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</button> <ul id="toc-Observation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Late 20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanical dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_depth_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_depth_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internal depth and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_depth_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Color and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Red Spot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Rooi_Vlek" title="Groot Rooi Vlek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Rooi Vlek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="البقعة الحمراء العظيمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البقعة الحمراء العظيمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mancha_Colorada" title="Gran Mancha Colorada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Mancha Colorada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_l%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Böyük qırmızı ləkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük qırmızı ləkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="বৃহৎ লাল বিন্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহৎ লাল বিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вялікая чырвоная пляма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая чырвоная пляма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Голямо червено петно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голямо червено петно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Taca_Vermella" title="Gran Taca Vermella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Taca Vermella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_rud%C3%A1_skvrna" title="Velká rudá skvrna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká rudá skvrna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Roter_Fleck" title="Großer Roter Fleck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großer Roter Fleck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Punane_Laik" title="Suur Punane Laik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur Punane Laik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%9A%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Μεγάλη Ερυθρά Κηλίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλη Ερυθρά Κηλίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mancha_Roja" title="Gran Mancha Roja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Mancha Roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Ru%C4%9Da_Makulo" title="Granda Ruĝa Makulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Ruĝa Makulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orban_Gorri_Handia" title="Orban Gorri Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orban Gorri Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لکه سرخ بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لکه سرخ بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Tache_rouge" title="Grande Tache rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Tache rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spota_M%C3%B3r_Dearg" title="Spota Mór Dearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spota Mór Dearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mancha_Vermella" title="Gran Mancha Vermella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Mancha Vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%81%EC%A0%90" title="대적점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대적점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Մեծ կարմիր բիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ կարմիր բիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_crvena_pjega" title="Velika crvena pjega – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika crvena pjega" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintik_Merah_Raksasa" title="Bintik Merah Raksasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintik Merah Raksasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Macchia_Rossa" title="Grande Macchia Rossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Macchia Rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הכתם האדום הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכתם האדום הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="დიდი წითელი ლაქა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი წითელი ლაქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_Sarkanais_plankums" title="Lielais Sarkanais plankums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais Sarkanais plankums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_d%C4%97m%C4%97" title="Raudonoji dėmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji dėmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_Folt" title="Nagy Vörös Folt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy Vörös Folt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Голема Црвена Дамка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема Црвена Дамка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompok_Merah_Besar" title="Tompok Merah Besar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tompok Merah Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_rode_vlek" title="Grote rode vlek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote rode vlek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%A4%E6%96%91" title="大赤斑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大赤斑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_r%C3%B8de_flekken" title="Den store røde flekken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den store røde flekken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_raude_flekken" title="Den store raude flekken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den store raude flekken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A8%DB%81" title="عظیم سرخ دھبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عظیم سرخ دھبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Czerwona_Plama" title="Wielka Czerwona Plama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Czerwona Plama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Mancha_Vermelha" title="Grande Mancha Vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Mancha Vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Pat%C4%83_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Marea Pată Roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Pată Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Большое красное пятно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большое красное пятно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njolla_e_Madhe_e_Kuqe" title="Njolla e Madhe e Kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njolla e Madhe e Kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Red Spot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1_%C4%8Derven%C3%A1_%C5%A1kvrna" title="Veľká červená škvrna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľká červená škvrna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_rde%C4%8Da_pega" title="Velika rdeča pega – 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_r%C3%B6da_fl%C3%A4cken" title="Stora röda fläcken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stora röda fläcken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambuhalang_Pulang_Batik" title="Dambuhalang Pulang Batik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dambuhalang Pulang Batik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_(49803032983).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/330px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/495px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/660px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Close up view of the Great Red Spot by <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Red Spot</b> is a persistent <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure region</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">atmosphere of Jupiter</a>, producing an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">anticyclonic storm</a> that is the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). It was first observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began.