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<span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruitment_and_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_and_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Recruitment and selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_and_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prison environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Demand characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carlo_Prescott_as_a_prison_consultant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carlo_Prescott_as_a_prison_consultant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Carlo Prescott as a prison consultant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carlo_Prescott_as_a_prison_consultant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saturday,_August_14:_Set_up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturday,_August_14:_Set_up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Saturday, August 14: Set up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturday,_August_14:_Set_up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunday,_August_15:_Day_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday,_August_15:_Day_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sunday, August 15: Day 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday,_August_15:_Day_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monday,_August_16:_Day_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monday,_August_16:_Day_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Monday, August 16: Day 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monday,_August_16:_Day_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuesday,_August_17:_Day_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuesday,_August_17:_Day_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tuesday, August 17: Day 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuesday,_August_17:_Day_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisoner_8612" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_8612"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Prisoner 8612</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_8612-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wednesday,_August_18:_Day_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wednesday,_August_18:_Day_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wednesday, August 18: Day 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wednesday,_August_18:_Day_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thursday,_August_19:_Day_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thursday,_August_19:_Day_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Thursday, August 19: Day 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thursday,_August_19:_Day_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friday,_August_20:_Day_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friday,_August_20:_Day_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Friday, August 20: Day 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friday,_August_20:_Day_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_and_reproducibility_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_and_reproducibility_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretation and reproducibility of results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation_and_reproducibility_of_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretation and reproducibility of results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_and_reproducibility_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BBC_prison_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BBC_prison_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>BBC prison study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BBC_prison_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_Abu_Ghraib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_Abu_Ghraib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Comparisons to Abu Ghraib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_Abu_Ghraib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethical concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Similar studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanford prison experiment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تجربة سجن ستانفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجربة سجن ستانفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preba_d%27a_garchola_de_Stanford" title="Preba d'a garchola de Stanford – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Preba d'a garchola de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenford_h%C9%99bsxana_eksperimenti" title="Stenford həbsxana eksperimenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stenford həbsxana eksperimenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_ka%E2%81%BF-ga%CC%8Dk_si%CC%8Dt-gi%C4%81m" title="Stanford kaⁿ-ga̍k si̍t-giām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stanford kaⁿ-ga̍k si̍t-giām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Станфордски затворнически експеримент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Станфордски затворнически експеримент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_de_la_pres%C3%B3_de_Stanford" title="Experiment de la presó de Stanford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Experiment de la presó de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordsk%C3%BD_v%C4%9Bze%C5%88sk%C3%BD_experiment" title="Stanfordský vězeňský experiment – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stanfordský vězeňský experiment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-f%C3%A6ngselseksperimentet" title="Stanford-fængselseksperimentet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stanford-fængselseksperimentet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-Prison-Experiment" title="Stanford-Prison-Experiment – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanford-Prison-Experiment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordi_vanglaeksperiment" title="Stanfordi vanglaeksperiment – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stanfordi vanglaeksperiment" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Πείραμα φυλάκισης του Στάνφορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πείραμα φυλάκισης του Στάνφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_la_c%C3%A1rcel_de_Stanford" title="Experimento de la cárcel de Stanford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Experimento de la cárcel de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanforda_malliberejo-eksperimento" title="Stanforda malliberejo-eksperimento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stanforda malliberejo-eksperimento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_espetxeko_esperimentua" title="Stanford espetxeko esperimentua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stanford espetxeko esperimentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آزمایش زندان استنفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش زندان استنفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_de_Stanford" title="Expérience de Stanford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expérience de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_da_prisi%C3%B3n_de_Stanford" title="Experimento da prisión de Stanford – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Experimento da prisión de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B0%90%EC%98%A5_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98" title="스탠퍼드 감옥 실험 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탠퍼드 감옥 실험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Սթենֆորդի բանտային գիտափորձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթենֆորդի բանտային գիտափորձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordski_zatvorski_eksperiment" title="Stanfordski zatvorski eksperiment – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanfordski zatvorski eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percobaan_penjara_Stanford" title="Percobaan penjara Stanford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percobaan penjara Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperimento_carcerario_di_Stanford" title="Esperimento carcerario di Stanford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esperimento carcerario di Stanford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ניסוי הכלא של סטנפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי הכלא של סטנפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Стенфорд абак эксперименти – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стенфорд абак эксперименти" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordo_kal%C4%97jimo_eksperimentas" title="Stanfordo kalėjimo eksperimentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stanfordo kalėjimo eksperimentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordi_b%C3%B6rt%C3%B6nk%C3%ADs%C3%A9rlet" title="Stanfordi börtönkísérlet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stanfordi börtönkísérlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Стенфордски затворски експеримент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стенфордски затворски експеримент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajian_penjara_Stanford" title="Kajian penjara Stanford – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kajian penjara Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="စတန်းဖို့ ထောင်တွင်းစမ်းသပ်ချက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတန်းဖို့ ထောင်တွင်းစမ်းသပ်ချက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford-gevangenisexperiment" title="Stanford-gevangenisexperiment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanford-gevangenisexperiment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93" title="スタンフォード監獄実験 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンフォード監獄実験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Prison_Experiment" title="Stanford Prison Experiment – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stanford Prison Experiment" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordzki_eksperyment_wi%C4%99zienny" title="Stanfordzki eksperyment więzienny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanfordzki eksperyment więzienny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_aprisionamento_de_Stanford" title="Experimento de aprisionamento de Stanford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experimento de aprisionamento de