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id="toc-Initial_rebel_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_rebel_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Initial rebel attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_rebel_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Renewed offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2025:_Intensified_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2025:_Intensified_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 January 2025: Intensified hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2025:_Intensified_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goma_under_siege_and_escalation_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goma_under_siege_and_escalation_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Goma under siege and escalation of the conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goma_under_siege_and_escalation_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_displacement_camps,_civilian_casualties,_press_attacks,_and_infrastructure_disruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_displacement_camps,_civilian_casualties,_press_attacks,_and_infrastructure_disruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Attacks on displacement camps, civilian casualties, press attacks, and infrastructure disruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_displacement_camps,_civilian_casualties,_press_attacks,_and_infrastructure_disruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_for_Goma,_military_operations,_and_civil_unrest_in_Kinshasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_for_Goma,_military_operations,_and_civil_unrest_in_Kinshasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Battle for Goma, military operations, and civil unrest in Kinshasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_for_Goma,_military_operations,_and_civil_unrest_in_Kinshasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_in_Kalehe_Territory,_diplomatic_tensions,_advances_toward_Nyabibwe_and_humanitarian_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_in_Kalehe_Territory,_diplomatic_tensions,_advances_toward_Nyabibwe_and_humanitarian_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Offensive in Kalehe Territory, diplomatic tensions, advances toward Nyabibwe and humanitarian crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_in_Kalehe_Territory,_diplomatic_tensions,_advances_toward_Nyabibwe_and_humanitarian_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FARDC_counteroffensive_and_expansion_into_Kalehe_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FARDC_counteroffensive_and_expansion_into_Kalehe_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 FARDC counteroffensive and expansion into Kalehe Territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FARDC_counteroffensive_and_expansion_into_Kalehe_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_ceasefire;_strategic_decisions;_and_further_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_ceasefire;_strategic_decisions;_and_further_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.5 Calls for ceasefire; strategic decisions; and further advances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_ceasefire;_strategic_decisions;_and_further_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advances_on_Bukavu_and_surrounding_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advances_on_Bukavu_and_surrounding_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Advances on Bukavu and surrounding regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advances_on_Bukavu_and_surrounding_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_situation_and_renewed_offensives_in_Lubero,_Butembo_and_Kamanyola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_situation_and_renewed_offensives_in_Lubero,_Butembo_and_Kamanyola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Humanitarian situation and renewed offensives in Lubero, Butembo and Kamanyola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_situation_and_renewed_offensives_in_Lubero,_Butembo_and_Kamanyola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_in_Uvira_and_adjacent_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_in_Uvira_and_adjacent_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Conflict in Uvira and adjacent areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_in_Uvira_and_adjacent_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_impact_and_continued_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_impact_and_continued_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Humanitarian impact and continued conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_impact_and_continued_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_developments_and_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_developments_and_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Diplomatic developments and clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_developments_and_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_ramifications_and_Walikale_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_ramifications_and_Walikale_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 Diplomatic ramifications and Walikale offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_ramifications_and_Walikale_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rwandan_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwandan_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rwandan role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwandan_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_commercial_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_commercial_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Economic and commercial interests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_commercial_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_agreements_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_agreements_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 European Union agreements and controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_agreements_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_and_economic_rivalry_between_Rwanda_and_Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_and_economic_rivalry_between_Rwanda_and_Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Geopolitical and economic rivalry between Rwanda and Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_and_economic_rivalry_between_Rwanda_and_Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives_of_M23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives_of_M23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Motives of M23 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives_of_M23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">M23 rebel offensive in the DR Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the prior conflict, see <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion (2012–2013)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">M23 campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_Offensive_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/330px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/500px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M23_Offensive_Map.svg/960px-M23_Offensive_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="5000" /></a> Military situation as of 19 March 2025 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> and Nyatura's militia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and allied militias</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>27 March 2022 – present (2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">Conflict breaks out between Rwanda and the Congo</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <li>North Kivu: <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> captures centres of <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walikale_Territory" title="Walikale Territory">Walikale</a> territories as well as the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a></li> <li>South Kivu: M23 captures centres of <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walungu_Territory" title="Walungu Territory">Walungu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idjwi_Territory" title="Idjwi Territory">Idjwi</a> territories, as well as the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_River_Alliance" title="Congo River Alliance">Congo River Alliance</a> (from December 2023) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:M23_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/40px-M23_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/60px-M23_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a> <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twirwaneho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twirwaneho (page does not exist)">Twirwaneho</a> (from February 2025)<a href="#cite_note-:66-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/RED-Tabara" title="RED-Tabara">RED-Tabara</a> (from February 2025)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> Rushaba (from March 2025)<a href="#cite_note-Actualite13Mar-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, 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Congo</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor-9">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi_1_August-11">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><a href="#cite_note-SixMON-12">[11]</a> (until 2025)<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-SixMON-12">[11]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC Regional Force</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (from March 2022 until June 2022)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (August 2022<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-16">[15]</a>–2025<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (from November 2022)<a href="#cite_note-news24-18">[17]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (from December 2022)<a href="#cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-19">[18]</a> </li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/23px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/35px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_SADC.svg/45px-Flag_of_SADC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> <a href="/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="SADC Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Mission in DRC</a> (until 2025)<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/40px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flagge_FDLR.svg/60px-Flagge_FDLR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">Wazalendo</a>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NDCRflag.svg/23px-NDCRflag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NDCRflag.svg/35px-NDCRflag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/NDCRflag.svg/45px-NDCRflag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" title="Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated">Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Pro-government <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahati-21">[20]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Pro-government Nyatura factions<a href="#cite_note-Bahati-21">[20]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">APCLS</a><a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-22">[21]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/File:M23_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/40px-M23_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/60px-M23_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a><a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etahoben-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:M23_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/40px-M23_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/60px-M23_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:M23_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/40px-M23_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/M23_Logo.png/60px-M23_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mboneza" title="Yusuf Mboneza">Yusuf Mboneza</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-umuseke-28">[27]</a> Léon Kanyamibwa<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President of DR Congo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Pacifique Masunzu<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> (3rd Defence Zone commander) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cirimwami_Nkuba" title="Peter Cirimwami Nkuba">Peter Cirimwami Nkuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> (North Kivu military governor since September 2023) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Clément Bitangalo Bulime<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a> ("Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu" commander from 6 July) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Philémon Yav Irung<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a> (32nd Military Region commander) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constant_Ndima_Kongba" title="Constant Ndima Kongba">Constant Ndima Kongba</a> (North Kivu military governor until September 2023)<a href="#cite_note-rfi2023-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Muhindo Lwanzo<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> (Rutshuru Territory military chief aide) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> (North Kivu deputy police commander) <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Jeff Mungai Nyagah<a href="#cite_note-Nyagah-34">[33]</a> (EAC-RF commander until April 2023) <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community"><img alt="East African Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_East_African_Community_%28no_logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Alphaxard Kiugu<a href="#cite_note-Alphaxard_Kiugu_App-35">[34]</a> (EAC-RF commander from April 2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> M23 forces <ul><li>Bisimwa faction<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-25">[24]</a> (Revolutionary Army of Congo)<a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a></li> <li>Makenga faction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-37">[36]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Force" title="Rwandan Defence Force">Rwandan Defence Force</a> (denied by Rwanda)<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters_voa-38">[37]</a> <ul><li>401st Battalion<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-39">[38]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> DR Congo forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces (FARDC)</a> <ul><li>Operations sector "Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu"<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <ul><li>32nd Military Region<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-DefensePost2-41">[40]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Republican Guard</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Congolese National Police</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor2-42">[41]</a></li> <li>Pro-government militias<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-43">[42]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Regional Force</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-16">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF)<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> <ul><li>25th Battalion<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a></li> <li>35th Battalion<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Rebels: 100–200+ (March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a> 400+ (May 2022)<a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a> 6,000+ (January 2025)<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Rwanda: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3,000–4,000<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> Unknown <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 2900<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 900+<a href="#cite_note-news24-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> 750<a href="#cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 helicopter shot down <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2022_MONUSCO_helicopter_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 MONUSCO helicopter crash">1 helicopter shot down</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> 29 killed<a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li>30,000 civilians displaced to Uganda<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></li> <li>2.5 million displaced in total (as of July 8, 2024)<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></li> <li>7,000 killed (Jan 23 - Feb 24)<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_DR_Congo23270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>Background</li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">during WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Kivu_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Kivu uprising">1944 Kivu uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congo_Crisis2570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragon_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragon Noir (page does not exist)">Dragon Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant">White Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales">Violettes Imperiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_South" title="Operation South">South</a></li></ul></li> Other major events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Shaba_Invasions544" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#Shaba_Invasions" title="Angolan Civil War">Shaba Invasions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolwezi" title="Battle of Kolwezi">Battle of Kolwezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact_of_1979" title="Non-aggression pact of 1979">Non-aggression pact of 1979</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="First_Congo_War1612" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Background</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaba Invasions">Shaba Invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Uganda_(1986%E2%80%931994)" title="War in Uganda (1986–1994)">War in Uganda (1986–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zaire_unrest" title="1991 Zaire unrest">1991 Zaire unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Habyarimana">Assassination of Habyarimana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>War</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">Formation of the AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lubumbashi" title="Capture of Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsangani_(1997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsangani (1997)">Kinsangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#Overthrow" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Overthrow of Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Ascension of Laurent Kabila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Second_Congo_War4554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitona" title="Operation Kitona">Operation Kitona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbadolite_Agreement" title="Gbadolite Agreement">Gbadolite Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(2000)" title="Six-Day War (2000)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_massacre" title="Kisangani massacre">Kisangani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">ICC investigation</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ituri_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Ituri Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ituri_conflict1215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">North Night Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabho_attack" title="Marabho attack">Marabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndjala_massacre" title="Ndjala massacre">Ndjala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2020_Ituri_offensive" title="October 2020 Ituri offensive">October 2020 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_and_Tchabi_massacres" title="Boga and Tchabi massacres">Boga and Tchabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_Savo_massacre" title="Plaine Savo massacre">Plaine Savo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamamba_and_Mbogi_mass_graves" title="Nyamamba and Mbogi mass graves">Nyamamba and Mbogi</a></li> <dl><dt>Response</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484">UN 1484</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kivu_Conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kivu Conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kivu_conflict3488" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:98%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasika_massacre" title="Kasika massacre">Kasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makombo_massacre" title="Makombo massacre">Makombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Kivu_offensive" title="2014 North Kivu offensive">2014 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_CNPSC_offensive" title="2017 CNPSC offensive">2017 CNPSC offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uvira_clashes" title="2017 Uvira clashes">Uvira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2020_Oicha_massacres" title="January 2020 Oicha massacres">Oicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2020_Virunga_National_Park_massacre" title="April 2020 Virunga National Park massacre">Virunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kangbayi_prison_break" title="2020 Kangbayi prison break">Kangbayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisasa_massacre" title="Lisasa massacre">Lisasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwe_massacre" title="Tingwe massacre">Tingwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2021–2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2021–2024 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mwenda_massacre" title="Mwenda massacre">Mwenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bulongo_massacre" title="2021 Bulongo massacre">Bulongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimoya_highway_massacre" title="Maimoya highway massacre">Maimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasanzi_attack" title="Kasanzi attack">Kasanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makutano_massacre" title="Makutano massacre">Makutano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagogo_ambush" title="Kagogo ambush">Kagogo ambush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="First Battle of Kitshanga">1st Kitshanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kitshanga" title="Second Battle of Kitshanga">2nd Kitshanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">Goma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive" title="2025 Bukavu offensive">Bukavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Uvira_offensive" title="2025 Uvira offensive">2nd Uvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Butembo_offensive" title="2025 Butembo offensive">Butembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Walikale_offensive" title="2025 Walikale offensive">Walikale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masambo_attack" title="Masambo attack">Masambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomabere_attack" title="Otomabere attack">Otomabere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_North_Kivu_attacks" title="August 2022 North Kivu attacks">2022 North Kivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasindi_church_bombing" title="Kasindi church bombing">Kasindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makugwe_massacre" title="Makugwe massacre">Makugwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukondi_massacre" title="Mukondi massacre">Mukondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirindera_massacre" title="Kirindera massacre">Kirindera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasanga_massacre" title="Kasanga massacre">Kasanga</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other1236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">2011 coup d'etat attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks" title="December 2013 Kinshasa attacks">2013 Kinshasa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers in the Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The M23 campaign is an ongoing series of <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">military offensives</a> launched by the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> (M23), a Rwandan-backed rebel paramilitary group in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, since March 2022. In November 2021, the M23 first launched attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese military</a> (FARDC) and <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>, seizing military positions in Ndiza, Cyanzu, and Runyoni in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-55">[53]</a> This coincided with the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF) to the region to combat the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF), a Ugandan rebel group operating in the Congo's North Kivu and <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a> provinces.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The conflict escalated between March and June 2022, as M23 overran key areas in <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a>, including the strategic border town of <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, forcing Congolese soldiers to flee into Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> Uganda alleged that <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> orchestrated the offensive to undermine UPDF operations against the ADF, while Rwanda counterclaimed that Uganda was leveraging M23 elements to threaten its national security.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The DRC accused Rwanda of provisioning armaments and reorganizing the insurgency, a claim substantiated by a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> Group of Experts report.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Rwanda and M23, in turn, accused the DRC of collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR) and claimed their campaign aimed to protect <a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> from FDLR aggression.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> A UNSC report noted that Rwandan military incursions into Congolese territory had begun prior to alleged FARDC-FDLR cooperation, with analysts posited that M23's resurgence was primarily driven by economic and commercial interests rather than ethno-political or security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-StearnsAug2022-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The conflict drew regional involvement, leading the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) to deploy the East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) to stabilize the situation.<a href="#cite_note-:922-64">[62]</a> On 26 January 2023, M23 captured <a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitchanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:92322-65">[63]</a> Exasperated by the perceived inaction of the EACRF, the Congolese government sought military assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC) and established a reserve corps, which encouraged the formation of militias under the <a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Wazalendo">Wazalendo</a> movement near M23-controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-:923222-66">[64]</a> In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> documented widespread human rights abuses by M23, including <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, with allegations of Rwandan complicity.<a href="#cite_note-:63-67">[65]</a> The UNSC subsequently called for sanctions against M23 leaders and implicated high-ranking Rwandan officials in the violence.<a href="#cite_note-:63-67">[65]</a> By March 2024, M23 had launched further offensives, including a northern push into Rutshuru Territory, capturing <a href="/wiki/Rwindi" title="Rwindi">Rwindi</a> and the Vitshumbi fishery along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Edward" title="Lake Edward">Lake Edward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-68">[66]</a> An April UNSC-commissioned report estimated that between 3,000 and 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Force" title="Rwandan Defence Force">Rwandan Defence Force</a> (RDF) troops were present in eastern DRC, surpassing the estimated 3,000 M23 combatants.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fr24Jul9-69">[67]</a> In June 2024, M23 and RDF forces seized <a href="/wiki/Kanyabayonga" title="Kanyabayonga">Kanyabayonga</a> and Kirumba and entering <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:9232222-68">[66]</a> Diplomatic efforts, led by Angolan President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a>, faltered after President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> failed to attend a tripartite summit in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> on 15 December, which was meant to address the FDLR issue alongside President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> and President Lourenço.<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius2024-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bendhaou-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:210-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:310-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:410-74">[72]</a> Rwanda's absence fueled suspicions that its involvement in eastern DRC was driven primarily by economic interests, particularly access to <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">mineral resources</a>, rather than security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:923-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lagarde2025-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Beginning in January 2025, M23 began making major advances towards <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>, the provincial capitals of <a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">North Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">South Kivu</a>, with alleged Rwandan backing, intensifying <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">growing tensions</a> between the two nations. By 30 January, M23 had <a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">captured all of Goma</a> and began an advance towards Bukavu, <a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive" title="2025 Bukavu offensive">capturing the town</a> by 16 February. Following the capture of Goma, M23 announced their intentions to march on <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion (2012–2013)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_in_Goma.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/220px-M23_in_Goma.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/330px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/440px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, November 2012</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">rebellion</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) from 2012 to 2013. M23 was formed by deserters of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People" title="National Congress for the Defence of the People">National Congress for the Defence of the People</a> (CNDP), who had integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (FARDC) following a 2009 peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> The agreement, which was negotiated after the arrest of CNDP leader General <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>, included provisions for prisoner releases, CNDP's transformation into a political party, refugee reintegration, and the incorporation of CNDP members into government institutions and the national army.<a href="#cite_note-:411-79">[77]</a> However, resistance from local communities—who viewed CNDP leaders as perpetrators of crimes—hindered the full implementation of these measures.<a href="#cite_note-:411-79">[77]</a> Ex-CNDP fighters within the military were accused of exploiting their positions for illegal mineral trade. The rebellion formally commenced on 6 May 2012, culminating in clashes with the Congolese army and the <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (MONUSCO).<a href="#cite_note-:411-79">[77]</a> Both the CNDP as well as the March 23 Movement's first rebellion were supported by Rwanda and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> accused M23 of committing war crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">sexual violence</a>, and forced recruitment, and suggested that some Rwandan officials were complicit due to their continued support for M23 operations.<a href="#cite_note-:411-79">[77]</a> The uprising was defeated by a joint campaign of the DRC and MONUSCO force. After agreeing to a peace deal, M23 was largely dismantled, its fighters disarmed and moved into refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> Despite the agreement, hostilities between M23 and the DR Congo continued. In 2017, M23 commander <a href="/wiki/Sultani_Makenga" title="Sultani Makenga">Sultani Makenga</a> and about 100 to 200 of his followers fled from Uganda to resume their insurgency, setting up camp at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mikeno" title="Mount Mikeno">Mount Mikeno</a> in the border area between Rwanda, Uganda, and the DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210-82">[80]</a> On 7 November 2021, Makenga's troops carried out a small-scale attack on FARDC positions in Ndiza, Cyanzu, and Runyoni, resulting in four fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-55">[53]</a> However, this offensive had little impact, as M23 no longer received significant international support. That same month, Uganda and the DRC had greatly improved their relations, cooperating against a common enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-42">[41]</a> In early 2022, a growing number of M23 combatants began leaving their camps and moving back to the DRC;<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> the rebel movement launched more attacks in February 2022, but these were repelled.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> The M23 leadership argued that parts of their movement had resumed the insurgency because the conditions of the 2013 peace deal were not being honored by the DRC government.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> The rebels also argued that they were attempting to defend Kivu's <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> minority from attacks by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR),<a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-23">[22]</a> although critics pointed out that the FDLR no longer posed a substantial threat and that M23 operations had commenced before FARDC-FDLR cooperation intensified.<a href="#cite_note-Bashi2022-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-StearnsAug2022-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Meanwhile, Ugandan authorities accused Rwanda of reigniting M23's insurgency after its economic interests in the DRC were disrupted.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Earlier, in June 2021, Presidents <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> signed an agreement permitting Dither Ltd—allegedly linked to the Rwandan military—to refine gold extracted by <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Aurif%C3%A8re_du_Kivu_et_du_Maniema" title="Société Aurifère du Kivu et du Maniema">Sakima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> This deal was seen as an effort to cut off funding for armed groups profiting from mineral smuggling. However, as allegations of Rwandan backing for M23 grew, the DRC suspended the agreement in early June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The situation was further complicated by the factionalism within M23, as the movement was split into rival groups, namely the "Alliance for the Salvation of the People" headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Runiga" title="Jean-Marie Runiga">Jean-Marie Runiga</a>, and the "Revolutionary Army of Congo" of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a> In addition, Makenga's group was de facto separate from the other M23 forces which were still mainly based in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202210,_15-37">[36]</a> Later research organized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> suggested that Makenga's return to an insurgency had started the gradual rearmament and restoration of M23, with Bisimwa's "Revolutionary Army of Congo" joining these efforts in late 2021 by reorganizing its remaining fighters and recruiting new ones in cooperation with Makenga. The headquarters of the restored M23 is believed to be located at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sabyinyo" title="Mount Sabyinyo">Mount Sabyinyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a> By 2022, M23 was just one of 120 armed groups that operated in the eastern DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-42">[41]</a> Before March 2022, the Congolese government made attempts to reinforce its position against the resurgent M23 by sending more troops. However, such measures weakened its presence in other areas, such as those affected by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politico-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offensive">Offensive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_rebel_attacks">Initial rebel attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial rebel attacks">edit</a>]</div> In the night of 27 March 2022, M23 rebels launched a new offensive in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben2-84">[82]</a> first attacking the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshanzu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshanzu (page does not exist)">Tshanzu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Runyoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runyoni (page does not exist)">Runyoni</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-85">[83]</a> from their strongholds at the surrounding hills.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> The two villages had been important strongholds of the M23 Movement during the 2012–13 rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-85">[83]</a> The rebel attack was reportedly led by Sultani Makenga.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> The DRC government claimed that <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> supported the insurgent operation, a claim which was denied by the Rwandan government<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> and the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> researcher Onesphore Sematumba argued that claims about Rwandan aid were believable. He suggested that the resurgence of M23 was probably influenced by Rwanda's wish to stop an infrastructure project that would link the DR Congo and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-Schwikowski-60">[58]</a> On 29 March, the FARDC was able to repel a rebel attack against the border town of <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>, but M23 captured several villages, including Mugingo, Gasiza, Chengerero, Rugamba, Kibote, Baseke and Kabindi.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben2-84">[82]</a> In addition, a UN helicopter <a href="/wiki/2022_MONUSCO_helicopter_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 MONUSCO helicopter crash">crashed at Tshanzu</a>, killing eight MONUSCO peacekeepers (six Pakistanis, a Russian, and a Serbian). The FARDC blamed M23 rebels for shooting down the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-86">[84]</a> At Bunagana, the FARDC received support by the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda People's Defence Force</a> (UPDF). UPDF ground forces crossed the border, while Ugandan aircraft bombed the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a> By 1 April, the clashes at Rutshuru had displaced 46,000 locals according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Meanwhile, the M23 fighters temporarily retreated to their mountain bases, with their first attacks being regarded as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> They proclaimed a unilateral ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etahoben3-88">[86]</a> One ex-M23 officer told the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">taz</a> that it was entirely unclear what the rebel offensive was trying to achieve, with him speculating that Makenga was possibly hoping for one last battle to die in his homeland.<a href="#cite_note-schlindwein-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_peace_talks_and_resumption_of_fighting">Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict</a></div> On 6 April, the FARDC rejected any negotiations with the M23 forces based in the DR Congo, and started a counter-attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-86">[84]</a> Four days later, M23 announced that it would withdraw its troops from any villages captured during the earlier clashes.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben3-88">[86]</a> However, as the fighting raged on, FARDC increasingly lost ground to the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG202211-86">[84]</a> In late April, the DRC government and several rebel groups held peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> but the Bisimwa faction of M23 voluntarily left<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-25">[24]</a> or was expelled from the negotiations due to the ongoing clashes in North Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-23">[22]</a> M23 forces, reportedly led by Makenga<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> and including the Bisimwa faction,<a href="#cite_note-Karuhanga-25">[24]</a> restarted their offensive in May.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> This operation was reportedly supported by at least 1,000 Rwandan soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> According to a local, M23 overran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kibumba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibumba (page does not exist)">Kibumba</a> on 18 May.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-43">[42]</a> On 19 May, M23 rebels attacked MONUSCO peacekeepers at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shangi (page does not exist)">Shangi</a>, Rutshuru Territory, as the latter joined the FARDC in counter-insurgency operations. The rebel leadership declared that the attack was in response to a previous joint FARDC-FDLR operation.<a href="#cite_note-africa_news_23_May-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[c]</a> From 22 May, the rebels attempted to advance on North Kivu's provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> displacing 70,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-90">[87]</a> From 22 to 23 May, a battle raged at Kibumba, while the insurgents temporarily seized <a href="/wiki/Rumangabo" title="Rumangabo">Rumangabo</a> before it was retaken by the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26_May-43">[42]</a> According to independent researchers, the insurgents were supported by Rwandan soldiers during the battle for Rumangabo.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> On 25 May, M23 reached Goma's outskirts,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> but were repelled by MONUSCO, FARDC,<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-90">[87]</a> and the FDLR<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> after heavy fighting. The insurgents subsequently retreated, and there was a pause in fighting for the rest of the month.<a href="#cite_note-yusuf-90">[87]</a> At this point, the FARDC accused the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda Defence Force</a> (RDF) of fighting directly alongside the rebels, claiming that local <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantes</a> had captured two Rwandan soldiers. On the other side, Rwanda claimed that the DR Congo had fired rockets into its territory, was aided by the FDLR,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> and had "abducted" the two RDF soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-9">[8]</a> The fighting also stoked local ethnic tensions; North Kivu's deputy police commander, Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang, released a video urging civilians to organize as militiamen to combat M23 in a "people's war".<a href="#cite_note-HRW-24">[23]</a> The FARDC also armed existing local militias so that they could assist in the campaign against M23.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Bunagana,_further_rebel_advances,_and_pro-government_counter-attacks">Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23offensive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/250px-M23offensive.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/375px-M23offensive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/M23offensive.png/500px-M23offensive.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Map of the initial <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> offensive</figcaption></figure> By early June, clashes again took place at Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_voa-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-yusuf-90">[87]</a> M23 militants reportedly attacked a MONUSCO force at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhati (page does not exist)">Muhati</a>, Rutshuru Territory, on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-9">[8]</a> On 12 June, the FARDC repelled another M23 attack on Bunagana, coinciding with the visit of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe of Belgium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Unlike the previous attack on Bunagana, however, the Ugandan security forces across the border did not intervene and instead retreated from the hills overlooking the town.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a> M23 captured Bunagana on the following day, reportedly after encircling it and thus forcing the local garrison<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-92">[89]</a> of 137 soldiers and 37 police officers to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kisoro" title="Kisoro">Kisoro</a> in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> There, they surrendered to the local Ugandan security forces. Many civilians also fled across the border.<a href="#cite_note-monitor2-42">[41]</a> Later, the commanders of the Bunagana garrison, Colonels Ndyadya and Lobo, and the regional sector commander, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cirimwami_Nkuba" title="Peter Cirimwami Nkuba">Peter Cirimwami Nkuba</a>, accused each other of having given the order to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> North Kivu's military governor <a href="/wiki/Constant_Ndima_Kongba" title="Constant Ndima Kongba">Constant Ndima Kongba</a> initially denied that the FARDC had lost the city,<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-92">[89]</a> but the FARDC spokesman Sylvain Ekenge later declared that the fall of Bunagana constituted "no less than an invasion" by Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Tensions between Rwanda and the DR Congo consequently continued to escalate, as the latter suspended "all agreements" with the former.<a href="#cite_note-monitor4-96">[93]</a> At this point, two senior Congolese security sources<a href="#cite_note-reuters_13_June-92">[89]</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese parliament</a> also accused Uganda of supporting the rebel offensive. The Congolese parliamentarians claimed that the Ugandan retreat before the rebel attack had facilitated the takeover, and specifically singled out <a href="/wiki/Muhoozi_Kainerugaba" title="Muhoozi Kainerugaba">Muhoozi Kainerugaba</a>, head of the Ugandan troops involved in Operation Shujaa, for supporting M23. The DR Congo proceeded to terminate the military cooperation with Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a> The Ugandan government subsequently halted Operation Shujaa, while the Ugandan military claimed that M23's latest attacks did not pose a threat to Ugandan citizens and equipment, making an intervention on their part unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-monitor4-96">[93]</a> The local MONUSCO leadership stated that the claims about the Ugandan support for M23 were "nonsense" and called for calm and cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">Kenyan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> reacted to the fall of Bunagana and the growing regional tensions by calling for the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC) to "immediate[ly]" organize a new <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping mission</a> called the "East African Regional Force" to restore security in the eastern DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Meanwhile, MONUSCO began to prepare its local troops to support the efforts of the Congolese security forces to retake the city.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> FARDC troops belonging to operations sector "Sokola 2" launched an attack from Kabindi on 16 June,<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> and later claimed that they had recaptured Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> However, the city was reportedly still in rebel hands on the following day, with heavy fighting taking place to its west.<a href="#cite_note-monitor3-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> M23 reportedly counter-attacked, capturing the town of Tshengerero<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> and the villages of Bugusa, Kabindi and Rangira. The insurgents were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a>, and shot down a FARDC helicopter.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Fighting had also spread into the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>. Environmentalists pointed out that this threatened the survival of the local <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorillas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> The renewed advances of M23 were reportedly part of a plan by Sultani Makenga to cut off and eventually capture Goma, hoping to extract political concessions from the Congolese government in this way.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> By 18–19 June, the frontline had stabilized along the Rutshuru-Bunagana axis. Combined FARDC-MONUSCO forces still held settlements in the direct vicinity of Tshengerero such as Ntamugenga and Rwanguba, including the latter's important bridge.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi-108">[105]</a> Fighting shifted to the Runyoni-Rumangabo axis, where clashes were reported at the villages of Kavumu and Bikenge.