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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_the_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_the_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis of the game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_the_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بلبل الهانوكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلبل الهانوكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дрэйдэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дрэйдэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Дрейдъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрейдъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidl" title="Dreidl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dreidl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreydl" title="Dreydl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dreydl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejdl" title="Drejdl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drejdl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84" title="دریدل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریدل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toupie_de_Hanoucca" title="Toupie de Hanoucca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toupie de Hanoucca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevivon" title="Sevivon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sevivon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F#סביבון_חנוכה" title="סביבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סביבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenderli" title="Trenderli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trenderli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بلبل الهانوكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلبل الهانوكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejdel" title="Drejdel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drejdel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BB" title="Дрейдл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрейдл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dreidel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BB" title="Дрейдл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дрейдл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C" title="דריידל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דריידל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E8%8A%82%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA" title="光明节陀螺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光明节陀螺" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Four-sided spinning top used on Hanukkah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For elements of Klezmer music, see <a href="/wiki/Dreydlekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreydlekh">Dreydlekh</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful_dreidels2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/330px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/500px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/960px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Dreidels for sale at <a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Mahane Yehuda Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem, Israel">Jerusalem, Israel</a>, with Israel specific lettering on blue dreidels (נ ג ה פ) and diaspora lettering on orange dreidels (נ ג ה ש)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/300px-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/450px-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/600px-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A variety of dreidels</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dreidel</b>, also <b>dreidle</b> or <b>dreidl</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DRAY</span>-dəl</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">דרײדל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">dreydl</i></span>, plural: <i>dreydlech</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סביבון</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sevivon</i></span>) is a four-sided <a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">spinning top</a>, played with during the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holiday</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. The dreidel is a Jewish variant on the <a href="/wiki/Teetotum" title="Teetotum">teetotum</a>, a gambling toy found in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. </p><p>Each side of the dreidel bears a letter of the Hebrew alphabet: <span style="font-size:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ</span>‎</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a></i>), <span style="font-size:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i>), <span style="font-size:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">hei</a></i>), <span style="font-size:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">shin</a></i>). </p><p> These letters are represented in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as a mnemonic for the rules of a gambling game possibly derived from <a href="/wiki/Teetotum" title="Teetotum">teetotum</a> played with a dreidel: <i>nun</i> stands for the word <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">נישט</span></span> (<i>nisht</i>, "not", meaning "nothing"), <i>gimel</i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גאַנץ</span></span> (<i>gantz</i>, "entire, whole"), <i>hei</i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">האַלב</span></span> (<i>halb</i>, "half"), and <i>shin</i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שטעל אַרַײן</span></span> (<i>shtel arayn</i>, "put in"). However, according to <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>, they represent the Hebrew phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה שָׁם</span></span> (<i>nes gadól hayáh sham</i>, "a great miracle happened there"), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">miracle of the cruse of oil</a>. For this reason, most dreidels in Israel replace the letter <i>shin</i> with the letter <span style="font-size:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎</span> (<a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a>), to represent the phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה פֹּה</span></span> (<i>nes gadól hayáh poh</i>, "a great miracle happened <i>here</i>");<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, many <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> communities insist that <i>shin</i> be used in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> as well, because the reference to "there" means in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and not in Israel.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg/250px-Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg/330px-Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg/500px-Dreidel_Holtzi_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption>Silver Dreidel Collection</figcaption></figure><p> As a result, five-sided dreidels were invented in 2022 to represent the Hebrew phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה שָׁם פֹּה</span></span> (<i>nes gadól hayáh sham poh</i>, "a great miracle happened here and there" or "a great miracle happened everywhere").