vaidyanatha, Vacpati, Varishtadeva, Kamalaja, Srashta, Karta, Dhata </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonten" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonten">Bonten</a> (Japan),<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Phra_Phrom" title="Phra Phrom">Phra Phrom</a> (Thailand) </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg/100px-Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg/150px-Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg/200px-Thai_-_Seated_Brahma_-_Walters_542555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg/70px-Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg/105px-Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg/140px-Shiva_Linga_Delhi_National_Museum_01-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1483" /></a></span><br />6th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> </td> <td>Ganapati, <a href="/wiki/Ashtavinayaka" title="Ashtavinayaka">Vināyaka</a>, Lambodara, Gajānana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Kangiten</a> (Japan) </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings,_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg/100px-Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg/150px-Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg/200px-Balinese_Hindu_Puja_Offerings%2C_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha,_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg/80px-Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg/120px-Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg/160px-Ganesha%2C_Lord_of_Obstacles_LACMA_M.84.67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><br />7th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kārtikeya</a> </td> <td>Skanda, Murugan, Mangala, Kumara, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha </td> <td> </td> <td>India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Nepal </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaskandha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Balaskandha.jpg/100px-Balaskandha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Balaskandha.jpg/150px-Balaskandha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Balaskandha.jpg/200px-Balaskandha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanda,_from_Kannuaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/100px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/150px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/200px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2547" /></a></span><br />2nd century BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Pārvati</a> </td> <td>Uma, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, Gauri,<br /><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kāli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Devi_Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapurna Devi Mata">Annapurna</a> </td> <td>Umahi (烏摩妃, Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lalita_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/80px-Lalita_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/120px-Lalita_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/160px-Lalita_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="3392" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg/100px-Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg/150px-Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg/200px-Calcutta_ei05-72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br />5th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> </td> <td>Sridevi, Bhargavi, Kamalāsanā, Padmavati, Chanchala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Kisshōten</a> (Japan)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a> (Indonesia)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a> (Thailand)<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gajalakshmi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gajalakshmi.jpeg/100px-Gajalakshmi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gajalakshmi.jpeg/150px-Gajalakshmi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gajalakshmi.jpeg/200px-Gajalakshmi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/150px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span><br />1st century BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> </td> <td>Vāgishvari, Vīnāpāni, Sharada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a> (Japan),<br />Biàncáitiān (China),<br />Thurathadi (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>),<br />Suratsawadi (Thailand)<sup id="cite_ref-dk95_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dk95-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Java, Bali, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/100px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/150px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/200px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg/100px-Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg/150px-Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg/200px-Indian_-_Sarasvati_-_Walters_2550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><br />10th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durgā</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Pārvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kāli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahishasuramardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahishasuramardini">Mahishāsuramardini</a><br /> </td> <td>Betari Durga (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg/100px-Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg/150px-Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg/200px-Durga_at_Rewalsar_Lake._2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="668" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aihole_si05-1471.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aihole_si05-1471.jpg/100px-Aihole_si05-1471.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aihole_si05-1471.jpg/150px-Aihole_si05-1471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aihole_si05-1471.jpg/200px-Aihole_si05-1471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br />8th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kāli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliposter1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/100px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/150px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/200px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="681" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Kali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/70px-Goddess_Kali.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/105px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/140px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span><br />12th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>India (mostly in South India),<br />Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariamman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mariamman.jpg/100px-Mariamman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mariamman.jpg/150px-Mariamman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mariamman.jpg/200px-Mariamman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="647" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_nadu,_epoca_cola,_tridente_con_mariyammai,_dea_del_vaiolo,_x_sec..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG/70px-Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG/105px-Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG/140px-Tamil_nadu%2C_epoca_cola%2C_tridente_con_mariyammai%2C_dea_del_vaiolo%2C_x_sec..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2488" /></a></span><br />10th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (Half Vishnu - Half Shiva) </td> <td>Shankaranarayana </td> <td> </td> <td>India, Sri Lanka, Nepal </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG/80px-Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG/120px-Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG/160px-Indian_god-sivakesava.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg/100px-Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg/150px-Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg/200px-Harihara._Cave3Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br />6th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanārīshvara</a> (Half Shiva - Half Parvati) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God_marriage_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/100px-God_marriage_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/150px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/200px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg/80px-Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg/120px-Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg/160px-Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="596" /></a></span><br />1st century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> </td> <td>Anjaneya, Maruti, Bajarangabali, Sankatamochana, Pavanasuta </td> <td> </td> <td>India, Nepal, Sri Lanka </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravivarmapress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/100px-Ravivarmapress.