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi-108">[105]</a> Meanwhile, an EAC meeting was organized in Nairobi to discuss the diplomatic tensions between the DR Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as the deployment of a new peacekeeping force in reaction to the M23 attacks. The DRC government declared that it would welcome an EAC peacekeeping mission, but only under the condition of Rwanda's exclusion from the operation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The EAC subsequently called on M23 to retreat from Bunagana<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> as precondition for a ceasefire, but the insurgents rejected the order.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Instead, M23 reopened the Bunagana border post under its own administration,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> whereupon North Kivu's government forbid the import and export of goods through rebel-held territory.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-government_forces_retake_territory_and_stalemate">Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pro-government forces retake territory and stalemate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/220px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/330px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg/440px-PHOTO_DU_JOUR_DU_SAMEDI_3_JUILLET_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> on a long-range patrol to protect civilians from <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a> </figcaption></figure> From 19 to 22 June, clashes continued as M23 attempted to break through FARDC defense positions. At first, the rebels assaulted villages along the southern axis, but were repelled at Karambi, Kitagoma and Kitovu, Bweza, and Busanza. They subsequently focused on Bikenge, Ruvumu, Shangi, and Bukima, overrunning the villages before the FARDC organized a counter-attack. The military was able to retake most of these settlements, though Ruvumu, Buharo, and Rutokara reportedly remained rebel-held. Overall, the pro-government forces generally held their positions, but the rebel assaults increasingly threatened the Matebe-Rwanguba axis.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that 17 civilians, including two children, had been <a href="/wiki/Summarily_executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Summarily executed">summarily executed</a> on 21 June by the M23 for suspected collaboration with the FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> According to the newspaper Eco News, the FARDC reportedly inflicted a defeat on M23 at the Runyoni frontline around this time, wounding Sultani Makenga and killing another rebel commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Mboneza" title="Yusuf Mboneza">Yusuf Mboneza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi2-27">[26]</a> Mboneza's death was later disputed by pro-M23 sources.<a href="#cite_note-umuseke-28">[27]</a> There was a lull in fighting from 24 to 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Combat resumed on 28 June, as rebels attacked FARDC positions at Bushandaba, Ruseke and the strategic hill of Bikona.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Pro-government forces, consisting of the military and police, counter-attacked, and retook the villages of Nkokwe, Ruvumu, Rugarama, Rutakara, Ntamugenga and Rutsiro.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> On 29 June, the FARDC continued its advance, capturing Kabindi and Chengerero, though M23 militants countered by attacking Rutsiro.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> On 1 July, the FARDC claimed to had won a major victory over M23 and allied Rwandan troops after heavy fighting at Rutsiro, Ntamugenga and Nyabikona,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> completely evicting the insurgents from the Bweza <a href="/wiki/Groupings_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupings of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">grouping (groupement)</a> in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Clashes continued at Bikenge and Ruseke on 4 July, as the FARDC repelled M23 assaults.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> On 6 July, the FARDC reorganized the leadership of the forces opposing M23 to improve their efficiency;<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a> in addition, Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> and the Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi held a meeting on the same day. According to the Congolese side, a ceasefire and the withdrawal of M23 from Congolese soil was agreed upon. Instead of adhering to this agreement, the rebels attacked Kanyabusoro and Rwanguba on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Over the next days, clashes continued at various villages in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, as M23 attempted to retake territory.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> At the same time, however, combat died down along other parts of the frontline.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In the following days, combat largely ceased in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, but fighting erupted in the Kisigari groupement and at two important hills near Rumangabo.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Heavy fighting also took place in the Bashali-Mukoto groupement of <a href="/wiki/Bashali_Chiefdom" title="Bashali Chiefdom">Bashali Chiefdom</a>, as two "<a href="/wiki/Nyatura" title="Nyatura">Nyatura</a>" factions clashed. One of them was a "dissident" group led by Jean-Marie Nyatura who was considered close to M23; Jean-Marie Nyatura's force attempted to capture several villages before being evicted from most of them by its local rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Nyatura-130">[127]</a> After this point, there was again a lull in fighting.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Negotiations continued between Rwanda and the DR Congo under international mediation, though little progress was made.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> On 14 July, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni made another attempt at convincing M23 and the Congolese government to organize a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Meanwhile, MONUSCO and the FARDC announced that they were shifting forces from other areas to prepare for an operation to fully push M23 back.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> On 18 July, Congolese government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muyaya_Katembwe" title="Patrick Muyaya Katembwe">Patrick Muyaya Katembwe</a> reaffirmed that any negotiations with the rebels depended on M23 retreating from its occupied territory beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/220px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/330px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png/440px-Anti-MONUSCO_protests_in_Goma_in_July_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, July 2022</figcaption></figure> By the end of July, M23 was installing its own officials in the occupied territories and raised a tax.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Violent protests</a> also erupted in Goma and other eastern Congolese cities, with civilians attacking MONUSCO members and buildings, accusing the organization of inaction in the face of the ongoing regional rebellions. Protesters, MONUSCO peacekeepers, and bystanders were killed during the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_North_Africa_Post" title="The North Africa Post">The North Africa Post</a> alleged that the rebels had used the protests as cover for attacks, and had been involved in an attack on Moroccan peacekeepers at Nyamilima.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> One MONUSCO soldier was killed in a direct clash with M23 at Bunagana.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> On 27 July, fighting between M23 and FARDC resumed at Kabingo, Rutshuru, as the rebels attempted to harvest the crops planted by locals but were confronted by government soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> On 2 August, the rebels and FARDC fought at five villages in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> In the following weeks, however, a truce held along the frontline. This was condemned by many local civilians who argued that it allowed the rebels to consolidate their territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> On 15 August, the first contingent of East African Community peacekeepers arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> This group, consisting of <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Burundian soldiers</a>, pledged to assist in the campaign against M23 and other insurgent factions.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi5-16">[15]</a> The arrival of the Burundian peacekeepers received mixed reactions by local civil groups; some welcomed them, some considered the Burundians to be exploitative foreigners, and some took a more neutral stance.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Sporadic clashes restarted on 16 August, when rebels, allegedly supported by Rwandan troops, attacked Rwanguba, Rangira, and Muhibira in Rutshuru.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The M23 leadership claimed that these operations were in response to FARDC aggression, and declared that it wanted a "dialogue" with the government.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> On 19 August, M23 shelled FARDC positions at Jomba, Bweza and Busanza.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_offensive">Renewed offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renewed offensive">edit</a>]</div> Fighting renewed on 20 October after according to the FARDC, M23 attacked a military post. on 23 October M23 group captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Ntamugenga" title="Ntamugenga">Ntamugenga</a> killing five soldiers, fighting soon spread to the strategic RN2, four civilians were killed and 40 were injured in the fighting. By 24 October fighting caused more than 23,000 people to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> the offensive continued along the RN2 highway leading to M23 capturing the towns of Rubare, Kalengera, and Kako.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> On 29 October M23 rebels took control of <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiwanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwanja">Kiwanja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Around this time, allegedly Rwandan-equipped Nyatura rebels clashed with FDLR militants at in Rugari.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-39">[38]</a> In response to the offensive, the government of the DRC ordered the Rwandan Ambassador to the country, Vincent Karega, to leave within the next 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Anti-Rwandan protests broke out on 31 October in Goma, demanding that the DRC leave the East African Community and that Russia intervene in the conflict. Government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muyaya_Katembwe" title="Patrick Muyaya Katembwe">Patrick Muyaya</a> said that the DRC would not negotiate with M23.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> On 2 November, Kenya announced that it would send 900 soldiers to fight against the M23.<a href="#cite_note-news24-18">[17]</a> Riots broke out in Goma after rumors of the UN transporting M23, and several UN vehicles were burned by rioting civilians. The UN accounted a "strategic and tactical withdrawal" from the <a href="/wiki/Rumangabo" title="Rumangabo">Rumangabo</a> military base.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> On 7 November, the Congolese military stated they were training 3,000 new recruits to go and fight M23,<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> and soon after began to bomb the rebels with two fighter jets. Rwanda protested that a <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Sukhoi Su-25</a> had violated its airspace.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost2-41">[40]</a> By 15 November 2022, M23 had pushed to the towns of Rugari and Tongo clashing with the FARDC. A M23 attack on Kibumba was initially repelled. As the insurgents advanced, hundreds of civilians fled.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> By 17 November, M23 claimed to have captured the towns of Kibumba, Ruhunda, Buhumba, Kabuhanga, Tongo, and Mulimbi from the FDLR who they accuse of working with the Congolese army.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> The Ugandan military said that they would participate in the fight against the M23 joining Kenyan troops.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> On 18 November, Rwanda declared a ceasefire on behalf of the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> By late November, the FARDC had reportedly formed a coalition with several local militias, including FLDR, <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> groups, and some Nyatura factions.<a href="#cite_note-Bahati-21">[20]</a> A MONUSCO investigation reported in December that massacres by the M23 in November killed at least 131 civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Bambo and Kishishe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-161">[158]</a> The victims included 102 men, 17 women and 12 children, each of whom were "arbitrarily executed ... as part of reprisals against the civilian population" who were perceived to be aligned with the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-161">[158]</a> On 23 December, M23 was forced by heavy international pressure to officially hand over Kibumba to the EAC Regional Force. Despite this, their withdrawal was only partial; the insurgents maintained a presence in the town's outskirts. FARDC declared the alleged handover of Kibumba a "sham", intended to distract from M23's attempts to advance in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-22">[21]</a> On 28 December 2022, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> sent a contingency of 750 troops to join the East African Contingency to be stationed in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VoA_South_Sudan-19">[18]</a> Over the next weeks, heavy fighting took place between M23 and a number of rival militias allied to FARDC, including <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">APCLS</a> which declared its aim to capture Bwiza from the rebels. Meanwhile, M23 captured several villages and the town of Nyamilima near the Ugandan border.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-22">[21]</a> In January, clashes continued even as M23 declared its intention to surrender the Rumangabo military base to the EAC Regional Force.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-22">[21]</a> On 18 January Felix Tshisekedi accused the M23 of not withdrawing from the seized territory as agreed.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> On 24 January a Congolese Su-25 was damaged by ground fire from Rwanda after Rwanda said it violated its airspace.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> On 27 January M23 captured the city of Kitshanga causing people to flee and take refuge in the nearby UN base.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Kitshanga's capture cut off the road linking <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>, North Kivu's second largest city, to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> After two days of heavy fighting, M23 seized the village of Mushaki on February 24, forcing civilians to flee and threatening supply routes to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Three days later M23 took the town of Rubaya and its <a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">coltan mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The next day, the town of Mweso also fell to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> In March, continued clashes caused 100,000 civilians to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Further attempts to implement a ceasefire, including one organized by Angola, had failed. However, M23 did withdraw from a few villages to hand them over to the EAC Regional Force.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> At this point, the insurgents controlled much of the land north of Goma, while still advancing westward.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> In late March and early April, M23 rebels vacated some villages, though also fought with a rival Nyatura faction during this withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> M23 also kept attacking the FARDC in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> On 3 April, Ugandan EAC soldiers entered <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a>. However, instead of replacing the M23 occupation (as previously agreed), the peacekeepers coexisted with the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi0423-174">[171]</a> Such an arrangement was also observed at Rumangabo, where Kenyans and M23 inhabited the same base, and along the Sake-Kilolirwe-Kitshanga-Mwesso axis, where Burundian and rebel forces operated next to each other.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> In addition, local sources suggested that M23 had begun to arm and train other militias.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi0423-174">[171]</a> On 10 April, M23 rebels completely retreated from the Bwito chiefdom in Rutshuru, allowing EAC peacekeepers to move in.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> On the other side, the insurgents fortified and reinforced their positions in Kibumba, in one case in the direct vicinity to Kenyan EAC troops.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> In October 2023, the DRC ordered the EAC force in the country to leave by 8 December, due to a "lack of satisfactory results on the ground".<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> On 26 October, the M23 rebels launched an offensive on Bambo, seizing the town.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Meanwhile, fighting continued to close in on the city of Goma, with clashes taking place 20 kilometers from the city.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> On 4 February 2024, M23 seized the town of Shasha, severing a road linking Goma to outside areas- M23 subsequently seized the towns of Kihindo, Kituva, Bukobati, and Nyamubingwa, and was in control of the Goma-<a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a> road by 5 February. The fighting caused many civilians and the Congolese military to flee to the town of Minova, and M23 ended up in control of all routes leading out of Goma.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The M23 rebels were advancing on the town of <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a> by 7 February, causing many in the town to flee to Goma.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> The town of Sake had been heavily defended by the Congolese government and the forces of MONUSCO over the course of a year.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> On 20 June, Rwandan president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> declared to <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>, "we are ready to fight" against the DRC if necessary, while evading questions about Rwanda's military presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> In July 2024, a report commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> disclosed that between 3,000 and 4,000 Rwandan military interventions and operations had been conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo_Territory" title="Nyiragongo Territory">Nyiragongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi</a> territories, collaborating with M23 rebels, with "Kigali exercising significant control over the rebel group's operations."<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Jul9-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The report estimated that by April, the number of Rwandan troops was "matching if not surpassing" the estimated 3,000 M23 soldiers. It includes authenticated photographs, drone footage, video recordings, testimonies, and intelligence substantiating the RDF's systematic border incursions.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Jul9-69">[67]</a> The evidence depicts rows of armed personnel in uniform, operating equipment such as artillery, armored vehicles with radar and anti-aircraft missile systems, and troop transport trucks.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Jul9-69">[67]</a> It also reveals that children as young as 12 were recruited from "nearly all refugee camps in Rwanda" by intelligence officers through false promises of payment or employment, only to be sent to training camps in the rebel-controlled zone under the supervision of Rwandan soldiers and M23 combatants.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Jul9-69">[67]</a> On 5 August, nearly a hundred officers of the Congolese national police fled to Uganda as fighting between M23 and the Congolese army intensified.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Diplomatic efforts led by Angolan President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a> stalled after the Rwandan delegation failed to attend a tripartite summit on 15 December in Luanda, which was intended to discuss the neutralization of the FDLR alongside Congolese President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> and President Lourenço.<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius2024-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bendhaou-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:210-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:310-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:410-74">[72]</a> Rwanda's absence heightened suspicions that its involvement in the DRC was driven primarily by economic interests, particularly access to the mineral resources in Kivu, rather than security-related concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:923-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lagarde2025-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2025:_Intensified_hostilities">January 2025: Intensified hostilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January 2025: Intensified hostilities">edit</a>]</div> On 4 January, M23 seized <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a>, a town with a population of 40,000 and the administrative seat of <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi Territory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> said that M23 forces had previously captured the Katale area before entering Masisi.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> On 9 January, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> called for the international community to impose strong sanctions on Rwanda, urging action beyond verbal condemnations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The same day, M23 forces began moving toward <a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">Rubaya</a>, a key area for the extraction of coltan, a mineral vital to global technology supply chains. On 13 January, FARDC reported successfully repelling an M23 offensive on its newly established positions in Ngungu, in the Mupfuni-Shanga groupement.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-191">[188]</a> FARDC conducted airstrikes in Mbingi, a region it was expected to control but failed to maintain for more than a day due to reinforcements arriving for M23.<a href="#cite_note-:6-192">[189]</a> The following day, M23 fighters based in Mulimbi launched an assault on the Wazalendo stronghold in the Lubwe Sud urban area, within the Tongo groupement of <a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a>. During an ambush by Wazalendo near Kiseguro, located in the Binza groupement in Rutshuru Territory, five members of the M23/RDF coalition were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:5-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-193">[190]</a> M23 fighters were apprehended while looting agricultural products from farmers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-193">[190]</a> Explosions from both heavy and light weaponry echoed for several hours after the ambush, particularly in the localities of Kiseguro and Ngwenda, where Wazalendo forces engaged in combat with M23 troops.<a href="#cite_note-:5-191">[188]</a> On the same day, M23 seized control of Luofu, approximately 60 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero-center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, which had been under FARDC control for over two days.<a href="#cite_note-:6-192">[189]</a> Humanitarian sources detailed accounts of atrocities, including the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> of five young girls in Kalungu, 15 kilometers south of <a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a> in the Buzi groupement, <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe Territory</a>, and two additional women in Bihovu, a locality within Shanje in Lowa-Numbi village.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite_Cinq_filles-194">[191]</a> By 15 January, clashes between FARDC and M23 rebels continued in Alimbongo and Luofu villages within Lubero Territory.<a href="#cite_note-:6-192">[189]</a> That day, Wazalendo forces mounted another ambush in Kihondo, located within the Bwito Chiefdom. The engagement resulted in nine civilian fatalities perpetrated by M23 combatants.<a href="#cite_note-:7-193">[190]</a> Kihondo was subsequently occupied by FARDC, while <a href="/wiki/Nyanzale" title="Nyanzale">Nyanzale</a> was bifurcated—its southern region held by Wazalendo and the northern portion controlled by the M23-RDF coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:7-193">[190]</a> On 16 January, three civilians were shot in Masisi Territory, with one dying instantly and two critically injured and hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-:8-195">[192]</a> In Ngungu, FARDC forces regrouped and moved toward Numbi in an attempt to reclaim the lost area.<a href="#cite_note-:8-195">[192]</a> On 17 January, one civilian was killed and two others injured by gunfire in <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi-center</a>. That morning, M23 forces advanced toward Kami-Lwanguba, Mashaki, Kironge, and Busekere, capturing a significant portion of Buabo while moving toward Kilambo. FARDC forces remained positioned in Luashi and around Kahongole, near Kahanga and Kasura. Meanwhile, Wazalendo units were also present in Buabo.<a href="#cite_note-:8-195">[192]</a> On 18 January, President Félix Tshisekedi reaffirmed Kinshasa's refusal to engage in dialogue with M23, stating, "Legitimizing these criminals would be an insult to the victims and to international law".<a href="#cite_note-:9-196">[193]</a> Tshisekedi criticized Kigali for its continued provocations, violations of agreements, and active support for M23, emphasizing that these actions compromised the credibility of the peace process outlined in the Luanda Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:9-196">[193]</a> On 19 January, the M23-RDF coalition annexed the mineral-rich towns of Lumbishi and Changue in Kalehe Territory.<a href="#cite_note-:10-197">[194]</a> On 20 January, the coalition launched a series of bombings targeting hills overlooking Sake in the Kamuronza groupement of Masisi Territory, which targeted FARDC and Wazalendo positions, primarily affected the locality of Kimoka near the Lushagala displaced persons camp. Despite the intensity of the attacks, the coalition was repelled.<a href="#cite_note-:10-197">[194]</a> However, later that evening, M23 forces captured <a href="/wiki/Minova" title="Minova">Minova</a> after intense fighting in Masisi Territory. Minova became the first significant urban center in South Kivu to fall to M23.<a href="#cite_note-:11-198">[195]</a> The occupation exacerbated an already precarious humanitarian situation, inflating the prices of essential commodities and displacing thousands more. Reports from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA) indicated that 178,079 internally displaced persons sought refuge across seven health areas surrounding Minova, contributing to the swelling count of 700,000 displaced persons already registered in the Buzi groupement.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite_Cinq_filles-194">[191]</a> By 21 January, rebel forces had deployed across multiple locations within the town, commandeering positions previously held by FARDC and Wazalendo forces. Strategic vantage points such as Katale, Kachiazo, and the hills overlooking Minova were occupied to ensure dominion over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-198">[195]</a> M23 forces then moved toward Kasunyu, a route leading to both Goma and Rwanda, effectively cutting off a critical supply route to Goma. The rebels also advanced toward Kalungu, located 7 kilometers from Minova, with the potential to reach Nyabibwe, another mining hub. The axis also pointed toward Kavumu, home to a regional airport.<a href="#cite_note-:11-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bweremana" title="Bweremana">Bweremana</a> was taken by M23 following an artillery assault against FARDC forces. The situation rapidly escalated into a humanitarian crisis, compelling numerous residents to flee to safer locations, such as Burora and Nyamoma.<a href="#cite_note-:12-200">[197]</a> FARDC announced that they are continuing their fight against the M23 rebels and RDF on multiple fronts in the eastern region of the country, asserting that they are containing "the enemy" in the areas of Lubero, Sake, and Nyiragongo, while admitting to "breakthroughs" by M23 in Bweremana and Minova.<a href="#cite_note-:12-200">[197]</a> By 22 January, M23 had entrenched itself within Minova and Kalungu in the Buzi groupement and expanded its dominion to Makelele and Butale in the Mbinga-Nord groupement.<a href="#cite_note-:13-201">[198]</a> OCHA concurrently reported that the violence led to large-scale population displacement, with over 178,000 people newly displaced from Bweremana, Minova, and Kalungu, and 125 injured people evacuated to Goma for advanced medical care. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> reported that at least 18 civilians, predominantly farmers, lost their lives during M23's assault on Bweremana and Minova.<a href="#cite_note-:13-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Goma experienced an electricity outage due to a <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_d%27%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9" title="Société Nationale d'Électricité">SNEL</a> (Société Nationale d'Électricité) failure on the 70 kV high-voltage line linking <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> to Goma, with SNEL informing customers that the situation was "beyond its control".<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> South Africa dispatched <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_and_Military_Veterans" title="Minister of Defence and Military Veterans">Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Angie_Motshekga" title="Angie Motshekga">Angie Motshekga</a> to the DRC, facilitating an appraisal of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) contingent embedded within the <a href="/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="SADC Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">SADC Mission in the DRC</a> (SAMIDRC) combatting M23.<a href="#cite_note-:14-204">[201]</a> On 23 January, intensified clashes erupted as the M23-RDF coalition launched a pre-dawn offensive against FARDC and Wazalendo positions near <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a>, encompassing strategic corridors such as the Sake-Kirotshe, Sake-Mushaki, and Sake-<a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitshanga</a> roads.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The SADC Force, stationed in Sake, sustained casualties, including seven fatalities among South African personnel and over ten injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:14-204">[201]</a> MONUSCO mobilized reinforcements to fortify defenses around Sake and Goma but remained absent in Minova due to mandate restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo_Territory" title="Nyiragongo Territory">Nyiragongo Territory</a>, residents of Rusayo in the Mudja groupement reported incessant artillery and small arms fire. Simultaneous attacks by M23-RDF forces targeted Wazalendo and FARDC positions in Kilimanyoka and Kanyamahoro, approximately 20 kilometers north of Goma.<a href="#cite_note-:15-207">[204]</a> FARDC and Wazalendo successfully counterattacked, repelling M23 forces attempting to entrench themselves on Nditi Hill, near the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>. Two civilians died in a bombing incident in the Turunga village by M23 and RDF coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:15-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, three civilians, including a woman and a child, were wounded when a bomb fired by M23 from the hills surrounding the town of Alimbongo exploded in Lubango, 45 kilometers away from <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero-centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> In Kalehe Territory, two civilians were killed and several others wounded after M23's heavy bombing by <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a> planes on Nyundo hill in the Chondo village.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> On the morning of 24 January, around 4 a.m., M23 launched explosives at multiple FARDC and Wazalendo resistance positions, particularly targeting Kanyamahoro, far from Kibati, heading towards Kibumba.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> condemned the actions of M23, calling for an immediate cessation of their advance, the withdrawal from occupied territories, and adherence to the 31 July 2024 ceasefire agreement, stating, "All actors must uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the DRC and cease all forms of support to armed groups, whether domestic or foreign".<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> That evening, the military governor of North Kivu, Major General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cirimwami_Nkuba" title="Peter Cirimwami Nkuba">Peter Cirimwami Nkuba</a>, was shot at approximately 9:00 p.m. in Sake. Cirimwami was subsequently evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, where his death was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Five MONUSCO peacekeepers sustained injuries, while four others had been wounded the previous day during combat in the same region.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> CBCA Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Ndosho" title="Ndosho">Ndosho</a> admitted over 256 wounded individuals, including 90 civilians with severe injuries from gunfire and shelling.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Rivière">Nicolas de Rivière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_France_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations">France's Ambassador to the UN</a>, reaffirmed France's support for the sovereignty and Kinshasa's request for an emergency open session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-216">[213]</a> Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> advocated for a peaceful resolution to the conflict, expressed support for Angola's mediation efforts, and affirmed his readiness to support any initiative promoting peace in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-:16-216">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">German Foreign Ministry</a> urgently called for Rwanda and M23 to immediately cease their military actions.<a href="#cite_note-:16-216">[213]</a> French politician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a> accused Rwanda of orchestrating an "invasion" of the DRC, asserting, "Rwanda is organizing the annexation of the neighboring province into Congolese territory".<a href="#cite_note-:16-216">[213]</a> President João Lourenço condemned the occupation of Sake and Minova by the M23-RDF coalition, declaring, "These irresponsible actions by the M23 and its supporters are worsening the humanitarian situation, particularly around Goma, and threatening regional security".<a href="#cite_note-:17-217">[214]</a> He assured the integrity and security of the troops of the Enhanced Ad Hoc Verification Mechanism (MVA-R) deployed in Goma as part of regional peace initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-:17-217">[214]</a> On 25 January, fighting broke out between FARDC supported by Wazalendo and M23 supported by RDF advanced in the Masisi Territory's Mweso axis in the <a href="/wiki/Bashali_Chiefdom" title="Bashali Chiefdom">Bashali Chiefdom</a> and the Sake axis in the Bahunde Chiefdom, with FARDC and Wazalendo attempting to repel M23 and the RDF coalition while trying to halt their advance toward Goma, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goma_(2025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Goma (2025)">battle of the city</a> on its outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-:18-218">[215]</a> In Mweso, at least two civilians, a woman and a child, who had been shot, died from their injuries shortly after being admitted to Mweso General Referral Hospital (Hôpital Général de Référence de Mweso).<a href="#cite_note-:18-218">[215]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Malawian Defence Force</a> (MDF) soldiers, part of the regional mission SAMIDRC, were killed in Sake,<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> while nine SANDF soldiers lost their lives after succeeding in halting the M23 advance toward Goma and pushing the rebels back.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Six UN peacekeepers, from South Africa and Uruguay, were killed in M23 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-SixMON-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goma_under_siege_and_escalation_of_the_conflict">Goma under siege and escalation of the conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Goma under siege and escalation of the conflict">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_on_displacement_camps,_civilian_casualties,_press_attacks,_and_infrastructure_disruptions">Attacks on displacement camps, civilian casualties, press attacks, and infrastructure disruptions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Attacks on displacement camps, civilian casualties, press attacks, and infrastructure disruptions">edit</a>]</div> On 26 January at approximately 11:00 a.m., a bomb struck the Rusayo 1 and Rusayo 2 camps for displaced persons in Nyiragongo Territory, killing ten people, including women and children, while numerous injuries were reported.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> reported that over 90 war-wounded, primarily suffering gunshot wounds, from various locations in Kalehe Territory and others from Goma hospital, had been receiving treatment by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a> at the Bukavu Provincial General Referral Hospital (Hôpital Général Provincial de Référence de Bukavu) since 1 January.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> journalists, a reporter from <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, and a journalist from Sake FM were attacked in Kihisi in Nyiragongo Territory while covering the dire situation of fleeing populations.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> In response to these developments, Congolese government spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Muyaya_Katembwe" title="Patrick Muyaya Katembwe">Patrick Muyaya Katembwe</a> criticized the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a> for referring to M23 as a "political-military opposition", emphasizing that the group is a terrorist organization supported by Rwanda. The government accused the African Union of creating confusion and instead urged a stronger denunciation of M23's actions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> On the same day, M23 deployed reinforcements around Goma, advancing closer to the city and consolidating its strategic positions.<a href="#cite_note-:19-227">[224]</a> The United Nations Special Representative in the DRC, <a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a>, briefed the Security Council on the severity of the situation. She noted that M23 had doubled the territory under its control since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:19-227">[224]</a> MONUSCO expressed its readiness to assist the DRC in filing a formal complaint with the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) over airspace violations involving M23, including incidents of <a href="/wiki/GPS_jamming" title="GPS jamming">GPS jamming</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Amid the unrest, thunderous artillery blasts echoed throughout Goma and nearby Nyiragongo Territory, halting daily activities as residents sheltered indoors.<a href="#cite_note-:20-229">[226]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Goma_(commune)#Administrative_subdivision" title="Goma (commune)">Mapendo neighborhood</a>, opportunistic looters exploited the chaos to ransack businesses and deserted residences.<a href="#cite_note-:20-229">[226]</a> Congolese authorities confirmed that the border crossing points with Rwanda, including the small and large barriers, operated normally until their routine closure at 3:00 p.m. Meanwhile, sporadic gunfire in Nyiragongo Territory continued to displace masses, as refugees from Rutshuru fled to Goma to escape the ongoing bombardments.<a href="#cite_note-:21-230">[227]</a> Displacement camps in Nyiragongo Territory were targeted, with four bombs striking two locations, resulting in over ten fatalities, including women and children, and injuring numerous others.<a href="#cite_note-:21-230">[227]</a> FARDC deployed tanks at strategic spots in Goma, including the Birere Roundabout, and rotated troops to strengthen the northern front. At Goma International Airport, Romanian military instructors coordinated with FARDC forces and Wazalendo units to bolster security amid rising tensions.<a href="#cite_note-:21-230">[227]</a> M23 issued an ultimatum demanding the surrender of FARDC forces and imposing a 48-hour deadline, which led to some soldiers relinquishing their arms before the deadline expired.<a href="#cite_note-:82-231">[228]</a> Goma's infrastructure faced severe challenges, including water and electricity outages, blocked roads, and persistent GPS interference, which threatened both civilian and humanitarian air operations.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Some residents fled to Bukavu, using boats to cross the Lake Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-:21-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_for_Goma,_military_operations,_and_civil_unrest_in_Kinshasa">Battle for Goma, military operations, and civil unrest in Kinshasa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle for Goma, military operations, and civil unrest in Kinshasa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goma_(2025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Goma (2025)">Battle of Goma (2025)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2025_Kinshasa_riots" title="2025 Kinshasa riots">2025 Kinshasa riots</a></div> Early on 27 January, M23 announced on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> that they had captured Goma, although there were still reports of fighting throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-Goma-capture-233">[230]</a> Videos shared online showed M23 rebels patrolling the streets, and reports emerged of heavy shelling and a mass <a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">jailbreak</a> from Goma's prison, which housed 4,767 inmates and was reportedly set ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-:82-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> It was later reported that hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">female inmates were raped</a> and burned alive during the Munzenze prison jailbreak.<a href="#cite_note-BTH2025-235">[232]</a> M23 and RDF fighters advanced into strategic neighborhoods such as Majengo, Mabanga, and areas surrounding Goma International Airport. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gie_des_Voies_A%C3%A9riennes_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Régie des Voies Aériennes de la République Démocratique du Congo">RVA</a> (Régie des Voies Aériennes) personnel remained trapped at the airport.<a href="#cite_note-:22-236">[233]</a> Looting erupted in neighborhoods like Mapendo, Majengo, and the Office district.<a href="#cite_note-:22-236">[233]</a> Patrick Muyaya urged residents to remain indoors, avoid acts of vandalism and theft, and resist Rwanda's alleged propaganda efforts.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Civilians sought refuge in MONUSCO bases, while local authorities, including the police mayor of Goma, remained in the city. Cross-border tensions escalated as stray gunfire reportedly struck <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a> in Rwanda, leading to five casualties.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Rwanda deployed tanks along the border.<a href="#cite_note-:23-239">[236]</a> M23 forces solidified control over northern Goma, with their visible activity in major neighborhoods signaling their tightening grip.<a href="#cite_note-:22-236">[233]</a> By mid-afternoon, Mount Goma—a strategic site hosting the provincial branch of <a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise</a> (RTNC)—fell under M23 control.<a href="#cite_note-:23-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> A trainee doctor working in the maternity ward at the provincial hospital near Mount Goma was shot during crossfire.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) suspended its activities, cutting off essential food aid to 800,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:23-239">[236]</a> By 7:00 p.m. that evening, FARDC reclaimed control of the RTNC station.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vital_Kamerhe" title="Vital Kamerhe">Vital Kamerhe</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a>, announced that FARDC and Wazalendo forces "continue to hold certain positions in the city".<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> reported that the battle for Goma resulted in at least 17 fatalities and 367 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> On 28 January, <a href="/wiki/2025_Kinshasa_riots" title="2025 Kinshasa riots">large-scale civil unrest</a> erupted in Kinshasa during the morning hours, as crowds gathered outside embassies, including those of Kenya, the US, Belgium, Rwanda, the Netherlands, Uganda, and France, demanding stronger international action and the immediate withdrawal of the M23-RDF coalition.<a href="#cite_note-:24-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Outside the U.S. embassy, demonstrators torched tires and criticized <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western nations</a> for their perceived indifference, advocating instead for intensified Russian involvement.<a href="#cite_note-:24-245">[242]</a> Outside the Kenyan embassy, tensions escalated into property damage, looting, and break-ins, prompting the evacuation of two diplomatic personnel.<a href="#cite_note-:25-247">[244]</a> Congolese security forces quickly intervened, setting up security cordons around the embassies. Congolese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Kayikwamba_Wagner" title="Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner">Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner</a> expressed remorse, affirming that measures were underway to restore order and assess damages.<a href="#cite_note-:25-247">[244]</a> Amidst the mounting unrest, SANDF responded to a video alleging its troops had surrendered to M23 rebels, clarifying that the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> shown signified a temporary agreement with the M23 to recover casualties and provide medical assistance, rather than a surrender.<a href="#cite_note-:24-245">[242]</a> South Africa confirmed that four additional SANDF soldiers had been killed, bringing the total number of South African peacekeepers killed since the conflict escalated to 13.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Meanwhile, the ICRC reported an attack and looting of one of its warehouses in Goma and noted the worsening security situation in Sake, while its medical personnel at <a href="/wiki/Ndosho" title="Ndosho">Ndosho</a> Hospital in Goma faced an overwhelming influx of casualties, treating 198 patients despite the facility's original capacity of 147 beds.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> In response to the crisis, Germany suspended planned <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> negotiations with Rwanda, calling for an immediate withdrawal of M23-RDF forces from Congolese territory.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> That evening, Brigadier General Evariste Somo Kakule was elevated to the rank of Major General and appointed as the new military governor of North Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offensive_in_Kalehe_Territory,_diplomatic_tensions,_advances_toward_Nyabibwe_and_humanitarian_crisis">Offensive in Kalehe Territory, diplomatic tensions, advances toward Nyabibwe and humanitarian crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Offensive in Kalehe Territory, diplomatic tensions, advances toward Nyabibwe and humanitarian crisis">edit</a>]</div> At dawn on 29 January, the M23-RDF coalition commenced an incursion into <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe Territory</a>, launching coordinated offensives on Kiniezire and Mukwidja in Kalehe district capturing the towns.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> In Kiniezire, intense skirmishes erupted between the coalition and FARDC-Wazalendo forces, whereas Mukwidja was seized without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Later that evening, prolonged firefights and bombings were reported in Turunga village within the <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom#Administrative_division" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Munigi groupement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Bukumu Chiefdom</a>, while movements of Wazalendo and other militant factions from Goma toward the chiefdom's <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom#Administrative_division" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Mudja groupement</a> had been reported since the preceding day, accompanied by sporadic gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> During the same timeframe, over 300 men—allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> mercenaries" hired by the DRC to counter the rebel offensive—surrendered to M23 forces and, bereft of an alternative escape route, eventually handed themselves over to MUNUSCO peacekeeping units in Goma, who arranged for their repatriation via <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> paid tribute to the 13 SANDF soldiers killed in the conflict, explicitly blaming M23 and "Rwandan army militias" for the clashes involving FARDC and SAMIDRC.<a href="#cite_note-:26-259">[256]</a> He also stressed that South Africa's mission in the DRC "is not a declaration of war against any country or state".