<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar spot was observed from 1665 to 1713; if this is the same storm, it has existed for at least 360 years,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a study from 2024 suggests this is not the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Sánchez-Lavega2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sánchez-Lavega2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_history">Observation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_observations">First observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg/220px-Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg/330px-Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg/440px-Donato_Creti_-_Astronomical_Observations_-_06_-_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donato_Creti" title="Donato Creti">Donato Creti</a>'s 1711 painting "Jupiter", the first depiction of the Great Red Spot as red</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png/220px-Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png/330px-Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Elger_November_1881.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of Jupiter made by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gwyn_Elger" title="Thomas Gwyn Elger">Thomas Gwyn Elger</a> in November 1881, showing the Great Red Spot</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Red Spot may have existed before 1665, but it could be that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and was well studied only after a prominent appearance in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different from the storm that exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from the 17th century discovery. It is unknown whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded away, or whether observers simply failed to study and record it.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot in the <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a>), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far more convincing is <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Cassini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a>'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 48-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. Because of the older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot, it is difficult to conclude that they are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Creti" title="Donato Creti">Donato Creti</a>, which is exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hockey1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockey1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Eustachio_Manfredi" title="Eustachio Manfredi">Eustachio Manfredi</a> for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known depiction of the Great Red Spot as red (albeit raised to the Jovian northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hockey1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockey1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Red Spot has been frequently observed since 5 September 1831, with over 60 observations recorded by 1879, when it came into popular prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, it has been under continuous observation. </p><p>A 2024 study of historical observations suggests that the "permanent spot" observed from 1665 to 1713 may not be the same as the modern Great Red Spot observed since 1831. It is suggested that the original spot disappeared, and later another spot formed, which is the one seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-Sánchez-Lavega2024_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sánchez-Lavega2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_and_21st_centuries">Late 20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/220px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/330px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/440px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> in 1979.</figcaption></figure><p>On 25 February 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> spacecraft was 9,200,000 km (5,700,000 mi) from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as 160 km (100 mi) across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion. </p><p>In the 21st century, the major diameter of the Great Red Spot has been observed to be shrinking. In 2004 its length was about half that of a century earlier, when it reached a size of 40,000 km (25,000 mi), about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it will become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of periodic fluctuations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm spinning off and dissipating.<sup id="cite_ref-disintegrating_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disintegrating-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled speculation from some astronomers that the spot could dissipate within decades.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other astronomers believe the apparent size of the spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the underlying vortex, and also that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; this might mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<sup id="cite_ref-may_not_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may_not-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller spot, designated <a href="/wiki/Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">Oval BA</a>, which formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the <i>Little Red Spot</i> or <i>Red Jr.</i> As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. <a href="/wiki/Amy_Simon" title="Amy Simon">Amy Simon-Miller</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with <a href="/wiki/Imke_de_Pater" title="Imke de Pater">Imke de Pater</a> and Phil Marcus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> as well as a team of professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a> without converging.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i> spacecraft</a>, which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) above the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-junospots_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junospots-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the duration of the <i>Juno</i> mission, the spacecraft continued to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<sup id="cite_ref-junospots_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junospots-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a>. The latter feature was imaged by <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It disappeared by 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_dynamics">Mechanical dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanical dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif/280px-790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Time-lapse sequence from the approach of <i>Voyager 1</i> to Jupiter in 1979, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and the circulation of the Great Red Spot. The momentary black spots are shadows cast by <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter's moons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about 4.5 Earth days,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 11 Jovian days, as of 2008. Measuring 16,350 km (10,160 mi) in width as of 3 April 2017, the Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-junospots_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junospots-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloud-tops of this storm are about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloud-tops.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storm has continued for centuries because there is no planetary surface (only a mantle of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) to cause friction; circulating atmospheric eddies persist because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> data has long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">Acoustic waves</a> rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acoustic waves travel vertically up to a height of 800 km (500 mi) above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is 1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F)—several hundred kelvins warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect is described as like "crashing [...] ocean waves on a beach".