Stanford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentul_Stanford" title="Experimentul Stanford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Experimentul Stanford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Стэнфордский тюремный эксперимент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стэнфордский тюремный эксперимент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="स्टैन्फोर्डकारागारस्य प्रयोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्टैन्फोर्डकारागारस्य प्रयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimenti_i_burgut_n%C3%AB_Stanford" title="Eksperimenti i burgut në Stanford – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eksperimenti i burgut në Stanford" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stanford prison experiment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordsk%C3%BD_v%C3%A4zensk%C3%BD_experiment" title="Stanfordský väzenský experiment – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stanfordský väzenský experiment" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordski_zaporni%C5%A1ki_eksperiment" title="Stanfordski zaporniški eksperiment – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stanfordski zaporniški eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Станфордски затворски експеримент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Станфордски затворски експеримент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordski_zatvorski_eksperiment" title="Stanfordski zatvorski eksperiment – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stanfordski zatvorski eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordin_vankilakoe" title="Stanfordin vankilakoe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stanfordin vankilakoe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordexperimentet" title="Stanfordexperimentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stanfordexperimentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="การทดลองเรือนจำสแตนฟอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทดลองเรือนจำสแตนฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_hapishane_deneyi" title="Stanford hapishane deneyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stanford hapishane deneyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Стенфордський тюремний експеримент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стенфордський тюремний експеримент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_nh%C3%A0_t%C3%B9_Stanford" title="Thí nghiệm nhà tù Stanford – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thí nghiệm nhà tù Stanford" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="斯坦福监狱实验 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯坦福监狱实验" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stanford_prison_experiment&params=37.4286304_N_122.1729957_W_region:US-CA_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°10′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4286304°N 122.1729957°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4286304; -122.1729957</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Controversial 1971 psychological experiment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the psychology experiment. For the American punk rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Prison_Experiment_(band)" title="Stanford Prison Experiment (band)">Stanford Prison Experiment (band)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Prison_Experiment_(film)" title="The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)"><i>The Stanford Prison Experiment</i> (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stanford experiment" redirects here. For the experiment on delayed gratification, see <a href="/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment" title="Stanford marshmallow experiment">Stanford marshmallow experiment</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Stanford prison experiment</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaque with the text: "Site of the Standford Prison Experiment, 1971, conducted by Dr. Philip G. Zimbardo"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg/220px-Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg/330px-Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg/440px-Plaque_Dedicated_to_the_Location_of_the_Stanford_Prison_Experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Plaque at the location of the Stanford prison experiment</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">August 14–21, 1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1971-08-14</span> – <span class="dtend">1971-08-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;">Single corridor in the basement of Stanford University's psychology building</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stanford_prison_experiment&params=37.4286304_N_122.1729957_W_region:US-CA_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°10′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4286304°N 122.1729957°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4286304; -122.1729957</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">SPE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Psychology experiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organised by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stanford prison experiment</b> (<b>SPE</b>) was a psychological experiment performed during August 1971. It was a two-week <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> environment that examined the effects of <a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">situational variables</a> on participants' reactions and behaviors. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> psychology professor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> managed the research team who administered the study.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants were recruited from the local community with an advertisement in the newspapers offering $15 per day ($113 in 2023) to male students who wanted to participate with a "psychological study of prison life". Participants were chosen after assessments of psychological stability and then assigned randomly to being prisoners or prison guards.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have questioned the validity of these methods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those volunteers selected to be "guards" were given uniforms specifically to de-individuate them, and they were instructed to prevent prisoners from escaping. The experiment started officially when "prisoners" were arrested by real police of <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a>. During the next five days, psychological abuse of the prisoners by the "guards" became increasingly brutal. After psychologist <a href="/wiki/Christina_Maslach" title="Christina Maslach">Christina Maslach</a> visited to evaluate the conditions, she was troubled to see how study participants were behaving and she confronted Zimbardo. He ended the experiment on the sixth day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SPE has been referenced and critiqued as an example of an unethical psychology experiment, and the harm inflicted on the participants in this and other experiments during the post-World War II era prompted American universities to improve their ethical requirements and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_review_board" title="Institutional review board">institutional review</a> for human subject experiments in order to prevent them from being similarly harmed. Other researchers have found it difficult to reproduce the study, especially given those constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have described the study as unscientific and fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-LeTexier_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeTexier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Thibault Le Texier has established that the guards were asked directly to behave in certain ways in order to confirm Zimbardo's conclusions, which were largely written in advance of the experiment. However, Le Texier's article has been criticized by Zimbardo as being mostly <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem"><i>ad hominem</i></a> and ignoring available data that contradicts his counterarguments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_and_methodology">Funding and methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Funding and methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official website of the SPE describes the experiment goal as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We wanted to see what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. To do this, we decided to set up a simulated prison and then carefully note the effects of this institution on the behavior of all those within its walls.<sup id="cite_ref-ArchivedOfficial_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchivedOfficial-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 1996 article from the Stanford News Service described the experiment goal in a more detailed way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Zimbardo's primary reason for conducting the experiment was to focus on the power of roles, rules, symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior that generally would repulse ordinary individuals. "I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects," Zimbardo told the Toronto symposium in the summer of 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-spespa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spespa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The study was funded by the <a href="/wiki/US_Office_of_Naval_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="US Office of Naval Research">US Office of Naval Research</a> to understand <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">anti-social behaviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> wanted to investigate conflict between military guards and prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism of the SPE has continued long after the experiment ended. Many researchers have critiqued Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment for its method, whether it meets the criteria to be a scientific <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a>, and whether the guard orientation created a <a href="/wiki/Demand_characteristics" title="Demand characteristics">demand bias</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing">Publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to publishing in <a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">peer-reviewed journals</a>, the researchers reported the findings in <i>Naval Research Reviews</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>International Journal of Criminology and Penology</i> (IJCP),<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Amodio" title="David Amodio">David Amodio</a>, psychology instructor at both New York University and the University of Amsterdam, dismissed Zimbardo's study, stating that releasing the article to an "obscure journal" demonstrated that Zimbardo was unable to convince fellow psychologists of the validity and reliability of his study. This action by Zimbardo violated the tradition of scientific dissemination by publishing in other journals before publishing in a scientific peer-reviewed journal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="WP:SPS on Twitter (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zimbardo has stated that the grant agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> included a requirement to publish data in their journal, <i>Naval Research Reviews</i>. He states that the <i>International Journal of Criminology and Penology</i> invited Zimbardo to write about his study in their journal, and he then wrote an article with the <i>New York Times Magazine</i> to share the findings with a broad audience. He states that the article still needed to pass through the very strict requirements of the American Psychologist, the official journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, in order to be published. After publishing the article in the American Psychologist, the findings were also reported in other peer-reviewed journals and books.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_and_selection">Recruitment and selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recruitment and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-newspaper-ad_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of newspaper clipping reading: Male college students needed for psychological study of prison life. $15 per day for 1–2 weeks beginning Aug 15. For further information & applications, come to Room 248, Jordan Hall, Stanford U." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SPE1971-newspaper-ad_cropped.jpg/220px-SPE1971-newspaper-ad_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SPE1971-newspaper-ad_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper clipping of recruitment advertisement</figcaption></figure> <p>After Zimbardo received approval from the university to perform the experiment, study participants were recruited using an advertisement in the "help wanted" section of the <i>Palo Alto Times</i> and <i>The Stanford Daily</i> newspapers in August 1971: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Male college students needed for psychological study of prison life. $15 per day for 1–2 weeks beginning Aug. 14. For further information and applications, come to Room 248, Jordan Hall, Stanford U.</p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a seminar room with a large table. Eight white male people are sitting at the table filling out papers spread out on the table. Another white male is standing at the side observing them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg/220px-SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg/330px-SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg/440px-SPE1971-screening_applicants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Screening applicants</figcaption></figure> <p>Seventy-five men applied, and, after screening assessments and interviews, 24 were selected to participate in a two-week prison simulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applicants were predominantly white, middle-class, and appeared to be stable psychologically and healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group of subjects was selected intentionally to exclude those with criminal backgrounds, psychological impairments, or medical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Thomas Carnahan and Sam McFarland argued that those who applied to participate with the SPE already had traits associated with abusiveness. <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">right-wing authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">social dominance orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> would be high in those who volunteered for a prison experiment. Further, low dispositional <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> would also be indicators of someone who would volunteer.<sup id="cite_ref-revisitingSPE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisitingSPE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a random basis, half of the subjects were assigned the role of guard (nine plus three potential substitutes), and half were assigned to the role of prisoner (also nine plus three potential substitutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They agreed to participate for a 7- to 14-day period for $15 per day (roughly equivalent to $108 in 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney_Banks_Zimbardo_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_environment">Prison environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prison environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo taken through iron bars. Behind the bars, three people are lying on beds side by side, wearing identical white smocks with numbers on the chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg/220px-SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg/330px-SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg/440px-SPE1971-prisoners_in_bed_in-cell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners in bed in cell</figcaption></figure> <p>The day before the experiment began, small mock prison cells were arranged to hold three prisoners each. There was a small corridor for the prison yard, a closet for solitary confinement, and a bigger room across from the prisoners for the guards and <a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">warden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p><p>The experiment was performed in a 35 ft (11 m) section of the basement of Jordan Hall, Stanford's psychology building. The prison had two fabricated walls: one at the entrance and one at the cell wall to block observation. Each cell (7 ft × 10 ft or 2.1 m × 3.0 m) was unlit, was intended to house 3 prisoners and had a cot (with mattress, sheet, and pillow) for each prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were confined and were to stay in their cells and the yard all day and night until the study was finished.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> In contrast, the guards were to stay in a different environment, separate from the prisoners. The guards were given access to special areas for rest and relaxation, were told to work in teams of three for eight-hour shifts, and were not required to stay on-site after their shift.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zimbardo assumed the role of Superintendent, and an undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">research assistant</a>, David Jaffe, assumed the role of Warden.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digitized recordings available on the official SPE website were widely discussed in 2017, particularly one where warden David Jaffe tried to influence the behavior of one of the guards by encouraging him to participate more and be more "tough" for the benefit of the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmos2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmos2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orientation">Orientation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The researchers had an orientation session for the guards the day before the experiment began, during which the guards were instructed not to harm the prisoners physically or withhold food or drink, but to maintain law and order. The researchers provided the guards with wooden <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">batons</a> to establish their status, deindividuating clothing similar to that of an actual prison guard (khaki shirt and pants from a local <a href="/wiki/Military_surplus_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Military surplus store">military surplus store</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mirrored_sunglasses" title="Mirrored sunglasses">mirrored sunglasses</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">eye contact</a> and create anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p><p>Based on recordings from the experiment, guards were instructed by the researchers to refer to prisoners by number rather than by name. This, according to Zimbardo, was intended to diminish the prisoners' individuality.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no control, prisoners learned they had little effect on what happened to them, ultimately causing them to stop responding and give up.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zimbardo has explained that guard orientations in the prison system instructed the guards to exert power over the prisoners. Further, Zimbardo asserts that his fellow researcher explicitly instructed the guards not to inflict physical harm on the prisoners, but at the same time make the prisoners feel that they were in an actual prison.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Asking a person role-playing a guard in a prison simulation to be "firm" and "in the action" is mild compared to the pressure exerted by actual wardens and superior officers in real-life prison and military settings, where guards failing to participate fully can face disciplinary hearings, demotion, or dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demand_characteristics">Demand characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demand characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study was criticized in 2012 for <a href="/wiki/Demand_characteristics" title="Demand characteristics">demand characteristics</a> by psychologist Peter Gray, who argued that participants in psychological experiments are more likely to do what they believe the researchers want them to do, and specifically in the case of the SPE, "to act out their stereotyped views of what prisoners and guards do."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Ali Banuazizi and Siamak Movahedi argued that the behavior of the participants in the SPE was a result of demand characteristics and not the prison environment, that there is no single definition of prisoner behavior, and that participants were simply acting in the role in which they had been cast.