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id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grandiose_delusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandiose_delusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Grandiose delusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandiose_delusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecutory_delusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecutory_delusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Persecutory delusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecutory_delusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_delusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_delusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Specific delusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_delusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Delusion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahn" title="Wahn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wahn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="وهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriu" title="Deliriu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deliriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Трызненне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трызненне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Трызьненьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трызьненьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Делюзия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Делюзия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliri" title="Deliri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deliri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83" title="Аташу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аташу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhithdyb" title="Rhithdyb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhithdyb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrangforestilling" title="Vrangforestilling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vrangforestilling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahn" title="Wahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luul" title="Luul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Παραλήρημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραλήρημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirio" title="Delirio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Delirio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldarnio" title="Eldarnio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eldarnio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هذیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هذیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lire" title="Délire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Délire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirio" title="Delirio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Delirio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EC%83%81" title="망상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Զառանցանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զառանցանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भ्रमासक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रमासक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusi" title="Delusi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Delusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldvilla" title="Haldvilla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haldvilla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirio" title="Delirio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Delirio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90" title="מחשבת שווא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחשבת שווא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lusi" title="Délusi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Délusi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ბოდვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოდვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusio" title="Delusio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Delusio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murgi" title="Murgi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Murgi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliedesys" title="Kliedesys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kliedesys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9veszme" title="Téveszme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Téveszme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="മതിഭ്രമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മതിഭ്രമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3" title="भोवळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भोवळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusi" title="Delusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Delusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waan" title="Waan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3" title="妄想 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="妄想" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrangforestilling" title="Vrangforestilling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vrangforestilling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosinqirash" title="Bosinqirash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosinqirash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urojenia" title="Urojenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urojenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%C3%ADrio" title="Delírio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Delírio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delir" title="Delir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Delir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Бред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="भ्रमरोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भ्रमरोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliri" title="Deliri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deliri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriu" title="Deliriu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Deliriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Psychological fixation of holding false beliefs in spite of clearly disqualifying proofs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Delusion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Delusion (disambiguation)">Delusion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Delusion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>delusion</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Delusions_in_dsm5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delusions_in_dsm5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, <a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">confabulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucination</a>, or some other misleading effects of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, as individuals with those beliefs <i>are</i> able to change or readjust their beliefs upon reviewing the evidence. However: </p><p>"The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity."