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id="toc-1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1982 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1984 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 1985 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 1988 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1990s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1990s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 1994 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 1995 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 1996 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 2000s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2000s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2000s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2001 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2002 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 2005 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2010s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2010s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2010s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 2020s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2020s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2020s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/250px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/375px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/500px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_before_1950" title="Timeline of computing hardware before 1950"> Hardware before 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">Hardware 1960s to present</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_software" title="History of software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_software_configuration_management" title="History of software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">Free software and open-source software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_compiler_construction" title="History of compiler construction">Compiler construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_science" title="History of computer science">Early computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">Prominent pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_software_engineering" title="History of software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Modern concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">General-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface" title="History of the graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_laptops" title="History of laptops">Laptops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_personal_computers" title="History of personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cloud_computing" title="History of cloud computing">Cloud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quantum</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Bulgaria" title="History of computer hardware in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Eastern_Bloc_countries" title="History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_in_Poland" title="History of computing in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_in_Romania" title="History of computing in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_in_South_America" title="History of computing in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of computing in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing" title="Timeline of computing">Timeline of computing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_before_1950" title="Timeline of computing hardware before 1950">before 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Timeline of computing 1950–1979">1950–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989" title="Timeline of computing 1980–1989">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%931999" title="Timeline of computing 1990–1999">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Timeline of computing 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%932019" title="Timeline of computing 2010–2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_timelines" title="Category:Computing timelines">more timelines ...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Glossary of computer science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_computing" title="Category:History of computing">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_computing" title="Template:History of computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_computing" title="Template talk:History of computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This is a timeline of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1119456059">.mw-parser-output .tocnumber{display:none}.mw-parser-output #toc ul,.mw-parser-output .toc ul{line-height:1.5em;list-style:none;margin:.3em 0 0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist #toc ul ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist .toc ul ul{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097603156">.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center{clear:none}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center .toc{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-right{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-none{clear:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist horizontal-toc"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1968">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wiesner" title="Stephen Wiesner">Stephen Wiesner</a> invents <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_coding" title="Conjugate coding">conjugate coding</a> (published in ACM SIGACT News 15(1): 78–88).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970">1970</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Park" class="mw-redirect" title="James L. Park">James Park</a> articulates the <a href="/wiki/No-cloning_theorem" title="No-cloning theorem">no-cloning theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-park-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973">1973</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1973">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Holevo" title="Alexander Holevo">Alexander Holevo</a> publishes a paper showing that n <a href="/wiki/Qubit" title="Qubit">qubits</a> can carry more than n classical bits of information, but at most n classical bits are accessible (a result known as "<a href="/wiki/Holevo%27s_theorem" title="Holevo's theorem">Holevo's theorem</a>" or "Holevo's bound").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> shows that computation can be done <a href="/wiki/Reversible_computing" title="Reversible computing">reversibly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975">1975</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1975">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian)<a href="#cite_note-Poplavskii-4">[4]</a> which shows the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">superposition principle</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976">1976</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1976">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Stanis%C5%82aw_Ingarden" title="Roman Stanisław Ingarden">Roman Stanisław Ingarden</a>, a Polish mathematical physicist, publishes the paper "Quantum Information Theory" in Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, pp. 43–72, 1976 (The paper was submitted in 1975). It is one of the first attempts at creating a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum information theory">quantum information theory</a>, showing that <a href="/wiki/Shannon_information_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shannon information theory">Shannon information theory</a> cannot directly be generalized to the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum</a> case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980">1980</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1980">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Benioff" title="Paul Benioff">Paul Benioff</a> describes the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> by describing a Schrödinger equation description