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 Thibault Le Texier, a French researcher, in his book, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire d'un Mensonge</i></span> (<i>The History of a Lie</i>), questions the scientific validity and merit of the SPE.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further discussed his critiques in an article published by the APA in 2019. Le Texier asserts his arguments using testimonies of those participants who were assigned as guards. In his opinion, the sadism and submission displayed in the SPE was directly caused by Zimbardo's instructions to the guards and the guards' desire to please the researchers. In particular, he has established that the guards were asked directly to behave in certain ways in order to confirm Zimbardo's conclusions, which were largely written in advance of the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-LeTexier_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeTexier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Le Texier's article has been criticized by Zimbardo and colleagues for being mostly <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> and ignoring available data that contradicts his counterarguments.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Dutch historian <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Bregman" title="Rutger Bregman">Rutger Bregman</a> claimed the experiment to be dubious. He states that the guards were urged to act aggressively towards the prisoners. In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History" title="Humankind: A Hopeful History">Humankind: A Hopeful History</a></i>, he is of the opinion that in similar experiments researchers set up the experiments to create hostility between groups and then interpret the finding to suit their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participant guard David Eshelman acknowledged that his theater background lent itself well to his role as guard, that he purposely thought of new ways to demean the prisoners – on one shift, Eshelman instructed the prisoners to simulate sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimbardo has responded to this argument by stating that other guards acted similarly or engaged with Eshelman in the treatment of prisoners. While it is possible that one guard adopted his behavior from a movie (Eshelman identified with the warden in <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Hand_Luke" title="Cool Hand Luke">Cool Hand Luke</a></i>), others did not. Also, guards on a different shift than Eshelman, exacted similar acts of emotional and mental brutality. Zimbardo further argues that the behaviors of the participant guards were not unlike those of real-world prison atrocities or the actions taken by American soldiers in the Abu Ghraib prison.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the guards have stated since the SPE that they were intentionally acting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#BBC_prison_study">BBC prison study</a> has indicated the importance of direction, of the form displayed by Zimbardo when briefing guards in the Stanford experiment, in the emergence of tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carlo_Prescott_as_a_prison_consultant">Carlo Prescott as a prison consultant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carlo Prescott as a prison consultant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, an article was published by Carlo Prescott in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily" title="The Stanford Daily">The Stanford Daily</a></i>, explaining that the antagonistic tactics used by the guards were ones that he experienced during his time spent in San Quentin. He shared each one in detail with the researchers prior to the experiment. In Prescott's opinion, the participants with the experiment, having no experience as a prison guard, could not have acted in the ways they did unless they had been told of the explicit details of the actions they took.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zimbardo has stated that he believed that the article was not written by Prescott, but rather by the screenwriter and producer, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lazarou" title="Michael Lazarou">Michael Lazarou</a>, who had attempted unsuccessfully to get the movie rights to the story of the SPE. In Zimbardo's opinion, Prescott would not have written in such a legalistic way, and Zimbardo claims that, in telephone records and emails obtained by Brett Emory, the SPE movie's producer asserted Prescott was not the author.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturday,_August_14:_Set_up"><span id="Saturday.2C_August_14:_Set_up"></span>Saturday, August 14: Set up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Saturday, August 14: Set up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The small mock prison cells were set up, and the participants who had been assigned a guard role attended an orientation where they were briefed and given uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunday,_August_15:_Day_1"><span id="Sunday.2C_August_15:_Day_1"></span>Sunday, August 15: Day 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sunday, August 15: Day 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a person being arrested in the street by a policeman. The policeman is fixing the person's arms behind his back and pushing him towards a police car. One person kneeling at the side of the car is taking pictures. Two children in the foreground are watching the scene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg/220px-SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg/330px-SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg/440px-SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Arrest of prisoners</figcaption></figure> <p>The participants who had been assigned a prisoner role were mock-arrested by the local <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> police at their homes or assigned sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–5">: 2–5 </span></sup> The participants were intentionally not informed that they would be arrested, as the researchers wanted it to come as a surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a breach of the ethics of Zimbardo's own contract that all of the participants had signed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrest involved charging them with armed robbery and burglary, Penal Codes 211 and 459 respectively. The Palo Alto police department assisted Zimbardo's team with the simulated arrests and performed full booking procedures on the prisoners at the Palo Alto City police headquarters, which included warning of Miranda rights, <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprinting</a> and taking <a href="/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot">mug shots</a>. All of these actions were video-documented by a local San Francisco television station reporter using Zimbardo's car. Meanwhile, three guards prepared for the arrival of the inmates. The prisoners were then transported to the mock prison from the police station, sirens wailing. In the "Stanford County Jail" they were systematically <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip searched</a> and given their new identities (Inmate identification number) and uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–5">: 2–5 </span></sup> </p><p>Prisoners wore uncomfortable, ill-fitting smocks without any underwear and stocking caps, as well as a chain around one ankle. Guards were instructed to call prisoners by their assigned numbers, sewn on their uniforms, instead of by name, thereby dehumanizing prisoners. The prisoners were then greeted by the warden, who conveyed the seriousness of their offence and their new status as prisoners. With the rules of the prison presented to them, the inmates retired to their cells for the rest of the first day of the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–5">: 2–5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monday,_August_16:_Day_2"><span id="Monday.2C_August_16:_Day_2"></span>Monday, August 16: Day 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monday, August 16: Day 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several white male people lined up along a white wall. They are wearing identical white smocks with numbertags on their chests. Their hair is covered by nylon and cotton bonnets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg/220px-SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg/330px-SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg/440px-SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners lineup</figcaption></figure><p>Guards referred to prisoners by their identification numbers and confined them to their small cells. At 2:30 am the prisoners rebelled against guards' wake up calls of whistles and clanging of batons. Prisoners refused to leave their cells to eat in the yard, ripped off their inmate number tags, took off their stocking caps and insulted the guards. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="B/w photo of several white and one black person who are sitting at a table with a whiteboard on the wall behind. They are all looking to one white male person sitting at the table wearing a white t-shirt with a number on the chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg/220px-SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg/330px-SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg/440px-SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Parole hearing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The article doesn't mention the parole hearing (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In response, guards sprayed fire extinguishers at the prisoners to reassert control. The three back-up guards were called in to help regain control of the prison. Guards removed all of the prisoners' clothes, removed mattresses and sentenced the main instigators to time in the special detention unit. They attempted to dissuade any further rebellion using psychological warfare. One of the guards said to the other that, "these are dangerous prisoners".