<a href="#cite_note-:26-259">[256]</a> In response, President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> cautioned that "South Africa is not positioned to act as a mediator or peacemaker", warning against direct confrontation, stating that "If South Africa prefers confrontation, Rwanda will address the matter as such at any time".<a href="#cite_note-:26-259">[256]</a> Meanwhile, President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> called for a national mobilization, urging citizens to rally behind FARDC against what he called "Rwanda's barbaric aggression".<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The next day, on 30 January at around 5:00 a.m., the M23-RDF coalition, having advanced from Mukwidja, confronted FARDC troops in Kalangala village. The village, strategically positioned between Mukwidja and Nyabibwe, lies 6 km from Mukwidja and 56 km from the administrative town of Kalehe.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> That evening, the country's electoral commission, <a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">CENI</a>, revealed that between 28 and 29 January, the coalition had transported election-related materials—including vehicles, motorcycles, and electoral kits—from Goma to Rwanda and had detained several officials from North Kivu's CENI Provincial Executive Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> reported an alarming escalation in the death toll, reporting that "more than 100 people" had been killed, nearly a thousand wounded, and upwards of 500,000 civilians forcibly displaced since the onset of January.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a> affirmed that the M23-RDF coalition had commandeered <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma International Airport</a> and had asserted near-total control over the city.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Coordinator" title="Humanitarian Coordinator">Humanitarian Coordinator</a> in the DRC, Bruno Lemarquis, issued an urgent plea for the immediate reinstatement of airport operations, cautioning that its prolonged closure or restricted accessibility would severely hinder humanitarian relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Simultaneously, Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Guy_Kabombo_Muadiamvita" title="Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita">Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita</a> declared that FARDC would not retreat or engage in talks near Kigali, stating, "we will stand and fight; there will be no other withdrawal".<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FARDC_counteroffensive_and_expansion_into_Kalehe_Territory">FARDC counteroffensive and expansion into Kalehe Territory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: FARDC counteroffensive and expansion into Kalehe Territory">edit</a>]</div> On 31 January, at approximately 1:00 p.m., FARDC launched a counteroffensive, reclaiming Mukwidja, Sanzi, Muganzo, and adjacent localities.<a href="#cite_note-:27-267">[264]</a> Clashes persisted in Ukana and Nyamigisha, while Lieutenant Jérémie Meya Gbe, spokesperson for FARDC's Sukola <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> military campaign, confirmed that clashes had spread beyond Nyabibwe.<a href="#cite_note-:27-267">[264]</a> FARDC intensified efforts to thwart further M23 incursions toward <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>, the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>. That evening, authorities in Bukavu inaugurated a recruitment initiative for volunteers willing to enlist in the battle against M23.<a href="#cite_note-:28-268">[265]</a> Many youths expressed readiness to enlist with the Wazalendo militia to defend national sovereignty against what was described as "Rwandan aggression".<a href="#cite_note-:28-268">[265]</a> UPDF announced its intent to "strengthen its defenses" in eastern DRC.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> Meanwhile, United Nations Secretary-General spokesperson <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dujarric" title="Stéphane Dujarric">Stéphane Dujarric</a> provided an alarming update on the humanitarian crisis, disclosing that "more than 700 people" had been killed and 2,800 wounded within a mere five-day span of intensified conflict, with casualty figures based on assessments conducted collaboratively by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), its affiliated partners, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese government</a> between 26 and 30 January.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> On 1 February, Colonel Alexis Rugabisha, commander of FARDC's 12th Brigade, was killed in combat against M23-RDF forces on the Kanyanja axis near Kiniezire, after leading a counteroffensive that successfully expelled M23 militants from Nyabibwe toward the periphery of Minova, before ultimately succumbing to battlefield injuries.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> That same day, EAC convened a virtual summit, chaired by President William Ruto, calling for an "immediate and unconditional" ceasefire in eastern DRC and urging Kinshasa to engage in direct dialogue with all stakeholders, including M23.<a href="#cite_note-:29-275">[272]</a> While President Paul Kagame participated in the summit, his Congolese counterpart, Félix Tshisekedi, abstained, with his office citing scheduling constraints.<a href="#cite_note-:29-275">[272]</a> Muyaya dismissed the EAC's stance, asserting that the regional bloc was failing to acknowledge Rwanda's role in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:29-275">[272]</a> Muyaya questioned why Rwanda had not been asked to engage in dialogue with FDLR if they truly sought a peaceful resolution.<a href="#cite_note-:29-275">[272]</a> The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzanian People's Defence Force</a> (TPDF) announced that two of its soldiers had been killed and four others wounded in clashes with the M23-RDF coalition between 24 and 28 January in Sake and Goma.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> On 3 February, M23 announced a unilateral ceasefire but warned that it would continue to defend its positions if attacked.<a href="#cite_note-:31-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> Despite this announcement, reports indicated that M23 was reinforcing its positions with additional troops and equipment in Kalehe Territory.<a href="#cite_note-:31-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> FARDC forces subsequently retook Mambasa, the capital of Bamate Chiefdom in <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, forcing M23 to retreat to the village of Nduta near Alimbongo.<a href="#cite_note-:30-277">[274]</a> Meanwhile, protests erupted in <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>, where residents organized two marches—one covering 19 kilometers to Musienene and another spanning 45 kilometers to <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero-center</a>—in support of FARDC and in opposition to M23's presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:30-277">[274]</a> Casualties mounted, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA) reporting a staggering toll of at least 900 fatalities and approximately 2,880 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> In response to the worsening security situation, Congolese ministers <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Bazaiba" title="Ève Bazaiba">Ève Bazaiba</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, where they gathered several hundred young volunteers to enlist in FARDC's ranks.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Meanwhile, President Cyril Ramaphosa called for the cessation of M23's territorial expansion and the immediate withdrawal of all foreign military forces from Congolese territory.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> On 4 February, Deputy Administrator of Kalehe Territory, Archimède Karhebwa, reported that M23-RDF forces had advanced into Nyamasasa and engaged in further clashes with FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-:31-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> While he stated that <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> remained "spared from immediate danger", rebel forces continued their progression, capturing Murambi and Kabugizi villages before moving into Luhefu and Kisale.<a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> In Mukwija, M23 reportedly forced Catholic priests to vacate a local convent before consolidating their presence in the area.<a href="#cite_note-:32-274">[271]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">European Council President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">António Costa</a> revealed that he had held discussions with both President Tshisekedi and President Kagame regarding the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:34-281">[278]</a> Costa expressed optimism that constructive talks would occur in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> under the auspices of the SADC and the EAC during the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Great_Lakes_Region" title="International Conference on the Great Lakes Region">International Conference on the Great Lakes Region</a> (ICGLR), scheduled to convene on 7 and 8 February.<a href="#cite_note-:34-281">[278]</a> On 5 February, M23-RDF forces mounted an offensive against Nyabibwe, a strategic locality positioned along <a href="/wiki/National_Road_2_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Road 2 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Road No. 2</a> leading to Bukavu. Fighting erupted around 3:00 a.m., with the rebels breaching FARDC's defensive lines on the Nyanganwa-Chanjé axis.<a href="#cite_note-:33-282">[279]</a> Within hours, M23 secured Nyabibwe, establishing a foothold in the area by midday and preparing to advance toward Kalehe-Ihusi.<a href="#cite_note-:33-282">[279]</a> FARDC's military justice system issued an arrest warrant against <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Nangaa" title="Corneille Nangaa">Corneille Nangaa</a>, accusing him of failing to prevent or suppress acts of torture committed under his authority.<a href="#cite_note-:35-283">[280]</a> An official directive mandated Nangaa's immediate arrest and transfer to Congolese authorities for prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-:35-283">[280]</a> That same day the head of the UN peacekeeping force based in Goma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivian_van_de_Perre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivian van de Perre (page does not exist)">Vivian van de Perre</a>, said M23 may have had a sudden rethink after 2,000 extra reinforcements from Burundi arrived in Bukavu and a nearby airport was used by the Congolese air force.<a href="#cite_note-BTH2025-235">[232]</a> On 6 February, M23 rebels were halted in Bushushu village of Kalehe Territory after capturing Nyamukubi and Lushebere.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> On 7 February, the Fonds de Promotion de l'Industrie (FPI) reported that its facilities in Goma had been looted by M23-RDF forces.<a href="#cite_note-:36-285">[282]</a> The perpetrators forced entry, absconding with a secure vault containing $7,500 and 4 million <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese francs</a>, alongside an FPI transport vehicle, with the misappropriated assets purportedly transported into Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-:36-285">[282]</a> Two vehicles belonging to the Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS) were commandeered. The FPI also noted that numerous executives of state-owned enterprises had gone into hiding due to mounting threats to their safety.<a href="#cite_note-:36-285">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calls_for_ceasefire;_strategic_decisions;_and_further_advances">Calls for ceasefire; strategic decisions; and further advances</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Calls for ceasefire; strategic decisions; and further advances">edit</a>]</div> On 8 February, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a> (ECCAS) denounced M23 and RDF, demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities, a full withdrawal from unlawfully occupied territories, and adherence to established humanitarian corridor agreements.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> That same day, M23 launched a bombing attack in Ndoluma, near the <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero</a> front line, killing 14 people, including civilians.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> A SADC-EAC summit convened, attended by regional leaders, where President Tshisekedi participated via <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videoconference</a> from the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_City" title="African Union City">African Union City</a> in Kinshasa.<a href="#cite_note-:37-288">[285]</a> The DRC delegation called for Rwanda's condemnation, the withdrawal of its troops, and the reopening of Goma International Airport to facilitate humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-:38-289">[286]</a> The summit mandated the EAC-SADC Chiefs of Defence Forces to convene within five days to provide technical guidance on enforcing a ceasefire, facilitating humanitarian assistance, securing Goma and its surroundings, reopening critical supply routes, and ensuring safe navigation on Lake Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> It also ordered a joint ministerial meeting to be held within 30 days to evaluate military measures, implement a coordination framework, and allocate financial resources for ongoing security interventions,<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> and reaffirmed the merger of the Luanda and Nairobi peace efforts into a unified framework.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> President Ramaphosa endorsed the summit's resolutions, emphasizing that they would pave the way for the withdrawal of SAMIDRC troops.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> On 10 February, Congolese Deputy <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Defence (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of National Defense and Veterans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Kabombo_Muadiamvita" title="Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita">Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Beni,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Beni, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Beni</a>, where he led a security council meeting and addressed FARDC troops stationed on the front lines.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> That evening, M23 launched a bomb attack in Ndoluma, <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero</a>, killing a civilian and several FARDC soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:39-295">[292]</a> The following day, at approximately 1:00 a.m., unidentified armed men assassinated Chief Prosper Kimanuka Musakura and his three children in Kiziba II, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom#Administrative_division" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Mudja groupement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bukumu_Chiefdom" title="Bukumu Chiefdom">Bukumu Chiefdom</a>, which had been under M23-RDF control since late January.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> Later that afternoon, M23-RDF forces launched artillery strikes on FARDC positions in Kivisire, situated 15 kilometers from Mambasa.<a href="#cite_note-:39-295">[292]</a> The same day, OCHA reported that since 29 January, about 30,000 people had fled villages along the Minova coast, relocating to <a href="/wiki/Idjwi_Territory" title="Idjwi Territory">Idjwi Territory</a>, Kalehe center, Katana, Kavumu, Mudaka, and Bukavu, while others moved to <a href="/wiki/Bunyakiri" title="Bunyakiri">Bunyakiri</a>, west of Kalehe center, and Kalungu, to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:40-298">[295]</a> OCHA also documented severe human rights abuses, including sexual violence and looting, particularly in Ihusi.<a href="#cite_note-:40-298">[295]</a> In Goma, many displaced persons faced difficulties returning home due to restrictions on crossing Lake Kivu between Nzulo (North Kivu) and Bugulube (South Kivu).<a href="#cite_note-:40-298">[295]</a> On 12 February, M23 recaptured Kalehe center and Ihusi after heavy clashes with FARDC, forcing government troops to withdraw to avert encirclement. The rebels advanced further toward Chibanda, <a href="/wiki/Kasheke" title="Kasheke">Kasheke</a>, and Kabamba, consolidating control over much of Kalehe Territory's coastal areas, from Minova to Kalehe center.<a href="#cite_note-:41-299">[296]</a> The high plateau region, including Buloho Chiefdom, remained under FARDC control.<a href="#cite_note-:41-299">[296]</a> Meanwhile, in Goma, three suspected armed bandits were burned alive by civilians following accusations of murder.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> On 13 February, M23 forces moved into Chofi, five kilometers from Kalehe center, and clashed with FARDC in Luzira and Kasheke in <a href="/wiki/Kabare_Territory" title="Kabare Territory">Kabare Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Simultaneously, fighting erupted in Kivisire, about ten kilometers from Mambasa.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> That same day, revolutionary Goma-based musician Delphin Katembo Vinywasiki, known as <a href="/wiki/Delcat_Idengo" title="Delcat Idengo">Delcat Idengo</a>, was assassinated—allegedly targeted for opposing M23 after escaping Munzenze prison when Goma fell to the rebels in late January.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> urged Rwanda to withdraw its troops from the DRC and called for a suspension of the EU-Rwanda Memorandum of Understanding on Sustainable Raw Materials Value Chains, citing concerns over Rwanda's alleged mineral exploitation in M23-controlled areas, and recommended freezing budgetary support to Rwanda until it ceases its interference in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> In a bid to de-escalate tensions, a delegation from the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conférence Épiscopale Nationale du Congo</a> (CENCO) and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_the_Congo" title="Church of Christ in the Congo">Église du Christ au Congo</a> (ECC) visited Kagame in Kigali as part of a broader initiative for regional peace.<a href="#cite_note-:42-309">[306]</a> Prior to this meeting, the delegation held discussions in Kinshasa with Tshisekedi and other political figures, including Vital Kamerhe and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Fayulu" title="Martin Fayulu">Martin Fayulu</a>. They also met with Nangaa in Goma the preceding day, advocating for an immediate ceasefire, the reopening of Goma's airport and port, and the establishment of a humanitarian corridor.<a href="#cite_note-:42-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_on_Bukavu_and_surrounding_regions">Advances on Bukavu and surrounding regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Advances on Bukavu and surrounding regions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive" title="2025 Bukavu offensive">2025 Bukavu offensive</a></div>On 14 February, M23 occupied <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabare_Territory" title="Kabare Territory">Kabare</a> territories, seizing Kabamba and Katana. Fighting in Kabamba, a locality bordering Kalehe Territory, lasted through the night before the Congolese army withdrew to Katana around 9:00 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-:43-310">[307]</a> M23 then advanced toward Kavumu, forcing FARDC to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kavumu_Airport" title="Kavumu Airport">Kavumu Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:43-310">[307]</a> As a result, many civilians fled to <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>, while others remained trapped in their homes as clashes continued.<a href="#cite_note-:44-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-310">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> urged the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) to take decisive action and support the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> resolution on the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> By midday, M23 had successfully overrun Kavumu Airport, approximately 30 kilometers from Bukavu, despite continued resistance from FARDC.<a href="#cite_note-:44-311">[308]</a> Civilian movement remained restricted, with some venturing onto the streets despite ongoing insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-:44-311">[308]</a> Later that day, M23 reportedly entered Bukavu itself,<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> where widespread looting occurred, particularly in the industrial zone, affecting Datco, Pharmakina, and WFP facilities.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> It was later reported that M23 executed a significant number of children during the occupation, though the precise number of casualties remained unverified.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> Amid the ongoing conflict, the Bukavu High Court sentenced 212 soldiers to death, convicting them of murder, attempted murder, sexual violence, and dereliction of duty in the face of the adversary during the M23 incursion.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> An additional 70 soldiers were acquitted and released. Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Tshisekedi, attending the Security Conference, excoriated Rwanda for what he called a "disguised aggression" against the DRC, asserting that "the M23 is a screen behind which the Rwandan army hides" and accused former President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> of being "the real sponsor" behind the rebellion, alleging that he had formed an alliance with Kigali to destabilize the nation.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> The EU expressed concern over the continued advance of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River_Alliance" title="Congo River Alliance">Alliance Fleuve Congo</a> (AFC)-M23 coalition in Bukavu, warning that violations of the DRC's territorial integrity would not go unanswered.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> ICRC reported increased casualties following M23's advance into Bukavu, with sporadic gunfire and looting recorded.<a href="#cite_note-:45-321">[318]</a> Two fatalities and fourteen injured people were admitted to Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB).<a href="#cite_note-:45-321">[318]</a> On 15 February, sporadic gunfire and widespread looting persisted in Bukavu, though M23 did not advance beyond Kavumu Airport.<a href="#cite_note-:46-322">[319]</a> That evening, M23 convened a meeting in Miti, approximately 27 kilometers from Bukavu.<a href="#cite_note-:46-322">[319]</a> FARDC troops were sporadically sighted in certain neighborhoods, though their strategic positioning remained uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-:46-322">[319]</a> French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> called for M23's "immediate withdrawal" from Bukavu and Kavumu Airport following discussions with Tshisekedi.<a href="#cite_note-:47-323">[320]</a> France concurrently signaled its willingness to impose new multilateral sanctions on actors contributing to the armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Belgium followed suit, condemning the M23-RDF offensive and demanding the rebels' immediate withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-:47-323">[320]</a> That night, FARDC and Wazalendo forces regained near-total control of the city, forcing M23 to retreat in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> On 16 February, a resurgent M23-AFC and RDF force re-entered Bukavu around 6:00 a.m., positioning themselves in key locations, including Independence Square (Place de l'Indépendance).<a href="#cite_note-:48-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:49-327">[324]</a> M23's deputy coordinator, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a>, officially announced on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> the group's entry into Bukavu.<a href="#cite_note-:48-326">[323]</a> Demonstrations erupted across the city, including outside the <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a>, as residents cautiously emerged from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-:49-327">[324]</a> Some attempted to attend places of worship despite widespread power outages affecting parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:49-327">[324]</a> The Congolese government issued an advisory urging residents to remain indoors to avoid potential harm and assured citizens that efforts were underway to restore order and national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> condemned the rebels' advance, calling for an immediate ceasefire, while international organizations—including the United Nations and various humanitarian agencies—called for urgent intervention to forestall a large-scale humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> The following day, Bukavu was eerily quiet, described as a "ghost town" with economic activities at a halt. Streets were strewn with debris as residents cautiously assessed the aftermath and sought to resume normal life.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Meanwhile, Burundian authorities reported that approximately 10,000 Congolese refugees had entered the country, with some crossing via <a href="/wiki/Gatumba" title="Gatumba">Gatumba</a> and others navigating the <a href="/wiki/Ruzizi_River" title="Ruzizi River">Ruzizi River</a> into <a href="/wiki/Bubanza_Province" title="Bubanza Province">Bubanza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cibitoke_Province" title="Cibitoke Province">Cibitoke</a> provinces.<a href="#cite_note-:93-331">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_situation_and_renewed_offensives_in_Lubero,_Butembo_and_Kamanyola">Humanitarian situation and renewed offensives in Lubero, Butembo and Kamanyola</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Humanitarian situation and renewed offensives in Lubero, Butembo and Kamanyola">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2025_Butembo_offensive" title="2025 Butembo offensive">2025 Butembo offensive</a></div> By 18 February, the humanitarian situation worsened, as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Red Cross of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Red Cross of the DRC</a> reported 26 deaths and disclosed that between 14 and 17 February, the HPGRB had received 39 individuals wounded by firearm projectiles.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> The number of wounded swiftly escalated to 176.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> The OHCHR estimated that approximately 330,000 children had been forced out of school, with many at risk of never returning.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> The ferry service between Bukavu and Goma, which had been suspended by M23 at the end of January 2025, was reinstated at 6:00 a.m., which allowed the evacuation of diverse groups of civilians from the embattled city.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> Concurrently, at approximately 4:00 a.m., M23 and RDF forces initiated renewed offensives in <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero</a>, launching assaults on FARDC's entrenched positions along the strategic highlands of Vutsorovya, Alimbongo, Tchulo, and Mambasa, which flank <a href="/wiki/National_Road_2_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Road 2 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Road 2</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:50-337">[334]</a> Intense fighting persisted throughout the afternoon, with heavy and light artillery fire engulfing multiple villages, including Lubango, Kipese, and Kitsombiro—an important FARDC rear base.<a href="#cite_note-:50-337">[334]</a> The skirmishes induced large-scale civilian displacement, with many residents fleeing toward Butembo via Lubero. Others who had initially sought refuge in Lubango and Kipese continued their journey toward Butembo.<a href="#cite_note-:50-337">[334]</a> At the Lubero front, the clashes unfolded approximately 40 kilometers from Lubero, where the Ugandan army maintains a major base in Mulo as part of joint operations against the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF).<a href="#cite_note-:50-337">[334]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi Territory</a>, recurrent armed engagements between Wazalendo and M23 were reported, particularly in Mweso. <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a> and Mweso's health zones were among the hardest hit, with Masisi's General Reference Hospital coming under gunfire since 16 February, injuring a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Ministry of Public Health</a> employee.<a href="#cite_note-:51-338">[335]</a> By the later part of 18 February, M23-RDF forces had seized control of Ndoluma, a locality known for its livestock husbandry, after intense fighting led to the withdrawal of FARDC from Mutongo, Mambasa and Kanyambi.<a href="#cite_note-:52-339">[336]</a> Ndoluma's telecommunications infrastructure was also damaged.<a href="#cite_note-:52-339">[336]</a> Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Kamanyola" title="Kamanyola">Kamanyola groupement</a>, M23 took control following clashes with the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Burundian National Defence Force</a> (FDNB), while FARDC retreated to <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a>—a border city situated 75 kilometers away along the periphery of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, adjacent to Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-:53-340">[337]</a> The Kamanyola's takeover led to a new wave of displacement, leaving only 20% of the local population behind.<a href="#cite_note-:53-340">[337]</a> Belgium reassessed its diplomatic and developmental cooperation with Rwanda and initiated the suspension of bilateral financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-:54-341">[338]</a> In retaliation, Rwanda unilaterally abrogated the 2024–2029 bilateral aid agreement with Belgium, denouncing Brussels for allegedly conspiring with Kinshasa to hinder its access to international development financing.<a href="#cite_note-:54-341">[338]</a> Meanwhile, the United Kingdom summoned the <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Rwanda,_London" title="High Commission of Rwanda, London">Rwandan High Commissioner</a> following M23's territorial advances.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> Concurrently, UPDF contingents deployed under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a>—a joint military effort with FARDC against ADF in <a href="/wiki/Beni_Territory" title="Beni Territory">Beni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irumu_Territory" title="Irumu Territory">Irumu</a> territories—arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a> and established its headquarters at the Rwampara military center, southeast of Bunia, within the Tséré groupement of Irumu Territory.<a href="#cite_note-:55-343">[340]</a> This deployment became controversial due to inflammatory pronouncements by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Forces_(Uganda)" title="Chief of Defence Forces (Uganda)">Ugandan Chief of Defence Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhoozi_Kainerugaba" title="Muhoozi Kainerugaba">Muhoozi Kainerugaba</a>, a known sympathizer of M23.<a href="#cite_note-:55-343">[340]</a> Days before the deployment, Kainerugaba issued "threatening" messages via X, vowing that UPDF forces would advance into Bunia to combat <a href="/wiki/CODECO" title="CODECO">CODECO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djugu_territory" title="Djugu territory">Djugu Territory</a> and issued an ultimatum, warning that all armed factions operating within Bunia had 24 hours to surrender, failing which they would be considered enemies and subjected to UPDF military action.<a href="#cite_note-:55-343">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_in_Uvira_and_adjacent_areas">Conflict in Uvira and adjacent areas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conflict in Uvira and adjacent areas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2025_Uvira_offensive" title="2025 Uvira offensive">2025 Uvira offensive</a></div> As M23 troops advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a>, reports surfaced of armed altercations between FARDC and Wazalendo from 18 February into the early hours of 19 February, resulting in at least 17 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-:56-344">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-:57-345">[342]</a> Wazalendo fighters blocked FARDC units from retreating to <a href="/wiki/Kalemie" title="Kalemie">Kalemie</a> with weapons and ammunition, demanding full disarmament and summarily executing those who defied the directive.<a href="#cite_note-:56-344">[341]</a> Escaping soldiers turned on civilians, looting homes, stealing valuables, and causing destruction. Those who attempted to resist were met with lethal force.<a href="#cite_note-:56-344">[341]</a> More than 500 detainees, including civilian and military prisoners, escaped from Mulunge Prison in Uvira.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> A widely circulated video on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> showed hundreds of FARDC soldiers boarding a boat at Kalundu Port in Uvira en route to Kalemie.<a href="#cite_note-:56-344">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (MSF) reported receiving a large number of injured people while simultaneously dealing with widespread looting, which hampered emergency medical response, including ambulance services.<a href="#cite_note-:57-345">[342]</a> The violence led to the shutdown of banks, pharmacies, markets, and medical facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:65-347">[344]</a> Civilians fled in all directions, with some escaping into Burundi, others seeking refuge in remote plateaus, and many heading toward Kalemie and <a href="/wiki/Moba,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Moba, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Moba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:56-344">[341]</a> while political and administrative officials, along with a large portion of the police and military personnel, fled to neighboring areas such as Burundi, Kalemie, and Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-:65-347">[344]</a> Meanwhile, AFC-M23, captured <a href="/wiki/Sange,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bafuliiru_Chiefdom" title="Bafuliiru Chiefdom">Bafuliiru Chiefdom</a>, with rebel convoys advancing along National Road 5 (RN5), approximately 35 kilometers from Uvira.<a href="#cite_note-:58-348">[345]</a> Residents, fearing potential violence, fled into the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-:58-348">[345]</a> In Lubero, AFC-M23 secured Kitsombiro by approximately 9:00 a.m., following intense clashes that had earlier led to the fall of Ndoluma. FARDC regrouped at Katondi, 5 kilometers north of Kitsombiro, establishing defensive lines with the intent of launching a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-:59-349">[346]</a> Fighting between FARDC and M23 persisted between Katondi and Kitsombiro, with reports suggesting that attempted to displace M23 toward the outskirts. Despite these efforts, M23 retained its dominance over the battlefield as night approached.<a href="#cite_note-:59-349">[346]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fizi_Territory" title="Fizi Territory">Fizi Territory</a>, Michel Rukunda, alias Makanika, a Twirwaneho militia leader aligned with M23 and AFC, was killed in <a href="/wiki/Minembwe" title="Minembwe">Minembwe</a> by a Congolese military drone.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-:66-1">[1]</a> The Congolese government accused Rwanda of trying to overthrow Tshisekedi, while Kayikwamba called the UN to implement "robust sanctions" against Rwanda and the AFC-M23 rebel faction.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> post widely shared on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> reported clandestine M23 recruitment operations in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:61-352">[349]</a> In response, Major General Timothée Mujinga, commander of the 31st Military Region, dismissed these claims as "unfounded rumors" and "false information", affirming that the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Congolese National Police</a> (PNC) and FARDC remained fully operational to safeguard civilian security and property.<a href="#cite_note-:61-352">[349]</a> On 20 February, multiple FARDC battalions were observed moving through Uvira from the <a href="/wiki/Ruzizi_Plain" title="Ruzizi Plain">Ruzizi Plain</a> toward Kalundu Port, ostensibly preparing to embark for Kalemie.<a href="#cite_note-:60-353">[350]</a> Within Uvira, segments of the city remained under Wazalendo dominion, while most residents remained sequestered in their homes.<a href="#cite_note-:60-353">[350]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, M23 rebels attempted an offensive but were pushed back by FARDC forces in Katondi, forcing them to retreat to the outskirts without being fully dislodged.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> Unable to engage on <a href="/wiki/National_Road_2_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Road 2 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Road No. 2</a>, they took an alternate route through Kasima, arriving in Kipese by nightfall, which serves as a gateway to Butembo.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Walungu_Territory" title="Walungu Territory">Walungu Territory</a>, M23 rebels advanced toward the administrative center of Walungu from Cisheke and Kashanja.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> Simultaneously, in <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a>, an MSF employee was wounded when gunfire struck the organization's base.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> That same day, the United States sanctioned Rwandan General <a href="/wiki/James_Kabarebe" title="James Kabarebe">James Kabarebe</a> and M23 spokesman Laurence Kanyuka.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> During the G20 Foreign Ministers' meeting in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a> condemned Rwanda's military operations in the DRC and warned of potential diplomatic repercussions if Rwanda continued to violate Congolese territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> On 21 February, looting incidents were reported in combat zones around Butembo, particularly along the Lubero front, where M23 and FARDC forces had engaged in successive clashes.<a href="#cite_note-:64-360">[357]</a> Some retreating FARDC soldiers were accused of ransacking properties in villages they passed through.<a href="#cite_note-:64-360">[357]</a> That day, Twirwaneho captured Minembwe and its <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">airfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:66-1">[1]</a> The UNSC unanimously adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2773" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2773">Resolution 2773</a> demanding that M23 rebels immediately cease their offensive. The resolution, spearheaded by France's permanent representative to the UN, also called upon Rwandan forces to halt their support for the M23 insurgency and withdraw from Congolese territory.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_impact_and_continued_conflict">Humanitarian impact and continued conflict</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Humanitarian impact and continued conflict">edit</a>]</div> On 23 February 2025, Burundian President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a> met with Tshisekedi at <a href="/wiki/N%27djili_Airport" title="N'djili Airport">N'djili International Airport</a> in Kinshasa for a private discussion. No official statement was issued following their exchange.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> On the same day, M23 and RDF forces killed over a dozen civilians in Goma.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> Despite launching a new offensive in Kasinjwe, behind Kipese toward Masereka, M23 forces were repelled by FARDC and Wazalendo units stationed in Masereka. The frontline remained unchanged, with M23 forces holding Kipese and Kitsombiro, while FARDC maintained control over routes leading to Lubero and Lukanga, key pathways to Butembo.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> On 24 February, at a high-level session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> in Geneva, Suminwa accentuated the escalating death toll, stating that more than 7,000 people had been killed since January and that approximately 450,000 people were left homeless following the destruction of 90 displacement camps.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> The DRC also welcomed Resolution 2773,<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> and on that day, the European Union suspended defense consultations with Rwanda and initiated a review of its memorandum of understanding on strategic raw materials, citing concerns over Rwanda's involvement in the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> although a second wave of sanctions was blocked by <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-372">[369]</a> The UK also took measures, announcing a £14.6 million aid package for conflict-affected populations in eastern DRC while freezing bilateral aid to Rwanda, except for <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:67-373">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-:69-374">[371]</a> The UK further suspended military training assistance to the RDF and initiated a review of export licenses for military equipment intended for Rwanda. British officials urged the DRC to consider an inclusive dialogue involving the M23, a proposal firmly rejected by the Congolese government.<a href="#cite_note-:67-373">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-:69-374">[371]</a> On 25 February, fighting in Uvira between FARDC and Wazalendo left 20 dead and 60 injured,<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> while SANDF disclosed that military personnel wounded in late January skirmishes with M23 in Goma had been medically evacuated to South Africa for treatment, though the exact number was undisclosed. SANDF units under the SAMIRDC framework maintained their operational presence in Goma.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> Simultaneously, MSF reported that between 19 and 20 February, 34 out of 47 healthcare facilities across North Kivu had suffered varying degrees of operational incapacitation due to the incessant violence, with Goma's main hospitals overwhelmed by an influx of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mwenga_Territory" title="Mwenga Territory">Mwenga Territory</a>, FARDC and Wazalendo battled Twirwaneho forces, now under the command of Charles Sematama, whose alliance with Burundian Tutsi <a href="/wiki/RED-Tabara" title="RED-Tabara">RED-Tabara</a> rebels enabled them to seize Mikenge.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sange,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sange</a>, FARDC and Wazalendo clashed over Mugenyi II, resulting in seven deaths as FARDC attempted to reoccupy a former MONUSCO base after withdrawing to Uvira amid the M23 advance.<a href="#cite_note-:68-379">[376]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru Territory</a>, three civilians were killed in Kibirizi, <a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a>, by M23 and AFC forces.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> On 26 February, reports emerged of forced recruitment efforts by AFC-M23 forces targeting finalist and pre-finalist students in Kamanyola, Goma, and Nyiragongo Territory. Fearing conscription, many parents removed their children from schools, while others attempted to flee the affected areas.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> Within Nyiragongo Territory, on the periphery of Goma, at least fifteen people died in an inferno that erupted during an M23-RDF operation near <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">Don Bosco</a> Ngangi, while at least five other civilians were shot in their homes during the incursion.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> In Uvira, FARDC's Operation Sukola 2 in South Kivu was launched to track down deserters and soldiers accused of harassment and misconduct amid the ongoing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Kalehe_Territory" title="Kalehe Territory">Kalehe Territory</a>, two village chiefs were assassinated during the night of 25–26 February: Joseph Birikunguba Bitamenyeka Kanyere, the chief of Batayo village, was murdered in Mulunguzi—an area under Wazalendo control—while Bahati Cirhahola Jackson, the chief of the sub-village of Nyamutwe in Kasheke, was executed in an M23-controlled zone.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> On 27 February, <a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_M23_rally_bombings" title="2025 Bukavu M23 rally bombings">multiple explosions occurred during an M23-AFC meeting</a> at Place de l'Indépendance in Bukavu as Nangaa was concluding a high-profile session, resulting in at least 13 fatalities and 70 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:211-385">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> M23's official casualty figures reported 11 deaths and 65 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:03-388">[385]</a> Tshisekedi denounced the attack, labeling it a "heinous terrorist act" and attributing culpability to "a foreign army illegally present on Congolese soil", albeit without explicitly identifying Rwanda or the M23-AFC alliance.<a href="#cite_note-:70-389">[386]</a> Meanwhile, M23 denied responsibility for the attack and accused the Congolese government of orchestrating the attack.<a href="#cite_note-:03-388">[385]</a> Reports also emerged from the Groupe de Travail Thématique Mines et Hydrocarbures (GTTMH) of South Kivu's civil society, alleging that M23-AFC forces looted the CJX Minerals processing entity on the night of 19–20 February.<a href="#cite_note-:71-390">[387]</a> The group reported that M23-AFC troops abducted security personnel, disabled surveillance cameras, and facilitated the transfer of mineral resources to Rwanda for sale to companies such as Traxys and Sunrise.<a href="#cite_note-:71-390">[387]</a> The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> summoned the Rwandan ambassador to demand clarification on Rwanda's involvement in the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> and UN peacekeeping officials visited Kinshasa to discuss the implementation of Resolution 2773.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> On 28 February, Luxembourg's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a> explained his veto of a second wave of EU sanctions, emphasizing that a sustainable political solution, mediated by local and regional actors, was essential for resolving the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-:05-372">[369]</a> Bettel further stated that should the joint SADC-EAC ministerial meeting scheduled for <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> yield no progress, the EU would contemplate additional sanctions targeting Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-:05-372">[369]</a> On 1 March, an alliance comprising Twirwaneho, RED-Tabara, and the Android coalition, allied with M23, attacked Wazalendo positions in Bilalombili village near Mikenge, where displaced populations from Mikenge and surrounding areas had sought refuge.<a href="#cite_note-:06-393">[390]</a> Several houses were burned, though the extent of the damage was not immediately clear.<a href="#cite_note-:06-393">[390]</a> In Walungu Territory, M23 advanced to Bwahungu and Muzinzi after capturing Walungu center and Kashanja, following battles against FARDC and Wazalendo forces.<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> On the same day, M23-AFC claimed to have handed over a group of FDLR fighters to the RDF at the Grande Barrière border post in <a href="/wiki/Rubavu_District" title="Rubavu District">Rubavu District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:07-395">[392]</a> FARDC's spokesperson Major General Sylvain Ekenge dismissed this claim, describing it as a fabricated plot aimed at discrediting the FARDC and SADC forces.<a href="#cite_note-:07-395">[392]</a> Ekenge argued that the detainees had been presented by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Rwanda" title="Mass media in Rwanda">Rwandan media</a> on 22 January 2025, accusing Rwanda of faking their capture to justify military action in eastern DRC and further stating that these FDLR detainees had been held at <a href="/wiki/Muhanga" title="Muhanga">Gitarama</a> central prison in Rwanda and dressed in new FARDC military uniforms from the depot to mislead the public into believing they had been captured in Goma.<a href="#cite_note-:07-395">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomatic_developments_and_clashes">Diplomatic developments and clashes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diplomatic developments and clashes">edit</a>]</div> On 3 March, Canada suspended export permits, government-to-government business pursuits, private-sector support, and participation in international events hosted by Rwanda or proposed by Kigali.<a href="#cite_note-:2-398">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-399">[396]</a> It also pledged 15 million Canadian dollars in humanitarian aid for crisis-affected populations in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-:2-398">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-399">[396]</a> That same day, the OHCHR reported that M23 rebels had abducted at least 130 sick and wounded people from CBCA <a href="/wiki/Ndosho" title="Ndosho">Ndosho</a> Hospital and Heal Africa Hospital in Goma—116 from CBCA and an additional 15 from Heal Africa.<a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> Germany similarly suspended new development aid to Rwanda and initiated a reassessment of its extant financial commitments.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> On 5 March, heavy fighting in Mikenge saw Wazalendo forces, led by Kakobanya Nakalambi, reclaim the village from M23-allied militias Twirwaneho, RED-Tabara, and Android, forcing their retreat to Kalinga, six kilometers away in Mwenga Territory.<a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a> That same day, during a public speech in <a href="/wiki/Kikwit" title="Kikwit">Kikwit</a>, Congolese Deputy Prime <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Channels_of_Communication" title="Ministry of Transport and Channels of Communication">Minister of Transport and Communication Channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a>, called on Congolese youth to join FARDC in defending the country "against its aggressors" and accused Joseph Kabila of backing M23, the AFC, and the Mobondo militia, which was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">conflicts in western DRC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a> Meanwhile, the scheduled SADC-EAC ministerial meeting in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> was postponed indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a> On the night of 7 March, after five days of occupation, M23 fighters withdrew from Kasugho, located at the foot of the Tayna Gorilla Reserve, 45 kilometers west of <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero</a>, and moved toward Bunyatenge, a gold-rich area six hours away on foot.