of <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machines</a>, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. The paper<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I._Manin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I. Manin">Yuri Manin</a> briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-manin1980vychislimoe-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Toffoli" title="Tommaso Toffoli">Tommaso Toffoli</a> introduces the reversible <a href="/wiki/Toffoli_gate" title="Toffoli gate">Toffoli gate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which (together with initialized <a href="/wiki/Ancilla_bit" title="Ancilla bit">ancilla bits</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Functional_completeness" title="Functional completeness">functionally complete</a> for <a href="/wiki/Reversible_computing" title="Reversible computing">reversible</a> classical computation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981">1981</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1981">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>At the first Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Benioff" title="Paul Benioff">Paul Benioff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> give talks on quantum computing. Benioff's built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. The talk was titled “Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of discrete processes that erase their own histories: application to Turing machines”.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate an evolution of a quantum system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982">1982</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1982">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Paul Benioff further develops his original model of a quantum mechanical Turing machine.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wootters" title="William Wootters">William Wootters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wojciech Zurek">Wojciech Zurek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and independently <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Dieks" title="Dennis Dieks">Dennis Dieks</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> rediscover the <a href="/wiki/No-cloning_theorem" title="No-cloning theorem">no-cloning theorem</a> of James Park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> formulate a conjecture on quantum simulation, stating that quantum systems require quantum computers to be simulated efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984">1984</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1984">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)">Charles Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> employ Wiesner's conjugate coding for distribution of cryptographic keys.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985">1985</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1985">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a>, at the University of Oxford, describes the first <a href="/wiki/Universal_quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal quantum computer">universal quantum computer</a>. Just as a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal Turing machine</a> can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently (<a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93Turing_thesis" title="Church–Turing thesis">Church–Turing thesis</a>), so the universal quantum computer is able to simulate any other quantum computer with at most a <a href="/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial">polynomial</a> slowdown.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_Peres" title="Asher Peres">Asher Peres</a> points out the need for quantum error correction schemes and discusses a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction#Bit_flip_code" title="Quantum error correction">repetition code</a> for amplitude errors.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988">1988</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1988">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Yamamoto_(scientist)" title="Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist)">Yoshihisa Yamamoto</a> and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's <a href="/wiki/CNOT" class="mw-redirect" title="CNOT">CNOT</a> gate.<a href="#cite_note-qc1988-17">[17]</a> Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989">1989</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1989">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_J._Milburn" title="Gerard J. Milburn">Gerard J. Milburn</a> proposes a quantum-optical realization of a <a href="/wiki/Fredkin_gate" title="Fredkin gate">Fredkin gate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fredkin1988-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikas_K._Chakrabarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikas K. Chakrabarti">Bikas K. Chakrabarti</a> & collaborators from <a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a>, Kolkata, India, propose that quantum fluctuations could help explore rugged energy landscapes by escaping from local minima of glassy systems having tall but thin barriers by tunneling (instead of climbing over using thermal excitations), suggesting the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_annealing" title="Quantum annealing">quantum annealing</a> over classical <a href="/wiki/Simulated_annealing" title="Simulated annealing">simulated annealing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti89-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991">1991</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1991">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a> at the University of Oxford, proposes <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a>-based secure communication.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992">1992</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1992">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa propose a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the deterministic <a href="/wiki/Deutsch%E2%80%93Jozsa_algorithm" title="Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm">Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm</a> on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. This was perhaps the earliest result in the <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">computational complexity</a> of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performing some well-defined computational task more efficiently than any classical computer.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethan_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethan Bernstein (page does not exist)">Ethan Bernstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vazirani" title="Umesh Vazirani">Umesh Vazirani</a> propose the <a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm" title="Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm">Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm</a>. It is a restricted version of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm where instead of distinguishing between two different classes of functions, it tries to learn a string encoded in a function. The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm was designed to prove an oracle separation between complexity classes BQP and BPP.