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-sided dreidels are unique as they are not spinning tops but twenty-sided <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not mandated (a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>) for Hanukkah (the only traditional <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mitzvot</i></span></i> are lighting candles and saying the full <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">hallel</a>), spinning the dreidel is a traditional game played during the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey A. Hoffman</a> spun a dreidel made by Israeli silversmith Gideon Hay for an hour in outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman.CommunityM19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman.CommunityM19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg/220px-Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg/330px-Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg/440px-Ancient_4_sided_spinning_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Middle Eastern top resembling a dreidel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm/220px--First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="151" data-durationhint="137" data-mwtitle="First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="350" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="350" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="350" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm/First_Dreidel_in_Space_NASA_Video_edited_0.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="210" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Dreidel in space</figcaption></figure> <p>The dreidel possibly developed from an Irish or English top introduced into Germany known as a <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Teetotum" title="Teetotum">teetotum</a></i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was popular around Christmas time<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dates back to ancient Greek and Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teetotum was inscribed with letters denoting the Latin words for "nothing", "everything", "half", and "put in". In German this came to be called a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">trendel</i></span></i>, with German letters for the same concepts. Adapted to the Hebrew alphabet when Jews adopted the game, these letters were replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a></i> which stands for the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> word <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">נישט</span></span> (<i>nisht</i>, "not", meaning "nothing"), <i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גאַנץ</span></span> (<i>gants</i>, "entire, whole"), <i><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">hei</a></i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">האַלב</span></span> (<i>halb</i>, "half"), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">shin</a></i> for <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שטעל אַרײַן</span></span> (<i>shtel arayn</i>, "put in"). The letters served as a means to recalling the rules of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory states that when the game spread to Jewish communities unfamiliar with Yiddish, the denotations of the Hebrew letters were not understood. As a result, there arose Jewish traditions to explain their assumed meaning. However, in Judaism there are often multiple explanations developed for words. A popular conjecture had it that the letters abbreviated the words <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה שָׁם</span></span> (<i>nes gadól hayá sham</i>, "a great miracle happened there"), an idea that became attached to dreidels when the game entered into Hanukkah festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutzik_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutzik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a tradition first documented in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the game was developed by Jews who illegally studied the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in seclusion as they hid, sometimes in caves, from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> under <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a>. At the first sign of Seleucids approaching, their <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scrolls</a> would be concealed and be replaced by dreidels.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variant names <i><span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">goyrl</i></span></i> (destiny) and <i><span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">varfl</i></span></i> (a little throw) were also current in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, until <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutzik_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutzik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Zionism, the dreidel was renamed <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sevivon</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סביבון</span>; from the Semetic root s-b-b, meaning 'to rotate') in modern Israel and the letters were altered, with <i>shin</i> generally replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a></i>. This yields the reading <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה פֹּה</span></span> (<i>nes gadól hayá po</i>, "a great miracle happened <i>here</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-Kutzik_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutzik-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreidel_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/250px-Dreidel_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/330px-Dreidel_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/500px-Dreidel_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Wooden dreidel</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> word <i><span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">dreydl</i></span></i> comes from the word <i><span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">dreyen</i></span></i> ("to turn", compare to <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">drehen</i></span></i>, meaning the same in German). The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sevivon</i></span></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:סיבוב">SBB</a></span></span> ("to turn") and was invented by <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Avi" title="Itamar Ben-Avi">Itamar Ben-Avi</a> (the son of <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a>) when he was five years old. <a href="/wiki/Hayyim_Nahman_Bialik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayyim Nahman Bialik">Hayyim Nahman Bialik</a> used a different word, <i>kirkar</i> (from the root <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">KRKR</span></span> – "to spin"), in his poems,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not adopted into spoken Hebrew. </p><p>In the lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> the local historian A. V. Altyntsev utilised several other appellations of a dreidel, such as <i>volchok</i> (Russian: <i>волчок</i>, "top"), <i>khanuke-volchok</i>, <i>fargl</i>, <i>varfl</i>, <i>dzihe</i> and <i>zabavke</i> (Russian: <i>забавка</i>, "entertaining piece", "toy").