<a href="#cite_note-:08-409">[406]</a> The withdrawal occurred without confrontation. The civil society reported that the UPDF, which had been stationed on the Lubero-Kasugho route, took over Kasugho, while local officials claimed it was now under Wazalendo control.<a href="#cite_note-:08-409">[406]</a> Some believe M23's retreat was to accommodate the Ugandan army, as General Kainerugaba had posted on X that M23 should pull back 20 kilometers south from Lubero (Kitsombiro, Kipese, Kasugho) to open up Ugandan-influenced zones.<a href="#cite_note-:08-409">[406]</a> However, their movement toward Bunyatenge complicates the situation, as the town's strategic gold reserves and proximity to Mbwavinywa—home to Forces Patriotiques Populaires-Armee du People (FPP-AP) headquarters led by Kasereka Kasiyano, known as General Kabidon, a key Wazalendo leader and strong Kinshasa ally.<a href="#cite_note-:08-409">[406]</a> That same day, in Mbwavinywa, a village near Bunyatenge in southern <a href="/wiki/Lubero_Territory" title="Lubero Territory">Lubero Territory</a>, General Kabidon declared that the Front Commun de la Résistance (FCR)—a coalition of the FPP-AP and Mapenzi's <a href="/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" title="Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated">Nduma Défense du Congo-Rénové</a> (NDC-R)—had formally aligned with M23 and AFC units.<a href="#cite_note-auto-410">[407]</a> FARDC's spokesperson for the northern front, Colonel Mak Hazukay, condemned Kabidon's defection, characterizing it as a betrayal motivated by mining interests.<a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> On 8 March, Justice Minister Constant Mutamba announced a $9 million bounty for wanted individuals, including $5 million for Nangaa, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bisimwa" title="Bertrand Bisimwa">Bertrand Bisimwa</a>, and Makenga.<a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a> With the occupation of Goma by M23 rebels and the mass escape of prisoners from the central prison of Munzenze, the security situation continued to degenerate precipitously. Between 8–9 March, Goma experienced a surge in violence that left three dead. The first incident occurred in <a href="/wiki/Katindo" title="Katindo">Katindo</a>, where M23 rebels attacked a group playing cards, fatally shooting a young man as he attempted to flee.<a href="#cite_note-:09-415">[412]</a> In Majengo, Jackson Kilimandjaro Mutondwe, son of former deputy Valérien Nzanzu Kenda Kenda, was killed at home by unknown assailants. The third victim was found lifeless on Mutakato Avenue in Mabanga Sud.<a href="#cite_note-:09-415">[412]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a>, at least 53 violent deaths were recorded in Goma and Nyiragongo throughout February 2025.<a href="#cite_note-:09-415">[412]</a> On 9 March, Nyabiondo, long an <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_for_a_Free_and_Sovereign_Congo" title="Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo">APCLS</a> stronghold under Janvier Karairi, fell to M23 and AFC rebels after intense two-day clashes with FARDC and Wazalendo. APCLS reportedly withdrew before the takeover.<a href="#cite_note-:010-416">[413]</a> The fighting displaced locals to villages in <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi Territory</a>, with many fleeing to Kashebere in the Luberike groupement in <a href="/wiki/Walikale_Territory" title="Walikale Territory">Walikale Territory</a>, 12 kilometers from Nyabiondo. M23, having seized key areas in Masisi Territory, advanced toward resource-rich <a href="/wiki/Walikale" title="Walikale">Walikale</a>, coveted for its minerals.<a href="#cite_note-:010-416">[413]</a> On 10 March, FARDC and Wazalendo elements of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union des Patriotes Congolais</a> (UPC) engaged M23 forces in <a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a>, the second in Walungu Territory affected after <a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:011-417">[414]</a> M23 advanced from Nyangezi through the Nyanfunzu escarpments to Mushenyi, a strategic gateway to Kaziba Chiefdom, where it clashed with FARDC and Wazalendo units in <a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom#Administrative_division" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Cibanda groupement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:011-417">[414]</a> Later that night, M23 and AFC forces seized the chiefdom's capital Lwanguku, targeting the royal court, where gunfire was reported to persist. Reports suggested that the rebels had entered the town center but had not secured full dominance over the entire chiefdom.<a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a> Amid escalating violence, Tshisekedi met with Lourenço in Luanda on 11 March to discuss the deteriorating security situation. Angola offered to mediate talks between the Congolese government and M23;<a href="#cite_note-419">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a> however, Kinshasa insisted that any discussions be conducted within the framework of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2773" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2773">UNSC Resolution 2773</a>, which aligns with the Luanda and Nairobi peace processes, as well as the resolutions from the <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> summit.<a href="#cite_note-:013-422">[419]</a> The Congolese government reiterated its stance that M23's involvement should be addressed within this framework.<a href="#cite_note-:013-422">[419]</a> That same day, HRW reported that since M23 and AFC captured Goma in January, they had systematically threatened, detained, and attacked journalists, critics, and activists.<a href="#cite_note-:012-423">[420]</a> HRW further noted that M23 fighters in North and South Kivu had issued death threats through audio recordings of phone calls, messages, and speeches, targeting independent media and civil society organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:012-423">[420]</a> Over 200 activists had sought protection as a result, as the rebels also employed intimidation tactics to restrict the population's access to information and suppress dissent, making it increasingly difficult for journalists to report on the situation in Goma.<a href="#cite_note-:012-423">[420]</a> On 12 March, M23 and AFC forces arrived in <a href="/wiki/Idjwi_Territory" title="Idjwi Territory">Idjwi Territory</a>, a historically demilitarized zone, disembarking from maritime vessels without encountering resistance and subsequently convening a meeting.<a href="#cite_note-:015-424">[421]</a> With the annexation of Idjwi, M23 and AFC consolidated their control over seven of South Kivu's eight <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">territories</a>—<a href="/wiki/Kabare_Territory" title="Kabare Territory">Kabare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walungu_Territory" title="Walungu Territory">Walungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvira_Territory" title="Uvira Territory">Uvira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizi_Territory" title="Fizi Territory">Fizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwenga_Territory" title="Mwenga Territory">Mwenga</a>, and now Idjwi—leaving only <a href="/wiki/Shabunda_Territory" title="Shabunda Territory">Shabunda Territory</a> unaffected at this juncture.<a href="#cite_note-:015-424">[421]</a> On the same day, France suspended new development aid projects in Rwanda and pledged to improve humanitarian assistance for approximately seven million displaced individuals affected by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a> Concurrently, following the capture of Kaziba Chiefdom, M23 and AFC forces advanced toward Rurambo and Kigarama in <a href="/wiki/Bafuliiru_Chiefdom" title="Bafuliiru Chiefdom">Bafuliiru Chiefdom</a>, where they met resistance from Ruma Hondwa's Wazalendo faction.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite13Mar-3">[3]</a> The fighting in Rurambo and Kigarama persisted into 13 March, but Hondwa's faction ultimately withdrew after <a href="/wiki/Fuliru_people" title="Fuliru people">Fuliiru</a> rebel leader Rushaba and his Wazalendo faction defected to M23 and AFC.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite13Mar-3">[3]</a> Shortly thereafter, Rushaba's Wazalendo unit from Masango welcomed M23 and AFC fighters in Kashama, ceding several strategic locations to facilitate their movement into the area.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite13Mar-3">[3]</a> Rushaba's defection was seen as a blow to the Task Force—a coalition of Congolese and Burundian forces allied with Wazalendo fighters. Having previously fought alongside Nyamusaraba and Burundian forces within the Task Force, Rushaba's shift in loyalty triggered new clashes in Kashama before he joined M23 and AFC in battling the Task Force in Kigarama.<a href="#cite_note-Actualite13Mar-3">[3]</a> Concurrently, the SADC declared the cessation of its military intervention, announcing a phased withdrawal of its SAMIDRC troops, and its alignment with the SADC-EAC summit's resolutions on merging the Luanda and Nairobi peace processes while welcoming UNSC Resolution 2773.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> In Goma, M23 and AFC rebels raided CBCA <a href="/wiki/Ndosho" title="Ndosho">Ndosho</a> hospital at night, shooting a man and causing widespread panic.<a href="#cite_note-429">[426]</a> On 14 March, due to rising tensions in <a href="/wiki/Walikale" title="Walikale">Walikale</a>, Alphamin Bisie Mining (ABM), the DRC's largest <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> producer, located 180 km northwest of Goma, 60 km from Walikale, and 32 km from the Walikale-<a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a> road, ceased its operations.<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> That same day, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">EU Council</a> announced delayed sanctions against nine individuals linked to the ongoing violence but withheld their names, with <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">EU foreign ministers</a> scheduled to approve the sanctions on 17 March in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a> M23 forces in Cirunga, <a href="/wiki/Kabare_Territory" title="Kabare Territory">Kabare Territory</a>'s capital, killed a suspected Wazalendo combatant who attempted to push them out near the central prison on 14 March afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> foreign ministers from Canada, France, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the UK, and the US, along with the EU's High Representative, met in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> from 12–14 March, condemning the M23 offensive and the subsequent violence, displacement, and human rights abuses, while calling for support for EAC and SADC-led mediation, accountability for all armed groups' abuses, and a peaceful, inclusive resolution.<a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> On 15 March, Lourenço urged a ceasefire from midnight on 16 March, including ending attacks on civilians and territorial advances, to foster peace talks in Luanda between the Congolese government and M23.<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a> However, instead of observing the ceasefire, M23 and AFC occupied the Ntea village in the Ihana groupement, <a href="/wiki/Walikale_Territory" title="Walikale Territory">Walikale Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:016-439">[436]</a> Simultaneously, Wazalendo forces took control of <a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a> and the localities of Kigarama and Rurambo in the <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a> highlands.<a href="#cite_note-:110-440">[437]</a> M23 and AFC elements advancing from Kaziba Chiefdom reached as far as Marungu and Kahololo, areas that serve as strongholds for the Twirwaheno, Android, and RED-Tabara coalition, while also housing IDP camps that were placed under the protection of the Twirweneho following the departure of <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:110-440">[437]</a> In Fizi Territory, Trésor Ebuela wa Seba, also known as Ebuela Mtetezi, leader of the Wazalendo FPDC-ML faction, was killed in a confrontation with another Wazalendo faction.<a href="#cite_note-:019-441">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a> Intelligence sources reported that two Wazalendo military convoys from <a href="/wiki/Maniema" title="Maniema">Maniema</a>, led by a commander identified as Brauni and en route to reinforce Uvira under General <a href="/wiki/William_Yakutumba" title="William Yakutumba">William Yakutumba</a>, were intercepted by Commander Toronto's Wazalendo forces in Lutete, north of <a href="/wiki/Baraka,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Baraka, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Baraka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:019-441">[438]</a> The ensuing clashes lasted for several hours, resulting in the deaths of Mtetezi and several others. Some sources alleged that Mtetezi had facilitated M23-AFC advances in Fizi Territory's highlands and intended to align with M23-RDF-AFC, though his associates denied these claims.<a href="#cite_note-:019-441">[438]</a> On 16 March, M23 and AFC forces captured <a href="/wiki/Kibua" title="Kibua">Kibua</a>, situated over 80 km from Walikale, defying the ceasefire call.<a href="#cite_note-:016-439">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomatic_ramifications_and_Walikale_offensive">Diplomatic ramifications and Walikale offensive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diplomatic ramifications and Walikale offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2025_Walikale_offensive" title="2025 Walikale offensive">2025 Walikale offensive</a></div> The following day, 17 March, the two factions expanded their territorial control by seizing Mpofi in the Utunda groupement, 52 km from <a href="/wiki/Walikale" title="Walikale">Walikale</a>. Armed clashes continued in Mutakato village within the Banabangi groupement, leading to the mass displacement of Walikale's population.<a href="#cite_note-:016-439">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-:212-443">[440]</a> Displaced persons traveled along the <a href="/wiki/National_Road_3_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Road 3 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">RN3 road</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, with villages along the Kisangani axis, including Losso, Mungele, Tingi Tingi, Lubutu, Mubi, Ndjingala, Lobu, and Makana, receiving thousands of refugees from Walikale.<a href="#cite_note-:212-443">[440]</a> That day, Belgium announced reciprocal diplomatic measures after Rwanda decided to sever diplomatic ties and expel Belgian diplomats within 48 hours. Rwanda justified the move by accusing Belgium of neocolonial ambitions, a violent historical role, and hostility toward Kigali in the DRC conflict while also accusing it of sheltering groups promoting genocidal ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:311-444">[441]</a> Belgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Pr%C3%A9vot" title="Maxime Prévot">Maxime Prévôt</a> called the decision "disproportionate" and regretted that "when we disagree with Rwanda, it prefers not to engage in dialogue". In response, Belgium summoned Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>, declared Rwandan diplomats <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a>, and suspended government cooperation agreements.<a href="#cite_note-:311-444">[441]</a> Meanwhile, as previously scheduled, the EU imposed targeted sanctions on Rwandan officials and M23 leaders. Sanctioned RDF officers include Ruki Karusisi, commander of special forces in eastern DRC; Eugène Nkubito, 3rd Division commander in North Kivu since 2022; and Pascal Muhizi, 2nd Division commander in eastern DRC since 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:412-445">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-:511-446">[443]</a> Among M23 rebels, the EU sanctioned leader Bisimwa, already under UN sanctions, along with recruitment head Désiré Rukomera, Colonel John Imani Nzenze, deputy finance chief Jean-Bosco Nzabonimpa Mupenzi, and finance leader-turned-North Kivu governor Jean Bahati Musanga, while also listing Francis Kamanzi, CEO of Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board, for exploiting conflict minerals and Gasabo Gold Refinery for illegally importing gold from M23-controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-:412-445">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-:511-446">[443]</a> In response, AFC and M23 rescinded their participation in the Angolan-mediated Luanda talks, decrying the sanctions as impediments to dialogue and accusing international institutions of "sabotaging" peace efforts while claiming the measures strengthened Tshisekedi's alleged "warmongering" stance.<a href="#cite_note-447">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[446]</a> A joint SADC-EAC ministerial meeting held in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">roadmap</a> awaiting approval at a subsequent summit, with immediate measures set to be implemented within 30 days, including military-level dialogue for an unconditional ceasefire, cessation of hostilities, reopening of <a href="/wiki/Goma_International_Airport" title="Goma International Airport">Goma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavumu_Airport" title="Kavumu Airport">Kavumu</a> airports, and evacuation of conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-:017-450">[447]</a> A Joint Verification Mechanism (JVM), comprising SADC and EAC representatives with possible reinforcements from the ICGLR and MONUSCO, was established to monitor compliance, while a technical assessment team of 12 to 16 experts evaluated the security, humanitarian, and infrastructural situation in North and South Kivu.<a href="#cite_note-:017-450">[447]</a> Medium-term measures (30-120 days) focus on confidence-building, negotiations, and mediation, with a permanent ceasefire declaration and an enhanced MONUSCO role advocated. Notably, the SADC-EAC statement did not explicitly acknowledge Rwanda's involvement in supporting M23.<a href="#cite_note-:017-450">[447]</a> Meanwhile, the International Contact Group for the Great Lakes Region (ICG), led by Germany and including Belgium, Denmark, the EU, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US, reaffirmed support for Angola's de-escalation efforts while also calling for the implementation of UNSC Resolution 2773 and the immediate withdrawal of Rwandan and M23 forces from the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-451">[448]</a> In Walikale, FARDC and Wazalendo forces, reinforced by troops from <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a>, halted the M23 and AFC advance, forcing the rebels to retreat to Mpofi.<a href="#cite_note-452">[449]</a> On 18 March, M23 and AFC engaged Wazalendo forces in clashes at Kembe, located between Ruvungi and Mpofi along the Walikale road. Fighting continued until midday, with Wazalendo launching offensives from Kibua while M23 and AFC attempted to reinforce their position in Mpofi.<a href="#cite_note-453">[450]</a> On the humanitarian front, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Red Cross of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese Red Cross</a>, cited by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, reported the recovery of 406 bodies, including 110 civilians, in South Kivu between 17 February and 13 March.<a href="#cite_note-:113-454">[451]</a> In Bukavu alone, 43 bodies, including 29 civilians, were collected. Amnesty International attributed the escalating violence and civilian casualties primarily to M23 operations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:113-454">[451]</a> During a <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> meeting mediated by <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar's Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>, the DRC and Rwanda agreed to an immediate, unconditional ceasefire, with Tshisekedi and Kagame also welcoming progress in the Luanda and Nairobi processes, the EAC-SADC summit, and pledging to continue talks for a lasting resolution.<a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[454]</a> On 19 March, M23 and AFC rebels overran FARDC defensive positions in Ngora, 12 km from Walikale, advancing to Mubanda, just 4 km from Walikale's threshold, while FARDC troops moved along the Kisangani axis.<a href="#cite_note-458">[455]</a> Later that evening, M23 and AFC captured Walikale after conducting a two-pronged offensive strategy—one contingent engaging Wazalendo forces in Kembe and Kigoma, while the other advanced via Ngora to Mubanda, thus cutting off FARDC's frontline contingents along the <a href="/wiki/Masisi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Masisi</a>-Walikale transit corridor.<a href="#cite_note-459">[456]</a> That same day, UNJHRO published its January 2025 human rights report, documenting 309 violations across the DRC, affecting 808 victims (550 men, 114 women, 95 individuals of unknown gender and age, and 49 children).<a href="#cite_note-:018-460">[457]</a> North Kivu accounted for 60% of reported abuses, followed by Ituri and South Kivu (13.9% each). North Kivu recorded eight victims of conflict-related sexual violence (three attributed to M23, three to FDLR, and two to FARDC), while South Kivu had three cases (two linked to <a href="/wiki/Nyatura" title="Nyatura">Nyatura</a> Wazalendo and one to FARDC).<a href="#cite_note-:018-460">[457]</a> M23 was identified as the primary perpetrator of serious violations against children, accounting for 69% of cases, followed by Nyatura (12%) and Mai-Mai Mazembe (7%).<a href="#cite_note-461">[458]</a> Meanwhile, in Fizi Territory, Wazalendo, led by self-proclaimed General Kakobanya Nakalambi, clashed with the Twirwaheno, Android, and RED-Tabara coalition, allied with M23, in Mikenge, Mwenga Territory, leaving five Twirwaneho fighters dead and several others injured.<a href="#cite_note-462">[459]</a> By 20 March, M23 and AFC secured key positions in Walikale, including Kigoma airfield, Nyalusukulabure military camp, the unit podium, the territorial office, and Kirima height in Kisima. Some residents fled, while others sought refuge at Walikale General Hospital and the MSF base.<a href="#cite_note-463">[460]</a> China reaffirmed its support for the DRC's sovereignty, condemned M23's occupation, and urged an immediate withdrawal while also expressing readiness to ratify a bilateral security cooperation agreement with the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-464">[461]</a> Meanwhile, in Fizi Territory, Wazalendo combat units clashed with Twirwaneho, Android, and RED-Tabara contingents in Kawera village, six kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Minembwe" title="Minembwe">Minembwe</a>, as part of an assertive campaign to reclaim strategic footholds.<a href="#cite_note-465">[462]</a> On 21 March, a small white <a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">twin-engine</a> aircraft with an undetermined registration number landed at Kigoma airfield for 30 minutes before departing. The previous afternoon, another unidentified aircraft had flown over Walikale without landing.<a href="#cite_note-466">[463]</a> Two people, including a police officer, succumbed to gunshot wounds at Walikale General Hospital following engagements between the M23-AFC coalition and the FARDC-Wazalendo alliance.<a href="#cite_note-467">[464]</a> Explosions were reported across Walikale as Wazalendo launched a counteroffensive, while a Sukhoi military jet conducted an airstrike targeting Kigoma airfield.<a href="#cite_note-468">[465]</a> M23 and AFC rebels issued a three-day ultimatum for those sheltering at the general hospital and MSF base to return home. Many residents fear this is an attempt to use them as human shields, believing Wazalendo's resistance is far from over.<a href="#cite_note-469">[466]</a> In Uvira Territory, Wazalendo forces led by self-proclaimed General Ilunga Rusesema and General Jean Nalube clashed with RDF troops attempting to cross into Muravya. Fighting was reported in Marimba, Rubarati, and surrounding villages.<a href="#cite_note-:020-470">[467]</a> Concurrently, Twirwaneho and M23 fighters stationed in Kahololo sought to advance toward Muravya via Masango but encountered resistance from Wazalendo. In a separate maneuver, M23 and RDF forces attempted to cross from Kageregere toward Muranvia-Minembwe.<a href="#cite_note-:020-470">[467]</a> In Minembwe, Wazalendo engaged with the Twirwaneho-RED Tabara-Android coalition near Mulira and Kakenge, following Wazalendo's recapture of several villages in the <a href="/wiki/Mutambala" title="Mutambala">Mutambala sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:114-471">[468]</a> The strategic village of Kawera was retaken by Wazalendo, which continued its advance toward Minembwe, reclaiming Kivumu, Irumba, and Nyagishasha.<a href="#cite_note-:114-471">[468]</a> In Masisi Territory, Charles Kalibiri, the village chief of Malehe within the Kamuronza groupement, was executed at point-blank range by unidentified assailants in the Birere 1 neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[469]</a> On 22 March, M23 and AFC declared their withdrawal from Walikale and nearby areas, three days after seizing control. They cited efforts to "promote conditions for peace initiatives and political dialogue".<a href="#cite_note-473">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-:021-474">[471]</a> Their communique alluded to the unilateral ceasefire proclamation of 22 February, yet warned that any FARDC offensive against their positions or civilians within their controlled territories would nullify the withdrawal. However, M23 and AFC fighters remained stationed in four out of Walikale's six neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-:021-474">[471]</a> In response, Kayikwamba remarked, "We are all being tested by our words and actions. Many promises, commitments, and concessions have been made. We will see if M23 truly withdraws and prioritizes dialogue, peace, and human lives, which have not been a priority so far".<a href="#cite_note-:115-475">[472]</a> She stressed the need for "concrete actions", reaffirming the DRC's commitment to peace through dialogue while urging M23 to consider civilian welfare.<a href="#cite_note-:115-475">[472]</a> FARDC pledged to monitor the withdrawal east of Kibati in alignment with the 18 March joint declaration by Qatar, the DRC, and Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-:04-476">[473]</a> While refraining from launching offensives, FARDC encouraged Wazalendo to support de-escalation and ongoing peace negotiations but maintained the right to intervene if the ceasefire, civilians, or territorial integrity were threatened.<a href="#cite_note-:04-476">[473]</a> That same day, amid prolonged hostilities and stalled diplomatic efforts, Kayikwamba stated that the government was open to direct negotiations with M23 to halt violence against civilians, declaring, "Given the evolution of the conflict and the ineffectiveness of previous ceasefires, we deemed it appropriate to engage in direct discussions with the M23 if this can help stop the violence".<a href="#cite_note-477">[474]</a> In Walungu Territory, M23 forces clashed with Wazalendo in Nyangezi, Kamina Hill, and Namurambira as Wazalendo attempted to retake the Munya center.<a href="#cite_note-:02-478">[475]</a> The intense fighting resulted in mass displacement, with residents reporting explosions throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-:02-478">[475]</a> In Kisangani, four children fleeing clashes between the FARDC and M23 and AFC rebels in Walikale died when a tree fell on them during heavy rain in Mika Forest.<a href="#cite_note-479">[476]</a> On 23 March, M23 rebels were spotted advancing through the forest of the Bilo Bilo village near Mubi.<a href="#cite_note-:04-476">[473]</a> Rwanda welcomed M23's repositioning from Walikale and Kinshasa's halt of FARDC and Wazalendo offensives, reaffirming its commitment to regional stability.<a href="#cite_note-480">[477]</a> Meanwhile, Ituri's military governor, General Johnny Luboya Nkashama, faced public threats from Muhoozi, who called him "very stupid" and accused him of opposing UPDF operations. Muhoozi warned of his imminent arrest and suggested the UPDF would capture Kisangani if M23 delayed.<a href="#cite_note-481">[478]</a> FARDC Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Jules Banza Mwilambwe arrived in Kisangani to inspect military units in the 3rd defense zone.<a href="#cite_note-:014-482">[479]</a> In Walikale, M23 rebels killed a civilian and looted an abandoned FARDC ration depot at Kigoma airfield.<a href="#cite_note-:014-482">[479]</a> On 24 March, an unidentified white twin-engine aircraft again landed and departed from Kigoma airfield, its origin unclear as Walikale remained under M23 control.<a href="#cite_note-483">[480]</a> Lourenço stated that Angola had exhausted efforts to mediate disputes fueling instability in eastern DRC and would defer the matter to the AU to appoint a new mediator.<a href="#cite_note-484">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[483]</a> A joint SADC-EAC virtual summit, co-chaired by Kenyan President <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> and Zimbabwean President <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>, adopted the 17 March ministerial report and ordered its implementation, while leaders reaffirmed commitments from the 8 February EAC-SADC summit, the 14 February <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security" title="African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security">AU Peace and Security Council</a> meeting, and UNSC Resolution 2773, stressing the need for coordinated efforts to address the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-487">[484]</a> In Goma, a 13-year-old girl's body was found floating in Lake Kivu, and four other bodies—including that of 24-year-old Bisimwa Marie Wani—were discovered in different neighborhoods as analysts believe some victims found in Congolese <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Republican Guard</a> uniforms had been moved and dressed in fatigues to obscure their identities.<a href="#cite_note-:022-488">[485]</a> On 25 March, Wazalendo temporarily occupied Katana in Kabare Territory before retreating soon after.<a href="#cite_note-489">[486]</a> In Walikale, the Congolese Red Cross collected at least 30 bodies, mostly civilians and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-490">[487]</a> By 26 March, M23 and AFC rebels had fortified their positions both aerially and terrestrially. A plane transporting soldiers landed again at Kigoma airfield, while additional FARDC troops arrived by land, reinforcing the Congolese army's hold on Boboro, 24 kilometers from Walikale, with additional reinforcements from Biruwe.<a href="#cite_note-491">[488]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_role">Rwandan role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rwandan role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a></div> As a result of the M23 advances in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a>, top UN official for the DRC, described the group as having "conducted itself as a conventional army, rather than an armed group," and warned that the group's capabilities exceeded that of MONUSCO.<a href="#cite_note-492">[489]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> researchers, the presence of individuals in Rwandan uniforms among the rebels has been proven through photos and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> footage, partially explaining the M23 forces' increased professionalism.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">[28]</a> Congolese researcher Josaphat Musamba concurred, arguing that it was "clear that there is support" behind M23's resurgence. Congo Research Group director <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stearns" title="Jason Stearns">Jason Stearns</a> stated that, though there was "no certainty" about Rwanda backing the M23 offensive, the rebels' firepower and various frontline reports made Rwandan involvement "very likely". Regardless of Rwanda's possible role in the offensive, analysts cautioned that M23 had never been just a Rwandan pawn, and always maintained its own agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Sengenya_Huon-493">[490]</a> In early August 2022, a report for the UN by independent researchers provided further evidence about Rwandan support for M23, including photos and videos showcasing Rwandan soldiers moving into Congolese territory and M23 troops armed with Rwandan weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi4-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[491]</a> In October, a Rwandan soldier surrendered to MONUSCO at Kiwanja; the Congolese government regarded this as a further proof of Rwandan support for the rebel offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben1-39">[38]</a> By January 2023, the United States, several European countries, and UN experts believed that Rwanda was supporting M23.<a href="#cite_note-DefensePost-22">[21]</a> By 2025 it was estimated that 4000 to 7000 RDF soldiers were fighting in Congo and had suffered significant casualties. Satellite images also showed significant expansion in the Kanombe military cemetery in Kigali, where at least 600 graves have been dug since the beginning of the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-495">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_and_commercial_interests">Economic and commercial interests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economic and commercial interests">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bunagana.jpg/250px-Bunagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bunagana.jpg/330px-Bunagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bunagana.jpg/500px-Bunagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="670" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg/250px-M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg/330px-M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg/500px-M23_troops_Bunagana_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">M23 troops in the mining town of <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a></div></div></div></div> Critics argue that both M23 and Rwanda have opportunistically exploited the presence of the FDLR as a pretext for broader political and economic ambitions in eastern DRC,<a href="#cite_note-:510-496">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lagarde2025-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[495]</a> particularly since the FDLR no longer poses a substantial military threat to Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-Bashi2022-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-StearnsAug2022-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabricius2024-70">[68]</a> A December 2023 UNSC-commissioned report revealed that since October 2023, RDF soldiers had been deployed in <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo_Territory" title="Nyiragongo Territory">Nyiragongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masisi_Territory" title="Masisi Territory">Masisi</a> territories, with RDF and M23 receiving support from 250 e-x FDLR combatants under Rwanda's Defence Intelligence Directorate.<a href="#cite_note-500">[497]</a> There is substantial evidence suggesting that rebel factions backed by Rwanda and Uganda—including M23—control strategic yet informal supply chains that transport valuable minerals from the <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> region to both countries.<a href="#cite_note-:74-501">[498]</a> The corridor from <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a> on the Ugandan border, through <a href="/wiki/Kanyabayonga" title="Kanyabayonga">Kanyabayonga</a> to Goma on the Rwandan border, encompasses a lucrative mining belt containing some of the world's largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, a mineral essential for the production of electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-:74-501">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The DRC is also the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, a key component in <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">electric vehicle batteries</a>, which are in high demand globally.<a href="#cite_note-502">[499]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_(13406579753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/250px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/330px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/500px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">Bibatama Mining Concession</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> mine in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and a major contributor to the country's mining economy, accounting for 15% of global coltan production, has been under M23 control since April 2024.<a href="#cite_note-503">[500]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, U.S. data indicated that Rwanda accounted for 15% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> supply, a derivative of coltan ore, despite producing only modest amounts domestically.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a> In March 2023, Congolese Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Kazadi" title="Nicolas Kazadi">Nicolas Kazadi</a> reported that the country was losing approximately <a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a>1 billion annually due to minerals being illicitly smuggled into Rwanda. He noted that Rwanda's 2022 mineral exports—including <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, tantalum, and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>—were valued at nearly $1 billion, despite the country having limited known reserves.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-506">[503]</a> The U.S. also purchased 36% of its tantalum imports from Rwanda—more than from any other country—while only 7% came from the DRC, a major tantalum producer. Rwanda has utilized an international network of elites to facilitate the smuggling, sale, and monetization of DRC minerals through militarized trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a> Kigali has received institutional backing to commercialize these minerals via an industry-led compliance framework and companies such as <a href="/wiki/AVX_Corporation" title="AVX Corporation">AVX Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEMET_Corporation" title="KEMET Corporation">KEMET Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talison_Minerals" title="Talison Minerals">Global Advanced Metals</a>, which manufacture electronic components. These firms have been accused of knowingly purchasing minerals of illicit origin.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a> Due diligence teams from major technology companies—including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>—have also been informed that minerals sourced from Rwanda were likely smuggled from the DRC, often under conditions of violent exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a> Despite this, these minerals continue to be integrated into global supply chains for products ranging from laptops to aircraft. Rwanda, in turn, has cultivated an image as a stable and efficient trading hub within the mineral sector.<a href="#cite_note-:611-504">[501]</a> In a separate but related case, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) ruled in February 2022 that Uganda must pay $325 million to the DRC in reparations for its role in conflicts between 1998 and 2003, which included the deaths of thousands of civilians in <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri Province</a>, the funding of rebel groups, and the illicit extraction of natural resources such as gold, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-507">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Since then, gold has since become Uganda's leading export, with much of it reportedly originating from DRC mines.<a href="#cite_note-508">[505]</a> Similarly, while the DRC accounted for 40% of the world's coltan output in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[507]</a> substantial amounts are reportedly funneled illicitly into Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-511">[508]</a> UN investigations have found that while most of the DRC's <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> coltan is routed through Rwanda, a notable portion is also transported via <a href="/wiki/Bunagana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Bunagana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bunagana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a> into Uganda and through <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a> into Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union_agreements_and_controversy">European Union agreements and controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: European Union agreements and controversy">edit</a>]</div> In October 2023, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) signed a partnership with the DRC and Zambia to develop raw material supply chains, including infrastructure investment and sustainable resource extraction. The EU stated that securing a stable supply of critical minerals was essential for meeting its green energy and climate goals.<a href="#cite_note-512">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-:612-513">[510]</a> In February 2024, the EU announced a similar agreement with Rwanda, aiming to "nurture sustainable and resilient value chains for critical raw materials".<a href="#cite_note-514">[511]</a> The EU's investments in Rwanda's mineral sector between 2021 and 2024 amounted to $260 million. The agreement recognized Rwanda as a key player in global tantalum production, as well as a producer of tin, tungsten, gold, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, and potentially <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and rare earth elements.<a href="#cite_note-:612-513">[510]</a> The EU further praised Rwanda's regulatory environment, stating that it could serve as a hub for mineral processing and value addition. The announcement was met with immediate criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese government</a> and civil society organizations. President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> described the deal as a "provocation of very, very bad taste", arguing that it would legitimize mineral smuggling and exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-:612-513">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-515">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-516">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[514]</a> He asserted that the agreement effectively allowed Rwanda to profit from "the blood of our compatriots".<a href="#cite_note-:4-515">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-516">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[515]</a> DRC Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Lutundula" title="Christophe Lutundula">Christophe Lutundula</a> accused the EU of complicity in the "looting and aggression" against the DRC, citing other EU-Rwanda agreements on security and military cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-:612-513">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[518]</a> Notably, Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> himself acknowledged that Rwanda serves as a transit point for smuggled Congolese minerals. He stated that minerals from the DRC pass through Rwanda to destinations including <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:612-513">[510]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geopolitical_and_economic_rivalry_between_Rwanda_and_Uganda">Geopolitical and economic rivalry between Rwanda and Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geopolitical and economic rivalry between Rwanda and Uganda">edit</a>]</div> In November 2020, the Ugandan construction company Dott Services, a co-financier and developer of road networks linking Uganda and the DRC, entered a joint venture with the Congolese state-owned mining company <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Aurif%C3%A8re_du_Kivu_et_du_Maniema" title="Société Aurifère du Kivu et du Maniema">Société Aurifère du Kivu et du Maniema</a> (Sakima).<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> This agreement granted Dott Services access to strategic mining sites in <a href="/wiki/Maniema" title="Maniema">Maniema Province</a>, an area rich in tin, tantalum, gold, and tungsten. Under the terms of the deal, Dott Services secured a 70% ownership stake, with Sakima retaining 30%. Additionally, Dott Services is committed to establishing a mineral processing facility alongside its infrastructure projects.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The company is widely believed to have close ties to Uganda's political elite.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Rwanda has also sought to assert its influence in the region's mining sector. In June 2021, Kagame and Tshisekedi signed an agreement allowing Dither Ltd—a company reportedly linked to the Rwandan military—to refine gold mined by Sakima.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> The stated objective of the agreement was to curb revenue streams for armed groups operating in the mining sector. However, the DRC suspended the deal in June 2022, citing Rwanda's alleged support for the resurgent M23 rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> Ugandan officials have argued that Rwanda's increasing support for M23 was motivated, at least in part, by the disruption of its economic ventures in the DRC. During the M23 offensive in Bunagana on 23 March 2022, Ugandan soldiers intervened to safeguard Dott Services personnel and assets. The incident heightened tensions between Uganda and Rwanda, which accused the other of leveraging M23 for economic gain.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, officials alleged that Rwandan-backed M23 elements orchestrated the attack to disrupt Uganda's operations in the DRC. Conversely, in Kigali, officials accused Uganda of using M23 affiliates to seize the border town, a crucial transit hub for Dott Services.<a href="#cite_note-:622-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives_of_M23">Motives of M23</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Motives of M23">edit</a>]</div> Stearns argued that the new M23 offensive was possibly aimed at enforcing the group's inclusion in a <a href="/wiki/Disarmament,_demobilisation,_and_reintegration" class="mw-redirect" title="Disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration">disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration</a> (DDR) programme. Previous attempts of M23 at becoming part of this process, including after the 2013 agreement, failed due to considerable opposition by the Congolese public. One of the issues hampering any attempts to achieve M23's complete demobilisation is the fact that several members of the rebel group are known to have committed various war crimes over several years of involvement in insurgencies, even before M23 itself had emerged. This makes their integration into the Congolese security forces or rewarding them with amnesties difficult to justify in the DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-Sengenya_Huon-493">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Rwandan involvement was first alleged by the DR Congo,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> a claim which was later substantiated by the findings of researchers tasked by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi4-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> Rwanda has denied its support for M23.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Eight killed (6 Pakistanis, 1 Russian, 1 Serbian) during helicopter crash,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_30_March-4">[4]</a> 1 Moroccan killed in ground combat with M23.<a href="#cite_note-RadioOkapi_1_August-11">[10]</a> Fourteen South Africans, 3 Malawians, 2 Tanzanians, 1 Uruguayan killed by M23 during the <a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">2025 Goma offensive</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> It has been reported that some FARDC soldiers who operate in North Kivu are former FDLR members.<a href="#cite_note-Etahoben-26">[25]</a> A later report for the United Nations by independent researchers stated that the FDLR had begun to fight alongside the FARDC in May, responding to the M23 offensive.<a href="#cite_note-VOA_aiding-6">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Fresh+fighting+erupts+in+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.au=Robert+Muhereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ffresh-fighting-erupts-in-bunagana-3851364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi5-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi5_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/16/actualite/revue-de-presse/le-potentiel-eac-des-soldats-burundais-entrent-officiellement">"Le Potentiel : " EAC : Des soldats burundais entrent officiellement en RDC ""</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Le+Potentiel+%3A+%22+EAC+%3A+Des+soldats+burundais+entrent+officiellement+en+RDC+%22&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F08%2F16%2Factualite%2Frevue-de-presse%2Fle-potentiel-eac-des-soldats-burundais-entrent-officiellement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReporter2025" class="citation web cs1">Reporter, Times (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24167/news/africa/burundi-is-withdrawing-troops-from-dr-congo-reports-say">"Burundi is withdrawing troops from DR Congo, reports say"</a>. The New Times. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRW&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Civilians+at+Risk+Amid+Resurgence+of+M23+Rebels&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fdemocratic-republic-congo%2Fdr-congo-civilians-risk-amid-resurgence-m23-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karuhanga-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karuhanga_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Karuhanga2022" class="citation news cs1">James Karuhanga (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202205270125.html">"Rwanda Will Not Be Drawn Into Intra-Congo Conflict – Govt Spokesperson"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HumAngle&rft.atitle=M23+Rebel+Movement+Hands+Over+Captured+DR+Congo+Soldiers+To+Red+Cross&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.au=Bisong+Etahoben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanglemedia.com%2Fm23-rebel-movement-hands-over-captured-dr-congo-soldiers-to-red-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi2_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/27/actualite/revue-de-presse/le-potentiel-paix-durable-dans-lest-felix-tshisekedi-la-voie">"Le Potentiel : " Paix durable dans l'Est : Félix Tshisekedi : « La voie diplomatique demeure l'option idéale et privilégiée ""</a>. 