</li> <li>Research groups at <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Quantum_Optics" title="Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics">Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics</a> (Garching)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and shortly after at <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> (Boulder)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> experimentally realize the first crystallized strings of laser-cooled ions. Linear ion crystals constitute the qubit basis for most quantum computing and simulation experiments with trapped ions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993">1993</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1993">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Simon">Dan Simon</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>, invent an <a href="/wiki/Oracle_machine" title="Oracle machine">oracle</a> problem, <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_problem" title="Simon's problem">Simon's problem</a>, for which a quantum computer would be <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponentially faster</a> than a conventional computer. This <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> introduces the main ideas which were then developed in <a href="/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm" title="Shor's algorithm">Peter Shor's factorization algorithm</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994">1994</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1994">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a>, at AT&T's <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, publishes <a href="/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm" title="Shor's algorithm">Shor's algorithm</a>. It would allow a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solves both the <a href="/wiki/Integer_factorization" title="Integer factorization">factoring</a> problem and the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete log">discrete log</a> problem. The algorithm can theoretically break many of the <a href="/wiki/Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">cryptosystems</a> in use today. Its invention sparked a tremendous interest in quantum computers.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> workshop on quantum computing is organized by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaithersburg">Gaithersburg, Maryland</a>, in autumn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chuang" title="Isaac Chuang">Isaac Chuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Yamamoto_(scientist)" title="Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist)">Yoshihisa Yamamoto</a> propose a quantum-optical realization of a quantum computer to implement Deutsch's algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-cy1995-25">[25]</a> Their work introduced dual-rail encoding for photonic qubits.</li> <li>In December, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Cirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacio Cirac">Ignacio Cirac</a>, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Castilla-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Castilla-La Mancha">University of Castilla-La Mancha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a> propose an experimental realization of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate" title="Controlled NOT gate">controlled-NOT</a> gate with <a href="/wiki/Ion-trap_quantum_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-trap quantum computing">cold trapped ions</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1995">1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1995">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> workshop on quantum computing and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">quantum cryptography</a> is organized by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> physicists Charles M. Bowden, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_P._Dowling" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan P. Dowling">Jonathan P. Dowling</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_O._Everitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry O. Everitt (page does not exist)">Henry O. Everitt</a>; it took place in February at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a> proposes the first schemes for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">quantum error correction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monroe" title="Christopher Monroe">Christopher Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David Wineland">David Wineland</a> at <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>) experimentally realize the first quantum logic gate – the controlled-NOT gate – with trapped ions, following the Cirac-Zoller proposal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>independently, <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Chrisley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Chrisley (page does not exist)">Ronald Chrisley</a> propose the first <a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">quantum neural network</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996">1996</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1996">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lov_Grover" title="Lov Grover">Lov Grover</a>, at Bell Labs, invents the <a href="/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm" title="Grover's algorithm">quantum database search algorithm</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_function" title="Quadratic function">quadratic</a> speedup is not as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that can be solved by random, brute-force search, may take advantage of this quadratic speedup in the number of search queries.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Steane" title="Andrew Steane">Andrew Steane</a> designs Steane codes for error correction.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._DiVincenzo" class="mw-redirect" title="David P. DiVincenzo">David P. DiVincenzo</a>, of IBM, proposes a list of minimal requirements for creating a quantum computer,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> now called <a href="/wiki/DiVincenzo%27s_criteria" title="DiVincenzo's criteria">DiVincenzo's criteria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Lloyd" title="Seth Lloyd">Seth Lloyd</a> proves Feynman's conjecture on quantum simulation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997">1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1997">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cory_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Cory (scientist)">David Cory</a>, Amr Fahmy and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Havel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Havel (page does not exist)">Timothy Havel</a>, and at the same time <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gershenfeld" title="Neil Gershenfeld">Neil Gershenfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_L._Chuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac L. Chuang">Isaac L. Chuang</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> publish the first papers realizing gates for quantum computers based on bulk nuclear <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> resonance, or thermal ensembles. The technology is based on a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) machine, which is similar to the medical <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> machine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kitaev" title="Alexei Kitaev">Alexei Kitaev</a> describes the principles of <a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer" title="Topological quantum computer">topological quantum computation</a> as a method for dealing with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">decoherence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Loss" title="Daniel Loss">Daniel Loss</a> and David P. DiVincenzo propose the <a href="/wiki/Loss-DiVincenzo_quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer">Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer</a>, using as qubits the intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Spin-1/2" title="Spin-1/2">spin-1/2</a> degree of freedom of individual electrons confined to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998">1998</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1998">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm is reported. A working 2-qubit <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a> quantum computer was used to solve Deutsch's problem by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Jones" title="Jonathan A. Jones">Jonathan A. Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michele_Mosca" title="Michele Mosca">Michele Mosca</a> at Oxford University and shortly after by Isaac L. Chuang at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almaden_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaden Research Center">Almaden Research Center</a>, in California, and Mark Kubinec and the University of California, Berkeley together with coworkers at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>The first working 3-qubit NMR computer is reported.