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/150px-Ravivarmapress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/200px-Ravivarmapress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/80px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/120px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/160px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span><br />11th century CE </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">List of Hindu deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For translation of <i>deva</i> in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams2001">Monier-Williams 2001</a>, p. 492 and <a href="#CITEREFRenou1964">Renou 1964</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avatars-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avatars_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011" class="citation book cs1">Hark, Lisa; DeLisser, Horace (2011). <i>Achieving Cultural Competency</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <q>Three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of Brahman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achieving+Cultural+Competency&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hark&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=DeLisser%2C+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span> <br />[b] <a href="#CITEREFToropovBuckles2011">Toropov & Buckles 2011</a>: The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rites in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities are understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality. <br />[d] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_O._Espín,_James_B._Nickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff (2007). <i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i>. Liturgical Press. <q>While Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Orlando+O.+Esp%C3%ADn%2C+James+B.+Nickoloff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <ul><li>Devas personified: <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śakra</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Varuṇa</i></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansa_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansa (Hinduism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṃśa</i></span></a>, Vidhatr (<b>Brahma</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tvāṣṭṛ</i></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pūṣan</i></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivasvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivasvan">Vivasvat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Savitṛ</i></span></a> (Dhatr), <b>Vishnu</b>.</li> <li>Devas as abstractions or inner principles: Ānanda (bliss, inner contentment), Vijñāna (knowledge), Manas (mind, thought), Prāṇa (life-force), Vāc (speech), <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātmā</a> (Self within each person), and five manifestations of <b>Rudra/Shiva</b> – <a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna</a>, Tatpuruṣa, Aghora, Vāmadeva, Sadyojāta</li> <li>Devas as forces or principles of nature – <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pṛthivī</i></span></a> (earth), <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> (fire), Antarikṣa (atmosphere, space), Jal (water), <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vāyu</a> (wind), <a href="/wiki/Dyaus_Pita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyaus Pita"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dyauṣ</i></span></a> (sky), <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Sūrya</a> (sun), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nakṣatra</i></span> (stars), Soma (moon)</li> <li>Devas as guide or creative energy – Vasatkara, <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajāpati</a></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-juliuslipnerhindu82-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipnerhindu82_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipnerhindu82_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, p. 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester Kurtz (ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123695031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123695031">978-0123695031</a>, Academic Press, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. K. Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hindu, Editor: V. B. Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see p. 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019581">978-0691019581</a>, pp. 37-39, 401-403, 498-503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mirceaelaide73-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mirceaelaide73_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mirceaelaide73_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691142036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691142036">978-0691142036</a>, pp. 73-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nickgier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nickgier_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nickgier_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nickgier_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Gier (2000), Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791445280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791445280">978-0791445280</a>, pp. 59-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowlergita-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlergita_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845193461" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845193461">978-1845193461</a>, pp. 253-262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenou1964">Renou 1964</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Mike Burley</b> (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415648875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415648875">978-0415648875</a>, pp. 39-41;<br /><b>Lloyd Pflueger</b>, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pp. 38-39;<br /><a href="/wiki/Kovoor_T._Behanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovoor T. Behanan">Kovoor T. Behanan</a> (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486417929" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486417929">978-0486417929</a>, pp. 56-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarborough2000" class="citation book cs1">Scarborough, Jack (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9LSgA5wRv0C&dq=thirty-three+major+gods+vedas&pg=PA131"><i>The Origins of Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Management</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-439-1"><bdi>978-1-56720-439-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Cultural+Differences+and+Their+Impact+on+Management&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-439-1&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9LSgA5wRv0C%26dq%3Dthirty-three%2Bmajor%2Bgods%2Bvedas%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjukta Gupta (2013), Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817357">978-8120817357</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" class="extiw" title="no:Knut A. Jacobsen">Knut Jacobsen</a> (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pp. 77-78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Leeming (2001), <i>A Dictionary of Asian Mythology</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195120530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195120530">978-0195120530</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Goldberg (2002), <i>The Lord who is half woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and feminist perspective</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-791453251" title="Special:BookSources/0-791453251">0-791453251</a>, pp. 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), <i>Elements of Hindu Iconography</i>, Vol. 