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–8">: 5–8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuesday,_August_17:_Day_3"><span id="Tuesday.2C_August_17:_Day_3"></span>Tuesday, August 17: Day 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tuesday, August 17: Day 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to restrict further acts of disobedience, the guards separated and rewarded prisoners who had minor roles in the rebellion. The three spent time in the "good" cell where they received clothing, beds, and food denied to the rest of the jail population. After an estimated 12 hours, the three returned to their old cells that lacked beds. </p><p>Guards were allowed to abuse their power to humiliate the inmates. They had the prisoners count off and do pushups arbitrarily, restricted access to the bathrooms, and forced them to relieve themselves in a bucket in their cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prisoner_8612">Prisoner 8612</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prisoner 8612"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first prisoner to leave the experiment was Douglas Korpi, prisoner 8612. After 36 hours, he had an apparent mental breakdown in which he yelled, "Jesus Christ, I'm burning up inside" and "I can't stand another night! I just can't take it anymore!" Upon seeing his suffering, research assistant Craig Haney released Korpi.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–11">: 8–11 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1992, in a documentary movie about the study, <i>Quiet Rage</i>, Korpi asserted that the prison experiment had deeply affected him, and that experience caused him to later become a prison psychologist.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a 2017 interview, Korpi stated that his breakdown had been fake, and that he did it only so that he could leave and return to studying for his Graduate Record Exam; he had originally thought that he could study while "imprisoned", but the "prison staff" would not allow him. Korpi expressed regret that he had not filed a false imprisonment charge at the time. </p><p>Zimbardo responded to this criticism in 2018. First, while this experiment has been criticized overall for its ethics, Zimbardo stated that he needed to treat the breakdown as real and release the prisoner. Further, Zimbardo believes Korpi's 2017 interview was a lie.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a white male person sitting in a seminar chair, bending over and hiding his face in his elbow. He is wearing a long white cotton smock and no pants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg/220px-SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg/330px-SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg/440px-SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Prisoner breaks down</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wednesday,_August_18:_Day_4"><span id="Wednesday.2C_August_18:_Day_4"></span>Wednesday, August 18: Day 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wednesday, August 18: Day 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witnessing that guards divide prisoners based on their good or rebellious behavior, the inmates started to distance themselves from one another. Rioters believed that other prisoners were snitches and vice versa. Other prisoners considered the rebels as a threat to the status quo since they wanted to have their sleeping cots and clothes again. </p><p>"Prisoner 819" began showing symptoms of distress: he began crying in his cell. A priest was brought in to speak with him, but the young man refused to talk with him and instead asked for a medical doctor. After hearing him cry, Zimbardo reassured him of his actual identity and removed the prisoner. When "Prisoner 819" was leaving, the guards cajoled the remaining inmates to loudly and repeatedly decry that "819 did a bad thing".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thursday,_August_19:_Day_5"><span id="Thursday.2C_August_19:_Day_5"></span>Thursday, August 19: Day 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Thursday, August 19: Day 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The day was scheduled for visitations by friends and family of the inmates in order to simulate the prison experience.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a white hallway with a plaque reading "Stanford County Prison". Two white male guards in uniforms wearing sunglasses walk along the hallway. One white male guard is sitting on top of a table in a corner in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg/220px-SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg/330px-SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg/440px-SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Guards walking in SPE yard</figcaption></figure> <p>Zimbardo and the guards made visitors wait for long periods of time to see their loved ones. Only two visitors could see any one prisoner and only for just ten minutes while a guard watched. Parents grew concerned about their sons' well-being and whether they had enough to eat. Some parents left with plans to contact lawyers to gain early release of their children. </p><p>On the same day, Zimbardo's colleague <a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a> arrived to check on the experiment and questioned Zimbardo about what the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Variable">independent variable</a> of the research was. <a href="/wiki/Christina_Maslach" title="Christina Maslach">Christina Maslach</a> also visited the prison that night and was distressed after observing the guards abusing the prisoners, forcing them to wear bags over their heads. She challenged Zimbardo about his lack of caring oversight and the immorality of the study. Finally, she made evident that Zimbardo had been changed by his role as Superintendent into someone she did not recognize and did not like. Her direct challenge, as well as the shared opinion from others, such as Curtis Banks (researcher), prompted Zimbardo to end the SPE the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–16">: 13–16 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friday,_August_20:_Day_6"><span id="Friday.2C_August_20:_Day_6"></span>Friday, August 20: Day 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Friday, August 20: Day 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971_Jaffe,_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of three white male people wearing shirts and ties talking to each other in front of a white wall. They are standíng beside a tape recording machine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg/220px-SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg/330px-SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg/440px-SPE1971_Jaffe%2C_Hanley_and_Zimbardo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>David Jaffe, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Haney" title="Craig Haney">Craig Haney</a> and Zimbardo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="B/w photograph of a group of male people dressed in casual shirts, sitting in a circle in a room looking in the same direction. The room is furnished with desks and a TV-set." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg/220px-SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg/330px-SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg/440px-SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Debriefing</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to Maslach's objections, the parents' concerns, and the increasing brutality exhibited by guards in the experiment, Zimbardo ended the study on day 6. Zimbardo gathered the participants (guards, prisoners, and researchers) to let them know that the experiment was over, and he arranged to pay them for the six days the experiment lasted. Zimbardo then met for several hours of informed debriefing first with all of the prisoners, then the guards, and finally everyone came together to share their experiences. Next, all participants were asked to complete a personal retrospective to be mailed to him subsequently. Finally, all participants were invited to return a week later to share their opinions and emotions. </p><p>Later, the physical components of the Stanford County Jail were taken down and out of the basement of Jordan Hall as the cells returned to their usual function as graduate student offices. Zimbardo and his graduate student research team, Craig Haney and Curtis Banks, began compiling the multiple sources of data that would be the basis for several articles they soon wrote, both about their experiment and for Zimbardo's later expanded and detailed review of the SPE in <i>The Lucifer Effect</i> (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–17">: 16–17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_reproducibility_of_results">Interpretation and reproducibility of results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interpretation and reproducibility of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Zimbardo's interpretation of the SPE, it demonstrated that the simulated-prison situation, rather than individual <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality traits</a>, caused the participants' behavior. Using this <a href="/wiki/Situational_attribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational attribution">situational attribution</a>, the results are compatible with those of the <a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a>, where participants complied with orders to administer seemingly dangerous and potentially lethal <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shocks</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">shill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorker_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have posited that the guards assumed aggressive roles due to encouragement from researchers rather than conforming to the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conclusions and observations drawn by the experimenters were largely <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a>, and the experiment is practically impossible for other researchers to <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproduce</a> accurately. In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> argued, as only a third of the guards displayed sadistic behaviors, SPE is more accurately an example of how a situation cannot influence a person's behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that there were generalizations in the experiment's results and argued that the personality of an individual does affect behavior when imprisoned. This ran counter to the study's conclusion that the prison situation itself controls the individual's behavior. Fromm also argued that the methods employed to screen participants could not determine the amount of sadism in the subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The experiment has also been used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to illustrate <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive dissonance theory">cognitive dissonance theory</a> and the power of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants' behavior may have been influenced by knowing that they were watched (<a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_effect" title="Hawthorne effect">Hawthorne effect</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being restrained by fear of an observer, guards may have behaved more aggressively when supervisors observing them did not restrain them.