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some rabbis ascribe symbolic significance to the markings on the dreidel. One commentary, for example, connects the four letters with the four nations to which the House of Judah was historically subject—<a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> reading yields the number 358, identical to the value of the four letters used to spell "Moshiach" (<i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_of_the_game">Rules of the game</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rules of the game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each player begins with an equal number of game pieces (usually 10–15). The game pieces can be any object, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_gelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate gelt">chocolate gelt</a>, pennies, raisins, etc. </p> <ul><li>To start the game, every participant puts one game piece into the center "pot". Every player also puts one piece into the pot when the pot is empty or there is only one game piece in the pot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Each player spins the dreidel once during their turn. Depending on which side is facing up when it stops spinning, the player whose turn it is gives or takes game pieces from the pot: <ul><li>If <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ</span>‎ (<i>nun</i>) is facing up, the player does nothing.</li> <li>If <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ (<i>gimel</i>) is facing up, the player gets everything in the pot.</li> <li>If <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ (<i>hei</i>) is facing up, the player gets half of the pieces in the pot. If there are an odd number of pieces in the pot, the player takes half the pot rounded up to the nearest whole number. If <i>hei</i> is facing up and only one piece is in the pot, the player can either take the piece or not.</li> <li>If <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ (<i>shin</i>) is facing up, the player adds one of their game pieces to the pot (sometimes accompanied by the chant "shin, shin, put one in"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In some game versions, the player adds three game pieces to the pot, one for each stem of the letter <i>shin</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎).</li></ul></li> <li>If the player is out of pieces, they are either "out" or may ask another player for a "loan".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These rules are comparable to the rules for a classic four-sided <a href="/wiki/Teetotum" title="Teetotum">teetotum</a>, where the letters A, D, N and T form a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> for the rules of the game, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aufer</i></span></i> (take), <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">depone</i></span></i> (put), <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nihil</i></span></i> (nothing), and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">totum</i></span></i> (all). Similarly, the Hebrew letters on a dreidel may be taken as a mnemonic for the game rules in Yiddish. Occasionally, in the United States, the Hebrew letters on the dreidel form an English-language mnemonic about the rules: <i>hei</i> or "H" for "half"; <i>gimel</i> or "G" for "get all"; <i>nun</i> or "N" for "nothing"; and <i>shin</i> or "S" for "share". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_the_game">Analysis of the game</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis of the game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Robinson and Sujith Vijay have shown that the expected number of spins in a game of dreidel is <b><a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">O(n<sup>2</sup>)</a></b>, where n is the number of game pieces each player begins with. The implied constant depends on the number of players.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Feinerman has shown that the game of dreidel is unfair, in that the first player to spin has a better expected outcome than the second player, and the second better than the third, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournaments">Tournaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tournaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dreidel is now a spoof competitive sport in North America. Major League Dreidel (MLD), founded in New York City in 2007, hosts dreidel tournaments during the holiday of Hanukkah. In MLD tournaments the player with the longest time of spin (TOS) is the winner. MLD is played on a Spinagogue, the official spinning stadium of Major League Dreidel. Pamskee was the 2007 MLD Champion. Virtual Dreidel was the 2008 MLD Champion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Major League Dreidel launched a game version of the Spinagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a></i> published a story on Dreidel Renaissance reporting on the rising popularity of the dreidel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dreidel games that have come out on the market since 2007 include No Limit Texas Dreidel,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cross between traditional dreidel and <a href="/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em" title="Texas hold 'em">Texas Hold'em poker</a>, invented by a <a href="/wiki/Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaica">Judaica</a> company called ModernTribe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other new dreidel games include Staccabees<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Most Valuable Dreidel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg/250px-Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg/330px-Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg/500px-Most_Valuable_Dreidel_Spinning_During_Game_with_Coins_by_Estate_Diamond_jewelry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>The world's most valuable dreidel, valued at $70,000 in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Childhood enjoyment of dreidels has led to a growing interest in collecting them in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-forward1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Spertus_Institute_for_Jewish_Learning_and_Leadership" title="Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership">Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership</a>, Yeshiva University Museum and <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Temple Emanu-El</a> in New York, house dreidel collections, as do museums such as the Spinning Top and Yo-Yo Museum in Burlington, Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-forward1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Dreidel_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Russian_Dreidel_%281%29.jpg/110px-Russian_Dreidel_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Russian_Dreidel_%281%29.jpg/165px-Russian_Dreidel_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Russian_Dreidel_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Antique enamel dreidel</figcaption></figure> <p>Antique dreidels are of increasing value and interest: different styles of dreidels are to be found across the world. Exemplars include dreidels fashioned in wood, silver, brass and lead.