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120808775" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120808775">978-8120808775</a>, pp. 334-335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Kleiner (2012), Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History, Cengage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495915423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495915423">978-0495915423</a>, pp. 443-444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997), The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004107892" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004107892">978-9004107892</a>, pp. 42-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lance Nelson (2007), <i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i> (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814658567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814658567">978-0814658567</a>, pp. 562-563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juliuslipner371-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juliuslipner371_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, pp. 371-375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frazierintrop2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frazierintrop2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazierintrop2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz"><i>The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</i></a></span>. London: Continuum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/n15">1</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuumcompani00fraz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fxclooney-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fxclooney_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fxclooney_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199738724" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199738724">978-0199738724</a>, pp. 51-58, 111-115;<br />For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis - Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pp. 18-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmyers-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmyers_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712571">978-0700712571</a>, pp. 124-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tompad-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tompad_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tompad_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110342550" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110342550">978-3110342550</a>, pp. 155-157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma199017-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma199017_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1990">Sharma 1990</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klausklost264-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost264_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost264_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost264_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (2010), <i>A Survey of Hinduism</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791470824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791470824">978-0791470824</a>, pp. 264-267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratima_Hinduism-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pratima_Hinduism_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratima_Hinduism_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398379/pratima">"pratima (Hinduism)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pratima+%28Hinduism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F398379%2Fpratima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pkacharya-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pkacharya_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PK Acharya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/526/mode/2up">An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (p. 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Clayton_2010_page_150-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Clayton_2010_page_150_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Clayton_2010_page_150_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521126274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521126274">978-0521126274</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Goel (1984), Indian philosophy: Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika and modern science, Sterling, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865902787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865902787">978-0865902787</a>, pages 149-151;<br />R. Collins (2000), <i>The Sociology of Philosophies</i>, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674001879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674001879">978-0674001879</a>, p. 836</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidoo1982" class="citation book cs1">Naidoo, Thillayvel (1982). <i>The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0769-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0769-3"><bdi>81-208-0769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arya+Samaj+Movement+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=81-208-0769-3&rft.aulast=Naidoo&rft.aufirst=Thillayvel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glyn Richards (1990), <i>The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia</i> (Editor: Friedhelm Hardy), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415058155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415058155">978-0415058155</a>, pp. 173-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Cort (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791437865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791437865">978-0791437865</a>, pp. 218-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajime26-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hajime26_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hajime26_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajime Nakamura (1998), A Comparative History of Ideas, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120810044" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120810044">978-8120810044</a>, pp. 26-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen London (2008), <i>Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture</i>, Marshall Cavendish, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812615206" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812615206">978-9812615206</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudy Ring et al. (1996), <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964046">978-1884964046</a>, p. 692</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmbowker76-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holmbowker76_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holmbowker76_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Sacred Place, Bloomsbury Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826453037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826453037">978-0826453037</a>, pp. 76-78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Coogan (2003), <i>The Illustrated Guide to World Religions</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195219975" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195219975">978-0195219975</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a> (2001), <i>The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892818549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892818549">978-0892818549</a>, pp. 82-83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1992), <i>The Samnyasa Upanisads</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453">978-0195070453</a>, pp. 147-148 with footnotes 2 and 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <i>World Religions</i>. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions&rft.place=Winona%2C+MN&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliams2037-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliams2037_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1974">Monier-Williams 1974</a>, pp. 20–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkoller-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jkoller_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814912" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814912">978-8120814912</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791435809" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791435809">978-0791435809</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monier-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monier_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monier_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800618" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800618">978-8120800618</a>, pp. 5-11, 22, 99-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ang-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ang_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004256156" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004256156">978-9004256156</a>, pp. 23-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, 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to Indian Philosophy, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415800037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415800037">978-0415800037</a>, pp. 21-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307">978-0691019307</a>, pp. 338-339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Chakravarti (1995), 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id="cite_note-kinsley18-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kinsley18_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kinsley18_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kinsley (2005), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803947" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803947">978-8120803947</a>, pp. 18, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher John Fuller (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691120485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691120485">978-0691120485</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800618" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800618">978-8120800618</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), "Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, volume 55, pp. 373–374, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594758">594758</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ananda Coomaraswamy (1935), "Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, volume 55, pp. 373–418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gier-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gier_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Gier (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510">Hindu Titanism</a>, Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, p. 76, see also 73-96</span> </li> <li 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225">978-3447025225</a>, pp. 1-5, 12-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliverleaman437-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oliverleaman437_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415172813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415172813">978-0415172813</a>, pp. 437-439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregorybailey-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gregorybailey_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Bailey (2003), The Study of Hinduism (Editor: Arvind Sharma), The University of South Carolina Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570034497" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570034497">978-1570034497</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danielou57-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danielou57_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielou57_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a> (1991), The Myths and Gods of India, Princeton/Bollingen Paperbacks, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892813544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892813544">978-0892813544</a>, pp. 57-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edelmann14-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edelmann14_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edelmann14_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Edelmann (2013), Hindu Theology as Churning the Latent, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 2, pp. 439-441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791435809" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791435809">978-0791435809</a>, pp. 17, 27, 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gierasurach-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gierasurach_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gierasurach_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Gier (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399510">Hindu Titanism</a>, Philosophy East and West, Volume 45, Number 1, pp. 76-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stellaray-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stellaray_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellaray_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch and Raymond Burnier (1986), The Hindu Temple, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a 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class="reference-text">Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/">Izvara</a>, Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, University of Cologne, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riepe-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riepe_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riepe_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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title="Special:BookSources/978-0791438152">978-0791438152</a>, pp. 82-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fxc-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fxc_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis X. 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The quest for the right understanding of devatā in Brāhmaṅical ritual theory (Mīmāṃsā), International Journal of Hindu Studies, August 1997, Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 337-385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bilimoria-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bilimoria_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Bilimoria (2001), Hindu doubts about God: Towards Mimamsa Deconstruction, in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Volume 4, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3611-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3611-2">978-0-8153-3611-2</a>, pp. 87-106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Malinar (2014), Current Approaches: Articles on Key Themes, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472511515" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472511515">978-1472511515</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpfl-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory, and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pp. 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415648875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415648875">978-0415648875</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Garbe (2013), Die Samkhya-Philosophie, Indische Philosophie Volume 11, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1484030615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1484030615">978-1484030615</a>, pp. 25-27 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pp. 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Espín and James Nickoloff (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious Studies</a>, Liturgical Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814658567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814658567">978-0814658567</a>, p. 651</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791438152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791438152">978-0791438152</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JN Mohanty (2001), Explorations in Philosophy, Vol 1 (Editor: Bina Gupta), Oxford University Press, pp. 107-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Hacker (1978), Eigentumlichkeiten dr Lehre und Terminologie Sankara: Avidya, Namarupa, Maya, Isvara, in Kleine Schriften (Editor: L. Schmithausen), Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden, pp. 101-109 (in German), also pp. 69-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Indich_2000_page_5-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_Indich_2000_page_5_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Indich_2000_page_5_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Indich (2000), Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812512" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812512">978-8120812512</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William James (1985), The Varieties of Religious Experience, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674932258" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674932258">978-0674932258</a>, p. 404 with footnote 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lance-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lance_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lance Nelson (1996), Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita, in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. 