</li> <li>Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-based <a href="/wiki/Kane_quantum_computer" title="Kane quantum computer">nuclear spin quantum computer</a>, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus atoms in silicon as the qubits and donor electrons to mediate the coupling between qubits.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>The first execution of <a href="/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm" title="Grover's algorithm">Grover's algorithm</a> on an NMR computer is reported.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Hidetoshi Nishimori & colleagues from <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a> show that a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_annealing" title="Quantum annealing">quantum annealing</a> algorithm can perform better than classical <a href="/wiki/Simulated_annealing" title="Simulated annealing">simulated annealing</a> under certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gottesman" title="Daniel Gottesman">Daniel Gottesman</a> and Emanuel Knill independently prove that a certain subclass of quantum computations can be efficiently emulated with classical resources (<a href="/wiki/Gottesman%E2%80%93Knill_theorem" title="Gottesman–Knill theorem">Gottesman–Knill theorem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999">1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1999">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Braunstein" title="Samuel L. Braunstein">Samuel L. Braunstein</a> and collaborators show that none of the bulk NMR experiments performed to date contain any entanglement; the quantum states being too strongly mixed. This is seen as evidence that NMR computers would likely not yield a benefit over classical computers. It remains an open question, however, whether entanglement is necessary for quantum computational speedup.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Aeppli" title="Gabriel Aeppli">Gabriel Aeppli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Felix_Rosenbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Felix Rosenbaum">Thomas Felix Rosenbaum</a> and colleagues demonstrate experimentally the basic concepts of quantum annealing in a condensed matter system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasunobu_Nakamura" title="Yasunobu Nakamura">Yasunobu Nakamura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaw-Shen_Tsai" title="Jaw-Shen Tsai">Jaw-Shen Tsai</a> demonstrate that a <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing" title="Superconducting quantum computing">superconducting circuit</a> can be used as a qubit.<a href="#cite_note-nt1999-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000">2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2000">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_K._Pati" title="Arun K. Pati">Arun K. Pati</a> and Samuel L. Braunstein prove the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_no-deleting_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum no-deleting theorem">quantum no-deleting theorem</a>. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has the implication that quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed.</li> <li>The first working 5-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a>, Germany.</li> <li>The first execution of order finding (part of Shor's algorithm) at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almaden_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaden Research Center">Almaden Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> is demonstrated.</li> <li>The first working 7-qubit NMR computer is demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> in New Mexico.</li> <li>The textbook, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (book)">Quantum Computation and Quantum Information</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nielsen" title="Michael Nielsen">Michael Nielsen</a> and Isaac Chuang is published.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001">2001</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2001">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The first execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University is demonstrated. The number 15 was factored using 1018 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah_Linden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noah Linden (page does not exist)">Noah Linden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandu_Popescu" title="Sandu Popescu">Sandu Popescu</a> prove that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show that <a href="/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing" title="Linear optical quantum computing">optical quantum computing</a> is possible with single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors, establishing the field of linear optical quantum computing.</li> <li>Robert Raussendorf and <a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%BCrgen_Briegel" title="Hans Jürgen Briegel">Hans Jürgen Briegel</a> propose <a href="/wiki/One-way_quantum_computer" title="One-way quantum computer">measurement-based quantum computation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002">2002</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2002">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, lays out the Quantum computation roadmap.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Computing" title="Institute for Quantum Computing">Institute for Quantum Computing</a> is established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> in Waterloo, Ontario by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lazaridis" title="Mike Lazaridis">Mike Lazaridis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Laflamme" title="Raymond Laflamme">Raymond Laflamme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michele_Mosca" title="Michele Mosca">Michele Mosca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>A group led by Gerhard Birkl (now at TU Darmstadt) demonstrates the first 2D array of optical tweezers with trapped atoms for quantum computation with atomic qubits.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003">2003</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2003">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsch%E2%80%93Jozsa_algorithm" title="Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm">Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm</a> on an ion-trap quantum computer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a> is reported.<a href="#cite_note-Nat-20030102-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todd_D._Pittman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Todd D. Pittman (page does not exist)">Todd D. Pittman</a> and collaborators at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, and independently <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_O%27Brien" title="Jeremy O'Brien">Jeremy L. O'Brien</a> and collaborators at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, demonstrate quantum controlled-not gates using only linear optical elements.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>The first implementation of a CNOT quantum gate, according to the Cirac–Zoller proposal, is reported by a team at the University of Innsbruck led by <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Blatt" title="Rainer Blatt">Rainer Blatt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nat-20030327-49">[49]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">Quantum Network</a> becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Optics_and_Quantum_Information" title="Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information">Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information</a> (IQOQI) is established in Innsbruck and Vienna, Austria, by the founding directors <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Blatt" title="Rainer Blatt">Rainer Blatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%BCrgen_Briegel" title="Hans Jürgen Briegel">Hans Jürgen Briegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Grimm" title="Rudolf Grimm">Rudolf Grimm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004">2004</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2004">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The first working <a href="/wiki/Pure_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure state">pure state</a> NMR quantum computer (based on <a href="/wiki/Orthohydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthohydrogen">parahydrogen</a>) is demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a>, England and University of York, England.