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/260px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/390px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/520px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Size of the Earth compared to the Great Red Spot</figcaption></figure> <p>Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the <i>Voyager</i> fly-bys.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spot is confined by a modest eastward <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 432 km/h (268 mph), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rotation of the spot has slowed with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Red Spot's <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, however, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Jupiter's gaseous body does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot (9h 55m 42s).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_depth_and_structure">Internal depth and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internal depth and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_(49892941386).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/400px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/600px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/800px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> image of <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a>; multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> image from Hubble; visible light detail <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is an elliptical shaped anticyclone, occurring at 22 degrees below the equator, in Jupiter's southern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclonic</a> storm (~16,000 km) in our solar system, little is known about its internal depth and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visible imaging and cloud-tracking from <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in-situ</a> observation determined the velocity and vorticity of the GRS, which is located in a thin anticyclonic ring at 70–85% of the radius and is located along Jupiter's fastest westward moving jet stream.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During NASA's 2016 <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> mission, gravity signature and thermal infrared<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data were obtained that offered insight into the structural dynamics and depth of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During July 2017, the Juno spacecraft conducted a second pass of the GRS to collect <a href="/wiki/Microwave_Radiometer_(Juno)" title="Microwave Radiometer (Juno)">Microwave Radiometer</a> (MWR) scans of the GRS to determine how far the GRS extended toward the surface of the condensed H<sub>2</sub>O layer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These MWR scans suggested that the GRS vertical depth extended to about 240 km below cloud level, with an estimated drop in atmospheric pressure to 100 bar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two methods of analysis that constrain the data collected were the <a href="/wiki/Mascon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascon">mascon</a> approach, which found a depth of ~290 km, and the Slepian approach showing wind extending to ~310 km.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods, along with gravity signature MWR data, suggest that the GRS zonal winds still increase at a rate of 50% of the velocity of the viable cloud level, before the wind decay starts at lower levels. This rate of wind decay and gravity data suggest the depth of the GRS is between 200 and 500 km.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini's</a> thermal infrared imaging and <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> of the GRS were conducted during 1995–2008, in order to find evidence of thermal inhomogeneities within the internal structure vortex of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous thermal infrared temperature maps from the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a>, Galileo, and Cassini missions suggested the GRS is a structure of an anticyclonic vortex with a cold core within a upwelling warmer annulus; this data shows a gradient in the temperature of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Better understanding of Jupiter's atmospheric temperature, aerosol particle opacity, and ammonia gas composition was provided by thermal-IR imaging: a direct correlation of the visible cloud layers reactions, thermal gradient and compositional mapping to observational data were collected over decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During December 2000, high spatial resolution images from Galileo, of an atmospheric turbulent area to the northwest of the GRS, showed a thermal contrast between the warmest region of the anticyclone and regions to the east and west of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/400px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/600px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/800px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Winds in the Great Red Spot as analyzed from Hubble's data. In the false-color image at right, red indicates faster wind, blue indicates slower. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The vertical temperature of the structure of the GRS is constrained between the 100–600 mbar range, with the vertical temperature of the GRS core at approximately 400 mbar of pressure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> being 1.0–1.5 K, much warmer than regions of the GRS to the east–west, and 3.0–3.5 K warmer than regions to the north–south of the structure's edge.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure is consistent with the data collected by the VISIR (VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer on the ESO Very Large Telescope) imaging obtained in 2006; this revealed that the GRS was physically present at a wide range of altitudes that occur within the atmospheric pressure range of 80–600 mbar, and confirms the thermal infrared mapping result.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To develop a model of the internal structure of the GRS, the Cassini instrument Composite <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared Spectrometer</a> (CIRS) and ground based spatial imaging mapped the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> aerosols (PH<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Para-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-hydroxybenzoic acid">para-hydroxybenzoic acid</a> within the anticyclonic circulation of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images that were collected from the CIRS and ground-based imaging trace the vertical motion in the Jovian atmosphere by PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest concentrations of PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> were found to the north of the GRS peripheral rotation. They aided in determining the southward jet movement and showed evidence of an increase in altitude of the column of aerosols with pressures ranging from 200–500 mbar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the NH<sub>3</sub> composition data shows that there is a major depletion of NH<sub>3</sub> below the visible cloud layer at the southern peripheral ring of the GRS; this lower opacity is relative to a narrow band of atmospheric subsidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low mid-IR aerosol opacity, along with the temperature gradients, the altitude difference, and the vertical movement of the zonal winds, are involved with the development and sustainability of the vorticity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stronger atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and compositional asymmetries of the GRS suggest that the structure exhibits a degree of tilt from the northern edge to the southern edge of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GRS depth and internal structure has been constantly changing over decades;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however there is still no logical reason that it is 200–500 km in depth, but the jet streams that supply the force that powers the GRS vortex are well below the structure base.