<sup id="cite_ref-Delusions_in_dsm5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delusions_in_dsm5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychotic</a> disorders including <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraphrenia" title="Paraphrenia">paraphrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> episodes of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">psychotic depression</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delusions are categorized into four different groups: </p> <ul><li><i>Bizarre delusion</i>: Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example named by the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> is a belief that someone replaced all of one's internal organs with someone else's without leaving a scar, depending on the organ in question.</li> <li><i>Non-bizarre delusion</i>: A delusion that, though false, reflects real–life situations and is at least technically possible; it may include feelings of being followed, poisoned, infected etc.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g., the affected person mistakenly believes that they are under constant police surveillance.</li> <li><i>Mood-congruent delusion</i>: Any delusion with content consistent with either a <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> state, e.g., a depressed person believes that news anchors on television highly disapprove of them, or a person in a manic state might believe they are a powerful deity.</li> <li><i>Mood-neutral delusion</i>: A delusion that does not relate to the patient's emotional state; for example, a belief that an extra limb is growing out of the back of one's head is neutral to either depression or mania.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>French psychiatry (which is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>), however, also establishes a difference between "paranoid" (<i>paranoïde</i>) and "paranoiac" (<i>paranoïaque</i>) delusion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>paranoid delusion</i>, observed in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, is non-systematized and is characterized by a disorganized structure and confused speech and thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>paranoiac delusion</i>, observed in <a href="/wiki/Paraphrenia" title="Paraphrenia">paraphrenia</a>, is highly systematized (which means it is very organized and clear) and is focused on a single theme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to these categories, delusions often manifest according to a consistent theme. Although delusions can have any theme, certain themes are more common. Some of the more common delusion themes are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion_of_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delusion of control (page does not exist)">Delusion of control</a></i>: False belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one's general thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delusional_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusional jealousy">Delusional jealousy</a></i>: False belief that a spouse or lover is having an affair, with no proof to back up the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrupulosity" title="Scrupulosity">Delusion of guilt or sin (or delusion of self-accusation)</a></i>: Ungrounded feeling of remorse or guilt of delusional intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thought_broadcasting" title="Thought broadcasting">Thought broadcasting</a>:</i> False belief that other people can know one's thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thought_insertion" title="Thought insertion">Delusion of thought insertion</a></i>: Belief that another thinks through the mind of the person.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusion" title="Persecutory delusion">Persecutory delusions</a>:</i> False belief that one is being persecuted.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas of reference">Delusion of reference</a></i>: False belief that insignificant remarks, events, or objects in one's environment have personal meaning or significance. "Usually the meaning assigned to these events is negative, but the 'messages' can also have a grandiose quality."<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">Erotomania</a></i>: False belief that another person is in love with them.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_delusion" title="Religious delusion">Religious delusion</a></i>: Belief that the affected person is a god or chosen to act as a god.<sup id="cite_ref-ReligiousDelusion1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligiousDelusion1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReligiousDelusion2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligiousDelusion2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Somatic delusion</a></i>: Delusion whose content pertains to bodily functioning, bodily sensations or physical appearance. Usually the false belief is that the body is somehow diseased, abnormal or changed.<sup id="cite_ref-minddisorders.com_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minddisorders.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specific example of this delusion is <a href="/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis" title="Delusional parasitosis">delusional parasitosis</a>: Delusion in which one feels infested with insects, bacteria, mites, spiders, lice, fleas, worms, or other organisms.</li> <li><i>Delusion of poverty</i>: Person strongly believes they are financially incapacitated. Although this type of delusion is less common now, it was particularly widespread in the days preceding state support.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grandiose_delusions">Grandiose delusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grandiose delusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">Grandiose delusions</a> or delusions of grandeur are principally a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional disorder</a> but could possibly feature as a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> episodes of <a href="/wiki/Current_diagnostic_criteria_for_bipolar_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-TR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandiose delusions are characterized by fantastical beliefs that one is famous, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> or otherwise very powerful. The delusions are generally fantastic, often with a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fictional</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> bent. In colloquial usage, one who overestimates one's own abilities, talents, stature or situation is sometimes said to have "delusions of grandeur". This is generally due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>, rather than any actual delusions. Grandiose delusions or delusions of grandeur can also be associated with megalomania.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecutory_delusions">Persecutory delusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Persecutory delusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusion" title="Persecutory delusion">Persecutory delusion</a></div> <p>Persecutory delusions are the most common type of delusions and involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or otherwise obstructed in the pursuit of goals. Persecutory delusions are a condition in which the affected person wrongly believes that they are being <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecuted</a>. Specifically, they have been defined as containing two central elements:<sup id="cite_ref-FreemanGarety2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreemanGarety2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The individual thinks that: </p> <ul><li>harm is occurring, or is going to occur</li> <li>the persecutors have the intention to cause harm</li></ul> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/DSM-IV-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV-TR">DSM-IV-TR</a></i>, persecutory delusions are the most common form of delusions in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, where the person believes they are "being tormented, followed, sabotaged, tricked, spied on, or ridiculed".