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorker_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have disputed the validity and merit of the research findings, arguing that the experiment was affected significantly by <a href="/wiki/Demand_characteristics" title="Demand characteristics">demand characteristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">selection bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revisitingSPE_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisitingSPE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BBC_prison_study">BBC prison study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: BBC prison study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologists <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Haslam">Alex Haslam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reicher" title="Steve Reicher">Steve Reicher</a> conducted the BBC Prison Study in 2002 to examine Zimbardo's themes of tyranny and resistance, and they published the results in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a partial replication of the SPE performed with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, which broadcast a documentary series about the SPE called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Experiment" title="The Experiment">The Experiment</a></i>. </p><p>As in the SPE, there was a makeshift prison, and all participants were male. Unlike the SPE's invitation to participate, Haslam and Reicher advertised their study as a university-backed social science experiment to be shown by television. Guards were not instructed on how to behave, only to figure out how to manage a prison.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those selected as prisoners were instructed to daily complete a questionnaire. Both prisoners and guards in this study wore microphones on their shirts, and cameras followed all participants' actions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their results and conclusions differed from Zimbardo's and resulted in a number of publications concerning tyranny, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>, and leadership. The results were published in major academic journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Social_Psychology" title="British Journal of Social Psychology">British Journal of Social Psychology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Psychology_Quarterly" title="Social Psychology Quarterly">Social Psychology Quarterly</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Social_Psychology_Review" title="Personality and Social Psychology Review">Personality and Social Psychology Review</a></i>. The BBC Prison Study has now been taught as a core study on the UK <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-level</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> OCR syllabus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Haslam and Reicher's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo's, their study casts further doubt on the generality of his conclusions. Specifically, it questions the notion that people slip mindlessly into roles. Their research also indicates to the importance of leadership in the emergence of tyranny of the type displayed by Zimbardo when briefing guards in the Stanford experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zimbardo initially regarded Haslam and Reicher's study as a reality show as both prisoner and guard knew they were being televised and probably over-acted in their role for the purpose of entertaining watchers of the documentary. He felt that there were definite similarities to reality shows: prisoners had a confessional to describe their feelings, and there were contests for the prisoners. Despite its dissimilarities, Zimbardo believes the results of the BBC study replicated his own in that the participants were affected by the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Zimbardo, Reicher, and Haslam issued a joint statement<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that both experiments were valid. They also agreed that behaviors observed in all participants could have been caused by more than the situation. They urged people to continue research into toxic behaviors, arguing that their studies were unique and need replications to demonstrate reliability and significance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One positive result of the study is that it has altered the way US prisons are managed. For example, juveniles accused of federal crimes are no longer housed before trial with adult prisoners, due to the risk of violence against them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source does not provide any elaboration on this claim. (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zimbardo submitted a statement to the 1971 <a href="/wiki/US_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="US House Committee on the Judiciary">US House Committee on the Judiciary</a> about the experiment's findings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_to_Abu_Ghraib">Comparisons to Abu Ghraib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparisons to Abu Ghraib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">acts of prisoner torture and abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq</a> were publicized in March 2004, Zimbardo was struck by the similarity with his own experiment. He was dismayed by official military and government representatives shifting the blame for the torture and abuses in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib</a> American military prison onto "a few <a href="/wiki/Bad_apples" title="Bad apples">bad apples</a>", rather than acknowledging the possibly systemic problems of a formally established military incarceration system.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimbardo was then quoted saying "I argue that we all have the capacity for love and evil—to be Mother Theresa, to be Hitler or Saddam Hussein. It's the situation that brings that out".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, Zimbardo became involved with the defense team of lawyers representing one of the Abu Ghraib prison guards, Staff Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Frederick" title="Ivan Frederick">Ivan "Chip" Frederick</a>. Zimbardo was granted full access to all investigation and background reports, and he testified as an <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> in Frederick's <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a>. The trial resulted in an eight-year prison sentence for Frederick in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zimbardo drew from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lucifer_Effect" title="The Lucifer Effect">The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil</a></i>, which deals with the similarities between his own Stanford prison experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian moviemaker <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Tuzii" title="Carlo Tuzii">Carlo Tuzii</a> was the first director to film a story based on the experiment when, in 1977, he directed the <a href="/wiki/TV_film" class="mw-redirect" title="TV film">television movie</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La gabbia</i></span> ('The cage'), for <a href="/wiki/Rai_1" title="Rai 1">Rai 1</a>. Tuzii's original story called for a group of twenty young people from various social backgrounds, who were divided randomly into "guards" and "prisoners" and instructed to spend one month on opposite sides of an enormously high gate, with <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> on top, built in the middle of a large park. Before principal photography started, however, some concerns from <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> executives forced Tuzii and the screenwriters to alter the script into a very similar story to the actual Stanford experiment, including the outcome. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Bos%C3%A9" title="Miguel Bosé">Miguel Bosé</a> featured as prisoner Carlo; <a href="/wiki/Progressive_pop" title="Progressive pop">progressive pop</a> music band <a href="/wiki/Pooh_(band)" title="Pooh (band)">Pooh</a> scored the movie and had a hit in Italy with a 7-inch edit of the theme tune.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2001 German-language movie <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Experiment" title="Das Experiment">Das Experiment</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Bleibtreu" title="Moritz Bleibtreu">Moritz Bleibtreu</a> is based on the experiment. It was remade in 2010 in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Experiment_(2010_film)" title="The Experiment (2010 film)">The Experiment</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was directed by Paul T. Scheuring and starred Adrien Brody, Forest Whitaker, Cam Gigandet, Clifton Collins, Jr., and Maggie Grace. </p><p>The 2015 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Prison_Experiment_(film)" title="The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)">The Stanford Prison Experiment</a></i> is based on the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Field" title="Mind Field">Mind Field</a></i>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stevens_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Stevens (educator)">Michael Stevens</a>, features an episode discussing the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Season 3, Episode 2 of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Mars" title="Veronica Mars">Veronica Mars</a></i>, entitled "<a href="/wiki/My_Big_Fat_Greek_Rush_Week" title="My Big Fat Greek Rush Week">My Big Fat Greek Rush Week</a>", a similar experiment is featured.