</li> <li>Physicists at the University of Innsbruck show deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20040617-50">[50]</a></li> <li>The first five-photon entanglement is demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Jianwei" title="Pan Jianwei">Jian-Wei Pan</a>'s team at the University of Science and Technology of Chin; the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005">2005</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2005">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.</li> <li>Two teams of physicists measure the capacitance of a <a href="/wiki/Josephson_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson junction">Josephson junction</a> for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>In December, <a href="/wiki/W-state" class="mw-redirect" title="W-state">W-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_register" title="Quantum register">quantum registers</a> with up to 8 qubits implemented using <a href="/wiki/Trapped_ion_quantum_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapped ion quantum computing">trapped ions</a> are demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Optics_and_Quantum_Information" title="Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information">Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information</a> and the University of Innsbruck in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> researchers succeed in transferring quantum information between "quantum memories" – from atoms to photons and back again.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006">2006</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2006">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Materials Science Department of Oxford University, England cage a qubit in a "buckyball" (a molecule of <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>) and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect" title="Quantum Zeno effect">Zeno Effect</a>, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database using <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_quantum_computation" title="Counterfactual quantum computation">counterfactual quantum computation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlatko_Vedral" title="Vlatko Vedral">Vlatko Vedral</a> of the University of Leeds and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna find that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Braunstein" title="Samuel L. Braunstein">Samuel L. Braunstein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency give the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>A new error checking method is theorized for Josephson junction computers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>The first 12-qubit quantum computer is benchmarked by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Computing" title="Institute for Quantum Computing">Institute for Quantum Computing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics">Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in Waterloo, Ontario as well as at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>A two-dimensional ion trap is developed for quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Seven atoms are placed in a stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>A team at <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a> in the Netherlands creates a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> develops quantum dot molecules.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.<a href="#cite_note-spooky20061004-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Camerino" title="University of Camerino">University of Camerino</a> scientists develop a theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_network#Repeaters" title="Quantum network">quantum repeaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading data using the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> on a silicon-phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Kane_quantum_computer" title="Kane quantum computer">Kane quantum computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007">2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2007">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Subwavelength waveguide is developed for light.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>A single-photon emitter for optical fibers is developed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/One-way_quantum_computer" title="One-way quantum computer">one-way quantum computers</a> are built,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Quantum_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum measurement">measurement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">collapse</a>) of an <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled</a> <a href="/wiki/Cluster_state" title="Cluster state">cluster state</a> is the main driving force of computation,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and shown to perform simple computations, such as <a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsch's algorithm">Deutsch's algorithm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>A new material is proposed for quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>A single-atom single-photon server is devised.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>The University of Cambridge develops an electron quantum pump.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>A superior method of qubit coupling is developed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>A successful demonstration of controllably <a href="/wiki/Quantum_coupling" title="Quantum coupling">coupled qubits</a> is reported.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>A breakthrough in applying <a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">spin-based electronics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> is reported.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Scientists demonstrate a quantum state exchange between light and matter.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>A diamond <a href="/wiki/Quantum_register" title="Quantum register">quantum register</a> is developed.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits are realized.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Scientists contain and study hundreds of individual atoms in 3D array.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Nitrogen in a <a href="/wiki/Buckyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball">buckyball</a> molecule is used in quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>A large number of electrons are quantum coupled.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction" title="Spin–orbit interaction">Spin–orbit interaction</a> of electrons are measured.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Atoms are quantum manipulated in laser light.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Light pulses are used to control electron spins.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Quantum effects are demonstrated across tens of nanometers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>Light pulses are used to accelerate quantum computing development.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>A quantum RAM blueprint is unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>A model of a quantum transistor is developed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Long distance entanglement is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Photonic quantum computing is used to factor a number by two independent labs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>A quantum bus is developed by two independent labs.