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>DSM-IV-TR</i>, persecutory delusions are the main feature of the persecutory type of delusional disorder. When the focus is to remedy some injustice by legal action, they are sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Querulous_paranoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Querulous paranoia">querulous paranoia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychosis#Causes" title="Psychosis">Psychosis (causes)</a></div> <p>Explaining the causes of delusions continues to be challenging and several theories have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One is the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> or biological theory, which states that close relatives of people with delusional disorder are at increased risk of delusional traits. Another theory is the dysfunctional cognitive processing, which states that delusions may arise from distorted ways people have of explaining life to themselves. A third theory is called motivated or defensive delusions. This one states that some of those persons who are predisposed might experience the onset of delusional disorder in those moments when coping with life and maintaining high <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> becomes a significant challenge. In this case, the person views others as the cause of their personal difficulties in order to preserve a positive self-view.<sup id="cite_ref-H_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This condition is more common among people who have poor <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">sight</a>. Also, ongoing stressors have been associated with a higher possibility of developing delusions. Examples of such stressors are <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, low socioeconomic status, and even possibly the accumulation of smaller daily struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_delusions">Specific delusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specific delusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top two factors mainly concerned in the germination of delusions are disorder of brain functioning and background influences of temperament and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher levels of dopamine qualify as a sign of disorders of brain function. That they are needed to sustain certain delusions was examined by a preliminary study on delusional disorder (a psychotic syndrome) instigated to clarify if schizophrenia had a dopamine psychosis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were positive results - delusions of jealousy and persecution had different levels of dopamine metabolite <a href="/wiki/Homovanillic_acid" title="Homovanillic acid">HVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homovanillyl_alcohol" title="Homovanillyl alcohol">homovanillyl alcohol</a> (which may have been genetic). These can be only regarded as tentative results; the study called for future research with a larger population. </p><p>It is simplistic to say that a certain measure of dopamine will bring about a specific delusion. Studies show age<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gender to be influential and it is most likely that HVA levels change during the life course of some syndromes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the influence of personality, it has been said: "Jaspers considered there is a subtle change in personality due to the illness itself; and this creates the condition for the development of the delusional atmosphere in which the delusional intuition arises."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural factors have "a decisive influence in shaping delusions".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, delusions of guilt and punishment are frequent in a Western, Christian country like Austria, but not in Pakistan, where it is more likely persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in a series of case studies, delusions of guilt and punishment were found in Austrian patients with Parkinson's being treated with l-dopa, a dopamine agonist.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two-factor model of delusions posits that dysfunction in both belief formation systems and belief evaluation systems are necessary for delusions. Dysfunction in evaluations systems localized to the right lateral prefrontal cortex, regardless of delusion content, is supported by neuroimaging studies and is congruent with its role in conflict monitoring in healthy persons. Abnormal activation and reduced volume is seen in people with delusions, as well as in disorders associated with delusions such as <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_dementia" title="Lewy body dementia">Lewy body dementia</a>. Furthermore, lesions to this region are associated with "jumping to conclusions", damage to this region is associated with post-stroke delusions, and hypometabolism this region associated with caudate strokes presenting with delusions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aberrant_salience" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberrant salience">aberrant salience</a> model suggests that delusions are a result of people assigning excessive importance to irrelevant stimuli. In support of this hypothesis, regions normally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Salience_network" title="Salience network">salience network</a> demonstrate reduced grey matter in people with delusions, and the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, which is widely implicated in salience processing, is also widely implicated in psychotic disorders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specific regions have been associated with specific types of delusions. The volume of the hippocampus and parahippocampus is related to paranoid delusions in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, and has been reported to be abnormal post mortem in one person with delusions. <a href="/wiki/Capgras_delusion" title="Capgras delusion">Capgras delusions</a> have been associated with occipito-temporal damage and may be related to failure to elicit normal emotions or memories in response to faces.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airloom.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Airloom.gif/220px-Airloom.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Airloom.gif/330px-Airloom.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Airloom.gif/440px-Airloom.gif 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Tilly_Matthews" title="James Tilly Matthews">James Tilly Matthews</a> illustrated this picture of a machine called an "air loom", which he believed was being used to torture him and others for political purposes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern definition and Jaspers' original criteria have been criticised, as counter-examples can be shown for every defining feature. </p><p>Studies on <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">psychiatric patients</a> show that delusions vary in intensity and conviction over time, which suggests that certainty and incorrigibility are not necessary components of a delusional belief.