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particularly rare dreidel is cast from an ivory original by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Murro" title="Moshe Murro">Moshe Murro</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezalel Academy">Bezalel Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rare collectible dreidels from <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> are made from <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>; they are black in colour decorated with silver markings, made by an intricate <a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a> style process. </p><p>The Guinness World Record for Most Valuable Dreidel<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was achieved by Estate Diamond Jewelry in November 2019 and was valued at $70,000 ($86,090 in current dollars, adjusted for inflation). </p><p>The design of Estate Diamond Jewelry's dreidel was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in New York. Previous holders of the title were Chabad of South Palm Beach with a dreidel valued at $14,000 ($18,595 adjusted for inflation).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>" (A song sung when playing dreidel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Hanukkah music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ceremonial_art" title="Jewish ceremonial art">Jewish ceremonial art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Dreydlekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreydlekh">Dreydlekh</a></i> is also a term in <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> music.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dreidel">"Definition of DREIDEL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DREIDEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdreidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124121024/https://theicenter.org/resource/dreidel-more-just-game">"The Dreidel: More Than Just a Game"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theicenter.org/resource/dreidel-more-just-game">the original</a> on 2021-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dreidel%3A+More+Than+Just+a+Game&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheicenter.org%2Fresource%2Fdreidel-more-just-game&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecjn.ca/arts/treasure-trove/treasure-trove-david-matlow-explains-the-significance-of-a-rare-5-sided-dreidel/">"Treasure Trove: David Matlow explains the significance of a rare 5-sided dreidel"</a>. <i>The Canadian Jewish News</i>. 2023-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Treasure+Trove%3A+David+Matlow+explains+the+significance+of+a+rare+5-sided+dreidel&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecjn.ca%2Farts%2Ftreasure-trove%2Ftreasure-trove-david-matlow-explains-the-significance-of-a-rare-5-sided-dreidel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/diced-dreidels/">"Diced dreidels"</a>. <i>Jewish Standard</i>. 2019-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Standard&rft.atitle=Diced+dreidels&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstandard.timesofisrael.com%2Fdiced-dreidels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/55918/brooklyn-man-wins-dreidel-spinning-contest">Brooklyn Man Wins Dreidel Spinning Contest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523082110/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/55918/brooklyn-man-wins-dreidel-spinning-contest">Archived</a> May 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman.CommunityM19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman.CommunityM19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDave_Gordon" class="citation magazine cs1">Dave Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communitym.com/article.asp?article_id=104383&article_type=0">"Practicing Judaism in space - Jewish astronauts reflect upon their time in outer space"</a>. <i>Community</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community&rft.atitle=Practicing+Judaism+in+space+-+Jewish+astronauts+reflect+upon+their+time+in+outer+space&rft.au=Dave+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communitym.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticle_id%3D104383%26article_type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKutzik" class="citation news cs1">Kutzik, Jordan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/326379/the-true-history-of-the-dreidel/">"Our Favorite Hanukkah Toy Was Actually a Non-Jewish Irish Gambling Game"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215061644/https://forward.com/culture/326379/the-true-history-of-the-dreidel/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Our+Favorite+Hanukkah+Toy+Was+Actually+a+Non-Jewish+Irish+Gambling+Game&rft.aulast=Kutzik&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F326379%2Fthe-true-history-of-the-dreidel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz2005" class="citation web cs1">Rabinowitz, Dan (25 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seforimblog.com/2005/12/chanukah-customs-and-sources">"Chanukah Customs and sources"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051048/http://seforim.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/chanukah-customs-and-sources.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanukah+Customs+and+sources&rft.date=2005-12-25&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseforimblog.com%2F2005%2F12%2Fchanukah-customs-and-sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Anat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.631316">"The Weird Ancient History of the Dreidel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219045509/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.631316">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Weird+Ancient+History+of+the+Dreidel&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Anat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F1.631316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolinkin" class="citation web cs1">Golinkin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-origin-of-the-dreidel">"The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel"</a>. <i>my Jewish Learning</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213084023/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-origin-of-the-dreidel/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Origin+of+the+Dreidel&rft.aulast=Golinkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-origin-of-the-dreidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeffer2015" class="citation web cs1">Pfeffer, Rabbi Yehoshua (2015-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinonline.org/2015/12/07/the-chanukah-dreidel-and-its-halachos">"The