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Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Le+Potentiel+%3A+%22+Paix+durable+dans+l%27Est+%3A+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+%3A+%C2%AB+La+voie+diplomatique+demeure+l%27option+id%C3%A9ale+et+privil%C3%A9gi%C3%A9e+%22&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F27%2Factualite%2Frevue-de-presse%2Fle-potentiel-paix-durable-dans-lest-felix-tshisekedi-la-voie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umuseke-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umuseke_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umuseke_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/ibyihariye-kuri-brig-gen-mboneza-nimero-ya-kabiri-mu-ndwanyi-za-m23/">"Ibyihariye kuri Brig Gen Mboneza nimero ya kabiri mu ndwanyi za M23"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umuseke&rft.atitle=Ibyihariye+kuri+Brig+Gen+Mboneza+nimero+ya+kabiri+mu+ndwanyi+za+M23&rft.date=2023-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumuseke.rw%2F2023%2F01%2Fibyihariye-kuri-brig-gen-mboneza-nimero-ya-kabiri-mu-ndwanyi-za-m23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi3_29-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/07/actualite/securite/rdc-changement-la-tete-du-commandement-militaire-au-nord-kivu-et-en">"RDC : changement à la tête du commandement militaire au Nord-Kivu et en Ituri"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC+%3A+changement+%C3%A0+la+t%C3%AAte+du+commandement+militaire+au+Nord-Kivu+et+en+Ituri&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-changement-la-tete-du-commandement-militaire-au-nord-kivu-et-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmanya2024" class="citation web cs1">Amanya, Samuel (21 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/gen-masunzu-appointed-zone-commander-in-north-kivu-as-fighting-intensifies-in-lubero">"Gen Masunzu Appointed Commander in North Kivu as Fighting Intensifies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Radio_Network" title="Uganda Radio Network">Uganda Radio Network</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HumAngle&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels+Withdraw+From+Villages+Captured+In+DR+Congo&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.au=Bisong+Etahoben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanglemedia.com%2Fm23-rebels-withdraw-from-villages-captured-in-dr-congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yusuf-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yusuf_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yusuf_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yusuf_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yusuf_90-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Yusuf2022" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed Yusuf (31 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/drc-army-m23-rebels-kill-two-congo-soldiers-as-fighting-resumes/6605739.html">"DRC Army: M23 Rebels Kill Two Congo Soldiers as Fighting Resumes"</a>. VOA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612160709/https://www.voanews.com/a/drc-army-m23-rebels-kill-two-congo-soldiers-as-fighting-resumes/6605739.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=DRC+Army%3A+M23+Rebels+Kill+Two+Congo+Soldiers+as+Fighting+Resumes&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft.au=Mohammed+Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fdrc-army-m23-rebels-kill-two-congo-soldiers-as-fighting-resumes%2F6605739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/belgian-king-ends-dr-congo-tour-on-visit-to-volatile-east/6614595.html">"Belgian King Ends DR Congo Tour on Visit to Volatile East"</a>. Agence France-Presse. VOA. 12 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613005827/https://www.voanews.com/a/belgian-king-ends-dr-congo-tour-on-visit-to-volatile-east/6614595.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=Belgian+King+Ends+DR+Congo+Tour+on+Visit+to+Volatile+East&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fbelgian-king-ends-dr-congo-tour-on-visit-to-volatile-east%2F6614595.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_13_June-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_13_June_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_13_June_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_13_June_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDjaffar_Sabiti2022" class="citation news cs1">Djaffar Sabiti (13 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-rebels-seize-key-eastern-border-town-local-activists-say-2022-06-13/">"Congo rebels seize eastern border town, local activists say"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613090427/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-rebels-seize-key-eastern-border-town-local-activists-say-2022-06-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+rebels+seize+eastern+border+town%2C+local+activists+say&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.au=Djaffar+Sabiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-rebels-seize-key-eastern-border-town-local-activists-say-2022-06-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBisong_Etahoben2022" class="citation news cs1">Bisong Etahoben (14 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebels-reclaim-dr-congo-region-after-military-takeover/">"M23 Rebels Reclaim DR Congo Region After Military Takeover"</a>. HumAngle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614114542/https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebels-reclaim-dr-congo-region-after-military-takeover/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HumAngle&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels+Reclaim+DR+Congo+Region+After+Military+Takeover&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.au=Bisong+Etahoben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanglemedia.com%2Fm23-rebels-reclaim-dr-congo-region-after-military-takeover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/justice/proces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami">"Procès des déserteurs de Bunagana: le général de brigade Peter Cirimwami comparait en tant que renseignant"</a>. RadioOkapi. 4 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195101/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/justice/proces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Proc%C3%A8s+des+d%C3%A9serteurs+de+Bunagana%3A+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+brigade+Peter+Cirimwami+comparait+en+tant+que+renseignant&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F04%2Factualite%2Fjustice%2Fproces-des-deserteurs-de-bunagana-le-general-de-brigade-peter-cirimwami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hadji_Kudra_MaliroJustin_Kabumba2022" class="citation news cs1">Al-Hadji Kudra Maliro; Justin Kabumba (13 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/m23-rebels-in-eastern-congo-seize-town-near-uganda-border/2022/06/13/3f38b9da-eb33-11ec-9f90-79df1fb28296_story.html">"Congo military accuses Rwanda of invasion; rebels seize town"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809221513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congo+military+accuses+Rwanda+of+invasion%3B+rebels+seize+town&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft.au=Al-Hadji+Kudra+Maliro&rft.au=Justin+Kabumba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fm23-rebels-in-eastern-congo-seize-town-near-uganda-border%2F2022%2F06%2F13%2F3f38b9da-eb33-11ec-9f90-79df1fb28296_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monitor4-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monitor4_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor4_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Muhereza2022" class="citation news cs1">Robert Muhereza (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330">"Uganda halts Congo military operations"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617080609/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Uganda+halts+Congo+military+operations&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.au=Robert+Muhereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fuganda-halts-congo-military-operations-3851330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/politique/prise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais">"Prise de Bunagana : " Nous n'avons rien vu, ni entendu que les Ougandais auraient trahi leurs alliées FARDC " (MONUSCO)"</a>. RadioOkapi. 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616210507/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/politique/prise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Prise+de+Bunagana+%3A+%22+Nous+n%27avons+rien+vu%2C+ni+entendu+que+les+Ougandais+auraient+trahi+leurs+alli%C3%A9es+FARDC+%22+%28MONUSCO%29&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F15%2Factualite%2Fpolitique%2Fprise-de-bunagana-nous-navons-rien-vu-ni-entendu-que-les-ougandais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15/">"Kenya calls for immediate deployment of regional force to eastern Congo"</a>. Reuters. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615212927/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kenya+calls+for+immediate+deployment+of+regional+force+to+eastern+Congo&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fkenya-calls-immediate-deployment-regional-force-eastern-congo-2022-06-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/securite/rdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana">"RDC: les troupes de la MONUSCO "en position défensive" près de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616200716/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/15/actualite/securite/rdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+troupes+de+la+MONUSCO+%22en+position+d%C3%A9fensive%22+pr%C3%A8s+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F15%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-les-troupes-de-la-monusco-en-position-defensive-pres-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana">"Nord-Kivu : les FARDC lancent l'assaut contre le M23 près de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616231222/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+les+FARDC+lancent+l%27assaut+contre+le+M23+pr%C3%A8s+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F16%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-les-fardc-lancent-lassaut-contre-le-m23-pres-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agoragrandslacs.net/rutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc/">"Rutshuru : les FARDC reprennent le contrôlent de la cité de Bunagana"</a>. agoragrandslacs. Reuters. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619130443/https://www.agoragrandslacs.net/rutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=agoragrandslacs&rft.atitle=Rutshuru+%3A+les+FARDC+reprennent+le+contr%C3%B4lent+de+la+cit%C3%A9+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agoragrandslacs.net%2Frutshuru-bunagana-est-sous-controle-des-fardc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana">"Nord-Kivu : reprise des combats entre FARDC et M23 autour de Bunagana"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617115955/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+reprise+des+combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23+autour+de+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-autour-de-bunagana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabitiBujakera2022" class="citation news cs1">Sabiti, Djaffar; Bujakera, Stanis (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/congo-soldier-shot-dead-in-rwanda-rebels-make-gains-in-east">"Congo soldier shot dead in Rwanda, rebels make gains in east"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Congo+soldier+shot+dead+in+Rwanda%2C+rebels+make+gains+in+east&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Sabiti&rft.aufirst=Djaffar&rft.au=Bujakera%2C+Stanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fnews-pmn%2Fcongo-soldier-shot-dead-in-rwanda-rebels-make-gains-in-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba">"Nord-Kivu : la situation militaire demeure tendue à Jomba"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617172441/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+la+situation+militaire+demeure+tendue+%C3%A0+Jomba&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-la-situation-militaire-demeure-tendue-jomba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/rdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale">"RDC-Rwanda : les acteurs de la société civile environnementale préoccupés par le sort des gorilles de montagne"</a>. RadioOkapi. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617160920/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/17/actualite/securite/rdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=RDC-Rwanda+%3A+les+acteurs+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+environnementale+pr%C3%A9occup%C3%A9s+par+le+sort+des+gorilles+de+montagne&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frdc-rwanda-les-acteurs-de-la-societe-civile-environnementale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/un-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654">"UN report on DR Congo says M23 rebels plan to capture key city"</a>. Daily Monitor. AFP. 17 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620190622/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/un-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=UN+report+on+DR+Congo+says+M23+rebels+plan+to+capture+key+city&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fun-report-on-dr-congo-says-m23-rebels-plan-to-capture-key-city--3851654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee">"Nord-Kivu : Calme précaire à Rutshuru sur la ligne de front entre l'armée et le M23"</a>. RadioOkapi. 18 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619202228/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+Calme+pr%C3%A9caire+%C3%A0+Rutshuru+sur+la+ligne+de+front+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23&rft.date=2022-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F18%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-calme-precaire-rutshuru-sur-la-ligne-de-front-entre-larmee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioOkapi-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioOkapi_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/20/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement">"Nord-Kivu : nouveaux affrontements entre FARDC et M23 dans le groupement Bweza"</a>. RadioOkapi. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620080503/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/20/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+nouveaux+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+dans+le+groupement+Bweza&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F20%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-dans-le-groupement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-agrees-to-eac-force-deployment-without-rwandan-army-3852834">"DR Congo agrees to EAC force deployment without Rwandan army"</a>. Daily Monitor. The East African. 19 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620092216/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-agrees-to-eac-force-deployment-without-rwandan-army-3852834">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. 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Daily Monitor. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620074843/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-in-kenya-for-eac-meeting-to-discuss-dr-congo-conflict-3853696">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Museveni+in+Kenya+for+EAC+meeting+to+discuss+DR+Congo+conflict&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmuseveni-in-kenya-for-eac-meeting-to-discuss-dr-congo-conflict-3853696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Bagala2022" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Bagala (21 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/eac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600">"EAC leaders order M23 rebels out of Bunagana"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094947/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/eac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=EAC+leaders+order+M23+rebels+out+of+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.au=Andrew+Bagala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2Fuganda%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Feac-leaders-order-m23-rebels-out-of-bunagana-3854600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_BagalaRobert_Muhereza2022" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Bagala; Robert Muhereza (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/congo-m23-ceasefire-fails-3856060">"Congo-M23 ceasefire fails"</a>. Daily Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622075907/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/congo-m23-ceasefire-fails-3856060">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. 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AFP. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621180932/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/dr-congo-rebels-reopen-border-post-with-uganda-3854222">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 21 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094949/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-interdiction-dimporter-et-dexporter-les-marchandises">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+interdiction+d%27importer+et+d%27exporter+les+marchandises+via+Bunagana&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Factualite%2Feconomie%2Fnord-kivu-interdiction-dimporter-et-dexporter-les-marchandises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-combats-sintensifient-entre-les-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">"Nord-Kivu : les combats s'intensifient entre les FARDC et M23 à Rutshuru"</a>. RadioOkapi. 21 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094946/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/21/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-combats-sintensifient-entre-les-fardc-et-m23-rutshuru">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 22 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623065500/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/06/22/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-13-civils-tues-par-les-bombes-lancees-par-le-m23-kisigari">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 18 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192046/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/18/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-larmee-denonce-de-graves-violations-des-droits-humains-lors">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 18 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819161401/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/16/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. 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HumAngle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907214736/https://humanglemedia.com/m23-rebels-want-dialogue-with-dr-congo-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022. 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RadioOkapi. 19 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819103213/https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/08/19/actualite/securite/rusthuru-le-m23-accuse-de-bombarder-ce-vendredi-les-positions-des">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Rusthuru%3A+le+M23+accus%C3%A9+de+bombarder+ce+vendredi+les+positions+des+FARDC+%C3%A0+Rwanguba&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2022%2F08%2F19%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Frusthuru-le-m23-accuse-de-bombarder-ce-vendredi-les-positions-des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/m23-rebels-clash-with-army-renewed-east-congo-fighting-2022-10-24/">"Congo fighting flares as hundreds shelter in convent – army, MSF"</a>. Reuters. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029110230/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/m23-rebels-clash-with-army-renewed-east-congo-fighting-2022-10-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+fighting+flares+as+hundreds+shelter+in+convent+%E2%80%93+army%2C+MSF&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fm23-rebels-clash-with-army-renewed-east-congo-fighting-2022-10-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221023-dr-congo-troops-clash-with-m23-rebels">"DR Congo troops clash with M23 rebels"</a>. France24. 23 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030173143/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221023-dr-congo-troops-clash-with-m23-rebels">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+troops+clash+with+M23+rebels&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20221023-dr-congo-troops-clash-with-m23-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/10/27/dr-congo-clash-m23-rebels/">"DR Congo Army Clashes With M23 Rebels Around Strategic Eastern Highway"</a>. The Defense Post. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030173146/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/10/27/dr-congo-clash-m23-rebels/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+Army+Clashes+With+M23+Rebels+Around+Strategic+Eastern+Highway&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2022%2F10%2F27%2Fdr-congo-clash-m23-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/official-m23-rebels-capture-towns-eastern-congo-92341297">Rebels makes new advance, and Congo expels Rwandan envoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030103948/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/official-m23-rebels-capture-towns-eastern-congo-92341297">Archived</a> 2022-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/30/dr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground">"DR Congo expels Rwandan ambassador as M23 rebels seize towns"</a>. aljazeera. 30 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030085840/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/30/dr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+expels+Rwandan+ambassador+as+M23+rebels+seize+towns&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F30%2Fdr-congo-expels-rwandan-ambassador-as-m23-rebels-gain-ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/drc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen/">"drc rules out talks with terrorist-m23 as tensions worsen"</a>. chimpreports. 1 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101061524/https://chimpreports.com/drc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=drc+rules+out+talks+with+terrorist-m23+as+tensions+worsen&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fdrc-rules-out-talks-with-terrorist-m23-as-tensions-worsen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2022/11/02/protesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc/">"Protesters in DRC set fire to UN vehicles in Goma"</a>. africanews. 2 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084911/http://www.africanews.com/2022/11/02/protesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protesters+in+DRC+set+fire+to+UN+vehicles+in+Goma&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2022%2F11%2F02%2Fprotesters-set-fire-to-un-vehicles-in-goma-on-tuesday-night-protesting-against-the-presenc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Congo-trains-3-000-new-army-recruits-amid-Rwanda-17564179.php">"Congo trains 3,000 new army recruits amid Rwanda tensions"</a>. greenwich time. 7 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107154607/https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Congo-trains-3-000-new-army-recruits-amid-Rwanda-17564179.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+trains+3%2C000+new+army+recruits+amid+Rwanda+tensions&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwichtime.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FCongo-trains-3-000-new-army-recruits-amid-Rwanda-17564179.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/15/hundreds-flee-as-congos-m23-rebels-near-key-city-of-goma">"Thousands displaced as M23 rebels near key DRC city of Goma"</a>. Al Jazeera. 15 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118141701/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/15/hundreds-flee-as-congos-m23-rebels-near-key-city-of-goma">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. 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The New Times. 17 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118081915/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/2723/news/africa/m23-claims-capture-of-fdlr-strongholds">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. 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Chimp Reports. 17 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117204846/https://chimpreports.com/uganda-readies-strike-force-to-counter-m23-rebels/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uganda+Readies+Strike+Force+to+Counter+M23+Rebels&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fuganda-readies-strike-force-to-counter-m23-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/rwanda-agrees-on-immediate-ceasefire-in-eastern-dr-congo">"Rwanda agrees on 'immediate ceasefire' in eastern DR Congo"</a>. al-Jazeera. 18 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107004812/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/rwanda-agrees-on-immediate-ceasefire-in-eastern-dr-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023. 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BBC News. 8 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208105038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63899461">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+conflict%3A+M23+rebels+executed+over+130+civilians+%E2%80%93+UN&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-63899461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/18/update-1-congolese-president-says-m23-rebels-have-not-withdrawn-as-agreed">"DRC president says M23 rebels yet to withdraw as agreed"</a>. Al Jazeera. 24 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185530/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/18/update-1-congolese-president-says-m23-rebels-have-not-withdrawn-as-agreed">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DRC+president+says+M23+rebels+yet+to+withdraw+as+agreed&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F1%2F18%2Fupdate-1-congolese-president-says-m23-rebels-have-not-withdrawn-as-agreed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-says-congo-fighter-jet-violated-its-airspace-2023-01-24/">"Rwanda says Congo fighter jet violated its airspace"</a>. Reuters. 24 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185125/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-says-congo-fighter-jet-violated-its-airspace-2023-01-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rwanda+says+Congo+fighter+jet+violated+its+airspace&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frwanda-says-congo-fighter-jet-violated-its-airspace-2023-01-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/27/u-n-condemns-m23-rebel-offensive-on-congo-town-hundreds-flee">"UN condemns M23 rebel offensive on DRC town as hundreds flee"</a>. Al Jazeera. 27 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226042240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/27/u-n-condemns-m23-rebel-offensive-on-congo-town-hundreds-flee">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+condemns+M23+rebel+offensive+on+DRC+town+as+hundreds+flee&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F1%2F27%2Fu-n-condemns-m23-rebel-offensive-on-congo-town-hundreds-flee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taarifa.rw/goma-suffocating-after-m23-rebels-cut-off-road-from-butembo/">"Goma Suffocating After M23 Rebels Cut Off Road From Butembo"</a>. Taarifa. 2 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202204517/https://taarifa.rw/goma-suffocating-after-m23-rebels-cut-off-road-from-butembo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taarifa&rft.atitle=Goma+Suffocating+After+M23+Rebels+Cut+Off+Road+From+Butembo&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaarifa.rw%2Fgoma-suffocating-after-m23-rebels-cut-off-road-from-butembo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalkiaKabumba2023" class="citation web cs1">Malkia, Christina; Kabumba, Justin (24 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstimes.com/news/world/article/rebels-capture-more-ground-in-congo-as-fighting-17804118.php">"Rebels capture more ground in Congo as fighting intensifies"</a>. News Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226042221/https://www.newstimes.com/news/world/article/rebels-capture-more-ground-in-congo-as-fighting-17804118.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Times&rft.atitle=Rebels+capture+more+ground+in+Congo+as+fighting+intensifies&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Malkia&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Kabumba%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2Frebels-capture-more-ground-in-congo-as-fighting-17804118.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulegwa2023" class="citation web cs1">Mulegwa, Pascal (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/congolese-m23-rebels-seize-major-mining-town-of-rubaya/2832658">"Congolese M23 rebels seize major mining town of Rubaya"</a>. Anadolu Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227175337/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/congolese-m23-rebels-seize-major-mining-town-of-rubaya/2832658">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Congolese+M23+rebels+seize+major+mining+town+of+Rubaya&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft.aulast=Mulegwa&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2Fcongolese-m23-rebels-seize-major-mining-town-of-rubaya%2F2832658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/rebel-clashes-flare-in-east-dr-congo-despite-pullout-plan-/6983022.html">"Rebel Clashes Flare in East DR Congo Despite Pullout Plan"</a>. Voice of America. 28 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228231907/https://www.voanews.com/a/rebel-clashes-flare-in-east-dr-congo-despite-pullout-plan-/6983022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Rebel+Clashes+Flare+in+East+DR+Congo+Despite+Pullout+Plan&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Frebel-clashes-flare-in-east-dr-congo-despite-pullout-plan-%2F6983022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/western-donors-pressed-to-sanction-rwanda-as-drc-violence-escalates-/7010244.html">"Western Donors Pressed to Sanction Rwanda as DRC Violence Escalates"</a>. VOA. 17 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195040/https://www.voanews.com/a/western-donors-pressed-to-sanction-rwanda-as-drc-violence-escalates-/7010244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Western+Donors+Pressed+to+Sanction+Rwanda+as+DRC+Violence+Escalates&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fwestern-donors-pressed-to-sanction-rwanda-as-drc-violence-escalates-%2F7010244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/rebels-pull-back-in-eastern-dr-congo-as-regional-force-deploys-/7008905.html">"Rebels Pull Back in Eastern DR Congo as Regional Force Deploys"</a>. VOA. 17 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200543/https://www.voanews.com/a/rebels-pull-back-in-eastern-dr-congo-as-regional-force-deploys-/7008905.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Rebels+Pull+Back+in+Eastern+DR+Congo+as+Regional+Force+Deploys&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Frebels-pull-back-in-eastern-dr-congo-as-regional-force-deploys-%2F7008905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/03/08/rebels-clash-congo-ceasefire/">"M23 Rebels Clash With Army in East DR Congo After Failed Ceasefire"</a>. Defense Post. 8 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195040/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/03/08/rebels-clash-congo-ceasefire/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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RadioOkapi. 3 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195049/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/03/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-m23-se-retirent-de-kishishe-et-bambu-mais-renforcent">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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RadioOkapi. 30 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195050/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/03/30/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-reprise-des-combats-entre-fardc-et-m23">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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RadioOkapi. 4 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200543/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/04/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-contingent-ougandais-de-leac-cohabite-avec-les-rebelles">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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RadioOkapi. 11 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412174143/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/11/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-le-m23-poursuit-son-retrait-de-certaines-positions">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+le+M23+poursuit+son+retrait+de+certaines+positions&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F11%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-le-m23-poursuit-son-retrait-de-certaines-positions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/05/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba">"Nord-Kivu : les rebelles du M23 renforcent leur position à Kibumba"</a>. RadioOkapi. 5 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413195048/https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/05/actualite/securite/nord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioOkapi&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu+%3A+les+rebelles+du+M23+renforcent+leur+position+%C3%A0+Kibumba&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2023%2F04%2F05%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fnord-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-renforcent-leur-position-kibumba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/congo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578">"Congo orders regional peacekeepers to leave by December"</a>. AP News. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184110/https://apnews.com/article/congo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Congo+orders+regional+peacekeepers+to+leave+by+December&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-m23-rebels-east-african-peacekeeping-mission-65e3d72e57be636f1436a11ac29ac578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/26/democratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html">"Democratic Republic of Congo rocked by new M23 rebel offensive"</a>. Le Monde.fr. 26 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028232619/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/26/democratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+rocked+by+new+M23+rebel+offensive&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-congo-rocked-by-new-m23-rebel-offensive_6206156_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/dr-congo-fighting-moves-close-to-goma-city-ea599a8f">"DR Congo Fighting Moves Close To Goma City"</a>. Barron's. 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Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+Fighting+Moves+Close+To+Goma+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fdr-congo-fighting-moves-close-to-goma-city-ea599a8f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNdushabandi2024" class="citation web cs1">Ndushabandi, Claver (5 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/m23-rebels-seize-strategic-town-in-rapid-advance-to-goma/">"M23 Rebels Seize Strategic Town in Rapid Advance to Goma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207124930/https://chimpreports.com/m23-rebels-seize-strategic-town-in-rapid-advance-to-goma/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M23+Rebels+Seize+Strategic+Town+in+Rapid+Advance+to+Goma&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft.aulast=Ndushabandi&rft.aufirst=Claver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fm23-rebels-seize-strategic-town-in-rapid-advance-to-goma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2024" class="citation news cs1">Powell, Jim (15 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/mar/15/the-week-around-the-world-in-20-pictures">"The week around the world in 20 pictures"</a>. the Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316000349/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/mar/15/the-week-around-the-world-in-20-pictures">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+week+around+the+world+in+20+pictures&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fgallery%2F2024%2Fmar%2F15%2Fthe-week-around-the-world-in-20-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/congo-north-kivu-ituri-goma-violence-conflict-tshisekedi-0c1990292498e65875cd7f989b65f641">"Residents scatter as they fear Congo rebel group will again seize key eastern city of Goma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a>. 7 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226143822/https://apnews.com/article/congo-north-kivu-ituri-goma-violence-conflict-tshisekedi-0c1990292498e65875cd7f989b65f641">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Residents+scatter+as+they+fear+Congo+rebel+group+will+again+seize+key+eastern+city+of+Goma&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-north-kivu-ituri-goma-violence-conflict-tshisekedi-0c1990292498e65875cd7f989b65f641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNdushabandi2024" class="citation web cs1">Ndushabandi, Claver (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chimpreports.com/m23-rebels-advance-toward-sake-as-thousands-flee-to-goma/">"M23 Rebels Advance Toward Sake as Thousands Flee to Goma"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChimpReports&rft.atitle=M23+Rebels+Advance+Toward+Sake+as+Thousands+Flee+to+Goma&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Ndushabandi&rft.aufirst=Claver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchimpreports.com%2Fm23-rebels-advance-toward-sake-as-thousands-flee-to-goma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerelman2024" class="citation web cs1">Perelman, Marc (20 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/t%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte/20240620-rwanda-s-president-paul-kagame-says-ready-to-fight-with-dr-congo-if-necessary">"Tête à tête – Rwanda 'ready to fight' with DR Congo if necessary, President Paul Kagame says"</a> [Rwanda 'ready to fight' with DR Congo if necessary, President Paul Kagame says]. France 24. Paris, France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710062221/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/t%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte/20240620-rwanda-s-president-paul-kagame-says-ready-to-fight-with-dr-congo-if-necessary">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=T%C3%AAte+%C3%A0+t%C3%AAte+%E2%80%93+Rwanda+%27ready+to+fight%27+with+DR+Congo+if+necessary%2C+President+Paul+Kagame+says&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.aulast=Perelman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Ft%25C3%25AAte-%25C3%25A0-t%25C3%25AAte%2F20240620-rwanda-s-president-paul-kagame-says-ready-to-fight-with-dr-congo-if-necessary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/uganda-backed-m23-in-drc-rwandas-de-facto-control-on-group-un-experts">"Uganda backed M23 in DRC, Rwanda's 'de facto control' on group: UN experts"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Masisi%3A+FARDC+et+M23+s%27affrontent+autour+de+Ngungu+ce+mardi&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F14%2Fmasisi-fardc-et-m23-saffrontent-autour-de-ngungu-ce-mardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_191-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKombi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kombi, Jonathan (14 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/14/rutshuru-combat-signale-entre-le-m23-et-les-miliciens-wazalendo-tongo">"Rutshuru: combat signalé entre le M23 et les miliciens wazalendo à Tongo"</a> [Rutshuru: fighting reported between M23 and Wazalendo militiamen in Tongo]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Rutshuru%3A+combat+signal%C3%A9+entre+le+M23+et+les+miliciens+wazalendo+%C3%A0+Tongo&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F14%2Frutshuru-combat-signale-entre-le-m23-et-les-miliciens-wazalendo-tongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (15 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/15/nord-kivu-poursuite-des-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-luofu-dans-le-lubero">"Nord-Kivu: Poursuite des combats entre les FARDC et le M23 à Luofu dans le Lubero"</a> [North Kivu: Fighting continues between the FARDC and the M23 in Luofu in Lubero]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu%3A+Poursuite+des+combats+entre+les+FARDC+et+le+M23+%C3%A0+Luofu+dans+le+Lubero&rft.date=2025-01-15&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F15%2Fnord-kivu-poursuite-des-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-luofu-dans-le-lubero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_193-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKombi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kombi, Jonathan (17 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/17/rutshuru-le-bilan-des-civils-tues-en-represailles-par-le-m23-kihondo-passe-de-7-9-morts">"Rutshuru: le bilan des civils tués en représailles par le M23 à Kihondo passe de 7 à 9 morts"</a> [Rutshuru: the number of civilians killed in reprisals by the M23 in Kihondo rises from 7 to 9 dead]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Rutshuru%3A+le+bilan+des+civils+tu%C3%A9s+en+repr%C3%A9sailles+par+le+M23+%C3%A0+Kihondo+passe+de+7+%C3%A0+9+morts&rft.date=2025-01-17&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F17%2Frutshuru-le-bilan-des-civils-tues-en-represailles-par-le-m23-kihondo-passe-de-7-9-morts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Actualite_Cinq_filles-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Actualite_Cinq_filles_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Actualite_Cinq_filles_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/22/affrontements-m23rdf-fardc-au-sud-kivu-cinq-filles-dune-meme-famille-violees-kalungu">"Affrontements M23/RDF-FARDC au Sud-Kivu: cinq filles d'une même famille violées à Kalungu, deux autres femmes ont subi le même sort à Bihovu"</a> [M23/RDF-FARDC clashes in South Kivu: five girls from the same family raped in Kalungu, two other women suffered the same fate in Bihovu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Affrontements+M23%2FRDF-FARDC+au+Sud-Kivu%3A+cinq+filles+d%27une+m%C3%AAme+famille+viol%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+Kalungu%2C+deux+autres+femmes+ont+subi+le+m%C3%AAme+sort+%C3%A0+Bihovu&rft.date=2025-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F22%2Faffrontements-m23rdf-fardc-au-sud-kivu-cinq-filles-dune-meme-famille-violees-kalungu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_195-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKombi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kombi, Jonathan (17 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/17/fardc-et-m23-masisi-un-mort-et-deux-blesses-parmi-les-civils-lors-des-affrontements-de">"FARDC et M23 à Masisi: Un mort et deux blessés parmi les civils lors des affrontements de ce jeudi à Masisi centre"</a> [FARDC and M23 in Masisi: One dead and two injured among civilians during clashes this Thursday in central Masisi]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Masisi%3A+Un+mort+et+deux+bless%C3%A9s+parmi+les+civils+lors+des+affrontements+de+ce+jeudi+%C3%A0+Masisi+centre&rft.date=2025-01-17&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F17%2Ffardc-et-m23-masisi-un-mort-et-deux-blesses-parmi-les-civils-lors-des-affrontements-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (18 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/18/felix-tshisekedi-reitere-le-refus-de-kinshasa-de-dialoguer-avec-le-m23-legitimer-ces">"Félix Tshisekedi réitère le refus de Kinshasa de dialoguer avec le M23: "Légitimer ces criminels serait une insulte aux victimes et au droit international""</a> [Félix Tshisekedi reiterates Kinshasa's refusal to dialogue with the M23: "Legitimizing these criminals would be an insult to the victims and to international law"]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+r%C3%A9it%C3%A8re+le+refus+de+Kinshasa+de+dialoguer+avec+le+M23%3A+%22L%C3%A9gitimer+ces+criminels+serait+une+insulte+aux+victimes+et+au+droit+international%22&rft.date=2025-01-18&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F18%2Ffelix-tshisekedi-reitere-le-refus-de-kinshasa-de-dialoguer-avec-le-m23-legitimer-ces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (20 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/20/rdc-nouveaux-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-pres-de-sake">"RDC: nouveaux combats entre les FARDC et le M23 près de Sake"</a> [DRC: new fighting between the FARDC and the M23 near Sake]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+nouveaux+combats+entre+les+FARDC+et+le+M23+pr%C3%A8s+de+Sake&rft.date=2025-01-20&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F20%2Frdc-nouveaux-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-pres-de-sake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_198-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/21/rdc-le-m23-sempare-de-la-cite-de-minova-au-sud-kivu">"RDC: le M23 s'empare de la cité de Minova au Sud-Kivu"</a> [DRC: M23 seizes the city of Minova in South Kivu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+le+M23+s%27empare+de+la+cit%C3%A9+de+Minova+au+Sud-Kivu&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F21%2Frdc-le-m23-sempare-de-la-cite-de-minova-au-sud-kivu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congos-m23-rebels-seize-eastern-town-minova-2025-01-21/">"Congo rebels seize eastern town on critical supply route"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+rebels+seize+eastern+town+on+critical+supply+route&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongos-m23-rebels-seize-eastern-town-minova-2025-01-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (21 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/21/rdc-symbole-de-la-resistance-depuis-des-mois-la-localite-cotiere-de-bwerema-passe-sous">"RDC: symbole de la résistance depuis des mois, la localité côtière de Bwerema passe sous contrôle du M23"</a> [DRC: Symbol of resistance for months, the coastal town of Bwerema comes under the control of the M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+symbole+de+la+r%C3%A9sistance+depuis+des+mois%2C+la+localit%C3%A9+c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re+de+Bwerema+passe+sous+contr%C3%B4le+du+M23&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F21%2Frdc-symbole-de-la-resistance-depuis-des-mois-la-localite-cotiere-de-bwerema-passe-sous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mwamba, Justin (22 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/22/sud-kivu-un-calme-precaire-sur-differents-fronts-kalehe-au-lendemain-dintenses-combats">"Sud-Kivu: un calme précaire sur différents fronts à Kalehe au lendemain d'intenses combats entre FARDC et M23"</a> [South Kivu: Precarious calm on different fronts in Kalehe following intense fighting between FARDC and M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+un+calme+pr%C3%A9caire+sur+diff%C3%A9rents+fronts+%C3%A0+Kalehe+au+lendemain+d%27intenses+combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23&rft.date=2025-01-22&rft.aulast=Mwamba&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F22%2Fsud-kivu-un-calme-precaire-sur-differents-fronts-kalehe-au-lendemain-dintenses-combats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/22/rdc-plus-de-178-000-deplaces-enregistres-suite-aux-recents-affrontements-entre-larmee-et">"RDC: Plus de 178 000 déplacés enregistrés suite aux récents affrontements entre l'armée et le M23 à Bweremana, Minova et Kalungu"</a> [DRC: More than 178,000 displaced people registered following recent clashes between the army and the M23 in Bweremana, Minova and Kalungu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Plus+de+178+000+d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s+enregistr%C3%A9s+suite+aux+r%C3%A9cents+affrontements+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23+%C3%A0+Bweremana%2C+Minova+et+Kalungu&rft.date=2025-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F22%2Frdc-plus-de-178-000-deplaces-enregistres-suite-aux-recents-affrontements-entre-larmee-et&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKapinga2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kapinga, Yvonne (22 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/22/combats-entre-fardc-et-m23-coupure-de-la-ligne-haute-tension-de-la-snel-desservant-goma">"Combats entre FARDC et M23: coupure de la ligne haute tension de la SNEL desservant Goma en électricité en provenance de Bukavu"</a> [Fighting between FARDC and M23: cutting of the SNEL high-voltage line supplying Goma with electricity from Bukavu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Combats+entre+FARDC+et+M23%3A+coupure+de+la+ligne+haute+tension+de+la+SNEL+desservant+Goma+en+%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9+en+provenance+de+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-01-22&rft.aulast=Kapinga&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F22%2Fcombats-entre-fardc-et-m23-coupure-de-la-ligne-haute-tension-de-la-snel-desservant-goma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/23/rdc-alors-que-les-combats-font-rage-lafrique-du-sud-depeche-sa-ministre-de-la-defense">"RDC: alors que les combats font rage, l'Afrique du Sud dépêche sa ministre de la défense pour visiter la SANDF qui combat le M23 dans l'est"</a> [DRC: As fighting rages, South Africa dispatches its defense minister to visit the SANDF fighting the M23 in the east]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+alors+que+les+combats+font+rage%2C+l%27Afrique+du+Sud+d%C3%A9p%C3%AAche+sa+ministre+de+la+d%C3%A9fense+pour+visiter+la+SANDF+qui+combat+le+M23+dans+l%27est&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F23%2Frdc-alors-que-les-combats-font-rage-lafrique-du-sud-depeche-sa-ministre-de-la-defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKombiKapinga2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kombi, Jonathan; Kapinga, Yvonne (23 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/23/rdc-intenses-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-pour-le-controle-de-sake">"RDC: intenses combats entre l'armée et le M23 pour le contrôle de Sake"</a> [DRC: Intense fighting between the army and the M23 for control of