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delusions do not necessarily have to be false or 'incorrect inferences about external reality'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some religious or spiritual beliefs by their nature may not be falsifiable, and hence cannot be described as false or incorrect, no matter whether the person holding these beliefs was diagnosed as delusional or not.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other situations the delusion may turn out to be true belief.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Delusional_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusional jealousy">delusional jealousy</a>, where a person believes that their partner is being unfaithful (and may even follow them into the bathroom believing them to be seeing their lover even during the briefest of partings), it may actually be true that the partner is having sexual relations with another person. In this case, the delusion does not cease to be a delusion because the content later turns out to be verified as true or the partner actually chose to engage in the behavior of which they were being accused. </p><p>In other cases, the belief may be mistakenly assumed to be false by a doctor or psychiatrist assessing it, just because it <i>seems</i> to be unlikely, bizarre or held with excessive conviction. Psychiatrists rarely have the time or resources to check the validity of a person's claims leading to some true beliefs to be erroneously classified as delusional.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell_effect" title="Martha Mitchell effect">Martha Mitchell effect</a>, after the wife of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">attorney general</a> who alleged that illegal activity was taking place in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. At the time, her claims were thought to be signs of mental illness, and only after the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> broke was she proved right (and hence sane). </p><p>Similar factors have led to criticisms of Jaspers' definition of true delusions as being ultimately 'un-understandable'. Critics (such as <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a>) have argued that this leads to the diagnosis of delusions being based on the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> understanding of a particular psychiatrist, who may not have access to all the information that might make a belief otherwise interpretable. R. D. Laing's hypothesis has been applied to some forms of projective therapy to "fix" a delusional system so that it cannot be altered by the patient. Psychiatric researchers at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and the Community Mental Health Center of Middle Georgia have used novels and motion picture films as the focus. Texts, plots and cinematography are discussed and the delusions approached tangentially.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of fiction to decrease the malleability of a delusion was employed in a joint project by science-fiction author <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jose_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Jose Farmer">Philip Jose Farmer</a> and Yale psychiatrist A. James Giannini. They wrote the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Orc%27s_Rage" title="Red Orc's Rage">Red Orc's Rage</a></i>, which, recursively, deals with delusional adolescents who are treated with a form of projective therapy. In this novel's fictional setting other novels written by Farmer are discussed and the characters are symbolically integrated into the delusions of fictional patients. This particular novel was then applied to real-life clinical settings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another difficulty with the diagnosis of delusions is that almost all of these features can be found in "normal" beliefs. Many religious beliefs hold exactly the same features, yet are not universally considered delusional. For instance, if a person was holding a true belief then they will of course persist with it. This can cause the disorder to be misdiagnosed by psychiatrists. These factors have led the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_David_(neuropsychiatrist)" title="Anthony David (neuropsychiatrist)">Anthony David</a> to note that "there is no acceptable (rather than accepted) definition of a delusion."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, psychiatrists tend to diagnose a belief as delusional if it is either patently bizarre, causing significant distress, or excessively pre-occupying the patient, especially if the person is subsequently unswayed in belief by counter-evidence or reasonable arguments. </p><p>Joseph Pierre, M.D. states that one factor that helps differentiate delusions from other kinds of beliefs is that anomalous subjective experiences are often used to justify delusional beliefs. While idiosyncratic and self-referential content often make delusions impossible to share with others,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre suggests that it may be more helpful to emphasize the level of conviction, preoccupation, and extension of a belief rather than the content of the belief when considering whether a belief is delusional.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important to distinguish true delusions from other symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>. To diagnose delusions a mental state examination may be used. This test includes <a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">appearance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, affect, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, rate and continuity of speech, evidence of hallucinations or abnormal beliefs, thought content, orientation to time, place and person, attention and <a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">concentration</a>, insight and judgment, as well as short-term <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-E_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson-Laird suggests that delusions may be viewed as the natural consequence of failure to distinguish conceptual relevance. That is, irrelevant information would be framed as disconnected experiences, then it is taken to be relevant in a manner that suggests false causal connections. Furthermore, relevant information would be ignored as counterexamples.<sup id="cite_ref-F_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although non-specific concepts of madness have been around for several thousand years, the psychiatrist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> was the first to define the four main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional in his 1913 book <i>General Psychopathology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These criteria are: </p> <ol><li>certainty (held with absolute conviction)</li> <li>incorrigibility (not changeable by compelling counterargument or proof to the contrary)</li> <li>impossibility or falsity of content (implausible, bizarre, or patently untrue)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>not amenable to understanding (i.e., belief cannot be explained psychologically)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Furthermore, when beliefs involve value judgments, only those which cannot be proven true are considered delusions. For example: a man claiming that he flew into the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and flew back home. This would be considered a delusion,<sup id="cite_ref-A_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless he were speaking <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figuratively</a>, or if the belief had a cultural or religious source. Only the first three criteria remain cornerstones of the current definition of a delusion in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>. </p><p>Robert Trivers writes that delusion is a discrepancy in relation to objective reality, but with a firm conviction in reality of delusional ideas, which is manifested in the "affective basis of delusion".