Chanukah Dreidel and its Halachos"</a>. <i>dinonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105226/http://dinonline.org/2015/12/07/the-chanukah-dreidel-and-its-halachos/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dinonline.org&rft.atitle=The+Chanukah+Dreidel+and+its+Halachos&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Pfeffer&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yehoshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinonline.org%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Fthe-chanukah-dreidel-and-its-halachos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutzik-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzik_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzik_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzik_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommon2015" class="citation web cs1">Common, Adiel lo/Wikimedia (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/326379/the-true-history-of-the-dreidel/">"Our Favorite Hanukkah Toy Was Actually a Non-Jewish Irish Gambling Game"</a>. <i>The Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Our+Favorite+Hanukkah+Toy+Was+Actually+a+Non-Jewish+Irish+Gambling+Game&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Common&rft.aufirst=Adiel+lo%2FWikimedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F326379%2Fthe-true-history-of-the-dreidel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030858/https://cdn.yutorah.org/_materials/Source_sheets-513377.pdf">"Dreidel Drama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>yutorah.org</i>. Yeshiva University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.yutorah.org/_materials/Source_sheets-513377.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanukkah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fholiday7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminson,_Chani" class="citation web cs1">Benjaminson, Chani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/603267/jewish/What-is-a-Dreidel.htm">"What is a Dreidel?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127212013/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/603267/jewish/What-is-a-Dreidel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Dreidel%3F&rft.au=Benjaminson%2C+Chani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F603267%2Fjewish%2FWhat-is-a-Dreidel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia_chds54.html">"Ben Yehuda organization: Bialik"</a>. Benyehuda.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720050522/http://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia_chds54.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+Yehuda+organization%3A+Bialik&rft.pub=Benyehuda.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbenyehuda.org%2Fbialik%2Fbia_chds54.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altyntsev A. V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", <i>Nauka Udmurtii</i>. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 130. (Алтынцев А.В., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf">"Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана".</a> Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 130: Комментарии.) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaakov" class="citation web cs1">Yaakov, Rabbi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohr.org.il/yhiy/article.php/1309">"Secret of the Dreidel"</a>. Ohr.org.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210032/http://www.ohr.org.il/yhiy/article.php/1309">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+of+the+Dreidel&rft.pub=Ohr.org.il&rft.aulast=Yaakov&rft.aufirst=Rabbi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohr.org.il%2Fyhiy%2Farticle.php%2F1309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Play-Dreidel">"How to Play Dreidel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Play+Dreidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikihow.com%2FPlay-Dreidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeBon2001" class="citation book cs1">LeBon, Marilee (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qPlFK_yGckC&q=%22shin+put+one+in%22+dreidel"><i>The complete idiot's guide to holiday crafts</i></a>. Alpha. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028642000" title="Special:BookSources/9780028642000"><bdi>9780028642000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+idiot%27s+guide+to+holiday+crafts&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780028642000&rft.aulast=LeBon&rft.aufirst=Marilee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qPlFK_yGckC%26q%3D%2522shin%2Bput%2Bone%2Bin%2522%2Bdreidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Hanukkah/At_Home/Dreidel/How_To_Play.shtml">"How to Play"</a>. <i>my Jewish Learning</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209035018/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Hanukkah/At_Home/Dreidel/How_To_Play.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=How+to+Play&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fholidays%2FJewish_Holidays%2FHanukkah%2FAt_Home%2FDreidel%2FHow_To_Play.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonVijay2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Thomas; Vijay, Sujith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aam.2005.05.004">"Dreidel Lasts O(n<sup>2</sup>) spins"</a>. <i>Advances in Applied Mathematics</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">85–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aam.2005.05.004">10.1016/j.aam.2005.05.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119157765">119157765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Applied+Mathematics&rft.atitle=Dreidel+Lasts+O%28n%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E%29+spins&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aam.2005.05.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119157765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Vijay%2C+Sujith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.aam.2005.05.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeinerman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Feinerman, Robert (1976). "An ancient unfair game". <i>The American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>83</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">623–</span>625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1976.11994192">10.1080/00029890.1976.11994192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2319887">2319887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=An+ancient+unfair+game&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E625&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029890.1976.11994192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2319887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Feinerman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98610612">"No Gelt, No Glory: A Dreidel Champion Is Crowned"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106215518/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98610612">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=No+Gelt%2C+No+Glory%3A+A+Dreidel+Champion+Is+Crowned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D98610612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301170656/http://www.moderntribe.com/judaica/hanukkah/spinagogue/spinagogue">"Spinagogue"</a>. Moderntribe.