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>A superconducting quantum cable is developed.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>The transmission of qubits is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>Superior qubit material is devised.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>A single-electron qubit memory is reported.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">quantum memory</a> is developed.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Wave_Systems" title="D-Wave Systems">D-Wave Systems</a> demonstrates use of a 28-qubit quantum annealing computer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>A new cryonic method reduces decoherence and increases interaction distance, and thus quantum computing speed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>A photonic quantum computer is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Graphene quantum dot spin qubits are proposed.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2008">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DWave_128chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DWave_128chip.jpg/220px-DWave_128chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DWave_128chip.jpg/330px-DWave_128chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DWave_128chip.jpg/440px-DWave_128chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Chip constructed by D-Wave Systems Inc. designed to operate as a 128-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder (2009)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm_for_linear_systems_of_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations">HHL algorithm</a> for solving linear equations is published.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a> quantum dot qubits are described.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Scientists succeed in storing a quantum bit.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>3D qubit-qutrit entanglement is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Analog quantum computing is devised.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Control of quantum tunneling is devised.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Entangled memory is developed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>A superior NOT gate is developed.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Qutrits are developed.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Quantum logic gate in optical fiber<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>A superior quantum Hall Effect is discovered.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Enduring spin states in quantum dots are reported.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Molecular magnets are proposed for quantum RAM.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Quasiparticles offer hope of stable quantum computers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Image storage may have better storage of qubits is reported.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Quantum entangled images are reported.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Quantum state is intentionally altered in a molecule.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Electron position is controlled in a silicon circuit.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>A superconducting electronic circuit pumps microwave photons.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Amplitude spectroscopy is developed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>A superior quantum computer test is developed.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>An optical frequency comb is devised.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>The concept of Quantum Darwinism is supported.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Hybrid qubit memory is developed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>A qubit is stored for over 1 second in an atomic nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Faster electron spin qubit switching and reading is developed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>The possibility of non-entanglement quantum computing is described.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Wave_Systems" title="D-Wave Systems">D-Wave Systems</a> claim to have produced a 128 qubit computer chip, though this claim had yet to be verified.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009">2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Carbon 12 is purified for longer coherence times.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>The lifetime of qubits is extended to hundreds of milliseconds.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Improved quantum control of photons is reported.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Quantum entanglement is demonstrated over 240 micrometres.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Qubit lifetime is extended by a factor of 1000.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>The first electronic quantum processor is created.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Six-photon graph state entanglement is used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>A single-molecule optical transistor is devised.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>NIST is reads and writes individual qubits.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>The first large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture is developed for atom-optics.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions is shown.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Researchers at University of Bristol demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li>Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble is reported.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>A so-called photon machine gun is developed for quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>The first universal programmable quantum computer is unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with decoherence free qubits is realized.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>The first chip-scale quantum computer is reported.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ions were trapped in an optical trap.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>An optical quantum computer with three qubits calculated the energy spectrum of molecular hydrogen to high precision.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>The first germanium laser advanced the state of optical computers.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>A single-electron qubit was developed<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>The quantum state in a macroscopic object was reported.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>A new quantum computer cooling method was developed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>Racetrack ion trap was developed.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Evidence for a Moore-Read state in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=5/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=5/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e6cf610862620b1f80d912258f14236a51a034b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=5/2}"> quantum Hall plateau,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> which would be suitable for topological quantum computation was reported</li> <li>A quantum interface between a single photon and a single atom was demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>LED quantum entanglement was demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Multiplexed design increased the speed of transmission of quantum information through a quantum communications channel.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>A two-photon optical chip was reported.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>Microfabricated planar ion traps were tested.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Boson_sampling" title="Boson sampling">boson sampling</a> technique was proposed by Aaronson and Arkhipov.