Sake]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+intenses+combats+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23+pour+le+contr%C3%B4le+de+Sake&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Kapinga%2C+Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F23%2Frdc-intenses-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-pour-le-controle-de-sake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/23/rdc-la-monusco-se-mobilise-autour-de-sake-et-goma-face-au-m23-mais-absente-minova-sud">"RDC: la MONUSCO se mobilise autour de Sake et Goma face au M23, mais absente à Minova (Sud-Kivu) faute de mandat"</a> [DRC: MONUSCO mobilizes around Sake and Goma against the M23, but absent in Minova (South Kivu) due to lack of mandate]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+la+MONUSCO+se+mobilise+autour+de+Sake+et+Goma+face+au+M23%2C+mais+absente+%C3%A0+Minova+%28Sud-Kivu%29+faute+de+mandat&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F23%2Frdc-la-monusco-se-mobilise-autour-de-sake-et-goma-face-au-m23-mais-absente-minova-sud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (23 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/23/rdc-intensification-des-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-dans-le-territoire-de-nyiragongo">"RDC: Intensification des combats entre l'armée et le M23 dans le territoire de Nyiragongo ce jeudi"</a> [DRC: Intensification of fighting between the army and the M23 in the territory of Nyiragongo this Thursday]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Intensification+des+combats+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23+dans+le+territoire+de+Nyiragongo+ce+jeudi&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F23%2Frdc-intensification-des-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-dans-le-territoire-de-nyiragongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKombi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kombi, Jonathan (23 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/23/rdc-m23-au-moins-deux-morts-lors-de-lexplosion-dune-bombe-turunga-nyiragongo">"RDC-M23: au moins deux morts lors de l'explosion d'une bombe à Turunga (Nyiragongo)"</a> [DRC-M23: at least two dead in bomb explosion in Turunga (Nyiragongo)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+au+moins+deux+morts+lors+de+l%27explosion+d%27une+bombe+%C3%A0+Turunga+%28Nyiragongo%29&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Kombi&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F23%2Frdc-m23-au-moins-deux-morts-lors-de-lexplosion-dune-bombe-turunga-nyiragongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (24 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/m23-lubero-trois-civils-grievement-blesses-la-suite-de-lexplosion-de-bombe-lubango">"M23 à Lubero: Trois civils grièvement blessés à la suite de l'explosion de bombe à Lubango"</a> [M23 in Lubero: Three civilians seriously injured following bomb explosion in Lubango]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=M23+%C3%A0+Lubero%3A+Trois+civils+gri%C3%A8vement+bless%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+la+suite+de+l%27explosion+de+bombe+%C3%A0+Lubango&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Fm23-lubero-trois-civils-grievement-blesses-la-suite-de-lexplosion-de-bombe-lubango&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mwamba, Justin (25 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/25/sud-kivu-au-moins-2-civils-tues-et-des-blesses-dans-les-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23">"Sud-Kivu: au moins 2 civils tués et des blessés dans les affrontements entre FARDC et M23 à Nyundo (Kalehe)"</a> [South Kivu: At least 2 civilians killed and injured in clashes between FARDC and M23 in Nyundo (Kalehe)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+au+moins+2+civils+tu%C3%A9s+et+des+bless%C3%A9s+dans+les+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Nyundo+%28Kalehe%29&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft.aulast=Mwamba&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F25%2Fsud-kivu-au-moins-2-civils-tues-et-des-blesses-dans-les-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (24 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-kibumba-les-habitants-des-plusieurs-villages-fuient-en">"Affrontements entre FARDC et M23 à Kibumba : les habitants des plusieurs villages fuient en direction de Goma"</a> [Clashes between FARDC and M23 in Kibumba: residents of several villages flee towards Goma]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Kibumba+%3A+les+habitants+des+plusieurs+villages+fuient+en+direction+de+Goma&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Faffrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-kibumba-les-habitants-des-plusieurs-villages-fuient-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/rdc-le-secretaire-general-de-lonu-condamne-loffensive-du-m23-et-met-en-garde-contre-un">"RDC: Le Secrétaire général de l'ONU condamne l'offensive du M23 et met en garde contre un risque de guerre régionale"</a> [DRC: UN Secretary-General condemns M23 offensive and warns of risk of regional war]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Le+Secr%C3%A9taire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+l%27ONU+condamne+l%27offensive+du+M23+et+met+en+garde+contre+un+risque+de+guerre+r%C3%A9gionale&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Frdc-le-secretaire-general-de-lonu-condamne-loffensive-du-m23-et-met-en-garde-contre-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/rdc-deces-confirme-du-gouverneur-militaire-du-nord-kivu-peter-cirimwami-atteint-par">"RDC: Décès confirmé du gouverneur militaire du Nord-Kivu Peter Cirimwami atteint par balle au front contre le M23"</a> [DRC: Confirmed death of North Kivu military governor Peter Cirimwami shot in the forehead against M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s+confirm%C3%A9+du+gouverneur+militaire+du+Nord-Kivu+Peter+Cirimwami+atteint+par+balle+au+front+contre+le+M23&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Frdc-deces-confirme-du-gouverneur-militaire-du-nord-kivu-peter-cirimwami-atteint-par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/rdc-neuf-casques-bleus-blesses-lors-des-affrontements-avec-le-m23rdf">"RDC: Neuf Casques bleus blessés lors des affrontements avec le M23/RDF"</a> [DRC: Nine Blue Helmets Injured During Clashes with M23/RDF]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Neuf+Casques+bleus+bless%C3%A9s+lors+des+affrontements+avec+le+M23%2FRDF&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Frdc-neuf-casques-bleus-blesses-lors-des-affrontements-avec-le-m23rdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/rdc-tirs-sporadiques-dans-certains-quartiers-de-goma-situation-toujours-confuse-le-point">"RDC: Tirs sporadiques dans certains quartiers de Goma, situation toujours confuse- Le point à 23h (heure locale)"</a> [DRC: Sporadic shooting in some districts of Goma, situation still confused – Update at 11 p.m. (local time)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Tirs+sporadiques+dans+certains+quartiers+de+Goma%2C+situation+toujours+confuse-+Le+point+%C3%A0+23h+%28heure+locale%29&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Frdc-tirs-sporadiques-dans-certains-quartiers-de-goma-situation-toujours-confuse-le-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_216-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/la-france-soutient-la-demande-de-reunion-durgence-de-la-rdc-lonu-face-loffensive-du-m23">"La France soutient la demande de réunion d'urgence de la RDC à l'ONU face à l'offensive du M23"</a> [France supports DRC's request for emergency meeting at UN in face of M23 offensive]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=La+France+soutient+la+demande+de+r%C3%A9union+d%27urgence+de+la+RDC+%C3%A0+l%27ONU+face+%C3%A0+l%27offensive+du+M23&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Fla-france-soutient-la-demande-de-reunion-durgence-de-la-rdc-lonu-face-loffensive-du-m23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/24/rdc-joao-lourenco-denonce-loccupation-de-sake-et-minova-par-le-m23rdf">"RDC: João Lourenço dénonce l'occupation de Sake et Minova par le M23/RDF"</a> [DRC: João Lourenço denounces the occupation of Sake and Minova by the M23/RDF]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Jo%C3%A3o+Louren%C3%A7o+d%C3%A9nonce+l%27occupation+de+Sake+et+Minova+par+le+M23%2FRDF&rft.date=2025-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F24%2Frdc-joao-lourenco-denonce-loccupation-de-sake-et-minova-par-le-m23rdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (25 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/25/rdc-masisi-outre-laxe-sake-dintenses-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-signales-mweso-ce">"RDC-Masisi: outre l'axe Sake, d'intenses combats entre l'armée et le M23 signalés à Mweso ce samedi"</a> [DRC-Masisi: in addition to the Sake axis, intense fighting between the army and the M23 reported in Mweso this Saturday]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Masisi%3A+outre+l%27axe+Sake%2C+d%27intenses+combats+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23+signal%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Mweso+ce+samedi&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F25%2Frdc-masisi-outre-laxe-sake-dintenses-combats-entre-larmee-et-le-m23-signales-mweso-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/25/rdc-trois-soldats-malawites-tues-dans-des-affrontements-avec-le-m23rdf">"RDC: Trois soldats malawites tués dans des affrontements avec le M23/RDF"</a> [DRC: Three Malawian soldiers killed in clashes with M23/RDF]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 25 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Trois+soldats+malawites+tu%C3%A9s+dans+des+affrontements+avec+le+M23%2FRDF&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F25%2Frdc-trois-soldats-malawites-tues-dans-des-affrontements-avec-le-m23rdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/25/rdc-neuf-soldats-sud-africains-tues-dans-les-combats-contre-le-m23rdf-la-sandf-annonce">"RDC: neuf soldats sud-africains tués dans les combats contre le M23/RDF, la SANDF annonce avoir stoppé leur avancée"</a> [DRC: Nine South African soldiers killed in fighting against M23/RDF, SANDF announces having stopped their advance]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 25 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+neuf+soldats+sud-africains+tu%C3%A9s+dans+les+combats+contre+le+M23%2FRDF%2C+la+SANDF+annonce+avoir+stopp%C3%A9+leur+avanc%C3%A9e&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F25%2Frdc-neuf-soldats-sud-africains-tues-dans-les-combats-contre-le-m23rdf-la-sandf-annonce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPress2025" class="citation web cs1">Press, Associated (25 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/25/africa/un-peacekeepers-drc-congo-m23-afr-intl-latam/index.html#:~:text=Fighting%20with%20M23%20rebels%20in,official%20told%20The%20Associated%20Press.">"Six peacekeepers killed fighting rebels in eastern Congo, officials say, as rebels close in on Goma"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Six+peacekeepers+killed+fighting+rebels+in+eastern+Congo%2C+officials+say%2C+as+rebels+close+in+on+Goma&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2025%2F01%2F25%2Fafrica%2Fun-peacekeepers-drc-congo-m23-afr-intl-latam%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFighting%2520with%2520M23%2520rebels%2520in%2Cofficial%2520told%2520The%2520Associated%2520Press.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/guerre-du-m23rdf-des-bombes-frappent-des-camps-de-deplaces-nyiragongo-morts-et-nombreux">"Guerre du M23/RDF: des bombes frappent des camps de déplacés à Nyiragongo, morts et nombreux blessés enregistrés"</a> [M23/RDF War: Bombs Hit Displaced Persons Camps in Nyiragongo, Deaths and Many Injuries Recorded]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%2FRDF%3A+des+bombes+frappent+des+camps+de+d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Nyiragongo%2C+morts+et+nombreux+bless%C3%A9s+enregistr%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Fguerre-du-m23rdf-des-bombes-frappent-des-camps-de-deplaces-nyiragongo-morts-et-nombreux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mwamba, Justin (26 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/guerre-du-m23rdf-plus-de-90-blesses-par-balles-pris-en-charge-par-le-cicr-lhopital">"Guerre du M23/RDF: plus de 90 blessés par balles pris en charge par le CICR à l'hôpital général de Bukavu"</a> [M23/RDF war: over 90 gunshot wounded treated by ICRC at Bukavu general hospital]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%2FRDF%3A+plus+de+90+bless%C3%A9s+par+balles+pris+en+charge+par+le+CICR+%C3%A0+l%27h%C3%B4pital+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft.aulast=Mwamba&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Fguerre-du-m23rdf-plus-de-90-blesses-par-balles-pris-en-charge-par-le-cicr-lhopital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/guerre-du-m23rdf-des-journalistes-agresses-des-biens-et-materiels-emportes-nyiragongo">"Guerre du M23/RDF: des journalistes agressés, des biens et matériels emportés à Nyiragongo"</a> [M23/RDF War: Journalists Attacked, Goods and Equipment Taken in Nyiragongo]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%2FRDF%3A+des+journalistes+agress%C3%A9s%2C+des+biens+et+mat%C3%A9riels+emport%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Nyiragongo&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Fguerre-du-m23rdf-des-journalistes-agresses-des-biens-et-materiels-emportes-nyiragongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (26 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/est-de-la-rdc-kinshasa-proteste-contre-le-communique-de-lua-considerant-le-m23-comme">"Est de la RDC: Kinshasa proteste contre le communiqué de l'UA considérant le M23 comme mouvement "politico-militaire" et regrette un "mauvais diagnostic" fait par Moussa Faki"</a> [Eastern DRC: Kinshasa protests against the AU communiqué considering the M23 as a "politico-military" movement and regrets a "bad diagnosis" made by Moussa Faki]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+Kinshasa+proteste+contre+le+communiqu%C3%A9+de+l%27UA+consid%C3%A9rant+le+M23+comme+mouvement+%22politico-militaire%22+et+regrette+un+%22mauvais+diagnostic%22+fait+par+Moussa+Faki&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Fest-de-la-rdc-kinshasa-proteste-contre-le-communique-de-lua-considerant-le-m23-comme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/rdc-kinshasa-adresse-une-note-de-protestation-lunion-africaine-apres-des-propos-sur-le">"RDC: Kinshasa adresse une note de protestation à l'Union africaine après des propos sur le M23"</a> [DRC: Kinshasa sends a note of protest to the African Union after comments on the M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 16 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Kinshasa+adresse+une+note+de+protestation+%C3%A0+l%27Union+africaine+apr%C3%A8s+des+propos+sur+le+M23&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Frdc-kinshasa-adresse-une-note-de-protestation-lunion-africaine-apres-des-propos-sur-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/le-m23-recoit-des-renforts-rwandais-autour-de-goma-bintou-keita-alerte-il-est-imperatif">"Le M23 reçoit des renforts rwandais autour de Goma, Bintou Keita alerte: "Il est impératif que le Conseil de sécurité agisse maintenant""</a> [M23 receives Rwandan reinforcements around Goma, Bintou Keita warns: "It is imperative that the Security Council acts now"]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Le+M23+re%C3%A7oit+des+renforts+rwandais+autour+de+Goma%2C+Bintou+Keita+alerte%3A+%22Il+est+imp%C3%A9ratif+que+le+Conseil+de+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+agisse+maintenant%22&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Fle-m23-recoit-des-renforts-rwandais-autour-de-goma-bintou-keita-alerte-il-est-imperatif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/rdc-la-monusco-prete-soutenir-la-plainte-sur-les-brouillages-gps-et-les-violations">"RDC: La MONUSCO prête à soutenir la plainte sur les brouillages GPS et les violations aériennes imputées au Rwanda"</a> [DRC: MONUSCO ready to support complaint on GPS jamming and air violations attributed to Rwanda]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+La+MONUSCO+pr%C3%AAte+%C3%A0+soutenir+la+plainte+sur+les+brouillages+GPS+et+les+violations+a%C3%A9riennes+imput%C3%A9es+au+Rwanda&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Frdc-la-monusco-prete-soutenir-la-plainte-sur-les-brouillages-gps-et-les-violations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/27/rdc-situation-tendue-goma-ce-lundi-des-tirs-incessants-lincertitude-regne-au-lendemain">"RDC: Situation tendue à Goma ce lundi, des tirs incessants, l'incertitude règne au lendemain de violents combats entre l'armée et le M23"</a> [DRC: Tense situation in Goma this Monday, incessant shooting, uncertainty reigns the day after violent fighting between the army and the M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Situation+tendue+%C3%A0+Goma+ce+lundi%2C+des+tirs+incessants%2C+l%27incertitude+r%C3%A8gne+au+lendemain+de+violents+combats+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+le+M23&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Frdc-situation-tendue-goma-ce-lundi-des-tirs-incessants-lincertitude-regne-au-lendemain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_230-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_230-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/rdc-goma-toujours-tenu-par-les-fardc-situation-19h00-heure-locale">"RDC: Goma toujours tenu par les FARDC – Situation 19H00 (heure locale)"</a> [DRC: Goma still held by the FARDC – Situation 7:00 p.m. (local time)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Goma+toujours+tenu+par+les+FARDC+%E2%80%93+Situation+19H00+%28heure+locale%29&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Frdc-goma-toujours-tenu-par-les-fardc-situation-19h00-heure-locale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCursino2025" class="citation web cs1">Cursino, Malu (27 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0qwlkydxxko">"DR Congo conflict: M23 rebels say they have taken eastern city of Goma"</a>. Bbc.com. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.com&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+conflict%3A+M23+rebels+say+they+have+taken+eastern+city+of+Goma&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft.aulast=Cursino&rft.aufirst=Malu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc0qwlkydxxko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/26/rdc-lonu-kinshasa-reclame-des-mesures-fermes-contre-le-rwanda-incluant-le-retrait-des">"RDC: à l'ONU, Kinshasa réclame des mesures fermes contre le Rwanda, incluant le retrait des troupes et un embargo sur les ressources"</a> [DRC: At the UN, Kinshasa demands firm measures against Rwanda, including the withdrawal of troops and an embargo on resources]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+%C3%A0+l%27ONU%2C+Kinshasa+r%C3%A9clame+des+mesures+fermes+contre+le+Rwanda%2C+incluant+le+retrait+des+troupes+et+un+embargo+sur+les+ressources&rft.date=2025-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F26%2Frdc-lonu-kinshasa-reclame-des-mesures-fermes-contre-le-rwanda-incluant-le-retrait-des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goma-capture-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Goma-capture_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKabandaMacleanNdebo2025" class="citation news cs1">Kabanda, Caleb; Maclean, Ruth; Ndebo, Guerchom (27 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/27/world/africa/rebels-capture-goma-congo.html">"Rebels Backed by Rwanda Announce Capture of Key City in Eastern Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rebels+Backed+by+Rwanda+Announce+Capture+of+Key+City+in+Eastern+Congo&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft.aulast=Kabanda&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Ndebo%2C+Guerchom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frebels-capture-goma-congo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/19/evasion-la-prison-de-goma-en-janvier-au-moins-4767-detenus-en-fuite-bilan-actualise">"Évasion à la prison de Goma en janvier: au moins 4.767 détenus en fuite, bilan actualisé"</a> [Goma prison break in January: at least 4,767 inmates on the run, updated report]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 March 2025. Retrieved 19 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=%C3%89vasion+%C3%A0+la+prison+de+Goma+en+janvier%3A+au+moins+4.767+d%C3%A9tenus+en+fuite%2C+bilan+actualis%C3%A9&rft.date=2025-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F19%2Fevasion-la-prison-de-goma-en-janvier-au-moins-4767-detenus-en-fuite-bilan-actualise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTH2025-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTH2025_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTH2025_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBastmeijerTownsendHouttuin2025" class="citation news cs1">Bastmeijer, Joost; Townsend, Mark; Houttuin, Saskia (5 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/05/democratic-republic-congo-goma-women-raped-burned-death-prison-m23-rebels-rwanda">"Hundreds of women raped and burned to death after Goma prison set on fire"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+women+raped+and+burned+to+death+after+Goma+prison+set+on+fire&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bastmeijer&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Mark&rft.au=Houttuin%2C+Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fdemocratic-republic-congo-goma-women-raped-burned-death-prison-m23-rebels-rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/27/rdc-tirs-goma-le-m23-et-les-fardc-toujours-presents-scenes-de-pillages-evasions">"RDC: tirs à Goma, le M23 et les FARDC toujours présents, scènes de pillages, évasions signalées, et des tirs entendus jusque près de Gisenyi"</a> [DRC: Shooting in Goma, M23 and FARDC still present, scenes of looting, escapes reported, and shots heard as far as Gisenyi]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+tirs+%C3%A0+Goma%2C+le+M23+et+les+FARDC+toujours+pr%C3%A9sents%2C+sc%C3%A8nes+de+pillages%2C+%C3%A9vasions+signal%C3%A9es%2C+et+des+tirs+entendus+jusque+pr%C3%A8s+de+Gisenyi&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Frdc-tirs-goma-le-m23-et-les-fardc-toujours-presents-scenes-de-pillages-evasions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/01/27/actualite/securite/patrick-muyaya-recommande-la-population-de-goma-de-sabstenir-de">"Patrick Muyaya recommande à la population de Goma de "s'abstenir de commettre des actes de pillage""</a> [Patrick Muyaya recommends to the population of Goma to "refrain from committing acts of looting"]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Okapi&rft.atitle=Patrick+Muyaya+recommande+%C3%A0+la+population+de+Goma+de+%22s%27abstenir+de+commettre+des+actes+de+pillage%22&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fpatrick-muyaya-recommande-la-population-de-goma-de-sabstenir-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/01/27/guerre-du-m23-cinq-personnes-tuees-dans-la-ville-rwandaise-de-gisenyi-touchee-par-de">"Guerre du M23: Cinq personnes tuées dans la ville rwandaise de Gisenyi touchée par de bombes"</a> [M23 War: Five People Killed in Rwandan City of Gisenyi Hit by Bombs]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%3A+Cinq+personnes+tu%C3%A9es+dans+la+ville+rwandaise+de+Gisenyi+touch%C3%A9e+par+de+bombes&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Fguerre-du-m23-cinq-personnes-tuees-dans-la-ville-rwandaise-de-gisenyi-touchee-par-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_239-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250128231907/https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/01/27/goma-un-systeme-de-sante-deborde-des-civils-pris-au-piege">"Goma: un système de santé débordé, des civils pris au piège"</a> [Goma: an overwhelmed health system, civilians trapped]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/01/27/goma-un-systeme-de-sante-deborde-des-civils-pris-au-piege">the original</a> on 28 January 2025. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Goma%3A+un+syst%C3%A8me+de+sant%C3%A9+d%C3%A9bord%C3%A9%2C+des+civils+pris+au+pi%C3%A8ge&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Fgoma-un-systeme-de-sante-deborde-des-civils-pris-au-piege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/01/27/actualite/securite/goma-sous-tension-les-rebelles-du-m23-prennent-le-controle-de-la-rtnc">"Goma sous tension: les rebelles du M23 prennent le contrôle de la RTNC"</a> [Goma under tension: M23 rebels take control of RTNC]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a> (in French). 27 January 2025. 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Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV5Monde&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+le+M23+progresse+dans+l%27est+apr%C3%A8s+Goma%2C+l%27ONU+%27tr%C3%A8s+inqui%C3%A8te%27&rft.date=2025-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformation.tv5monde.com%2Fafrique%2Frdc-le-m23-progresse-dans-lest-apres-goma-lonu-tres-inquiete-2761023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVienot2025" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vienot, Juliette (30 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/international/rdc-retour-sur-trois-mois-de-combats-ayant-mene-a-la-prise-de-goma-par-le-m23-20250130">"RDC: retour sur trois mois de combats ayant mené à la prise de Goma par le M23"</a> [DRC: A look back at three months of fighting that led to the capture of Goma by the M23]. <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0242-6056">0242-6056</a>. 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Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+%22J%27ai+ordonn%C3%A9+que+tous+les+plans+et+instructions+concernant+un+pr%C3%A9tendu+dialogue+avec+les+terroristes+du+M23+soient+compl%C3%A8tement+brul%C3%A9s+et+imm%C3%A9diatement%22+%28Guy+Kabombo+Mwadiamvita%29&rft.date=2025-01-30&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F30%2Frdc-jai-ordonne-que-tous-les-plans-et-instructions-concernant-un-pretendu-dialogue-avec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/01/31/sud-kivum23-le-village-mukwidja-repris-par-larmee">"Sud-Kivu/M23: le village Mukwidja repris par l'armée"</a> [South Kivu/M23: Mukwidja village retaken by the army]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 31 January 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%2FM23%3A+le+village+Mukwidja+repris+par+l%27arm%C3%A9e&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Fsud-kivum23-le-village-mukwidja-repris-par-larmee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/01/31/actualite/securite/bukavu-des-jeunes-volontaires-senrolent-pour-aller-combattre-contre-le">"A Bukavu, des jeunes volontaires s'enrôlent pour aller combattre contre le M23"</a> [In Bukavu, young volunteers enlist to fight against the M23]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a> (in French). 31 January 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Okapi&rft.atitle=A+Bukavu%2C+des+jeunes+volontaires+s%27enr%C3%B4lent+pour+aller+combattre+contre+le+M23&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Fbukavu-des-jeunes-volontaires-senrolent-pour-aller-combattre-contre-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/01/31/actualite/securite/larmee-ougandaise-annonce-un-renforcement-de-ses-defenses-dans-lest-de">"L'armée ougandaise annonce un "renforcement de ses défenses" dans l'Est de la RDC"</a> [Ugandan Army Announces 'Strengthening of Defenses' in Eastern DRC]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Okapi" title="Radio Okapi">Radio Okapi</a> (in French). 31 January 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Okapi&rft.atitle=L%27arm%C3%A9e+ougandaise+annonce+un+%22renforcement+de+ses+d%C3%A9fenses%22+dans+l%27Est+de+la+RDC&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiookapi.net%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Factualite%2Fsecurite%2Flarmee-ougandaise-annonce-un-renforcement-de-ses-defenses-dans-lest-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauser2025" class="citation web cs1">Hauser, Jennifer (31 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/31/americas/un-says-more-than-700-killed-in-just-five-days-of-fighting-in-dr-congo/index.html">"UN says more than 700 killed, 2,800 injured in just five days of fighting in DRC"</a> [UN says more than 700 killed in just five days of fighting in DR Congo]. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=UN+says+more+than+700+killed%2C+2%2C800+injured+in+just+five+days+of+fighting+in+DRC&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Famericas%2Fun-says-more-than-700-killed-in-just-five-days-of-fighting-in-dr-congo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukiv2025" class="citation web cs1">Lukiv, Jaroslav (1 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xvgvy172o">"DR Congo conflict: At least 700 killed since Sunday, says UN"</a> [At least 700 killed in DR Congo fighting since Sunday – UN]. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+conflict%3A+At+least+700+killed+since+Sunday%2C+says+UN&rft.date=2025-01-01&rft.aulast=Lukiv&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc78xvgvy172o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/02/rdc-un-haut-grade-des-fardc-tue-dans-les-combats-contre-les-rdf-et-le-m23-annonce-larmee">"RDC: un haut gradé des FARDC tué dans les combats contre les RDF et le M23, annonce l'armée"</a> [DRC: High-ranking FARDC officer killed in fighting against RDF and M23, army announces]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 2 February 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+un+haut+grad%C3%A9+des+FARDC+tu%C3%A9+dans+les+combats+contre+les+RDF+et+le+M23%2C+annonce+l%27arm%C3%A9e&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F02%2Frdc-un-haut-grade-des-fardc-tue-dans-les-combats-contre-les-rdf-et-le-m23-annonce-larmee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_273-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_273-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/04/m23-au-sud-kivu-le-combat-est-concentre-nyamasasa-la-ville-de-bukavu-se-trouve-loin-de">"M23 au Sud-Kivu: le combat est concentré à Nyamasasa, la ville de Bukavu se trouve loin de danger, selon l'ATA de Kalehe"</a> [M23 in South Kivu: the fight is concentrated in Nyamasasa, the city of Bukavu is far from danger, according to the ATA of Kalehe]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 4 February 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=M23+au+Sud-Kivu%3A+le+combat+est+concentr%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Nyamasasa%2C+la+ville+de+Bukavu+se+trouve+loin+de+danger%2C+selon+l%27ATA+de+Kalehe&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F04%2Fm23-au-sud-kivu-le-combat-est-concentre-nyamasasa-la-ville-de-bukavu-se-trouve-loin-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_274-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/04/sud-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-se-renforcent-kabugizi-et-murambi-alerte-la-societe-civile">"Sud-Kivu: les rebelles du M23 se renforcent à Kabugizi et Murambi, alerte la société civile locale"</a> [South Kivu: M23 rebels gain strength in Kabugizi and Murambi, warns local civil society]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 4 February 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+les+rebelles+du+M23+se+renforcent+%C3%A0+Kabugizi+et+Murambi%2C+alerte+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+locale&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F04%2Fsud-kivu-les-rebelles-du-m23-se-renforcent-kabugizi-et-murambi-alerte-la-societe-civile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_275-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_275-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (3 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/03/appel-de-leac-un-dialogue-direct-entre-kinshasa-et-m23-le-gouvernement-note-une-demarche">"Appel de l'EAC à un dialogue direct entre Kinshasa et M23: le gouvernement note une démarche "hypocrite" et réaffirme que tout se fera dans le cadre du processus de Nairobi"</a> [EAC calls for direct dialogue between Kinshasa and M23: government notes "hypocritical" approach and reaffirms that everything will be done within the framework of the Nairobi process]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Appel+de+l%27EAC+%C3%A0+un+dialogue+direct+entre+Kinshasa+et+M23%3A+le+gouvernement+note+une+d%C3%A9marche+%22hypocrite%22+et+r%C3%A9affirme+que+tout+se+fera+dans+le+cadre+du+processus+de+Nairobi&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Fappel-de-leac-un-dialogue-direct-entre-kinshasa-et-m23-le-gouvernement-note-une-demarche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (2 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/02/est-de-la-rdc-larmee-tanzanienne-confirme-la-mort-de-ses-deux-soldats-dans-les">"Est de la RDC: l'armée tanzanienne confirme la mort de ses deux soldats dans les affrontements du 24 au 28 janvier à Saké"</a> [Eastern DRC: Tanzanian army confirms the death of its two soldiers in the clashes from January 24 to 28 in Saké]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 2 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+l%27arm%C3%A9e+tanzanienne+confirme+la+mort+de+ses+deux+soldats+dans+les+affrontements+du+24+au+28+janvier+%C3%A0+Sak%C3%A9&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F02%2Fest-de-la-rdc-larmee-tanzanienne-confirme-la-mort-de-ses-deux-soldats-dans-les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (3 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/03/rdc-apres-la-prise-de-goma-inquietants-redeploiements-du-m23-lubero">"RDC: après la prise de Goma, inquiétants redéploiements du M23 à Lubero"</a> [DRC: after the capture of Goma, worrying redeployments of the M23 in Lubero]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+apr%C3%A8s+la+prise+de+Goma%2C+inqui%C3%A9tants+red%C3%A9ploiements+du+M23+%C3%A0+Lubero&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Frdc-apres-la-prise-de-goma-inquietants-redeploiements-du-m23-lubero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/03/rdc-au-moins-900-morts-et-environ-2-880-blesses-en-quatre-jours-de-violents">"RDC: au moins 900 morts et environ 2 880 blessés en quatre jours de violents affrontements entre FARDC et M23 à Goma (OCHA)"</a> [DRC: at least 900 dead and around 2,880 injured in four days of violent clashes between FARDC and M23 in Goma (OCHA)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 3 February 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+au+moins+900+morts+et+environ+2+880+bless%C3%A9s+en+quatre+jours+de+violents+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Goma+%28OCHA%29&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Frdc-au-moins-900-morts-et-environ-2-880-blesses-en-quatre-jours-de-violents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukendi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukendi, Gaston (3 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/03/guerre-du-m23-jean-pierre-bemba-veut-obtenir-100-000-recrues-dans-la-grande-orientale">"Guerre du M23: Jean-Pierre Bemba veut obtenir 100 000 recrues dans la Grande Orientale pour renforcer l'armée"</a> [M23 War: Jean-Pierre Bemba wants to obtain 100,000 recruits in the Grande Orientale to strengthen the army]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%3A+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+veut+obtenir+100+000+recrues+dans+la+Grande+Orientale+pour+renforcer+l%27arm%C3%A9e&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft.aulast=Mukendi&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Fguerre-du-m23-jean-pierre-bemba-veut-obtenir-100-000-recrues-dans-la-grande-orientale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (3 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/03/guerre-afcm23-goma-lafrique-du-sud-ne-relachera-pas-son-soutien-au-peuple-de-la-rdc-afin">"Guerre AFC/M23 à Goma: "l'Afrique du Sud ne relâchera pas son soutien au peuple de la RDC afin qu'il puisse jouir de la paix et de la sécurité qu'il mérite" (Cyril Ramaphosa)"</a> [AFC/M23 war in Goma: "South Africa will not relent in its support for the people of the DRC so that they can enjoy the peace and security they deserve" (Cyril Ramaphosa)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+AFC%2FM23+%C3%A0+Goma%3A+%22l%27Afrique+du+Sud+ne+rel%C3%A2chera+pas+son+soutien+au+peuple+de+la+RDC+afin+qu%27il+puisse+jouir+de+la+paix+et+de+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+qu%27il+m%C3%A9rite%22+%28Cyril+Ramaphosa%29&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Fguerre-afcm23-goma-lafrique-du-sud-ne-relachera-pas-son-soutien-au-peuple-de-la-rdc-afin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:34_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_281-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/05/rdc-rwanda-pressions-diplomatiques-en-amont-du-sommet-conjoint-eac-sadc-antonio-costa-ue">"RDC-Rwanda: Pressions diplomatiques en amont du sommet conjoint EAC-SADC, António Costa (UE) échange avec Tshisekedi et Kagame"</a> [DRC-Rwanda: Diplomatic pressure ahead of the joint EAC-SADC summit, António Costa (EU) talks with Tshisekedi and Kagame]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 5 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Rwanda%3A+Pressions+diplomatiques+en+amont+du+sommet+conjoint+EAC-SADC%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Costa+%28UE%29+%C3%A9change+avec+Tshisekedi+et+Kagame&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F05%2Frdc-rwanda-pressions-diplomatiques-en-amont-du-sommet-conjoint-eac-sadc-antonio-costa-ue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_282-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/05/rdc-le-m23-prend-le-controle-de-la-cite-de-nyabibwe-au-sud-kivu">"RDC: le M23 prend le contrôle de la cité de Nyabibwe au Sud-Kivu"</a> [DRC: M23 takes control of the city of Nyabibwe in South Kivu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 5 February 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+le+M23+prend+le+contr%C3%B4le+de+la+cit%C3%A9+de+Nyabibwe+au+Sud-Kivu&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F05%2Frdc-le-m23-prend-le-controle-de-la-cite-de-nyabibwe-au-sud-kivu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:35-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:35_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:35_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/05/rdc-un-mandat-darret-emis-contre-nangaa-yobeluo-pour-crimes">"RDC: Un mandat d'arrêt émis contre Nangaa Yobeluo pour crimes"</a> [DRC: Arrest warrant issued against Nangaa Yobeluo for crimes]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 5 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Un+mandat+d%27arr%C3%AAt+%C3%A9mis+contre+Nangaa+Yobeluo+pour+crimes&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F05%2Frdc-un-mandat-darret-emis-contre-nangaa-yobeluo-pour-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/06/kalehe-violents-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-bushushu-ce-jeudi">"Kalehe: violents affrontements entre FARDC et M23 à Bushushu ce jeudi"</a> [Kalehe: violent clashes between FARDC and M23 in Bushushu this Thursday]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Kalehe%3A+violents+affrontements+entre+FARDC+et+M23+%C3%A0+Bushushu+ce+jeudi&rft.date=2025-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F06%2Fkalehe-violents-affrontements-entre-fardc-et-m23-bushushu-ce-jeudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_285-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_285-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/07/caricature-pillage-du-siege-du-fpi-goma-par-les-rebelles-rdfm23">"Caricature: pillage du siège du FPI à Goma par les rebelles RDF/M23"</a> [Cartoon: Looting of the FPI headquarters in Goma by RDF/M23 rebels]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 7 February 2025. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Caricature%3A+pillage+du+si%C3%A8ge+du+FPI+%C3%A0+Goma+par+les+rebelles+RDF%2FM23&rft.date=2025-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F07%2Fcaricature-pillage-du-siege-du-fpi-goma-par-les-rebelles-rdfm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (8 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/08/est-de-la-rdc-tout-en-reconnaissant-le-soutien-du-rwanda-au-m23-la-ceeac-lenjoint-de">"Est de la RDC: tout en reconnaissant le soutien du Rwanda au M23, la CEEAC l'enjoint de cesser "immédiatement" son offensive et de quitter les territoires illégalement occupés"</a> [Eastern DRC: While acknowledging Rwanda's support for the M23, ECCAS orders it to "immediately" cease its offensive and leave the illegally occupied territories]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+tout+en+reconnaissant+le+soutien+du+Rwanda+au+M23%2C+la+CEEAC+l%27enjoint+de+cesser+%22imm%C3%A9diatement%22+son+offensive+et+de+quitter+les+territoires+ill%C3%A9galement+occup%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F08%2Fest-de-la-rdc-tout-en-reconnaissant-le-soutien-du-rwanda-au-m23-la-ceeac-lenjoint-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (12 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/12/rdc-kinshasa-evoque-un-bilan-de-14-morts-dans-lattaque-la-bombe-larguee-par-le-m23">"RDC: Kinshasa évoque un bilan de 14 morts dans l'attaque à la bombe larguée par le M23 à Ndoluma (Lubero)"</a> [DRC: Kinshasa reports 14 deaths in bomb attack dropped by M23 in Ndoluma (Lubero)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Kinshasa+%C3%A9voque+un+bilan+de+14+morts+dans+l%27attaque+%C3%A0+la+bombe+largu%C3%A9e+par+le+M23+%C3%A0+Ndoluma+%28Lubero%29&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F12%2Frdc-kinshasa-evoque-un-bilan-de-14-morts-dans-lattaque-la-bombe-larguee-par-le-m23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-288"><a href="#cite_ref-:37_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (8 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/08/sommet-sadc-eac-tshisekedi-en-visioconference-judith-suminwa-depechee-en-presentiel">"Sommet SADC-EAC: Tshisekedi en visioconférence, Judith Suminwa dépêchée en présentiel"</a> [SADC-EAC Summit: Tshisekedi in videoconference, Judith Suminwa dispatched in person]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sommet+SADC-EAC%3A+Tshisekedi+en+visioconf%C3%A9rence%2C+Judith+Suminwa+d%C3%A9p%C3%AAch%C3%A9e+en+pr%C3%A9sentiel&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F08%2Fsommet-sadc-eac-tshisekedi-en-visioconference-judith-suminwa-depechee-en-presentiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:38-289"><a href="#cite_ref-:38_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/08/sommet-eac-sadc-sur-la-rdc-tshisekedi-exige-le-retrait-des-troupes-rwandaises-ruto">"Sommet EAC-SADC sur la RDC: Tshisekedi exige le retrait des troupes rwandaises, Ruto appelle à un cessez-le-feu immédiat, Museveni plaide pour le dialogue direct"</a> [EAC-SADC Summit on DRC: Tshisekedi demands withdrawal of Rwandan troops, Ruto calls for immediate ceasefire, Museveni pleads for direct dialogue]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 8 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sommet+EAC-SADC+sur+la+RDC%3A+Tshisekedi+exige+le+retrait+des+troupes+rwandaises%2C+Ruto+appelle+%C3%A0+un+cessez-le-feu+imm%C3%A9diat%2C+Museveni+plaide+pour+le+dialogue+direct&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F08%2Fsommet-eac-sadc-sur-la-rdc-tshisekedi-exige-le-retrait-des-troupes-rwandaises-ruto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (8 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/08/agression-rwandaise-le-sommet-conjoint-sadc-eac-recommande-la-reouverture-immediate-de">"Agression rwandaise: le sommet conjoint SADC-EAC recommande la réouverture "immédiate" de l'aéroport de Goma et des principales routes d'approvisionnement"</a> [Rwandan aggression: SADC-EAC joint summit recommends "immediate" reopening of Goma airport and main supply routes]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Agression+rwandaise%3A+le+sommet+conjoint+SADC-EAC+recommande+la+r%C3%A9ouverture+%22imm%C3%A9diate%22+de+l%27a%C3%A9roport+de+Goma+et+des+principales+routes+d%27approvisionnement&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F08%2Fagression-rwandaise-le-sommet-conjoint-sadc-eac-recommande-la-reouverture-immediate-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (8 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/08/est-de-la-rdc-le-sommet-sadc-eac-ordonne-endeans-30-jours-la-tenue-dune-reunion">"Est de la RDC: le sommet SADC-EAC ordonne endéans 30 jours la tenue d'une réunion d'évaluation du rapport des chefs des forces de défense sur le cessez-le-feu et la surveillance de mise en œuvre des décisions du sommet"</a> [Eastern DRC: SADC-EAC summit orders within 30 days the holding of an evaluation meeting of the report of the heads of the defense forces on the ceasefire and the monitoring of the implementation of the summit decisions]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+le+sommet+SADC-EAC+ordonne+end%C3%A9ans+30+jours+la+tenue+d%27une+r%C3%A9union+d%27%C3%A9valuation+du+rapport+des+chefs+des+forces+de+d%C3%A9fense+sur+le+cessez-le-feu+et+la+surveillance+de+mise+en+%C5%93uvre+des+d%C3%A9cisions+du+sommet&rft.date=2025-02-08&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F08%2Fest-de-la-rdc-le-sommet-sadc-eac-ordonne-endeans-30-jours-la-tenue-dune-reunion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (9 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/09/fusion-des-processus-de-luanda-et-nairobi-en-consultation-avec-lua-william-ruto-et">"Fusion des processus de Luanda et Nairobi: en consultation avec l'UA, William Ruto et Emmerson Mnangagwa chargés d'envisager de nommer des facilitateurs supplémentaires pour soutenir le processus de paix en RDC"</a> [Merging Luanda and Nairobi processes: In consultation with AU, William Ruto and Emmerson Mnangagwa tasked with considering appointing additional facilitators to support DRC peace process]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 10 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Fusion+des+processus+de+Luanda+et+Nairobi%3A+en+consultation+avec+l%27UA%2C+William+Ruto+et+Emmerson+Mnangagwa+charg%C3%A9s+d%27envisager+de+nommer+des+facilitateurs+suppl%C3%A9mentaires+pour+soutenir+le+processus+de+paix+en+RDC&rft.date=2025-02-09&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F09%2Ffusion-des-processus-de-luanda-et-nairobi-en-consultation-avec-lua-william-ruto-et&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/10/est-de-la-rdc-lafrique-du-sud-soutient-les-resolutions-du-sommet-sadc-eac-dont-le">"Est de la RDC: l'Afrique du Sud soutient les résolutions du sommet SADC-EAC dont le dialogue direct entre les parties y compris avec le M23 et annonce le retrait prochain des troupes de SAMIRDC"</a> [Eastern DRC: South Africa supports the resolutions of the SADC-EAC summit including direct dialogue between the parties including with the M23 and announces the imminent withdrawal of SAMIRDC troops]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 10 February 2025. Retrieved 10 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+l%27Afrique+du+Sud+soutient+les+r%C3%A9solutions+du+sommet+SADC-EAC+dont+le+dialogue+direct+entre+les+parties+y+compris+avec+le+M23+et+annonce+le+retrait+prochain+des+troupes+de+SAMIRDC&rft.date=2025-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F10%2Fest-de-la-rdc-lafrique-du-sud-soutient-les-resolutions-du-sommet-sadc-eac-dont-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (11 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/11/guy-kabombo-encourage-les-militaires-engages-au-front-beni-si-nous-devons-rester-vivant">"Guy Kabombo encourage les militaires engagés au front à Beni: "si nous devons rester vivant c'est ici au Congo, pas ailleurs""</a> [Guy Kabombo encourages the soldiers engaged at the front in Beni: "if we have to stay alive it is here in Congo, not elsewhere"]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guy+Kabombo+encourage+les+militaires+engag%C3%A9s+au+front+%C3%A0+Beni%3A+%22si+nous+devons+rester+vivant+c%27est+ici+au+Congo%2C+pas+ailleurs%22&rft.date=2025-02-11&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F11%2Fguy-kabombo-encourage-les-militaires-engages-au-front-beni-si-nous-devons-rester-vivant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:39-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:39_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (11 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/11/rdc-reprise-des-combats-sur-le-front-de-lubero-au-lendemain-dune-attaque-meurtriere-la">"RDC: reprise des combats sur le front de Lubero au lendemain d'une attaque meurtrière à la bombe larguée par le M23"</a> [DRC: Fighting resumes on the Lubero front the day after a deadly bomb attack dropped by the M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+reprise+des+combats+sur+le+front+de+Lubero+au+lendemain+d%27une+attaque+meurtri%C3%A8re+%C3%A0+la+bombe+largu%C3%A9e+par+le+M23&rft.date=2025-02-11&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F11%2Frdc-reprise-des-combats-sur-le-front-de-lubero-au-lendemain-dune-attaque-meurtriere-la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (11 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/11/rdc-nyiragongo-un-chef-de-village-tue-avec-trois-membres-de-sa-famille">"RDC-Nyiragongo: un chef de village tué avec trois membres de sa famille"</a> [DRC-Nyiragongo: a village chief killed with three members of his family]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Nyiragongo%3A+un+chef+de+village+tu%C3%A9+avec+trois+membres+de+sa+famille&rft.date=2025-02-11&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F11%2Frdc-nyiragongo-un-chef-de-village-tue-avec-trois-membres-de-sa-famille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulele2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulele, Junior (11 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-onetv.cd/rdc-goma-en-proie-a-une-montee-alarmante-de-la-justice-populaire/">"RDC: Goma en proie à une montée alarmante de la justice populaire"</a> [DRC: Goma in the grip of an alarming rise in mob justice]. B-one télévision (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B-one+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Goma+en+proie+%C3%A0+une+mont%C3%A9e+alarmante+de+la+justice+populaire&rft.date=2025-02-11&rft.aulast=Kulele&rft.aufirst=Junior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fb-onetv.cd%2Frdc-goma-en-proie-a-une-montee-alarmante-de-la-justice-populaire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:40_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:40_298-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:40_298-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (12 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/12/sud-kivu-au-moins-30-000-personnes-en-provenance-des-villages-situes-sur-le-littoral-de">"Sud-Kivu: au moins 30 000 personnes en provenance des villages situés sur le littoral de Minova se sont déplacées et les affrontements à Nyabibwe a suscité de vives inquiétudes parmi les habitants de Bukavu conduisant à la suspension des cours (OCHA)"</a> [South Kivu: At least 30,000 people from villages on the coast of Minova have been displaced and clashes in Nyabibwe have raised serious concerns among residents of Bukavu leading to the suspension of classes (OCHA)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 12 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+au+moins+30+000+personnes+en+provenance+des+villages+situ%C3%A9s+sur+le+littoral+de+Minova+se+sont+d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9es+et+les+affrontements+%C3%A0+Nyabibwe+a+suscit%C3%A9+de+vives+inqui%C3%A9tudes+parmi+les+habitants+de+Bukavu+conduisant+%C3%A0+la+suspension+des+cours+%28OCHA%29&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F12%2Fsud-kivu-au-moins-30-000-personnes-en-provenance-des-villages-situes-sur-le-littoral-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:41-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:41_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:41_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/12/rdc-presence-de-combattants-de-lafcm23-kalehe-centre-et-ihusi-le-gouvernement-denonce">"RDC: présence de combattants de l'AFC/M23 à Kalehe-centre et Ihusi, le gouvernement dénonce une violation du cessez-le-feu et accuse ce groupe de recevoir des renforts"</a> [DRC: Presence of AFC/M23 fighters in Kalehe-centre and Ihusi, the government denounces a violation of the ceasefire and accuses this group of receiving reinforcements]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 12 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+pr%C3%A9sence+de+combattants+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+%C3%A0+Kalehe-centre+et+Ihusi%2C+le+gouvernement+d%C3%A9nonce+une+violation+du+cessez-le-feu+et+accuse+ce+groupe+de+recevoir+des+renforts&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F12%2Frdc-presence-de-combattants-de-lafcm23-kalehe-centre-et-ihusi-le-gouvernement-denonce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/goma-cinq-personnes-tuees-en-une-journee-dont-quatre-presumes-bandits-armes-brules-vifs">"Goma: cinq personnes tuées en une journée dont quatre présumés bandits armés brûlés vifs par la population au quartier Mugunga"</a> [Goma: five people killed in one day including four suspected armed bandits burned alive by the population in the Mugunga district]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Goma%3A+cinq+personnes+tu%C3%A9es+en+une+journ%C3%A9e+dont+quatre+pr%C3%A9sum%C3%A9s+bandits+arm%C3%A9s+br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s+vifs+par+la+population+au+quartier+Mugunga&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Fgoma-cinq-personnes-tuees-en-une-journee-dont-quatre-presumes-bandits-armes-brules-vifs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/rdc-kalehe-poursuite-des-combats-ce-jeudi-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-dans-la-localite-de">"RDC-Kalehe: poursuite des combats ce jeudi entre les FARDC et le M23 dans la localité de Chofi"</a> [DRC-Kalehe: fighting continues this Thursday between the FARDC and the M23 in the locality of Chofi]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 13 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Kalehe%3A+poursuite+des+combats+ce+jeudi+entre+les+FARDC+et+le+M23+dans+la+localit%C3%A9+de+Chofi&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Frdc-kalehe-poursuite-des-combats-ce-jeudi-entre-les-fardc-et-le-m23-dans-la-localite-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/rdc-m23-trois-jours-consecutifs-des-combats-sur-le-front-de-lubero">"RDC-M23: trois jours consécutifs des combats sur le front de Lubero"</a> [DRC-M23: three consecutive days of fighting on the Lubero front]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+trois+jours+cons%C3%A9cutifs+des+combats+sur+le+front+de+Lubero&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Frdc-m23-trois-jours-consecutifs-des-combats-sur-le-front-de-lubero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMbuangu2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mbuangu, Kuzamba (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/assassinat-de-lartiste-delcat-idengo-pour-la-lucha-cest-lillustration-de-la-menace-qui">"Assassinat de l'artiste Delcat Idengo: pour la Lucha, c'est l'illustration de la menace qui pèse sur les voix critiques et libres en RDC"</a> [Assassination of artist Delcat Idengo: for Lucha, it is an illustration of the threat weighing on critical and free voices in the DRC]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Assassinat+de+l%27artiste+Delcat+Idengo%3A+pour+la+Lucha%2C+c%27est+l%27illustration+de+la+menace+qui+p%C3%A8se+sur+les+voix+critiques+et+libres+en+RDC&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Mbuangu&rft.aufirst=Kuzamba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Fassassinat-de-lartiste-delcat-idengo-pour-la-lucha-cest-lillustration-de-la-menace-qui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMughenze2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mughenze, Dieubon (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/rdc-beni-colere-des-partisans-de-lartiste-delcat-idengo-abattu-ce-jeudi-goma">"RDC-Beni: colère des partisans de l'artiste Delcat Idengo abattu ce jeudi à Goma"</a> [DRC-Beni: Anger of supporters of artist Delcat Idengo shot dead this Thursday in Goma]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Beni%3A+col%C3%A8re+des+partisans+de+l%27artiste+Delcat+Idengo+abattu+ce+jeudi+%C3%A0+Goma&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Mughenze&rft.aufirst=Dieubon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Frdc-beni-colere-des-partisans-de-lartiste-delcat-idengo-abattu-ce-jeudi-goma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMande2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mande, Ordi (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mbote.cd/humour/delcat-idengo-avant-son-asssssinat-ils-nous-tuent-pillent-volent-et-violent-mais-cette-fois-on-va-resister/179398/">"Delcat Idengo avant son asssssinat: "ils nous tuent, pillent, volent et violent, mais cette fois on va résister""</a> [Delcat Idengo before his assassination: "They kill us, pillage, steal and rape, but this time we will resist"]. Mbote (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mbote&rft.atitle=Delcat+Idengo+avant+son+asssssinat%3A+%22ils+nous+tuent%2C+pillent%2C+volent+et+violent%2C+mais+cette+fois+on+va+r%C3%A9sister%22&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Mande&rft.aufirst=Ordi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmbote.cd%2Fhumour%2Fdelcat-idengo-avant-son-asssssinat-ils-nous-tuent-pillent-volent-et-violent-mais-cette-fois-on-va-resister%2F179398%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mbote.cd/actualites/martin-fayulu-qui-a-assassine-lartiste-idengo-delcat-a-goma-et-pour-quelles-raisons/179405/">"Martin Fayulu: "Qui a assassiné l'artiste Idengo Delcat à Goma, et pour quelles raisons?""