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moderntribe.com/judaica/hanukkah/spinagogue/spinagogue">the original</a> on 2010-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinagogue&rft.pub=Moderntribe.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderntribe.com%2Fjudaica%2Fhanukkah%2Fspinagogue%2Fspinagogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilberger2009" class="citation web cs1">Milberger, Michael (2009-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/dreidel-invented-dreidel-games-generation/story?id=9315727">"Dreidel Games Generation"</a>. Abcnews.go.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125063212/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/dreidel-invented-dreidel-games-generation/story?id=9315727">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dreidel+Games+Generation&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft.aulast=Milberger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2FWeekend%2Fdreidel-invented-dreidel-games-generation%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9315727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasdreidel.com">"No Limit Texas Dreidel"</a>. Texasdreidel.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208085031/http://texasdreidel.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Limit+Texas+Dreidel&rft.pub=Texasdreidel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasdreidel.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moderntribe.com">"Judaica & Jewish Gifts for Modern Jewish Living"</a>. <i>ModernTribe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407223603/https://moderntribe.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ModernTribe&rft.atitle=Judaica+%26+Jewish+Gifts+for+Modern+Jewish+Living&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moderntribe.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staccabees.com/">"Staccabees"</a>. Staccabees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219192600/http://www.staccabees.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staccabees&rft.pub=Staccabees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staccabees.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/40728/battle-of-the-bees-two-games-put-a-new-spin-on-traditional-dreidel-game/">"Battle of the Bees: Two games put a new spin on traditional dreidel game"</a>. Jweekly.com. 2009-12-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927051652/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/40728/battle-of-the-bees-two-games-put-a-new-spin-on-traditional-dreidel-game/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bees%3A+Two+games+put+a+new+spin+on+traditional+dreidel+game&rft.pub=Jweekly.com&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F40728%2Fbattle-of-the-bees-two-games-put-a-new-spin-on-traditional-dreidel-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forward1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forward1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/133206/">"Oh Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel: A favorite holiday pastime takes center table"</a>. Forward.com. 17 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012655/http://www.forward.com/articles/133206/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oh+Dreidel%2C+Dreidel%2C+Dreidel%3A+A+favorite+holiday+pastime+takes+center+table&rft.pub=Forward.com&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2F133206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreidelmuseum.com">"The Dreidel Museum"</a>. <i>dreidelmuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dreidelmuseum.com&rft.atitle=The+Dreidel+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreidelmuseum.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adelaidejmuseum.org/dreidel-collection">"Adelaide Dreidels"</a>. <i>adelaidejmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adelaidejmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Adelaide+Dreidels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadelaidejmuseum.org%2Fdreidel-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/estate-rare-bezalel-hanukkah-dreidel-by-m-murro">"Murro Dreidel"</a>. <i>Worthpoint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worthpoint&rft.atitle=Murro+Dreidel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worthpoint.com%2Fworthopedia%2Festate-rare-bezalel-hanukkah-dreidel-by-m-murro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/12/new-york-city-jewelers-create-the-worlds-most-valuable-dreidel-603302/">"New York City jewelers create the world's most valuable dreidel"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 2019-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=New+York+City+jewelers+create+the+world%27s+most+valuable+dreidel&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2Fnew-york-city-jewelers-create-the-worlds-most-valuable-dreidel-603302%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubavitch2015" class="citation web cs1">Lubavitch, Chabad (18 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lubavitch.com/news/article/2056271/Guinness-World-Record-Certifies-World-s-Most-Valuable-Dreidel.html">"Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters"</a>. <i>lubavitch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lubavitch.com&rft.atitle=Chabad+Lubavitch+Brooklyn+New+York+NY+World+Headquarters&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft.aulast=Lubavitch&rft.aufirst=Chabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flubavitch.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2056271%2FGuinness-World-Record-Certifies-World-s-Most-Valuable-Dreidel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADreidel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreidel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dreidels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dreidels">Dreidels</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/dreidel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/dreidel">dreidel</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/597255/jewish/The-History.htm">Dreidel Wizard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905063807/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Hanukkah/TO_Hanukkah_Home/Dreidel.htm">The Origin of the Dreidel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segal.org/java/sevivon/">Computer program that plays the dreidel game (with full Java source code)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreidelfun.com/2008/12/dreidel-design.html">Dreidel Design </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065851/http://www.dreidelfun.com/2008/12/dreidel-design.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreidels.net">Types of Dreidels </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dicecollector.com/THE_DICE_THEME_DREIDELS.html">A Dreidel collection</a> (part of world's largest collection of dice)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a 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