<sup id="cite_ref-IGN_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGN-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a>, the fictional character Douglas Pavlicek is a prisoner in the experiment, an experience which influences later decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Season 15, Episode 10 of television show <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dad (TV series)">American Dad</a></i>, "American Data", Roger recruits Steve, Toshi, Snot and Barry into a similar experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Volume 10, Chapter 92 of <a href="/wiki/Prison_School" title="Prison School">Prison School</a>, Kate Takenomiya makes reference to and implements a similar scheme to the school's prison </p><p>In 2024, Hulu released a <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> three episode documentary series "The Sanford Prison Experiment: Unlocking the Truth" with first hand accounts of the original participants in the study.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_concerns">Ethical concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethical concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the guards' behavior allegedly resulted in dangerous and psychologically damaging situations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethical concerns about the experiment often draw comparisons to the <a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a>, performed ten years earlier in 1961 at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Milgram" title="Stanley Milgram">Stanley Milgram</a> studied obedience to authority.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorker_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the treatment that the guards were giving to the prisoners, the guards would become so absorbed into their role as a guard that they would emotionally, physically and mentally humiliate the prisoners: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Each prisoner was systematically searched and stripped naked. He was then deloused with a spray, to convey our belief that he may have germs or lice... Real male prisoners don't wear dresses, but real male prisoners do feel humiliated and do feel emasculated. Our goal was to produce similar effects quickly by putting men in a dress without any underclothes. Indeed, as soon as some of our prisoners were put in these uniforms they began to walk and to sit differently, and to hold themselves differently – more like a woman than like a man.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The experiment was perceived by many to involve questionable ethics, the most serious concern being that it was continued even after participants expressed their desire to withdraw. Despite the fact that participants were told they had the right to leave at any time, the researchers did not allow this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was only limited ethical oversight at the time, some aspects of the study were in contradiction of the contract that was signed with participants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the time of the SPE, <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_human_subject_research" title="Guidelines for human subject research">ethical guidelines for experiments involving human subjects</a> have become more strict.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stanford prison experiment resulted in the implementation of rules to preclude any harmful treatment of participants. Before they are implemented, human studies must now be reviewed by an <a href="/wiki/Institutional_review_board" title="Institutional review board">institutional review board</a> (US) or ethics committee (UK) and found to be in accordance with ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association or British Psychological Society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These guidelines involve the consideration of whether the potential benefit to science outweighs the possible risk for physical and psychological harm. </p><p>A post-experimental debriefing is now considered an important ethical consideration to ensure that participants are not harmed in any way by their experience in an experiment. Though the researchers did perform debriefing sessions, they were several years after the SPE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is there any particular reason why they chose to debrief them at that time? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By that time, numerous details were forgotten; nonetheless, Zimbardo has concluded from his follow-up research that participants experienced no lasting negative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This should be sourced directly to him if possible. (January 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Do others agree with his interpretation? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The American Psychological Association specifies that the debriefing process should occur as soon as possible to assess any psychological harm that may have been done and to rehabilitate participants if necessary. If there is an unavoidable delay in debriefing, the researcher is obligated to take measures to minimize harm.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_studies">Similar studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Similar studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Wave_(experiment)" title="The Third Wave (experiment)">The Third Wave experiment</a> involved the use of authoritarian dynamics similar to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> methods of mass control in a classroom setting by high school teacher <a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> with the goal of demonstrating vividly to the class how the German public in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> could have acted in the way it did.<sup id="cite_ref-wave_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wave-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the veracity of Jones' accounts has been questioned, several participants with the study have gone on record to confirm the events.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both experiments, participants found it difficult to leave the study due to the roles they were assigned. Both studies examine human nature and the effects of authority. Personalities of the subjects had little influence on both experiments despite the test before the prison experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Milgram and Zimbardo studies show clearly that participants conform to <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a> is strengthened by allowing some participants to feel more or less powerful than others.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both experiments, the people's behavior are altered to match the group stereotypes and shows that we conform to others passively, even if a particular subject is malevolent. It is clear that people's desire to be a good subject is much more prevalent than to be a subject that does good. </p><p>A 2007 study on prison-life examined the potential relationship between participant self-selection and the disposition toward aggressive behaviors. They found that when responding to an advertisement, participants "were significantly higher on measures of aggressiveness, authoritarianism, <a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a>, narcissism, and social dominance than those who responded to a parallel ad that omitted the words 'of prison life,' and they were significantly lower in dispositional empathy and altruism".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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"Stressing the group: social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a></i>. <b>91</b> (5): 1037–1052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.91.5.1037">10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16953766">16953766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14058651">14058651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Stressing+the+group%3A+social+identity+and+the+unfolding+dynamics+of+responses+to+stress&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1037-1052&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14058651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16953766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-9010.91.5.1037&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Reicher%2C+S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+prison+experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslamReicher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Haslam, S. 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G. (1971). "The power and pathology of imprisonment", <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> (Serial No. 15, 1971-10-25). Hearings before Subcommittee No. 3, of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">United States House Committee on the Judiciary</a>, Ninety-Second Congress, <i>First Session on Corrections, Part II, Prisons, Prison Reform and Prisoner's Rights: California.</i> Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.</li> <li>Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2007/3/30/understanding_how_good_people_turn_evil">Understanding How Good People Turn Evil</a>." Interview transcript. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>, March 30, 2007. Accessed January 17, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandezTriola2021" class="citation web cs1">Fernandez, Ismael; Triola, V. V. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/coast-to-coast-notes/analysis-of-a-study-of-prisoners-and-guards-in-a-simulated-prison-107b485b51ac">"Analysis of 'A Study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Medium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+%27A+Study+of+prisoners+and+guards+in+a+simulated+prison%27&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rft.au=Triola%2C+V.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fcoast-to-coast-notes%2Fanalysis-of-a-study-of-prisoners-and-guards-in-a-simulated-prison-107b485b51ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+prison+experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslamReicher2008" class="citation web cs1">Haslam, A.; Reicher, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcprisonstudy.org/faq.php?p=122">"Science and society: How has Zimbardo responded to our work?"</a>. <i>Bbcprisonstudy.org</i>. The BBC Prison Study.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbcprisonstudy.org&rft.atitle=Science+and+society%3A+How+has+Zimbardo+responded+to+our+work%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Reicher%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcprisonstudy.org%2Ffaq.php%3Fp%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+prison+experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.stanford.edu/jc730zt0628">"Quiet Rage"</a>. <i>purl.stanford.edu</i>. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Digital Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=purl.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Quiet+Rage&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Zimbardo&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.stanford.edu%2Fjc730zt0628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+prison+experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_prison_experiment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prisonexp.org/">The official website for Stanford Prison Experiment</a>, with extensive information on and materials used in the study, further reading and resources, and media links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7f59s371">Philip G. Zimbardo Papers (Stanford University Archives)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-menace-within">Interviews with guards, prisoners, and researchers in July/August 2011 <i>Stanford Magazine</i></a></li> <li>Zimbardo, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in-mind.org/special-issue/from-heavens-to-hells-to-heroes.html">From Heavens to Hells to Heroes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210094533/http://www.in-mind.org/special-issue/from-heavens-to-hells-to-heroes.html">Archived</a> December 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>In-Mind Magazine</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcprisonstudy.org">The official website of the BBC Prison Study</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford20050428-01.2.24&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">The Lie of the Stanford Prison Experiment</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily" title="The Stanford Daily">The Stanford Daily</a></i> (April 28, 2005), p. 4  – Criticism by Carlo Prescott, ex-con and consultant/assistant for the experiment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14564182">BBC news article – 40 years on, with video of Philip Zimbardo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/shocking-prison-study-40-years-later-what-happened-at-stanford/12/">Photographs</a> at cbsnews.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/6/14/17464516/stanford-prison-experiment-audio#:~:text=In%20the%20experiment%2C%20Stanford%20professor%20Philip%20Zimbardo%20assigned,are%20given%20power%20and%20others%20are%20denied%20it.">[1]</a> – Vox article detailing how the study is a sham</li></ul> <p><b>Abu Ghraib and the experiment</b>: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3683115.stm">BBC News: Is it in anyone to abuse a captive?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3700209.stm">BBC News: Why everyone's not a torturer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wais.stanford.edu/War/war_05152004.htm">Ronald Hilton: US soldiers' bad behavior and Stanford Prison Experiment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2100419/">Slate.com: Situationist Ethics: The Stanford Prison Experiment doesn't explain Abu Ghraib</a>, by William Saletan</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Prison overcrowding</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom and British overseas territories </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conformity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conformity" title="Template:Conformity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conformity" title="Template talk:Conformity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conformity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a 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title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">Idiosyncrasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_clown" title="Pueblo clown">Pueblo clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">Shock value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_ethics_cases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_ethics_cases" title="Template:Medical ethics cases"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Dax_Cowart" title="Dax Cowart">Dax Cowart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Nuvoli" title="Giovanni Nuvoli">Giovanni Nuvoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Rodriguez" title="Sue Rodriguez">Sue Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Sampedro" title="Ramón Sampedro">Ramón Sampedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piergiorgio_Welby" title="Piergiorgio Welby">Piergiorgio Welby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Euthanasia/<br />Withholding<br /> treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bedner" title="Andrew Bedner">Andrew Bedner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bland" title="Tony Bland">Tony Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brophy" title="Paul Brophy">Paul Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Carr" title="Carol Carr">Carol Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluana_Englaro" title="Eluana Englaro">Eluana Englaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Hartley" title="June Hartley">June Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Lambert">Vincent Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Latimer" title="Robert Latimer">Robert Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_M_(Australia)" title="Baby M (Australia)">Baby M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleigh_Poutre" title="Haleigh Poutre">Haleigh Poutre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Terri Schiavo">Terri Schiavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Taylor_(patient)" title="Gloria Taylor (patient)">Gloria Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Medical opinion against<br />parent/patient/guardian</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betancourt_v._Trinitas_Hospital" title="Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital">Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Twitchell" title="Commonwealth v. Twitchell">Commonwealth v. Twitchell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Dov_Brody" title="Mordechai Dov Brody">Mordechai Dov Brody</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantz_v._Coleman" title="Lantz v. Coleman">Lantz v. Coleman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfie_Evans_case" title="Alfie Evans case">Alfie Evans case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Battersbee_case" title="Archie Battersbee case">Archie Battersbee case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gard_case" title="Charlie Gard case">Charlie Gard case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhas_Habtegiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhas Habtegiris">Tirhas Habtegiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom_Houben" title="Rom Houben">Rom Houben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hudson_case" title="Sun Hudson case">Sun Hudson case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_K" title="Baby K">Baby K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashya_King_case" title="Ashya King case">Ashya King case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Koochin" title="Jesse Koochin">Jesse Koochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maraachli_case" title="Joseph Maraachli case">Joseph Maraachli case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahi_McMath_case" title="Jahi McMath case">Jahi McMath case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Murnaghan_lung_transplant_controversy" title="Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy">Sarah Murnaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Nikolouzos_case" title="Spiro Nikolouzos case">Spiro Nikolouzos case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug_case" title="Aruna Shanbaug case">Aruna Shanbaug case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vetter" title="David Vetter">David Vetter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a><br />to treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Treatment" title="Ashley Treatment">Ashley Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillick_competence" title="Gillick competence">Gillick competence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion's Case">Marion's Case</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital" title="Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital">Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_V%C3%B6lling" title="Christiane Völling">Christiane Völling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_v._Pfizer,_Inc." title="Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.">Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stevens" title="Albert Stevens">Albert Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kligman" title="Albert Kligman">Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Reimer" title="David Reimer">David Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sleep_therapy" title="Deep sleep therapy">Deep sleep therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala syphilis experiment">Guatemala syphilis experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">Human radiation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">J. Marion Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Gelsinger" title="Jesse Gelsinger">Jesse Gelsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Hamilton" title="Joseph Gilbert Hamilton">Joseph Gilbert Hamilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhouse:_A_Tragic_Tale_of_Megalomania_and_Modern_Medicine" title="Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine">Surgery to try to improve mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Apartheid" title="Medical Apartheid">Medical Experimentation on Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Study" title="Monster Study">Monster Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Radioactive iodine experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_Cancer_Study" title="Skid Row Cancer Study">Skid Row Cancer Study</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_329" title="Study 329">Study 329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plutonium_Files" title="The Plutonium Files">Plutonium injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_State_School" title="Willowbrook State School">Willowbrook State School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenberg_v._Miami_Children%27s_Hospital_Research_Institute" title="Greenberg v. 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