</a> [Martin Fayulu: "Who assassinated the artist Idengo Delcat in Goma, and for what reasons?"]. Mbote (in French). 13 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mbote&rft.atitle=Martin+Fayulu%3A+%22Qui+a+assassin%C3%A9+l%27artiste+Idengo+Delcat+%C3%A0+Goma%2C+et+pour+quelles+raisons%3F%22&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmbote.cd%2Factualites%2Fmartin-fayulu-qui-a-assassine-lartiste-idengo-delcat-a-goma-et-pour-quelles-raisons%2F179405%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mbote.cd/actualites/patrick-muyaya-apres-lassassinat-de-delcat-idengo-ni-lhorreur-ni-la-terreur-encore-moins-le-recours-intempestif-aux-armes-contre-les-civils-innocents-ne-pourront-eteindre/179408/">"Patrick Muyaya après l'assassinat de Delcat Idengo: "Ni l'horreur, ni la terreur, encore moins le recours intempestif aux armes contre les civils innocents ne pourront éteindre la flamme de la résistance à Goma et dans tout le pays""</a> [Patrick Muyaya after the assassination of Delcat Idengo: "Neither horror nor terror, and even less the untimely use of arms against innocent civilians will be able to extinguish the flame of resistance in Goma and throughout the country"]. Mbote (in French). 13 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mbote&rft.atitle=Patrick+Muyaya+apr%C3%A8s+l%27assassinat+de+Delcat+Idengo%3A+%22Ni+l%27horreur%2C+ni+la+terreur%2C+encore+moins+le+recours+intempestif+aux+armes+contre+les+civils+innocents+ne+pourront+%C3%A9teindre+la+flamme+de+la+r%C3%A9sistance+%C3%A0+Goma+et+dans+tout+le+pays%22&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmbote.cd%2Factualites%2Fpatrick-muyaya-apres-lassassinat-de-delcat-idengo-ni-lhorreur-ni-la-terreur-encore-moins-le-recours-intempestif-aux-armes-contre-les-civils-innocents-ne-pourront-eteindre%2F179408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/le-parlement-europeen-somme-kigali-de-retirer-ses-troupes-de-la-rdc-et-appelle-suspendre">"Le Parlement européen somme Kigali de retirer ses troupes de la RDC et appelle à suspendre le Mémorandum d'entente de l'UE sur les chaînes de valeur des matières premières durables avec le Rwanda"</a> [European Parliament urges Kigali to withdraw troops from DRC and calls for suspension of EU Memorandum of Understanding on sustainable raw materials value chains with Rwanda]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 13 February 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Le+Parlement+europ%C3%A9en+somme+Kigali+de+retirer+ses+troupes+de+la+RDC+et+appelle+%C3%A0+suspendre+le+M%C3%A9morandum+d%27entente+de+l%27UE+sur+les+cha%C3%AEnes+de+valeur+des+mati%C3%A8res+premi%C3%A8res+durables+avec+le+Rwanda&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Fle-parlement-europeen-somme-kigali-de-retirer-ses-troupes-de-la-rdc-et-appelle-suspendre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/13/rdc-la-cenco-et-lecc-rencontrent-paul-kagame-kigali-pour-promouvoir-un-dialogue-de-paix">"RDC: La CENCO et l'ECC rencontrent Paul Kagame à Kigali "pour promouvoir un dialogue de paix""</a> [DRC: CENCO and ECC meet Paul Kagame in Kigali "to promote a peace dialogue"]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 13 February 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+La+CENCO+et+l%27ECC+rencontrent+Paul+Kagame+%C3%A0+Kigali+%22pour+promouvoir+un+dialogue+de+paix%22&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Frdc-la-cenco-et-lecc-rencontrent-paul-kagame-kigali-pour-promouvoir-un-dialogue-de-paix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_310-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_310-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaki2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maki, Patrick (14 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/14/rdc-kabamba-et-katana-des-entites-du-territoire-de-kabare-conquises-par-les-rebelles-de">"RDC: Kabamba et Katana, des entités du territoire de Kabare conquises par les rebelles de l'AFC/M23"</a> [DRC: Kabamba and Katana, entities of the Kabare territory conquered by the AFC/M23 rebels]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Kabamba+et+Katana%2C+des+entit%C3%A9s+du+territoire+de+Kabare+conquises+par+les+rebelles+de+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft.aulast=Maki&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Frdc-kabamba-et-katana-des-entites-du-territoire-de-kabare-conquises-par-les-rebelles-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:44-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:44_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:44_311-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:44_311-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/14/rdc-situe-une-trentaine-de-kilometres-de-bukavu-laeroport-de-kavumu-passe-sous-controle">"RDC: situé à une trentaine de kilomètres de Bukavu, l'aéroport de Kavumu passe sous contrôle de la rébellion de l'AFC/M23"</a> [DRC: located around thirty kilometers from Bukavu, Kavumu airport comes under the control of the AFC/M23 rebellion]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 14 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+situ%C3%A9+%C3%A0+une+trentaine+de+kilom%C3%A8tres+de+Bukavu%2C+l%27a%C3%A9roport+de+Kavumu+passe+sous+contr%C3%B4le+de+la+r%C3%A9bellion+de+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Frdc-situe-une-trentaine-de-kilometres-de-bukavu-laeroport-de-kavumu-passe-sous-controle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (14 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/14/guerre-du-m23-lunion-africaine-doit-agir-avec-des-mesures-decisives-des-maintenant-human">"Guerre du M23: "l'Union africaine doit agir avec des mesures décisives dès maintenant" (Human Rights Watch)"</a> [M23 War: "The African Union Must Act with Decisive Measures Now" (Human Rights Watch)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%3A+%22l%27Union+africaine+doit+agir+avec+des+mesures+d%C3%A9cisives+d%C3%A8s+maintenant%22+%28Human+Rights+Watch%29&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Fguerre-du-m23-lunion-africaine-doit-agir-avec-des-mesures-decisives-des-maintenant-human&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgmj00zjrpo">DR Congo conflict: M23 rebels enter second major city Bukavu</a>, 14 February 2025 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/15/rdc-tirs-sporadiques-bukavu-habitants-cloitres-chez-eux">"RDC: Tirs sporadiques à Bukavu, habitants cloîtrés chez eux"</a> [DRC: Sporadic shooting in Bukavu, residents confined to their homes]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 15 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Tirs+sporadiques+%C3%A0+Bukavu%2C+habitants+clo%C3%AEtr%C3%A9s+chez+eux&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F15%2Frdc-tirs-sporadiques-bukavu-habitants-cloitres-chez-eux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20250218-rd-congo-onu-accuse-le-m23-d-avoir-ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9-des-enfants-a-bukavu">"RD Congo: l'ONU accuse le M23 d'avoir exécuté des enfants à Bukavu"</a> [DR Congo: UN accuses M23 of executing children in Bukavu]. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=RD+Congo%3A+l%27ONU+accuse+le+M23+d%27avoir+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+des+enfants+%C3%A0+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20250218-rd-congo-onu-accuse-le-m23-d-avoir-ex%25C3%25A9cut%25C3%25A9-des-enfants-a-bukavu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/rdc-lonu-accuse-le-m23-davoir-execute-des-enfants-apres-la-prise-de-la-ville-de-bukavu-20250218_Q7OJCTFBSJGZNAGAWHADACI3JY/">"RDC: l'ONU accuse le M23 d'avoir exécuté des enfants après la prise de la ville de Bukavu"</a> [DRC: UN accuses M23 of executing children after taking Bukavu town]. <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+l%27ONU+accuse+le+M23+d%27avoir+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+des+enfants+apr%C3%A8s+la+prise+de+la+ville+de+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Finternational%2Fafrique%2Frdc-lonu-accuse-le-m23-davoir-execute-des-enfants-apres-la-prise-de-la-ville-de-bukavu-20250218_Q7OJCTFBSJGZNAGAWHADACI3JY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanche2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanche, Jérémie (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250218-est-de-la-rdc-l-onu-accuse-le-m23-d-avoir-ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9-des-enfants-%C3%A0-bukavu">"Est de la RDC: l'ONU accuse le M23 d'avoir exécuté des enfants à Bukavu"</a> [Eastern DRC: UN accuses M23 of executing children in Bukavu]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> (in French). Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+l%27ONU+accuse+le+M23+d%27avoir+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+des+enfants+%C3%A0+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Lanche&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20250218-est-de-la-rdc-l-onu-accuse-le-m23-d-avoir-ex%25C3%25A9cut%25C3%25A9-des-enfants-%25C3%25A0-bukavu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/14/meurtres-pillages-fuite-devant-les-rebelles-du-m23-au-sud-kivu-212-militaires-condamnes">"Meurtres, pillages, fuite devant les rebelles du M23 au Sud-Kivu: 212 militaires condamnés à mort, 72 autres acquittés"</a> [Murders, looting, fleeing from M23 rebels in South Kivu: 212 soldiers sentenced to death, 72 others acquitted]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 14 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Meurtres%2C+pillages%2C+fuite+devant+les+rebelles+du+M23+au+Sud-Kivu%3A+212+militaires+condamn%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+mort%2C+72+autres+acquitt%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Fmeurtres-pillages-fuite-devant-les-rebelles-du-m23-au-sud-kivu-212-militaires-condamnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/14/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-exclut-tout-dialogue-avec-lafcm23-alors-que-les-combats">"RDC: Félix Tshisekedi exclut tout dialogue avec l'AFC/M23 alors que les combats s'intensifient au Sud-Kivu"</a> [DRC: Félix Tshisekedi rules out any dialogue with AFC/M23 as fighting intensifies in South Kivu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 14 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+exclut+tout+dialogue+avec+l%27AFC%2FM23+alors+que+les+combats+s%27intensifient+au+Sud-Kivu&rft.date=2025-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Frdc-felix-tshisekedi-exclut-tout-dialogue-avec-lafcm23-alors-que-les-combats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/15/la-violation-de-lintegrite-ne-restera-pas-sans-reponse-lue-reagit-lavancee-de-lafcm23">""La violation de l'intégrité ne restera pas sans réponse": l'UE réagit à l'avancée de l'AFC/M23 soutenue par Kigali à Bukavu"</a> ["Violation of integrity will not go unanswered": EU reacts to Kigali-backed AFC/M23 advance in Bukavu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 15 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=%22La+violation+de+l%27int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9+ne+restera+pas+sans+r%C3%A9ponse%22%3A+l%27UE+r%C3%A9agit+%C3%A0+l%27avanc%C3%A9e+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+soutenue+par+Kigali+%C3%A0+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F15%2Fla-violation-de-lintegrite-ne-restera-pas-sans-reponse-lue-reagit-lavancee-de-lafcm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:45_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_321-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/15/avancee-du-m23afc-bukavu-2-morts-et-une-dizaine-des-blesses-enregistres-cicr">"Avancée du M23/AFC à Bukavu: 2 morts et une dizaine des blessés enregistrés (CICR)"</a> [M23/AFC advance in Bukavu: 2 dead and around ten injured recorded (ICRC)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 15 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Avanc%C3%A9e+du+M23%2FAFC+%C3%A0+Bukavu%3A+2+morts+et+une+dizaine+des+bless%C3%A9s+enregistr%C3%A9s+%28CICR%29&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F15%2Favancee-du-m23afc-bukavu-2-morts-et-une-dizaine-des-blesses-enregistres-cicr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:46-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:46_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_322-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_322-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/15/rdc-des-ados-en-armes-et-des-actes-de-pillage-bukavu-apres-lavancee-du-m23afc">"RDC: Des ados en armes et des actes de pillage à Bukavu après l'avancée du M23/AFC"</a> [DRC: Armed teenagers and acts of looting in Bukavu after the advance of the M23/AFC]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 15 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Des+ados+en+armes+et+des+actes+de+pillage+%C3%A0+Bukavu+apr%C3%A8s+l%27avanc%C3%A9e+du+M23%2FAFC&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F15%2Frdc-des-ados-en-armes-et-des-actes-de-pillage-bukavu-apres-lavancee-du-m23afc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:47-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:47_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:47_323-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/15/rdc-macron-appelle-tshisekedi-exige-le-retrait-immediat-du-m23-de-bukavu-et-de-laeroport">"RDC: Macron appelle Tshisekedi, exige le retrait immédiat du M23 de Bukavu et de l'aéroport de Kavumu, et interpelle Kigali"</a> [DRC: Macron calls Tshisekedi, demands immediate withdrawal of M23 from Bukavu and Kavumu airport, and calls on Kigali]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 15 February 2025. 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Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Offensives+du+M23+dans+le+Sud-Kivu%3A+la+France+se+dit+pr%C3%AAte+%C3%A0+la+mise+en+%C5%93uvre+de+nouvelles+sanctions+multilat%C3%A9rales+contre+les+auteurs+de+l%27ins%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+dans+l%27Est+de+la+RDC&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft.aulast=Lukombo&rft.aufirst=Samyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F15%2Foffensives-du-m23-dans-le-sud-kivu-la-france-se-dit-prete-la-mise-en-oeuvre-de-nouvelles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (16 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/16/guerre-rdfm23-au-sud-kivu-la-ville-de-bukavu-envahie-un-court-moment-par-les-terroristes">"Guerre RDF/M23 au Sud-Kivu: "La ville de Bukavu, envahie un court moment par les terroristes du M23, est contrôlée par l'armée congolaise et les vaillants Wazalendo" (Présidence)"</a> [RDF/M23 War in South Kivu: "The city of Bukavu, briefly invaded by M23 terrorists, is controlled by the Congolese army and the valiant Wazalendo" (Presidency)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+RDF%2FM23+au+Sud-Kivu%3A+%22La+ville+de+Bukavu%2C+envahie+un+court+moment+par+les+terroristes+du+M23%2C+est+contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e+par+l%27arm%C3%A9e+congolaise+et+les+vaillants+Wazalendo%22+%28Pr%C3%A9sidence%29&rft.date=2025-02-16&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F16%2Fguerre-rdfm23-au-sud-kivu-la-ville-de-bukavu-envahie-un-court-moment-par-les-terroristes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:48-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:48_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:48_326-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/16/rdc-les-elements-afcm23-sont-bukavu">"RDC: Les éléments AFC/M23 sont à Bukavu"</a> [DRC: AFC/M23 elements are in Bukavu]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 16 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Les+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+AFC%2FM23+sont+%C3%A0+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F16%2Frdc-les-elements-afcm23-sont-bukavu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:49-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:49_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:49_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:49_327-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/16/rdc-des-combattants-du-m23afc-entrent-bukavu-tirs-sporadiques-entendus-des-habitants">"RDC: Des combattants du M23/AFC entrent à Bukavu, tirs sporadiques entendus, des habitants commencent à sortir par endroits"</a> [DRC: M23/AFC fighters enter Bukavu, sporadic gunfire heard, residents begin to come out in places]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 16 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Des+combattants+du+M23%2FAFC+entrent+%C3%A0+Bukavu%2C+tirs+sporadiques+entendus%2C+des+habitants+commencent+%C3%A0+sortir+par+endroits&rft.date=2025-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F16%2Frdc-des-combattants-du-m23afc-entrent-bukavu-tirs-sporadiques-entendus-des-habitants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/16/reaction-officielle-sur-la-situation-bukavu-le-rwanda-sentete-dans-son-dessein">"Réaction officielle sur la situation à Bukavu: "Le Rwanda s'entête dans son dessein d'occupation (…). Le gouvernement met tout en œuvre pour rétablir l'ordre et l'intégrité territoriale""</a> [Official reaction to the situation in Bukavu: "Rwanda is persisting in its plan of occupation (...). The government is doing everything possible to restore order and territorial integrity."]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 16 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9action+officielle+sur+la+situation+%C3%A0+Bukavu%3A+%22Le+Rwanda+s%27ent%C3%AAte+dans+son+dessein+d%27occupation+%28%E2%80%A6%29.+Le+gouvernement+met+tout+en+%C5%93uvre+pour+r%C3%A9tablir+l%27ordre+et+l%27int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9+territoriale%22&rft.date=2025-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F16%2Freaction-officielle-sur-la-situation-bukavu-le-rwanda-sentete-dans-son-dessein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMbuangu2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mbuangu, Kuzamba (16 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/16/afcm23-bukavu-le-royaume-uni-condamne-cette-avancee-et-appelle-un-cessez-le-feu-immediat">"AFC/M23 à Bukavu: le Royaume-Uni condamne cette avancée et appelle à un cessez-le-feu immédiat"</a> [AFC/M23 in Bukavu: the United Kingdom condemns this advance and calls for an immediate ceasefire]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=AFC%2FM23+%C3%A0+Bukavu%3A+le+Royaume-Uni+condamne+cette+avanc%C3%A9e+et+appelle+%C3%A0+un+cessez-le-feu+imm%C3%A9diat&rft.date=2025-02-16&rft.aulast=Mbuangu&rft.aufirst=Kuzamba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F16%2Fafcm23-bukavu-le-royaume-uni-condamne-cette-avancee-et-appelle-un-cessez-le-feu-immediat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/17/sud-kivu-au-lendemain-de-son-occupation-par-les-rebelles-du-m23-bukavu-aux-allures-des">"Sud-Kivu: au lendemain de son occupation par les rebelles du M23, Bukavu aux allures des journées ville morte"</a> [South Kivu: the day after its occupation by the M23 rebels, Bukavu looks like a ghost town]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 17 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+au+lendemain+de+son+occupation+par+les+rebelles+du+M23%2C+Bukavu+aux+allures+des+journ%C3%A9es+ville+morte&rft.date=2025-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F17%2Fsud-kivu-au-lendemain-de-son-occupation-par-les-rebelles-du-m23-bukavu-aux-allures-des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:93-331"><a href="#cite_ref-:93_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukombo2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lukombo, Samyr (17 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/17/occupation-de-bukavu-par-le-m23afc-le-burundi-dit-avoir-accueilli-environ-10-000">"Occupation de Bukavu par le M23/AFC: Le Burundi dit avoir accueilli environ 10 000 réfugiés congolais fuyant l'avancée des rebelles"</a> [M23/AFC occupation of Bukavu: Burundi says it has taken in around 10,000 Congolese refugees fleeing rebel advance]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 17 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Occupation+de+Bukavu+par+le+M23%2FAFC%3A+Le+Burundi+dit+avoir+accueilli+environ+10+000+r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s+congolais+fuyant+l%27avanc%C3%A9e+des+rebelles&rft.date=2025-02-17&rft.aulast=Lukombo&rft.aufirst=Samyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F17%2Foccupation-de-bukavu-par-le-m23afc-le-burundi-dit-avoir-accueilli-environ-10-000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/18/rdc-m23-26-corps-deja-decouverts-jusqua-lundi-bukavu-selon-la-croix-rouge">"RDC-M23: 26 corps déjà découverts jusqu'à lundi à Bukavu, selon la Croix-Rouge"</a> [DRC-M23: 26 bodies already discovered until Monday in Bukavu, according to the Red Cross]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+26+corps+d%C3%A9j%C3%A0+d%C3%A9couverts+jusqu%27%C3%A0+lundi+%C3%A0+Bukavu%2C+selon+la+Croix-Rouge&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-m23-26-corps-deja-decouverts-jusqua-lundi-bukavu-selon-la-croix-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/rdc-m23-le-nombre-des-blesses-par-balles-augmente-bukavu-176-patients-sont-pris-en">"RDC-M23: le nombre des blessés par balles a augmenté à Bukavu, 176 patients sont pris en charge par le CICR"</a> [DRC-M23: the number of gunshot wounds has increased in Bukavu, 176 patients are being treated by the ICRC]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+le+nombre+des+bless%C3%A9s+par+balles+a+augment%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Bukavu%2C+176+patients+sont+pris+en+charge+par+le+CICR&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-m23-le-nombre-des-blesses-par-balles-augmente-bukavu-176-patients-sont-pris-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/18/rdc-m23-le-nombre-des-blesses-par-balles-augmente-bukavu-176-patients-sont-pris-en">"RDC-M23: le nombre des blessés par balles a augmenté à Bukavu, 176 patients sont pris en charge par le CICR"</a> [DRC-M23: the number of gunshot wounds has increased in Bukavu, 176 patients are being treated by the ICRC]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+le+nombre+des+bless%C3%A9s+par+balles+a+augment%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Bukavu%2C+176+patients+sont+pris+en+charge+par+le+CICR&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-m23-le-nombre-des-blesses-par-balles-augmente-bukavu-176-patients-sont-pris-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1">Muamba, Clement (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/guerre-du-m23-plus-de-300-000-enfants-supplementaires-prives-deducation-au-nord-kivu-et">"Guerre du M23: Plus de 300 000 enfants supplémentaires privés d'éducation au Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu, alerte l'UNICEF qui appelle à des mesures d'urgence pour sauver l'année scolaire"</a> [M23 War: More than 300,000 additional children deprived of education in North and South Kivu, warns UNICEF, which calls for emergency measures to save the school year]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Guerre+du+M23%3A+Plus+de+300+000+enfants+suppl%C3%A9mentaires+priv%C3%A9s+d%27%C3%A9ducation+au+Nord-Kivu+et+Sud-Kivu%2C+alerte+l%27UNICEF+qui+appelle+%C3%A0+des+mesures+d%27urgence+pour+sauver+l%27ann%C3%A9e+scolaire&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Fguerre-du-m23-plus-de-300-000-enfants-supplementaires-prives-deducation-au-nord-kivu-et&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/18/rdc-reprise-de-trafic-sur-le-lac-kivu-entre-bukavu-et-goma">"RDC: Reprise de trafic sur le lac Kivu entre Bukavu et Goma"</a> [DRC: Traffic resumes on Lake Kivu between Bukavu and Goma]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Reprise+de+trafic+sur+le+lac+Kivu+entre+Bukavu+et+Goma&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-reprise-de-trafic-sur-le-lac-kivu-entre-bukavu-et-goma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:50-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:50_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_337-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_337-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_337-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/m23-au-nord-kivu-reprise-des-hostilites-sur-plusieurs-lignes-de-lubero-sud-des">"M23 au Nord-Kivu: reprise des hostilités sur plusieurs lignes de Lubero Sud, des déplacements massifs vers Lubero-centre"</a> [M23 in North Kivu: resumption of hostilities on several lines of Lubero Sud, massive movements towards Lubero-centre]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=M23+au+Nord-Kivu%3A+reprise+des+hostilit%C3%A9s+sur+plusieurs+lignes+de+Lubero+Sud%2C+des+d%C3%A9placements+massifs+vers+Lubero-centre&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Fm23-au-nord-kivu-reprise-des-hostilites-sur-plusieurs-lignes-de-lubero-sud-des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-338"><a href="#cite_ref-:51_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/18/rdc-lhopital-general-de-reference-de-masisi-centre-encore-touche-par-des-tirs-au-moins">"RDC: l'hôpital général de référence de Masisi-centre encore touché par des tirs, au moins un blessé"</a> [DRC: Masisi-centre general reference hospital still hit by gunfire, at least one injured]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+l%27h%C3%B4pital+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+de+Masisi-centre+encore+touch%C3%A9+par+des+tirs%2C+au+moins+un+bless%C3%A9&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-lhopital-general-de-reference-de-masisi-centre-encore-touche-par-des-tirs-au-moins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_339-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/rdc-lubero-des-rebelles-du-m23-signales-ndoluma-les-combats-en-cours-en-direction-de">"RDC-Lubero: des rebelles du M23 signalés à Ndoluma, les combats en cours en direction de Kitsombiro"</a> [DRC-Lubero: M23 rebels reported in Ndoluma, fighting underway towards Kitsombiro]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Lubero%3A+des+rebelles+du+M23+signal%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Ndoluma%2C+les+combats+en+cours+en+direction+de+Kitsombiro&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-lubero-des-rebelles-du-m23-signales-ndoluma-les-combats-en-cours-en-direction-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:53_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_340-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/rdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-semparent-de-kamanyola">"RDC: les rebelles du M23 s'emparent de Kamanyola"</a> [DRC: M23 rebels seize Kamanyola]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+rebelles+du+M23+s%27emparent+de+Kamanyola&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Frdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-semparent-de-kamanyola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:54-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:54_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:54_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/crise-rdc-bruxelles-menace-de-sanctions-kigali-suspend-la-cooperation">"Crise RDC: Bruxelles menace de sanctions, Kigali suspend la coopération"</a> [DRC Crisis: Brussels threatens sanctions, Kigali suspends cooperation]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 18 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Crise+RDC%3A+Bruxelles+menace+de+sanctions%2C+Kigali+suspend+la+coop%C3%A9ration&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Fcrise-rdc-bruxelles-menace-de-sanctions-kigali-suspend-la-cooperation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clement (18 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/18/progression-de-lafcm23-dans-lest-de-la-rdc-le-ministere-britannique-des-affaires">"Progression de l'AFC/M23 dans l'Est de la RDC: le ministère britannique des Affaires étrangères convoque le Haut-Commissaire rwandais"</a> [AFC/M23 advance in eastern DRC: British Foreign Office summons Rwandan High Commissioner]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Progression+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+dans+l%27Est+de+la+RDC%3A+le+minist%C3%A8re+britannique+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res+convoque+le+Haut-Commissaire+rwandais&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F18%2Fprogression-de-lafcm23-dans-lest-de-la-rdc-le-ministere-britannique-des-affaires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:55-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:55_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:55_343-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:55_343-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUparMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Upar, Freddy; Muamba, Clément (19 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/19/rdc-des-soldats-ougandais-debarquent-bunia-toujours-dans-le-cadre-de-loperation">"RDC: des soldats ougandais débarquent à Bunia, toujours dans le cadre de l'opération conjointe avec les FARDC selon Kinshasa, mais un déploiement qui inquiète à la suite des messages controversés du fils de Museveni"</a> [DRC: Ugandan soldiers land in Bunia, still as part of the joint operation with the FARDC according to Kinshasa, but a deployment which is worrying following the controversial messages of Museveni's son]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+des+soldats+ougandais+d%C3%A9barquent+%C3%A0+Bunia%2C+toujours+dans+le+cadre+de+l%27op%C3%A9ration+conjointe+avec+les+FARDC+selon+Kinshasa%2C+mais+un+d%C3%A9ploiement+qui+inqui%C3%A8te+%C3%A0+la+suite+des+messages+controvers%C3%A9s+du+fils+de+Museveni&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft.aulast=Upar&rft.aufirst=Freddy&rft.au=Muamba%2C+Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Frdc-des-soldats-ougandais-debarquent-bunia-toujours-dans-le-cadre-de-loperation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:56-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:56_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:56_344-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:56_344-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:56_344-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:56_344-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/19/affrontements-fardc-wazalendo-uvira-une-dizaine-de-morts-signales-la-ville-plongee-dans">"Affrontements FARDC-Wazalendo à Uvira: une dizaine de morts signalés, la ville plongée dans une psychose généralisée"</a> [FARDC-Wazalendo clashes in Uvira: around ten deaths reported, the city plunged into general psychosis]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Affrontements+FARDC-Wazalendo+%C3%A0+Uvira%3A+une+dizaine+de+morts+signal%C3%A9s%2C+la+ville+plong%C3%A9e+dans+une+psychose+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9e&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Faffrontements-fardc-wazalendo-uvira-une-dizaine-de-morts-signales-la-ville-plongee-dans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:57-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:57_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:57_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/19/situation-tendue-uvira-msf-alerte-sur-lurgence-de-proteger-des-civils-la-mission">"Situation tendue à Uvira: MSF alerte sur l'urgence de protéger des civils, la mission médicale et l'accès humanitaire"</a> [Tense situation in Uvira: MSF warns of the urgency of protecting civilians, the medical mission and humanitarian access]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Situation+tendue+%C3%A0+Uvira%3A+MSF+alerte+sur+l%27urgence+de+prot%C3%A9ger+des+civils%2C+la+mission+m%C3%A9dicale+et+l%27acc%C3%A8s+humanitaire&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Fsituation-tendue-uvira-msf-alerte-sur-lurgence-de-proteger-des-civils-la-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/19/rdc-tous-les-detenus-se-sont-evades-de-la-prison-centrale-duvira-la-situation-demeure">"RDC: tous les détenus se sont évadés de la prison centrale d'Uvira, la situation demeure tendue après des accrochages entre militaires et wazalendo"</a> [DRC: All prisoners have escaped from Uvira central prison, the situation remains tense after clashes between soldiers and wazalendo]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+tous+les+d%C3%A9tenus+se+sont+%C3%A9vad%C3%A9s+de+la+prison+centrale+d%27Uvira%2C+la+situation+demeure+tendue+apr%C3%A8s+des+accrochages+entre+militaires+et+wazalendo&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Frdc-tous-les-detenus-se-sont-evades-de-la-prison-centrale-duvira-la-situation-demeure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:65-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:65_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/23/rdc-uvira-banques-pharmacies-marches-et-centres-de-sante-ont-ferme-leurs-portes-les">"RDC-Uvira: Banques, pharmacies, marchés et centres de santé ont fermé leurs portes, les autorités politico-administratives ont fui vers le Burundi, Kalemie ou même la Tanzanie, laissant une population livrée à elle-même, décrit Mgr Muyengo"</a> [DRC-Uvira: Banks, pharmacies, markets and health centers have closed their doors, the political-administrative authorities have fled to Burundi, Kalemie or even Tanzania, leaving a population to fend for itself, describes Mgr Muyengo]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 February 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Uvira%3A+Banques%2C+pharmacies%2C+march%C3%A9s+et+centres+de+sant%C3%A9+ont+ferm%C3%A9+leurs+portes%2C+les+autorit%C3%A9s+politico-administratives+ont+fui+vers+le+Burundi%2C+Kalemie+ou+m%C3%AAme+la+Tanzanie%2C+laissant+une+population+livr%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+elle-m%C3%AAme%2C+d%C3%A9crit+Mgr+Muyengo&rft.date=2025-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F23%2Frdc-uvira-banques-pharmacies-marches-et-centres-de-sante-ont-ferme-leurs-portes-les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:58-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:58_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:58_348-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/19/rdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-sont-arrives-sange-dans-la-plaine-de-la-ruzizi">"RDC: les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 sont arrivés à Sange dans la plaine de la Ruzizi"</a> [DRC: AFC/M23 rebels have arrived in Sange in the Ruzizi plain]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+rebelles+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+sont+arriv%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+Sange+dans+la+plaine+de+la+Ruzizi&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Frdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-sont-arrives-sange-dans-la-plaine-de-la-ruzizi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:59-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:59_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:59_349-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/19/rdc-situee-au-moins-30-km-de-lubero-centre-la-localite-de-kitsombiro-passe-sous-controle#google_vignette">"RDC: située à au moins 30 km de Lubero centre, la localité de Kitsombiro passe sous contrôle de l'AFC/M23"</a> [DRC: located at least 30 km from Lubero center, the locality of Kitsombiro comes under the control of the AFC/M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+situ%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+au+moins+30+km+de+Lubero+centre%2C+la+localit%C3%A9+de+Kitsombiro+passe+sous+contr%C3%B4le+de+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F19%2Frdc-situee-au-moins-30-km-de-lubero-centre-la-localite-de-kitsombiro-passe-sous-controle%23google_vignette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250221-est-de-la-rdc-le-chef-militaire-michel-rukunda-tu%C3%A9-dans-une-frappe-de-drone">"Est de la RDC: le chef militaire Michel Rukunda tué dans une frappe de drone"</a> [Eastern DRC: Military leader Michel Rukunda killed in drone strike]. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> (in French). 21 February 2025. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+le+chef+militaire+Michel+Rukunda+tu%C3%A9+dans+une+frappe+de+drone&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20250221-est-de-la-rdc-le-chef-militaire-michel-rukunda-tu%25C3%25A9-dans-une-frappe-de-drone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKabamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kabamba, Clément (20 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/20/la-rdc-accuse-officiellement-le-rwanda-de-mener-la-rebellion-de-lafcm23-pour-renverser">"La RDC accuse officiellement le Rwanda de mener la rébellion de l'AFC/M23 pour renverser Félix Tshisekedi"</a> [DRC officially accuses Rwanda of leading AFC/M23 rebellion to overthrow Felix Tshisekedi]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=La+RDC+accuse+officiellement+le+Rwanda+de+mener+la+r%C3%A9bellion+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+pour+renverser+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft.aulast=Kabamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Fla-rdc-accuse-officiellement-le-rwanda-de-mener-la-rebellion-de-lafcm23-pour-renverser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:61-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:61_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:61_352-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukendi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukendi, Gaston (20 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/20/presence-suspecte-du-m23-kisangani-larmee-et-la-police-se-disent-pleinement-mobilisees">"Présence suspecte du M23 à Kisangani: l'armée et la police se disent "pleinement mobilisées""</a> [Suspicious presence of M23 in Kisangani: the army and the police say they are "fully mobilized"]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+suspecte+du+M23+%C3%A0+Kisangani%3A+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+la+police+se+disent+%22pleinement+mobilis%C3%A9es%22&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft.aulast=Mukendi&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Fpresence-suspecte-du-m23-kisangani-larmee-et-la-police-se-disent-pleinement-mobilisees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:60-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:60_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:60_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/20/rdc-uvira-se-reveille-timidement-ce-jeudi-les-activites-toujours-paralysees-des-tirs">"RDC: Uvira se réveille timidement ce jeudi, les activités toujours paralysées, des tirs toujours entendus au lendemain des affrontements entre militaires et wazalendo (Situation à 9H00 locales)"</a> [DRC: Uvira wakes up timidly this Thursday, activities still paralyzed, gunfire still heard the day after the clashes between soldiers and wazalendo (Situation at 9:00 a.m. local time)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 20 February 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Uvira+se+r%C3%A9veille+timidement+ce+jeudi%2C+les+activit%C3%A9s+toujours+paralys%C3%A9es%2C+des+tirs+toujours+entendus+au+lendemain+des+affrontements+entre+militaires+et+wazalendo+%28Situation+%C3%A0+9H00+locales%29&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Frdc-uvira-se-reveille-timidement-ce-jeudi-les-activites-toujours-paralysees-des-tirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (20 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/20/rdc-lubero-apres-une-accalmie-volatile-ce-jeudi-les-rebelles-du-m23-tentent-de-deborder">"RDC-Lubero: après une accalmie volatile ce jeudi, les rebelles du M23 tentent de déborder autour de Kitsombiro"</a> [DRC-Lubero: after a volatile lull this Thursday, M23 rebels attempt to overflow around Kitsombiro]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Lubero%3A+apr%C3%A8s+une+accalmie+volatile+ce+jeudi%2C+les+rebelles+du+M23+tentent+de+d%C3%A9border+autour+de+Kitsombiro&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Frdc-lubero-apres-une-accalmie-volatile-ce-jeudi-les-rebelles-du-m23-tentent-de-deborder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (20 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/20/m23nord-kivu-apres-avoir-rencontre-une-resistance-katondi-les-rebelles-detournent-par">"M23/Nord-Kivu: après avoir rencontré une résistance à Katondi, les rebelles détournent par Kipese pour "faire sauter les barrages sur l'axe Kitsombiro-Lubero" (Observateurs)"</a> [M23/North Kivu: after encountering resistance in Katondi, rebels divert via Kipese to "blow up the roadblocks on the Kitsombiro-Lubero axis" (Observers)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=M23%2FNord-Kivu%3A+apr%C3%A8s+avoir+rencontr%C3%A9+une+r%C3%A9sistance+%C3%A0+Katondi%2C+les+rebelles+d%C3%A9tournent+par+Kipese+pour+%22faire+sauter+les+barrages+sur+l%27axe+Kitsombiro-Lubero%22+%28Observateurs%29&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Fm23nord-kivu-apres-avoir-rencontre-une-resistance-katondi-les-rebelles-detournent-par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mwamba, Justin (21 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/21/rdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-campent-walungu-centre-et-kashanja-desormais-quatre-de-huit">"RDC: les rebelles du M23 campent à Walungu centre et Kashanja, désormais quatre de huit territoires du Sud-Kivu touchés par la guerre"</a> [DRC: M23 rebels camp in Walungu centre and Kashanja, now four of eight territories in South Kivu affected by war]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+rebelles+du+M23+campent+%C3%A0+Walungu+centre+et+Kashanja%2C+d%C3%A9sormais+quatre+de+huit+territoires+du+Sud-Kivu+touch%C3%A9s+par+la+guerre&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft.aulast=Mwamba&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F21%2Frdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-campent-walungu-centre-et-kashanja-desormais-quatre-de-huit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (21 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/21/nord-kivu-la-base-de-msf-touchee-par-des-tirs-masisi-centre-un-employe-grievement-blesse">"Nord-Kivu: la base de MSF touchée par des tirs à Masisi-centre, un employé grièvement blessé"</a> [North Kivu: MSF base hit by gunfire in Masisi-centre, one employee seriously injured]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Nord-Kivu%3A+la+base+de+MSF+touch%C3%A9e+par+des+tirs+%C3%A0+Masisi-centre%2C+un+employ%C3%A9+gri%C3%A8vement+bless%C3%A9&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F21%2Fnord-kivu-la-base-de-msf-touchee-par-des-tirs-masisi-centre-un-employe-grievement-blesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/20/rdc-m23-les-usa-sanctionnent-james-kabarebe-et-laurence-kanyuka">"RDC-M23: les USA sanctionnent James Kabarebe et Laurence Kanyuka"</a> [DRC-M23: USA sanctions James Kabarebe and Laurence Kanyuka]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 20 February 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+les+USA+sanctionnent+James+Kabarebe+et+Laurence+Kanyuka&rft.date=2025-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F20%2Frdc-m23-les-usa-sanctionnent-james-kabarebe-et-laurence-kanyuka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clément (22 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/22/le-ministre-britannique-des-affaires-etrangeres-commonwealth-et-developpement-previent">"Le ministre britannique des Affaires étrangères, Commonwealth et développement prévient: "je ferai clairement comprendre au président Kagame que de nouvelles violations de la souveraineté de la RDC auront des conséquences…""</a> [The British Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Secretary warns: "I will make it clear to President Kagame that further violations of the sovereignty of the DRC will have consequences..."]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Le+ministre+britannique+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res%2C+Commonwealth+et+d%C3%A9veloppement+pr%C3%A9vient%3A+%22je+ferai+clairement+comprendre+au+pr%C3%A9sident+Kagame+que+de+nouvelles+violations+de+la+souverainet%C3%A9+de+la+RDC+auront+des+cons%C3%A9quences%E2%80%A6%22&rft.date=2025-02-22&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F22%2Fle-ministre-britannique-des-affaires-etrangeres-commonwealth-et-developpement-previent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:64-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:64_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:64_360-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (21 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/21/m23-au-nord-kivu-face-aux-cas-de-pillage-le-maire-policier-de-butembo-appelle-les">"M23 au Nord-Kivu: face aux cas de pillage, le maire policier de Butembo appelle les opérateurs économiques à la prudence"</a> [M23 in North Kivu: Faced with cases of looting, the police mayor of Butembo calls on economic operators to be cautious]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=M23+au+Nord-Kivu%3A+face+aux+cas+de+pillage%2C+le+maire+policier+de+Butembo+appelle+les+op%C3%A9rateurs+%C3%A9conomiques+%C3%A0+la+prudence&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft.aulast=Sengenya&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F21%2Fm23-au-nord-kivu-face-aux-cas-de-pillage-le-maire-policier-de-butembo-appelle-les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clément (23 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/23/est-de-la-rdc-deplorant-la-reaction-tardive-de-lonu-kinshasa-exige-la-mise-en-oeuvre">"Est de la RDC: déplorant la réaction tardive de l'ONU, Kinshasa exige la mise en œuvre "sans délai" de la résolution ordonnant la cessation des hostilités et le retrait des troupes rwandaises"</a> [Eastern DRC: Deploring the UN's late reaction, Kinshasa demands the "immediate" implementation of the resolution ordering the cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of Rwandan troops]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+d%C3%A9plorant+la+r%C3%A9action+tardive+de+l%27ONU%2C+Kinshasa+exige+la+mise+en+%C5%93uvre+%22sans+d%C3%A9lai%22+de+la+r%C3%A9solution+ordonnant+la+cessation+des+hostilit%C3%A9s+et+le+retrait+des+troupes+rwandaises&rft.date=2025-02-23&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F23%2Fest-de-la-rdc-deplorant-la-reaction-tardive-de-lonu-kinshasa-exige-la-mise-en-oeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2773(2025)">"Resolution 2773 (2025): Adopted by the Security Council at its 9865th meeting, on 21 February 2025"</a>. Docs.un.org. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. 21 February 2025. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Docs.un.org&rft.atitle=Resolution+2773+%282025%29%3A+Adopted+by+the+Security+Council+at+its+9865th+meeting%2C+on+21+February+2025&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.un.org%2Fen%2FS%2FRES%2F2773%282025%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16004.doc.htm">"Security Council Strongly Condemns Ongoing Offensives by M23 Rebel Movement in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2773 (2025)"</a>. press.un.org. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. 21 February 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.un.org&rft.atitle=Security+Council+Strongly+Condemns+Ongoing+Offensives+by+M23+Rebel+Movement+in+Eastern+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%2C+Unanimously+Adopting+Resolution+2773+%282025%29&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2025%2Fsc16004.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/23/rdc-burundi-rencontre-entre-felix-tshisekedi-et-evariste-ndayishimiye-kinshasa">"RDC-Burundi: rencontre entre Félix Tshisekedi et Évariste Ndayishimiye à Kinshasa"</a> [DRC-Burundi: meeting between Félix Tshisekedi and Évariste Ndayishimiye in Kinshasa]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 February 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Burundi%3A+rencontre+entre+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+et+%C3%89variste+Ndayishimiye+%C3%A0+Kinshasa&rft.date=2025-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F23%2Frdc-burundi-rencontre-entre-felix-tshisekedi-et-evariste-ndayishimiye-kinshasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMureithi2025" class="citation news cs1">Mureithi, Carlos (24 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/24/m23-militias-advance-in-eastern-drc-has-killed-7000-since-january-un-told">"M23 militia's advance in eastern DRC has killed 7,000 since January, UN told"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=M23+militia%27s+advance+in+eastern+DRC+has+killed+7%2C000+since+January%2C+UN+told&rft.date=2025-02-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mureithi&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fm23-militias-advance-in-eastern-drc-has-killed-7000-since-january-un-told&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengenya2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sengenya, Claude (24 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/24/m23-au-nord-kivu-statu-quo-sur-la-ligne-de-front-de-lubero-larmee-bouche-les-voies-de">"M23 au Nord-Kivu: statu quo sur la ligne de front de Lubero, l'armée a bouché les voies de débordement des rebelles"</a> [M23 in North Kivu: status quo on the Lubero front line, the army has blocked the rebels' escape routes]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 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Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+selon+Judith+Suminwa%2C+plus+de+7+000+personnes+tu%C3%A9es+depuis+janvier+dans+le+conflit+dans+l%27est+du+pays&rft.date=2025-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F24%2Frdc-selon-judith-suminwa-plus-de-7-000-personnes-tuees-depuis-janvier-dans-le-conflit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/24/fighting-in-eastern-drc-kills-about-7000-people-since-january-pm-says">"Fighting in eastern DRC kills about 7,000 people since January, PM says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 24 February 2025. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Fighting+in+eastern+DRC+kills+about+7%2C000+people+since+January%2C+PM+says&rft.date=2025-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F2%2F24%2Ffighting-in-eastern-drc-kills-about-7000-people-since-january-pm-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/2025-02-24/est-de-la-republique-democratique-du-congo/plus-de-7000-morts-depuis-janvier-avance-la-premiere-ministre.php">"Est de la République démocratique du Congo: Plus de 7000 morts depuis janvier, avance la première ministre"</a> [More than 7,000 dead since January, says Prime Minister]. <a href="/wiki/La_Presse" title="La Presse">La Presse</a> (in Canadian French). 24 February 2025. 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London, England, United Kingdom. 25 February 2025. 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Retrieved 26 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Nyiragongo%3A+Plusieurs+incidents+s%C3%A9curitaires+%C3%A0+la+base+des+morts+dont+une+quinzaine+apr%C3%A8s+l%27incendie+d%27un+bistrot+pr%C3%A8s+de+Goma+lors+d%27un+bouclage+men%C3%A9+par+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F26%2Frdc-nyiragongo-plusieurs-incidents-securitaires-la-base-des-morts-dont-une-quinzaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/26/sud-kivu-uvira-larmee-lance-une-operation-de-traque-des-militaires-fuyards-et-presumes">"Sud-Kivu: à Uvira, l'armée lance une opération de traque des militaires fuyards et présumés auteurs de tracasseries"</a> [South Kivu: in Uvira, the army launches an operation to track down fleeing soldiers and those suspected of harassment]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 26 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+%C3%A0+Uvira%2C+l%27arm%C3%A9e+lance+une+op%C3%A9ration+de+traque+des+militaires+fuyards+et+pr%C3%A9sum%C3%A9s+auteurs+de+tracasseries&rft.date=2025-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F26%2Fsud-kivu-uvira-larmee-lance-une-operation-de-traque-des-militaires-fuyards-et-presumes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/27/kalehe-deux-chefs-de-village-assassines-par-des-hommes-armes">"Kalehe: deux chefs de village assassinés par des hommes armés"</a> [Kalehe: two village chiefs assassinated by armed men]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Kalehe%3A+deux+chefs+de+village+assassin%C3%A9s+par+des+hommes+arm%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F27%2Fkalehe-deux-chefs-de-village-assassines-par-des-hommes-armes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:211-385"><a href="#cite_ref-:211_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPronczuk2025" class="citation web cs1">Pronczuk, Monika (28 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/congo-m23-rebels-explosion-meeting-40328c06af96d0a2728d9d5c20305595">"At least 11 dead and scores injured in Congo after blasts at M23 rebel leaders' rally, rebels say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=At+least+11+dead+and+scores+injured+in+Congo+after+blasts+at+M23+rebel+leaders%27+rally%2C+rebels+say&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft.aulast=Pronczuk&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-m23-rebels-explosion-meeting-40328c06af96d0a2728d9d5c20305595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/27/rdc-au-moins-12-morts-et-70-blesses-dans-des-explosions-lors-dun-meeting-de-lafcm23">"RDC: Au moins 12 morts et 70 blessés dans des explosions lors d'un meeting de l'AFC/M23 à Bukavu (bilan toujours provisoire)"</a> [DRC: At least 12 dead and 70 injured in explosions during an AFC/M23 meeting in Bukavu (still provisional toll)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 February 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Au+moins+12+morts+et+70+bless%C3%A9s+dans+des+explosions+lors+d%27un+meeting+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+%C3%A0+Bukavu+%28bilan+toujours+provisoire%29&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F27%2Frdc-au-moins-12-morts-et-70-blesses-dans-des-explosions-lors-dun-meeting-de-lafcm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/27/blasts-gunfire-kill-several-at-m23-rally-in-eastern-dr-congo">"At least 11 killed in blasts at M23 rally in eastern DR Congo, rebels say"</a>. Al Jazeera. 27 February 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=At+least+11+killed+in+blasts+at+M23+rally+in+eastern+DR+Congo%2C+rebels+say&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F2%2F27%2Fblasts-gunfire-kill-several-at-m23-rally-in-eastern-dr-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_388-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMureithi2025" class="citation news cs1">Mureithi, Carlos (28 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/27/blasts-at-m23-rally-in-bukavu-eastern-drc">"Deadly blasts hit M23 rebel rally in captured DRC city of Bukavu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deadly+blasts+hit+M23+rebel+rally+in+captured+DRC+city+of+Bukavu&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mureithi&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fblasts-at-m23-rally-in-bukavu-eastern-drc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:70-389"><a href="#cite_ref-:70_389-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/27/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-impute-lexplosion-meurtriere-de-bukavu-une-armee-etrangere-lafcm23">"RDC: Félix Tshisekedi impute l'explosion meurtrière de Bukavu à "une armée étrangère", l'AFC/M23 accuse Kinshasa"</a> [DRC: Félix Tshisekedi blames deadly explosion in Bukavu on "a foreign army", AFC/M23 accuses Kinshasa]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+impute+l%27explosion+meurtri%C3%A8re+de+Bukavu+%C3%A0+%22une+arm%C3%A9e+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re%22%2C+l%27AFC%2FM23+accuse+Kinshasa&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F27%2Frdc-felix-tshisekedi-impute-lexplosion-meurtriere-de-bukavu-une-armee-etrangere-lafcm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:71-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:71_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:71_390-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clément (27 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/27/sud-kivu-une-structure-de-la-societe-civile-accuse-lafcm23-detre-la-base-du-pillage">"Sud-Kivu: une structure de la société civile accuse l'AFC/M23 d'être à la base du pillage ciblé de l'entité de traitement CJX Minerals"</a> [South Kivu: Civil Society Organization Accuses AFC/M23 of Being Behind Targeted Looting of CJX Minerals Processing Entity]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+une+structure+de+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+civile+accuse+l%27AFC%2FM23+d%27%C3%AAtre+%C3%A0+la+base+du+pillage+cibl%C3%A9+de+l%27entit%C3%A9+de+traitement+CJX+Minerals&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F27%2Fsud-kivu-une-structure-de-la-societe-civile-accuse-lafcm23-detre-la-base-du-pillage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/02/27/rdc-m23-la-suede-convoque-lambassadeur-du-rwanda-en-poste-stockholm">"RDC-M23: la Suède convoque l'ambassadeur du Rwanda en poste à Stockholm"</a> [DRC-M23: Sweden summons Rwandan ambassador to Stockholm]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 27 February 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+la+Su%C3%A8de+convoque+l%27ambassadeur+du+Rwanda+en+poste+%C3%A0+Stockholm&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F02%2F27%2Frdc-m23-la-suede-convoque-lambassadeur-du-rwanda-en-poste-stockholm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clément (28 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/02/28/est-de-la-rdc-judith-suminwa-et-jean-pierre-lacroix-echangent-sur-la-mise-en-oeuvre">"Est de la RDC: Judith Suminwa et Jean-Pierre Lacroix échangent sur la mise en œuvre urgente de la résolution 2 773 qui appelle à la fin de l'offensive du M23 et du retrait des troupes Rwandaises"</a> [Eastern DRC: Judith Suminwa and Jean-Pierre Lacroix discuss the urgent implementation of resolution 2773 which calls for an end to the M23 offensive and the withdrawal of Rwandan troops]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 28 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+Judith+Suminwa+et+Jean-Pierre+Lacroix+%C3%A9changent+sur+la+mise+en+%C5%93uvre+urgente+de+la+r%C3%A9solution+2+773+qui+appelle+%C3%A0+la+fin+de+l%27offensive+du+M23+et+du+retrait+des+troupes+Rwandaises&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F02%2F28%2Fest-de-la-rdc-judith-suminwa-et-jean-pierre-lacroix-echangent-sur-la-mise-en-oeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_393-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/01/sud-kivu-violents-combats-entre-twirwanehom23-et-wazalendo-mwenga">"Sud-Kivu: violents combats entre Twirwaneho/M23 et Wazalendo à Mwenga"</a> [South Kivu: violent fighting between Twirwaneho/M23 and Wazalendo in Mwenga]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 1 March 2025. 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Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Mwenga%3A+Cinq+morts+dans+des+affrontements+entre+Wazalendo+et+Twirwaheno+%C3%A0+Mikenge&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Fmwenga-cinq-morts-dans-des-affrontements-entre-wazalendo-et-twirwaheno-mikenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/20/rdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-se-deploient-dans-des-endroits-strategiques-walikale-centre">"RDC: les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 se déploient dans des endroits stratégiques à Walikale-centre notamment à l'aérodrome de Kigoma"</a> [DRC: AFC/M23 rebels deploy in strategic locations in Walikale-centre, notably at Kigoma airfield]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 20 March 2025. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+les+rebelles+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+se+d%C3%A9ploient+dans+des+endroits+strat%C3%A9giques+%C3%A0+Walikale-centre+notamment+%C3%A0+l%27a%C3%A9rodrome+de+Kigoma&rft.date=2025-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F20%2Frdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-se-deploient-dans-des-endroits-strategiques-walikale-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMbuangu2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mbuangu, Kuzamba (20 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/20/est-de-la-rdc-la-chine-reitere-sa-demande-de-cessation-immediate-des-hostilites-et-le">"Est de la RDC: la Chine réitère sa demande de cessation immédiate des hostilités et le retrait du M23 des territoires occupés"</a> [Eastern DRC: China reiterates its demand for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of the M23 from occupied territories]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+la+Chine+r%C3%A9it%C3%A8re+sa+demande+de+cessation+imm%C3%A9diate+des+hostilit%C3%A9s+et+le+retrait+du+M23+des+territoires+occup%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-03-20&rft.aulast=Mbuangu&rft.aufirst=Kuzamba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F20%2Fest-de-la-rdc-la-chine-reitere-sa-demande-de-cessation-immediate-des-hostilites-et-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/20/fizi-wazalendo-et-twirwaneho-saffrontent-kawera-6-kilometres-de-minembwe-centre">"Fizi: Wazalendo et Twirwaneho s'affrontent à Kawera, à 6 Kilomètres de Minembwe Centre"</a> [Fizi: Wazalendo and Twirwaneho clash in Kawera, 6 kilometers from Minembwe Center]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 20 March 2025. Retrieved 20 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Fizi%3A+Wazalendo+et+Twirwaneho+s%27affrontent+%C3%A0+Kawera%2C+%C3%A0+6+Kilom%C3%A8tres+de+Minembwe+Centre&rft.date=2025-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F20%2Ffizi-wazalendo-et-twirwaneho-saffrontent-kawera-6-kilometres-de-minembwe-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/21/rdc-un-aeronef-atterrit-walikale-sous-occupation-des-rebelles-de-lafcm23">"RDC: un aéronef atterrit à Walikale sous occupation des rebelles de l'AFC/M23"</a> [DRC: Aircraft lands in Walikale under occupation by AFC/M23 rebels]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+un+a%C3%A9ronef+atterrit+%C3%A0+Walikale+sous+occupation+des+rebelles+de+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Frdc-un-aeronef-atterrit-walikale-sous-occupation-des-rebelles-de-lafcm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/21/walikalem23-deux-personnes-dont-un-policier-sont-mortes-apres-avoir-ete-blessees-par">"Walikale/M23: deux personnes dont un policier sont mortes après avoir été blessées par balles lors des combats"</a> [Walikale/M23: Two people including a police officer died after being shot during the fighting]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Walikale%2FM23%3A+deux+personnes+dont+un+policier+sont+mortes+apr%C3%A8s+avoir+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+bless%C3%A9es+par+balles+lors+des+combats&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Fwalikalem23-deux-personnes-dont-un-policier-sont-mortes-apres-avoir-ete-blessees-par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/21/rdc-la-situation-est-tendue-walikale-centre-des-tirs-en-cours">"RDC: la situation est tendue à Walikale-centre, des tirs en cours"</a> [DRC: The situation is tense in Walikale-centre, shooting in progress]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+la+situation+est+tendue+%C3%A0+Walikale-centre%2C+des+tirs+en+cours&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Frdc-la-situation-est-tendue-walikale-centre-des-tirs-en-cours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/22/rdc-walikale-centre-cible-de-nouveaux-bombardements-de-larmee-ce-samedi-au-lendemain-de">"RDC: Walikale-centre cible de nouveaux bombardements de l'armée ce samedi au lendemain de violents affrontements"</a> [DRC: Walikale-centre targeted by new army bombings this Saturday following violent clashes]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Walikale-centre+cible+de+nouveaux+bombardements+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+ce+samedi+au+lendemain+de+violents+affrontements&rft.date=2025-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F03%2F22%2Frdc-walikale-centre-cible-de-nouveaux-bombardements-de-larmee-ce-samedi-au-lendemain-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:020-470">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:020_470-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:020_470-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/21/hauts-plateaux-duvira-nouvel-accrochage-entre-wazalendo-et-twirwaneho-rubarati-et-ruhuha">"Hauts plateaux d'Uvira: nouvel accrochage entre Wazalendo et Twirwaneho à Rubarati et Ruhuha"</a> [Uvira highlands: new clash between Wazalendo and Twirwaneho in Rubarati and Ruhuha]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Hauts+plateaux+d%27Uvira%3A+nouvel+accrochage+entre+Wazalendo+et+Twirwaneho+%C3%A0+Rubarati+et+Ruhuha&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Fhauts-plateaux-duvira-nouvel-accrochage-entre-wazalendo-et-twirwaneho-rubarati-et-ruhuha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:114-471">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:114_471-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:114_471-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/21/minembwe-apres-la-prise-de-kawera-les-wazalendo-lancent-les-offensives-muliza-et-kakenge">"Minembwe: après la prise de Kawera, les Wazalendo lancent les offensives à Muliza et Kakenge"</a> [Minembwe: after the capture of Kawera, the Wazalendo launch offensives in Muliza and Kakenge]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 21 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Minembwe%3A+apr%C3%A8s+la+prise+de+Kawera%2C+les+Wazalendo+lancent+les+offensives+%C3%A0+Muliza+et+Kakenge&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F21%2Fminembwe-apres-la-prise-de-kawera-les-wazalendo-lancent-les-offensives-muliza-et-kakenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutanava2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mutanava, Joshua (22 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/22/masisi-un-chef-du-village-tue-par-des-inconnus-sake">"Masisi: un chef du village tué par des inconnus à Sake"</a> [Masisi: Village chief killed by unknown assailants in Sake]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Masisi%3A+un+chef+du+village+tu%C3%A9+par+des+inconnus+%C3%A0+Sake&rft.date=2025-03-22&rft.aulast=Mutanava&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F03%2F22%2Fmasisi-un-chef-du-village-tue-par-des-inconnus-sake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolley2025" class="citation web cs1">Rolley, Sonia (22 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-rebels-reposition-forces-seized-town-support-peace-efforts-rebel-2025-03-22/">"Congo M23 rebels say they will withdraw from seized town to support peace push"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. London, England, United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+M23+rebels+say+they+will+withdraw+from+seized+town+to+support+peace+push&rft.date=2025-03-22&rft.aulast=Rolley&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-m23-rebels-reposition-forces-seized-town-support-peace-efforts-rebel-2025-03-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:021-474">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:021_474-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:021_474-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/22/est-de-la-rdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-walikale-centre-mais">"Est de la RDC: les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 annoncent leur retrait de Walikale-centre, mais restent visibles dans la cité"</a> [Eastern DRC: AFC/M23 rebels announce their withdrawal from Walikale-centre, but remain visible in the city]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Est+de+la+RDC%3A+les+rebelles+de+l%27AFC%2FM23+annoncent+leur+retrait+de+Walikale-centre%2C+mais+restent+visibles+dans+la+cit%C3%A9&rft.date=2025-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2Findex.php%2F2025%2F03%2F22%2Fest-de-la-rdc-les-rebelles-de-lafcm23-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-walikale-centre-mais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:115-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:115_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:115_475-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/22/annonce-du-retrait-du-m23afc-de-walikale-centre-la-rdc-cherche-la-paix-travers-le">"Annonce du retrait du M23/AFC de Walikale-centre: "la RDC cherche la paix à travers le dialogue, nous espérons que le M23 est maintenant épris du même sentiment" (Thérèse Kayikwamba)"</a> [Announcement of the withdrawal of the M23/AFC from Walikale-centre: "the DRC seeks peace through dialogue, we hope that the M23 is now filled with the same sentiment" (Thérèse Kayikwamba)]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 March 2025. 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Retrieved 23 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+l%27arm%C3%A9e+dit+observer+prudemment+le+retrait+du+M23+de+Walikale+vers+l%27est+de+Kibati&rft.date=2025-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F23%2Frdc-larmee-dit-observer-prudemment-le-retrait-du-m23-de-walikale-vers-lest-de-kibati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/23/rdc-m23-kinshasa-pret-des-discussions-directes-pour-mettre-fin-aux-hostilites">"RDC-M23: Kinshasa prêt à des discussions directes pour mettre fin aux hostilités"</a> [DRC-M23: Kinshasa ready for direct discussions to end hostilities]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 March 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+Kinshasa+pr%C3%AAt+%C3%A0+des+discussions+directes+pour+mettre+fin+aux+hostilit%C3%A9s&rft.date=2025-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F23%2Frdc-m23-kinshasa-pret-des-discussions-directes-pour-mettre-fin-aux-hostilites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-478">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_478-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_478-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/22/sud-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-wazalendo-et-afcm23-nyangezi">"Sud-Kivu: nouveaux affrontements entre Wazalendo et AFC/M23 à Nyangezi"</a> [South Kivu: New clashes between Wazalendo and AFC/M23 in Nyangezi]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 22 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=Sud-Kivu%3A+nouveaux+affrontements+entre+Wazalendo+et+AFC%2FM23+%C3%A0+Nyangezi&rft.date=2025-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F22%2Fsud-kivu-nouveaux-affrontements-entre-wazalendo-et-afcm23-nyangezi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukendi2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukendi, Gaston (24 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/24/rdc-4-enfants-dune-meme-famille-meurent-en-fuyant-les-combats-entre-larmee-et-lafcm23">"RDC: 4 enfants d'une même famille meurent en fuyant les combats entre l'armée et l'AFC/M23"</a> [DRC: 4 children from the same family die fleeing fighting between the army and the AFC/M23]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+4+enfants+d%27une+m%C3%AAme+famille+meurent+en+fuyant+les+combats+entre+l%27arm%C3%A9e+et+l%27AFC%2FM23&rft.date=2025-03-24&rft.aulast=Mukendi&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F24%2Frdc-4-enfants-dune-meme-famille-meurent-en-fuyant-les-combats-entre-larmee-et-lafcm23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/23/rdc-kigali-salue-le-retrait-annonce-du-m23-et-la-suspension-des-offensives-congolaises">"RDC: Kigali salue le retrait annoncé du M23 et la suspension des offensives congolaises"</a> [DRC: Kigali welcomes the announced withdrawal of the M23 and the suspension of Congolese offensives]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 March 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+Kigali+salue+le+retrait+annonc%C3%A9+du+M23+et+la+suspension+des+offensives+congolaises&rft.date=2025-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F23%2Frdc-kigali-salue-le-retrait-annonce-du-m23-et-la-suspension-des-offensives-congolaises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/23/rdc-le-chef-de-larmee-ougandaise-menace-darreter-le-gouverneur-de-lituri-et-evoque-une">"RDC: le chef de l'armée ougandaise menace d'arrêter le gouverneur de l'Ituri et évoque une possible prise de Kisangani"</a> [DRC: Ugandan army chief threatens to arrest Ituri governor and raises possibility of taking Kisangani]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 23 March 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+le+chef+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+ougandaise+menace+d%27arr%C3%AAter+le+gouverneur+de+l%27Ituri+et+%C3%A9voque+une+possible+prise+de+Kisangani&rft.date=2025-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F23%2Frdc-le-chef-de-larmee-ougandaise-menace-darreter-le-gouverneur-de-lituri-et-evoque-une&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:014-482">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:014_482-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:014_482-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/24/rdc-inspection-du-chef-detat-major-kisangani-tensions-vives-walikale-centre">"RDC: inspection du chef d'état-major à Kisangani, tensions vives à Walikale-centre"</a> [DRC: Chief of Staff inspects Kisangani, tensions rise in Walikale-centre]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). 24 March 2025. 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Retrieved 24 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-M23%3A+un+avion+a+de+nouveau+atterri+%C3%A0+l%27a%C3%A9rodrome+de+Kigoma+%C3%A0+Walikale+ce+lundi&rft.date=2025-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F24%2Frdc-m23-un-avion-de-nouveau-atterri-laerodrome-de-kigoma-walikale-ce-lundi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuamba2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muamba, Clément (24 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2025/03/24/rdc-rwanda-en-attendant-la-designation-dun-autre-mediateur-par-lunion-africaine-langola">"RDC-Rwanda: en attendant la désignation d'un autre médiateur par l'Union Africaine, l'Angola laisse la porte ouverte à d'autres initiatives de résolution de la crise"</a> [DRC-Rwanda: While waiting for the appointment of another mediator by the African Union, Angola leaves the door open to other initiatives to resolve the crisis]. <a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a> (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actualite.cd&rft.atitle=RDC-Rwanda%3A+en+attendant+la+d%C3%A9signation+d%27un+autre+m%C3%A9diateur+par+l%27Union+Africaine%2C+l%27Angola+laisse+la+porte+ouverte+%C3%A0+d%27autres+initiatives+de+r%C3%A9solution+de+la+crise&rft.date=2025-03-24&rft.aulast=Muamba&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factualite.cd%2F2025%2F03%2F24%2Frdc-rwanda-en-attendant-la-designation-dun-autre-mediateur-par-lunion-africaine-langola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/03/24/angola-relinquishes-mediator-role-in-dr-congo-conflict">"Angola relinquishes mediator role in DR Congo conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_News_(South_Africa)" title="Eyewitness News (South Africa)">Eyewitness News</a>. 24 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eyewitness+News&rft.atitle=Angola+relinquishes+mediator+role+in+DR+Congo+conflict&rft.date=2025-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewn.co.za%2F2025%2F03%2F24%2Fangola-relinquishes-mediator-role-in-dr-congo-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/angola-relinquishes-mediator-role-in-dr-congo-conflict-a13368f9">"Angola Relinquishes Mediator Role In DR Congo Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s" title="Barron's">Barron's</a>. 24 March 2025. 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Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BETO.CD&rft.atitle=Accord+UE-Rwanda%3A+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+d%C3%A9nonce+une+%22provocation+de+mauvais+go%C3%BBt%22+et+annonce+des+actions+judiciaires&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Bakumba&rft.aufirst=Odon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeto.cd%2Factualite%2Fencontinu%2F2024%2F02%2F23%2Faccord-ue-rwanda-felix-tshisekedi-denonce-une-provocation-de-mauvais-gout-et-annonce-des-actions-judiciaires.html%2F156417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChâtelot2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Châtelot, Christophe (27 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/02/27/rdc-l-union-europeenne-se-rend-complice-du-pillage-de-nos-ressources-et-de-l-agression-du-rwanda_6218905_3212.html">"RDC: "L'Union européenne se rend complice du pillage de nos ressources et de l'agression du Rwanda""</a> [DRC: "The European Union is complicit in the plundering of our resources and the aggression against Rwanda"]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=RDC%3A+%22L%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne+se+rend+complice+du+pillage+de+nos+ressources+et+de+l%27agression+du+Rwanda%22&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A2telot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2024%2F02%2F27%2Frdc-l-union-europeenne-se-rend-complice-du-pillage-de-nos-ressources-et-de-l-agression-du-rwanda_6218905_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChâtelot2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Châtelot, Christophe (28 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-134065_l_union_europeenne_se_rend_complice_du_pillage_de_nos_ressources_et_de_l_agression_du_rwanda_christophe_lutundula.html">""L'Union européenne se rend complice du pillage de nos ressources et de l'agression du Rwanda" (Christophe Lutundula)"</a> ["The European Union is complicit in the plundering of our resources and the aggression against Rwanda" (Christophe Lutundula)]. Mediacongo.net (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediacongo.net&rft.atitle=%22L%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne+se+rend+complice+du+pillage+de+nos+ressources+et+de+l%27agression+du+Rwanda%22+%28Christophe+Lutundula%29&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A2telot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediacongo.net%2Farticle-actualite-134065_l_union_europeenne_se_rend_complice_du_pillage_de_nos_ressources_et_de_l_agression_du_rwanda_christophe_lutundula.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacqué2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacqué, Philippe (25 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/06/25/malgre-les-pressions-congolaises-l-ue-discute-d-une-poursuite-de-son-soutien-a-l-armee-rwandaise-au-mozambique_6243575_3212.html">"Malgré les pressions congolaises, l'UE discute d'une poursuite de son soutien à l'armée rwandaise au Mozambique"</a> [Despite Congolese pressure, EU discusses continued support for Rwandan army in Mozambique]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). Retrieved 6 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Malgr%C3%A9+les+pressions+congolaises%2C+l%27UE+discute+d%27une+poursuite+de+son+soutien+%C3%A0+l%27arm%C3%A9e+rwandaise+au+Mozambique&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft.aulast=Jacqu%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2024%2F06%2F25%2Fmalgre-les-pressions-congolaises-l-ue-discute-d-une-poursuite-de-son-soutien-a-l-armee-rwandaise-au-mozambique_6243575_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICG2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525122854/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf">"Easing the Turmoil in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes"</a> (PDF). Crisis Group Africa Briefing (181). <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 25 May 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group+Africa+Briefing&rft.atitle=Easing+the+Turmoil+in+the+Eastern+DR+Congo+and+Great+Lakes&rft.issue=181&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net%2Fb181-dr-congo-great-lakes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahir2022" class="citation news cs1">Dahir, Abdi Latif (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/world/africa/congo-rwanda-border-tensions.html">"Congo Closes Border With Rwanda After Soldier Is Killed in Gunfight"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congo+Closes+Border+With+Rwanda+After+Soldier+Is+Killed+in+Gunfight&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-rwanda-border-tensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVogelHoffmann2022" class="citation news cs1">Vogel, Christoph; Hoffmann, Kasper (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520">"What M23's on-and-off insurgency tells us about DRC's precarious search for peace"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+M23%27s+on-and-off+insurgency+tells+us+about+DRC%27s+precarious+search+for+peace&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Kasper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-m23s-on-and-off-insurgency-tells-us-about-drcs-precarious-search-for-peace-182520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalshBashizi2023" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan; Bashizi, Arlette (17 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-elections.html">"The Overlooked Crisis in Congo: 'We Live in War'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Overlooked+Crisis+in+Congo%3A+%27We+Live+in+War%27&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.au=Bashizi%2C+Arlette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-congo-elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM23+campaign+%282022%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Template:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Template talk:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DR_Congo_conflicts_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DR Congo conflicts footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Arab_war" title="Congo–Arab war">Congo–Arab war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batetela_rebellion" title="Batetela rebellion">Batetela rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rejaf" title="Battle of Rejaf">Battle of Rejaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masisi-Lubutu_revolt" title="Masisi-Lubutu revolt">Masisi-Lubutu revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> (1960–1965)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanleyville_mutinies" title="Stanleyville mutinies">Stanleyville mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#Shaba_invasions" title="Angolan Civil War">Shaba invasions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolwezi" title="Battle of Kolwezi">Battle of Kolwezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Zaire_unrest" title="1991 Zaire unrest">1991 Zaire unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">Formation of the AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">AFD insurgency (1996–99)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kichwamba_massacre" title="Kichwamba massacre">Kichwamba massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Operation Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#Overthrow" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Overthrow of Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Ascension of Laurent Kabila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitona" title="Operation Kitona">Operation Kitona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogoro_massacre" title="Bogoro massacre">Bogoro massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(2000)" title="Six-Day War (2000)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_massacre" title="Kisangani massacre">Kisangani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">ICC investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-2003 conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ituri_conflict(Post-2003)88" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict#Peacekeeping_operations_(2003–2006)" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (Post-2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Operation Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">Operation North Night Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_Savo_massacre" title="Plaine Savo massacre">Plaine Savo massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Kivu_offensive" title="2014 North Kivu offensive">2014 North Kivu offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_CNPSC_offensive" title="2017 CNPSC offensive">2017 CNPSC offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uvira_clashes" title="2017 Uvira clashes">Uvira clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AFD_insurgency(Post-2007)71" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">AFD insurgency</a> (Post-2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_massacre" title="Beni massacre">Beni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack" title="2017 Semuliki attack">2017 Semuliki attack</a></li> <li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_attacks" title="2021–2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo attacks">2021–24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shujaa" title="Operation Shujaa">Operation Shujaa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="M23_conflict34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23 conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 campaign (2022–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">2025 Goma offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive" title="2025 Bukavu offensive">2025 Bukavu offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Uvira_offensive" title="2025 Uvira offensive">2025 Uvira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Walikale_offensive" title="2025 Walikale offensive">2025 Walikale offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Others6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">2011 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks" title="December 2013 Kinshasa attacks">2013 Kinshasa attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Yumbi_massacre" title="2018 Yumbi massacre">2018 Yumbi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perennial conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview / related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">during the Congo Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">2020s conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Rwanda&#124;link=Rwanda532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Rwanda&#124;link=Rwanda532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Gorillas_and_Their_Habitats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats">Gorilla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kivu_conflict17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="March_23Movement43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Congolese%E2%80%93Rwandan_border_clash" title="2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash">2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_frontier_incident" title="Kivu frontier incident">Kivu frontier incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">RCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020s_in_history471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020s_in_history" title="Template:2020s in history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020s_in_history" title="Template talk:2020s in history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020s_in_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020s in history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2020s_in_history471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s in history</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_politics" title="2020s in politics">2020s in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_military_history" title="2020s in military history">2020s in military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_economic_history" title="2020s in economic history">2020s in economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_environmental_history" title="2020s in environmental history">2020s in environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_science_and_technology" title="2020s in science and technology">2020s in science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_climate_history" title="2020s in climate history">2020s in climate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_social_history" title="2020s in social history">2020s in social history</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of the 21st century">Timeline of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_2020s" title="List of state leaders in the 2020s">State leaders in the 2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century" title="List of protests in the 21st century">List of protests in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Treaty descheduling of cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament" title="Ninth European Parliament">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Luis_Almagro" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Luis Almagro">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">List of all groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population"> Major groups, by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_(2020%E2%80%932023)" title="United States racial unrest (2020–2023)">United States racial unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">3</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_United_States_politics_and_government" title="2020 in United States politics and government">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_United_States_politics_and_government" title="2021 in United States politics and government">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_United_States_politics_and_government" title="2025 in United States politics and government">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Premiership of Justin Trudeau">Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second presidency of Lula da Silva">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Francisco_Sagasti" title="Presidency of Francisco Sagasti">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Pedro_Castillo" title="Presidency of Pedro Castillo">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dina_Boluarte" title="Presidency of Dina Boluarte">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">Belarus–European Union border crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss" title="Premiership of Liz Truss">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Premiership of Rishi Sunak">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer" title="Premiership of Keir Starmer">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">France</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Angela_Merkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellorship of Angela Merkel">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Olaf_Scholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellorship of Olaf Scholz">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte#Prime_Minister_of_Italy_(2018–2021)" title="Giuseppe Conte">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draghi_government" title="Draghi government">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloni_government" title="Meloni government">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Vladimir_Putin" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Vladimir Putin">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_33rd_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 33rd Dáil">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_II_Government" title="Wilmès II Government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Croo_Government" title="De Croo Government">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2020 Kyrgyz Revolution">2020 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">2024 Noto earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar civil war">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">North Korea</a></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Abe_Cabinet" title="Fourth Abe Cabinet">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suga_Cabinet" title="Suga Cabinet">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kishida_Cabinet" title="First Kishida Cabinet">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet" title="Second Kishida Cabinet">3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_(First_Reshuffle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kishida Cabinet (First Reshuffle)">3c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_(Second_Reshuffle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)">3d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ishiba_Cabinet" title="First Ishiba Cabinet">4a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ishiba_Cabinet" title="Second Ishiba Cabinet">4b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">India</a></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joko_Widodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Joko Widodo">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob" title="Ismail Sabri Yaakob">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministership_of_Imran_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministership of Imran Khan">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Premiership of Shehbaz Sharif">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_economic_integration" title="Middle East economic integration">Middle East economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Libyan civil war (2014–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_Israeli_political_crisis" title="2018–2022 Israeli political crisis">Israeli political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">Iraqi protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Gaza_war" title="Outline of the Gaza war">outline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-fourth government of Israel">1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-fifth government of Israel">1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-sixth government of Israel">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-seventh government of Israel">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">3b</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-Saharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Vision_2020" title="Nigeria Vision 2020">Nigeria Vision 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese transition to democracy">Sudanese transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_timeline_by_country_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">national responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">Coup Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict">DRC–Rwanda conflict</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M23 campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_crisis_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)">Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Niger_crisis" title="Benin–Niger crisis">Benin–Niger crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Somalia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Eritrea</a></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bola_Tinubu" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Bola Tinubu">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Govts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_science" title="2020 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_art" title="2020 in art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Portal:Current events</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022–present)&oldid=1282489984">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M23_campaign_(2022–present)&oldid=1282489984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Kivu" title="Category:North Kivu">North Kivu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M23_offensive_(2022)" title="Category:M23 offensive (2022)">M23 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-5sfj7","wgBackendResponseTime":452,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.443","walltime":"4.777","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31363,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1412081,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33059,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2028363,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4087.549 1 -total"," 70.07% 2863.985 2 Template:Reflist"," 52.38% 2141.216 435 Template:Cite_web"," 15.98% 653.295 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.60% 351.514 75 Template:Cite_news"," 7.66% 313.252 7 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