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Griffith, Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_139" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 139">The Rig Veda Samhita</a> Verse 11, HH Wilson (Translator), Royal Asiatic Society, WH Allen & Co, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynnfoulston-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lynnfoulston_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lynnfoulston_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Foulston,_Stuart_Abbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XbCAQAACAAJ"><i>Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 1–3, 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902210438" title="Special:BookSources/9781902210438"><bdi>9781902210438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+goddesses%3A+beliefs+and+practices&rft.pages=1-3%2C+40-41&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781902210438&rft.au=Lynn+Foulston%2C+Stuart+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XbCAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence78-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawrence78_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrence78_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrence78_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lawrence (2012), The Routledge Companion to Theism (Editors: Charles Taliaferro, Victoria S. Harrison and Stewart Goetz), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415881647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415881647">978-0415881647</a>, pp. 78-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brodd43-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brodd43_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brodd43_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Brodd (2003), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884897255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884897255">978-0884897255</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher John Fuller (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691120485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691120485">978-0691120485</a>, pp. 30-31, <b>Quote:</b> "Crucial in Hindu polytheism is the relationship between the deities and humanity. Unlike Jewish, Christian and Islamic monotheism, predicated on the otherness of God and either his total separation from man and his singular incarnation, Hinduism postulates no absolute distinction between deities and human beings. The idea that all deities are truly one is, moreover, easily extended to proclaim that all human beings are in reality also forms of one supreme deity - Brahman, the Absolute of philosophical Hinduism. In practice, this abstract monist doctrine rarely belongs to an ordinary Hindu's statements, but examples of permeability between the divine and human can be easily found in popular Hinduism in many unremarkable contexts".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abanindranth Tagore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924020549725#page/n7/mode/2up">Some notes on Indian Artistic Anatomy</a>, pp. 1-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pp. 224-230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199796649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199796649">978-0199796649</a>, pp. 20-21, 56-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Brihatsamhita/brihatsamhita#page/n537/mode/2up">Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira</a>, PVS Sastri and VMR Bhat (Translators), Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120810600" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120810600">978-8120810600</a>), p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_sociology_astrology/varbrhs.pdf">Source</a>), pp. 142-143 (note that the verse number in this version is 58.10-11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler41-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_122-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723608">978-1898723608</a>, pp. 41-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grao17-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grao17_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gopinath Rao, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924071128825#page/n61/mode/2up">Elements of Hindu Iconography</a> Madras, Cornell University Archives, pp. 17-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stella179-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stella179_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307">978-0691019307</a>, pp. 179-187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willis96-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-willis96_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Willis (2009), The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521518741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521518741">978-0521518741</a>, pp. 96-112, 123-143, 168-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the Religious Arts, Bloomsbury Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304707393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304707393">978-0304707393</a>, pp. 14-15, 32-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Coward and David Goa (2008), Mantra: 'Hearing the Divine In India and America, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832619" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832619">978-8120832619</a>, pp. 25-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-james726-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-james726_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4">978-0-8239-3180-4</a>, p. 726</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307">978-0691019307</a>, pp. 243-249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Littleton (2005), Gods, Goddesses, And Mythology, Volume 11, Marshall Cavendish, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761475590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761475590">978-0761475590</a>, p. 1125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukul Goel (2008), Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God, iUniverse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595505241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595505241">978-0595505241</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeldpuja-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldpuja_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldpuja_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), <i>Puja</i> in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-823922871" title="Special:BookSources/0-823922871">0-823922871</a>, pp. 529–530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2002" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (2002). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Courtright (1985), in <i>Gods of Flesh/Gods of Stone</i> (Joanne Punzo Waghorne, Norman Cutler, and Vasudha Narayanan, eds), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231107778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231107778">978-0231107778</a>, Columbia University Press, see Chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galepuja-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galepuja_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 11. Thomson Gale. pp. 7493–7495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865980-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865980-5"><bdi>0-02-865980-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=7493-7495&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865980-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2009" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Michael D. (2009). "2: 6". <i>The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+6&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Hindu+Ritual&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Michael D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2069840">"The Formation of Temple Ritual in the Gupta Period: pūjā and pañcamahāyajña"</a>. <i>Prajñādhara: Gouriswar Bhattacharya Felicitation Volume, Edited by Gerd Mevissen</i>. Gerd Mevissen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81dhara%3A+Gouriswar+Bhattacharya+Felicitation+Volume%2C+Edited+by+Gerd+Mevissen&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Temple+Ritual+in+the+Gupta+Period%3A+p%C5%ABj%C4%81+and+pa%C3%B1camah%C4%81yaj%C3%B1a&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2069840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebp-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebp_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483030/puja">Puja</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hgb-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hgb_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiro G. Badlani (2008), <i>Hinduism: A path