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delusions and other positive symptoms of psychosis are often treated with <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic medication</a>, which exert a medium effect size according to <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analytic evidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) improves delusions relative to control conditions according to a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of 43 studies reported that <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_training" title="Metacognitive training">metacognitive training</a> (MCT) reduces delusions at a medium to large effect size relative to control conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some psychiatrists criticize the practice of defining one and the same belief as normal in one culture and pathological in another culture for cultural <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a>. They argue that it is not justified to assume that culture can be simplified to a few traceable, distinguishable and statistically quantifiable factors and that everything outside those factors must be biological since cultural influences are mixed, including not only parents and teachers but also peers, friends, and media, and the same cultural influence can have different effects depending on earlier cultural influences. Other critical psychiatrists argue that just because a person's belief is unshaken by one influence does not prove that it would remain unshaken by another. For example, a person whose beliefs are not changed by verbal correction from a psychiatrist, which is how delusion is usually diagnosed, may still change his or her mind when observing <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>, only that psychiatrists rarely, if ever, present patients with such situations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> has criticized psychiatry's assumption that an absurd belief goes from being delusional to "being there for a reason" merely because it is shared by many people by arguing that just as genetic pathogens like viruses can take advantage of an organism without benefitting said organism, <a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">memetic</a> phenomena can spread while being harmful to societies, implying that entire societies can become ill. David Graeber argued that if somatic medicine did not have higher scientific standards than psychiatry's way of defining delusion, pandemics like <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">the plague</a> would have been considered to transubstantiate from an illness to "a phenomenon that benefits the people" as soon as it had spread to a sufficiently large portion of the population. It was argued by Graeber that since <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation" title="Deinstitutionalisation">deinstitutionalisation</a> made sales of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medication" title="Psychiatric medication">psychiatric medication</a> profitable by no longer needing to spend money on keeping the patients in mental hospitals, corrupt incentives for psychiatry to allege "needs" for treatments have increased (in particular with regard to medicines that are said to be needed in daily doses, not so much regarding devices that can be kept for longer periods of time) which may itself be a harmful memetic pandemic in society that leads to diagnosing and medication of criticisms of widespread beliefs that are actually absurd and harmful, making the absurd belief that is not labelled as an illness profitable anyway by attracting criticisms that are labelled as illnesses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi_and_Caduceus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/28px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/42px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/56px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Psychiatry portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizarre object">Bizarre object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotard%27s_delusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotard's delusion">Cotard's delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_lycanthropy" title="Clinical lycanthropy">Clinical lycanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_misidentification_syndrome" title="Delusional misidentification syndrome">Delusional misidentification syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">Intrusive thoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_syndrome" title="Jerusalem syndrome">Jerusalem syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">Mass hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothematic_delusion" title="Monothematic delusion">Monothematic delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelest" title="Prelest">Prelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplicative_paramnesia" title="Reduplicative paramnesia">Reduplicative paramnesia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>delusio</i> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">deceiving</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, from <i>deludere</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to mock, to deceive</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=delusion">"delusion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=delusion&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Ddelusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delusions_in_dsm5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delusions_in_dsm5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delusions_in_dsm5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolotti2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Bortolotti" title="Lisa Bortolotti">Bortolotti L</a> (7 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imperfectcognitions.blogspot.com/2013/06/delusions-in-dsm-5.html">"Delusions in the DSM 5"</a>. <i>Imperfect Cognitions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperfect+Cognitions&rft.atitle=Delusions+in+the+DSM+5&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.aulast=Bortolotti&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimperfectcognitions.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fdelusions-in-dsm-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5</i>. 