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_and_composition">Color and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the organic compound <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called <a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2018_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring.<sup id="cite_ref-EarthSky_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthSky-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_vortex" title="Extraterrestrial vortex">Extraterrestrial vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a>, a similar storm on <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISEP_J190648.47%2B401106.8" title="WISEP J190648.47+401106.8">WISEP J190648.47+401106.8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Denning-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denning_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denning_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenning1899" class="citation journal cs1">Denning, William Frederick (June 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F59.10.574">"Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>59</b> (10). 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August 4, 2015. <q><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard</a> scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot%3A+A+Swirling+Mystery&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2Fjupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson2018-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2018_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoefferHudson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>302</b>: <span class="nowrap">418–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..302..418L">2018Icar..302..418L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041">10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Coloring+Jupiter%27s+clouds%3A+Radiolysis+of+ammonium+hydrosulfide+%28NH4SH%29&rft.volume=302&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Icar..302..418L&rft.aulast=Loeffer&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Reggie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarthSky-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthSky_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red">"What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a>. 2014-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+makes+Jupiter%27s+Red+Spot+red%3F&rft.pub=EarthSky&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fwhat-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF[Numerous_authors]1999" class="citation book cs1">[Numerous authors] (1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.). <i>The New Solar System</i> (4th ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4"><bdi>978-0-933346-86-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sky+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933346-86-4&rft.au=%5BNumerous+authors%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeebe1997" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Reta (1997). <i>Jupiter the Giant Planet</i> (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-685-0"><bdi>978-1-56098-685-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter+the+Giant+Planet&rft.place=Washington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-685-0&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Reta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockey1999" class="citation book cs1">Hockey, Thomas (1999). <i>Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography</i>. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0448-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Planet%3A+Observing+Jupiter+Before+Photography&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0448-1&rft.aulast=Hockey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeek1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Meigh_Peek" title="Bertrand Meigh Peek">Peek, Bertrand M.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek"><i>The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-18026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-18026-4"><bdi>978-0-571-18026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Jupiter%3A+The+Observer%27s+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-571-18026-4&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanetjupiter00peek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, John H. (1995). <i>The Giant Planet Jupiter</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41008-3"><bdi>978-0-521-41008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Planet+Jupiter&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41008-3&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". <i>Science</i>. <b>204</b> (4396): <span class="nowrap">951–</span>957, <span class="nowrap">960–</span>972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..951S">1979Sci...204..951S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951">10.1126/science.204.4396.951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800430">17800430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33147728">33147728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+system+through+the+eyes+of+Voyager+1&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E957%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E960-%3C%2Fspan%3E972&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33147728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800430&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..951S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Red_Spot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2004" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Sarah (April 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml">"Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear"</a>. UC Berkeley News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Researcher+predicts+global+climate+change+on+Jupiter+as+giant+planet%27s+spots+disappear&rft.date=2004-04-21&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F04%2F21_jupiter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (March 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">"Jupiter's New Red Spot"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+New+Red+Spot&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F02mar_redjr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (June 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">"Huge Storms Converge"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">the original</a> on May 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+Storms+Converge&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F05jun_redperil.htm%3Flist56685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef,_AshrafMarcus,_Philip_S.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Youssef, Ashraf; Marcus, Philip S. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>162</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..162...74Y">2003Icar..162...74Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X">10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+jovian+white+ovals+from+formation+to+merger&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..162...74Y&rft.au=Youssef%2C+Ashraf&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Gareth P. (May 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw">"NOAA Web Page"</a>. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Web+Page&rft.pub=Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfdl.noaa.gov%2F~gw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/">Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight</a> by Seán Doran (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315">album</a> for more)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>,<br />orbital<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a 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