of ancient wisdom</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595436361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595436361">978-0595436361</a>, pp. 315-318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Thieme (1984), "Indische Wörter und Sitten", in <i>Kleine Schriften</i>, Vol. 2, pp. 343–370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation cs2">Fuller, C. J. (2004), <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 66–73, 308, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-069112048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-069112048-5"><bdi>978-069112048-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=66-73%2C+308&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-069112048-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dleck-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dleck_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a> (2008), <i>Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832664" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832664">978-8120832664</a>, pp. 47-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a> (2008), <i>Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832664" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832664">978-8120832664</a>, pp. 45-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Lee and Kathleen Nadeau (2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1, ABC, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313350665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313350665">978-0313350665</a>, pp. 480-481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Worship, Bloomsbury Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855671119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855671119">978-1855671119</a>, p. 83, <b>Quote:</b> "Temples are the permanent residence of a deity and daily worship is performed by the priest, but the majority of Hindus visit temples only on special occasions. Worship in temples is wholly optional for them".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipner2017" class="citation book cs1">Lipner, Julius (2017). <i>Hindu images and their worship with special reference to Vaisnavism: a philosophical-theological inquiry</i>. Routledge Hindu studies series. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-29113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-29113-3"><bdi>978-1-138-29113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+images+and+their+worship+with+special+reference+to+Vaisnavism%3A+a+philosophical-theological+inquiry&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Hindu+studies+series&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-29113-3&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Beck (2005), Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791464151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791464151">978-0791464151</a>, pp. 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA27"><i>What is Hinduism?</i></a>. Himalayan Academy. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934145272" title="Special:BookSources/9781934145272"><bdi>9781934145272</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Hinduism%3F&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781934145272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XC9bwMMPcwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew J Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149877">978-0231149877</a>, pp. 167-168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jangondatrim-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondatrim_150-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085">The Hindu Trinity</a>, Anthropos, 63/64, 1/2, pp. 212-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baileytrim-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baileytrim_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileytrim_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileytrim_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GM Bailey (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269716">Trifunctional Elements in the Mythology of the Hindu Trimūrti</a>, Numen, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2, pp. 152-163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823931798" title="Special:BookSources/9780823931798">9780823931798</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf V D'Souza (1996), The Bhagavadgītā and St. John of the Cross, Gregorian University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876526992" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876526992">978-8876526992</a>, pp. 340-342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeld72-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld72_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4">978-0-8239-3180-4</a>, pp. 72-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheth98-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheth98_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheth98_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sheth, Noel (January 2002). "Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>52</b> (1 (Jan. 2002)). University of Hawai'i Press: 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005">10.1353/pew.2002.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400135">1400135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170278631">170278631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Hindu+Avat%C4%81ra+and+Christian+Incarnation%3A+A+Comparison&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1+%28Jan.+2002%29&rft.pages=98-125&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170278631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400135%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matchett-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matchett_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2001). <i>Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu</i>. 9780700712816. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+Lord+or+Avatara%3F%3A+the+relationship+between+Krishna+and+Vishnu&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=9780700712816&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hugh_Partridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hugh Partridge">Christopher Hugh Partridge</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lEFyGiP5r8C&pg=PA148">Introduction to World Religions</a>, pg. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley2005" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 707–708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=707-708&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant18-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant18_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant18_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaser2014" class="citation book cs1">Laser, Tammy (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX9hDwAAQBAJ&dq=Balarama+Dashavatara&pg=PA18"><i>Gods & Goddesses of Ancient India</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62275-390-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62275-390-1"><bdi>978-1-62275-390-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+%26+Goddesses+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-62275-390-1&rft.aulast=Laser&rft.aufirst=Tammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZX9hDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBalarama%2BDashavatara%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyVasudha_Narayanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Vasudha Narayanan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174"><i>The life of Hinduism</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Vasudha+Narayanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DLj1tYmoTQC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kinsley (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520063392" title="Special:BookSources/0-520063392">0-520063392</a>, pp. 45-48, 96-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally Kempton (2013), Awakening Shakti: The Transformative Power of the Goddesses of Yoga, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604078916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604078916">978-1604078916</a>, pp. 165-167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen134-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jansen134_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Rudy Jansen, The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning, Holland: Binkey Kok, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9074597074" title="Special:BookSources/978-9074597074">978-9074597074</a>, pp. 133-134, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hariani Santiko (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725">The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period</a>, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghose15-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghose15_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiro Takei and Marc P Keane (2001), SAKUTEIKI, Tuttle, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804832946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804832946">978-0804832946</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase (1975), Japanese Art: Selections from the Mary and Jackson Burke Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870991363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870991363">978-0870991363</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Chakravarti (1995), The concept of Rudra-Śiva through the ages, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800533" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800533">978-8120800533</a>, pp. 148-149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Paine and Alexander Soper (1992), The Art and Architecture of Japan, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300053333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300053333">978-0300053333</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Cribb (1999), Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714108810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714108810">978-0714108810</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Lee, Fumitaka Matsuoka et al. (2015), Asian American Religious Cultures, ABC, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843309" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843309">978-1598843309</a>, p. 892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dk95-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dk95_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinsley, David (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06339-2">0-520-06339-2</a>, pp. 94-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francine Brinkgreve (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178726">Offerings to Durga and Pretiwi in Bali</a>, Asian Folklore Studies Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 227-251</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1991) [1964]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani">The Myths and Gods of India</a></i>. Inner Traditions, Vermont, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7">0-89281-354-7</a>.</li> <li>Fuller, C. J. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC">The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</a></i>. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X">0-691-12048-X</a>.</li> <li>Harman, William, "Hindu Devotion". In: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a></i>, Robin Rinehard, ed. (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-905-8">1-57607-905-8</a>.</li> <li>Kashyap, R. L. <i>Essentials of Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda</i>; SAKSI, Bangalore, Karnataka <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7994-032-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7994-032-2">81-7994-032-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik, Devdutt</a> (2009). <i>7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art</i>. Westland, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89975-67-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89975-67-8">978-81-89975-67-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C"><i>Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus</i></a>, Elibron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4212-6531-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4212-6531-1"><bdi>1-4212-6531-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmanism+and+Hinduism%3A+Or%2C+Religious+Thought+and+Life+in+India%2C+as+Based+on+the+Veda+and+Other+Sacred+Books+of+the+Hindus&rft.series=Elibron+Classics&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=1-4212-6531-1&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5IBXA4UpT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (2001) [first published 1872], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/index.html"><i>English Sanskrit dictionary</i></a>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1509-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1509-3"><bdi>81-206-1509-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Sanskrit+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-206-1509-3&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fsripedia%2Febooks%2Fmw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenou1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renou" title="Louis Renou">Renou, Louis</a> (1964), <i>The Nature of Hinduism</i>, Walker</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Renou&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToropovBuckles2011" class="citation cs2">Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2011), <i>Guide to World Religions</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toropov&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Buckles%2C+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, K.N. (1 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23634524">"Varna and Jati in Indian Traditional Perspective"</a>. <i>Sociological Bulletin</i>. <b>39</b> (1–2). Sage Publication, Inc.: 15–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038022919900102">10.1177/0038022919900102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23634524">23634524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151534129">151534129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Varna+and+Jati+in+Indian+Traditional+Perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=15-31&rft.date=1990-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151534129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23634524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038022919900102&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23634524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Swami Bhaskarananda, (1994). <i>Essentials of Hinduism.</i> (Viveka Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884852-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-884852-02-5">1-884852-02-5</a>.</li> <li>Vastu-Silpa Kosha, <i>Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu</i>. S. K. Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books, (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81218-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81218-51-8">978-93-81218-51-8</a> (Set)</li> <li>Werner, Karel. <i>A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism</i>. Curzon Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0279-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0279-2">0-7007-0279-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chandra, Suresh (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC">Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses</a></i>. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-039-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7625-039-2">81-7625-039-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik, Devdutt</a> (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC">Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent</a></i>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-870-0">0-89281-870-0</a>.</li> <li>Kinsley, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC">Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions</a></i>. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0379-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0379-5">81-208-0379-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_deities&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_deities" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203215148/http://www.usefulcharts.com/religion/main-hindu-gods-chart.html">A chart of the main Hindu deities</a> (with pictures)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23738">Collection: "Hindu Gods and Goddesses"</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfomuseum.org/exhibitions/deities-stone-hindu-sculpture-collections-asian-art-museum">"Deities in Stone: Hindu Sculpture from the Collections of the Asian Art Museum" exhibition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">SFO Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maa.missouri.edu/exhibit/hinduart">"Seeing the Divine in Hindu Art" exhibition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Archaeology" title="Museum of Art and Archaeology">Museum of Art and Archaeology at the University of Missouri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship in Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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