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(September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891890">"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>394</b> (10202): 939–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2931135-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31135-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891890">6891890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303314">31303314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Comparative+efficacy+and+tolerability+of+32+oral+antipsychotics+for+the+acute+treatment+of+adults+with+multi-episode+schizophrenia%3A+a+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis&rft.volume=394&rft.issue=10202&rft.pages=939-951&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6891890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303314&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2931135-3&rft.aulast=Huhn&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nikolakopoulou%2C+A&rft.au=Schneider-Thoma%2C+J&rft.au=Krause%2C+M&rft.au=Samara%2C+M&rft.au=Peter%2C+N&rft.au=Arndt%2C+T&rft.au=B%C3%A4ckers%2C+L&rft.au=Rothe%2C+P&rft.au=Cipriani%2C+A&rft.au=Davis%2C+J&rft.au=Salanti%2C+G&rft.au=Leucht%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6891890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehlWernerLincoln2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mehl S, Werner D, Lincoln TM (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724716">"Corrigendum: Does Cognitive Behavior Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) show a sustainable effect on delusions? A meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>10</b>: 1868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.01868">10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01868</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6724716">6724716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555162">31555162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Corrigendum%3A+Does+Cognitive+Behavior+Therapy+for+psychosis+%28CBTp%29+show+a+sustainable+effect+on+delusions%3F+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1868&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6724716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31555162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.01868&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Werner%2C+D&rft.au=Lincoln%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6724716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenneySauvéMendelsonThibaudeau2022" class="citation journal cs1">Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8943641">"Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</a>. <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>. <b>79</b> (5): 417–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2022.0277">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8943641">8943641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35320347">35320347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Immediate+and+Sustained+Outcomes+and+Moderators+Associated+With+Metacognitive+Training+for+Psychosis%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=417-429&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8943641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35320347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2022.0277&rft.aulast=Penney&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Sauv%C3%A9%2C+G&rft.au=Mendelson%2C+D&rft.au=Thibaudeau%2C+%C3%89&rft.au=Moritz%2C+S&rft.au=Lepage%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8943641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouble2006" class="citation book cs1">Double D (2006). <i>Critical Psychiatry: The Limits of Madness</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59919-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59919-2"><bdi>978-0-230-59919-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Psychiatry%3A+The+Limits+of+Madness&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59919-2&rft.aulast=Double&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonCampbellShannonMulholland2015" class="citation book cs1">Davidson G, Campbell J, Shannon C, Mulholland C (December 2015). <i>Models of mental health</i>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36591-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36591-0"><bdi>978-1-137-36591-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+mental+health&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2015-12&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36591-0&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Campbell%2C+J&rft.au=Shannon%2C+C&rft.au=Mulholland%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Cited text</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspers1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers K</a> (1997). <i>General Psychopathology</i>. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5775-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5775-9"><bdi>0-8018-5775-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Psychopathology&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8018-5775-9&rft.aulast=Jaspers&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldVakhrusheva2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold K, Vakhrusheva J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284176270">"Resist the negation reflex: Minimizing reactance in psychotherapy of delusions"</a>. <i>Psychosis</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 166–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17522439.2015.1095229">10.1080/17522439.2015.1095229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146386637">146386637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosis&rft.atitle=Resist+the+negation+reflex%3A+Minimizing+reactance+in+psychotherapy+of+delusions&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-175&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17522439.2015.1095229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146386637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Vakhrusheva%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F284176270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellHalliganEllis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bell V, Halligan PW, Ellis H (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728045829/http://mindfull.spc.org/vaughan/Bell_et_al_2003_BeliefsAboutDelusions.pdf">"Beliefs about delusions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Psychologist</i>. <b>16</b> (8): 418–423. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mindfull.spc.org/vaughan/Bell_et_al_2003_BeliefsAboutDelusions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Beliefs+about+delusions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=418-423&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Halligan%2C+PW&rft.au=Ellis%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmindfull.spc.org%2Fvaughan%2FBell_et_al_2003_BeliefsAboutDelusions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwoodHowardBentallMurray2001" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwood NJ, Howard RJ, Bentall RP, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Murray" title="Robin Murray">Murray RM</a> (April 2001). "Cognitive neuropsychiatric models of persecutory delusions". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>158</b> (4): 527–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.158.4.527">10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11282685">11282685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Cognitive+neuropsychiatric+models+of+persecutory+delusions&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527-539&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.158.4.527&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11282685&rft.aulast=Blackwood&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Howard%2C+RJ&rft.au=Bentall%2C+RP&rft.au=Murray%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtheart_M.Davies_M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Coltheart M.; Davies M., eds. (2000). <i>Pathologies of belief</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22136-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22136-0"><bdi>0-631-22136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathologies+of+belief&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-631-22136-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersaud,_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Persaud, R. (2003). <i>From the Edge of the Couch: Bizarre Psychiatric Cases and What They Teach Us About Ourselves</i>. Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-81346-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-81346-3"><bdi>0-553-81346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Edge+of+the+Couch%3A+Bizarre+Psychiatric+Cases+and+What+They+Teach+Us+About+Ourselves&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-553-81346-3&rft.au=Persaud%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelusion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delusion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643" class="extiw" title="d:Q189643">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F22">F22</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=297">297</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003702">D003702</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb33439.htm">33439</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Delusional_disorders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Delusion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Delusion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Delusional_disorders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotard%27s_syndrome" title="Cotard's syndrome">Cotard's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_companion_syndrome" title="Delusional companion syndrome">Delusional companion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">Erotomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a> (Shared delusional disorder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">Grandiose delusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_and_delusions_of_reference" title="Ideas and delusions of reference">Ideas and delusions of reference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9e_fixe_(psychology)" title="Idée fixe (psychology)">Idée fixe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_lycanthropy" title="Clinical lycanthropy">Clinical lycanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothematic_delusion" title="Monothematic delusion">Monothematic delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_anxiety" title="Paranoid anxiety">Paranoid anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusion" title="Persecutory delusion">Persecutory delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplicative_paramnesia" title="Reduplicative paramnesia">Reduplicative paramnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_delusion" title="Religious delusion">Religious delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_broadcasting" title="Thought broadcasting">Thought broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_insertion" title="Thought insertion">Thought insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_withdrawal" title="Thought withdrawal">Thought withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Show_delusion" title="Truman Show delusion"><i>Truman Show</i> delusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delusional_misidentification_syndrome" title="Delusional misidentification syndrome">Delusional<br />misidentification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capgras_delusion" title="Capgras delusion">Capgras delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregoli_delusion" title="Fregoli delusion">Fregoli delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermetamorphosis" title="Intermetamorphosis">Intermetamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrored-self_misidentification" title="Mirrored-self misidentification">Mirrored-self misidentification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_subjective_doubles" title="Syndrome of subjective doubles">Syndrome of subjective doubles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis" title="Delusional parasitosis">Delusional<br />parasitosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbox_sign" title="Matchbox sign">Matchbox sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgellons" title="Morgellons">Morgellons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mood_disorder" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mood_disorders" title="Template talk:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mood_disorder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">Spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_in_children" title="Bipolar disorder in children">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">Hypomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_affective_state" title="Mixed affective state">Mixed affective state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid cycling">Rapid cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_episode" title="Major depressive episode">Major depressive episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression in childhood and adolescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comorbidities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(differential_diagnoses)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (differential diagnoses)">Depression (differential diagnoses)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">Mood swing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorder</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">Psychotic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_thoughts" title="Racing thoughts">Racing thoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_affect_display" title="Reduced affect display">Reduced affect display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" title="List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">Diagnosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Spectrum_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale">Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Child Mania Rating Scale">Child Mania Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Behavior_Inventory" title="General Behavior Inventory">General Behavior Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania_Checklist" title="Hypomania Checklist">Hypomania Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_Disorder_Questionnaire" title="Mood Disorder Questionnaire">Mood Disorder Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rating_scales_for_depression" title="Rating scales for depression">Rating scales for depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Young Mania Rating Scale">Young Mania Rating Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder" title="Treatment of bipolar disorder">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a> and similar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">Lithium citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfate" title="Lithium sulfate">Lithium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium toxicity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Light therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bipolar_disorder" title="History of bipolar disorder">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_K._Goodwin" title="Frederick K. Goodwin">Frederick K. Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cade" title="John Cade">John Cade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard" title="Karl Leonhard">Karl Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Redfield_Jamison" title="Kay Redfield Jamison">Kay Redfield Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Schou" title="Mogens Schou">Mogens Schou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87005620">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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