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">Quantum dot</a> qubits were manipulated electrically, not magnetically.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Entanglement in a solid-state spin ensemble was reported<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li>NOON photons in a superconducting quantum integrated circuit were reported.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>A quantum antenna was described.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Multimode quantum interference was documented.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Magnetic Resonance applied to quantum computing was reported.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>The quantum pen for single atoms was documented.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Atomic "Racing Dual" was reported.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>A 14 qubit register was reported.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>D-Wave claimed to have developed quantum annealing and introduced their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>Repetitive error correction was demonstrated in a quantum processor.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Diamond quantum computer memory was demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>Qmodes were developed.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>Decoherence was demonstrated as suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>Simplification of controlled operations was reported.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>Ions entangled using microwaves were documented.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Practical error rates were achieved.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>A quantum computer employing <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann architecture</a> was described.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>A quantum spin Hall topological insulator was reported.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>The concept of two diamonds linked by quantum entanglement could help develop photonic processors was described.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>D-Wave claimed a quantum computation using 84 qubits.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Physicists created a working transistor from a single atom.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>A method for manipulating the charge of nitrogen vacancy-centres in diamond was reported.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Creation of a 300 qubit/particle quantum simulator was reported.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>Demonstration of topologically protected qubits with an eight-photon entanglement was reported; a robust approach to practical quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1QB_Information_Technologies_(1QBit)" class="mw-redirect" title="1QB Information Technologies (1QBit)">1QB Information Technologies (1QBit)</a> was founded; the world's first dedicated quantum computing software company.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>The first design of a quantum repeater system without a need for quantum memories was reported.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>Decoherence suppressed for 2 seconds at room temperature by manipulating Carbon-13 atoms with lasers was reported.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>The theory of Bell-based randomness expansion with reduced assumption of measurement independence was reported.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>New low overhead method for fault-tolerant quantum logic was developed called lattice surgery.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Coherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) was demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.<a href="#cite_note-39_minutes-203">[203]</a></li> <li>Extension of time for a qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before was reported.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>The first resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols was developed for factoring.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Documents leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> confirmed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penetrating_Hard_Targets_project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penetrating Hard Targets project (page does not exist)">Penetrating Hard Targets project</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> by which the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> sought to develop a quantum computing capability for <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> purposes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Researchers in Japan and Austria published the first large-scale quantum computing architecture for a diamond-based system.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>Scientists at the University of Innsbruck performed quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit which was encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits.<a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140718-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Scientists transferred data by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">quantum teleportation</a> over a distance of 10 feet (3.0 meters) with zero percent error rate; a vital step towards a quantum Internet.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140529-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140529-213">[213]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six-hour coherence time were documented.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>Quantum information encoded by simple electrical pulses was documented.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li>Quantum error detection code using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits was documented.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li>D-Wave Systems Inc. announced on June 22 that it had broken the 1,000-qubit barrier.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li>A two-qubit silicon logic gate was successfully developed.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Physicists led by Rainer Blatt joined forces with scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by Isaac Chuang, to efficiently implement Shor's algorithm in an ion-trap-based quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li>IBM released the Quantum Experience, an online interface to their superconducting systems. The system is immediately used to publish new protocols in quantum information processing.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Google, using an array of 9 superconducting qubits developed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinis_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinis group (page does not exist)">Martinis group</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">UCSB</a>, simulated a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> molecule.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li>Scientists in Japan and Australia invented a quantum version of a <a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a> communications system.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>D-Wave Systems Inc. announced general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claimed has 2000 qubits.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>A blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer was published.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li>IBM unveiled a 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li>Scientists built a microchip that generates two entangled <a href="/wiki/Qudit" class="mw-redirect" title="Qudit">qudits</a> each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li>Microsoft revealed <a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a>, a quantum programming language integrated with its <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> development environment. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator on <a href="/wiki/Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Azure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li>IBM revealed a working 50-qubit quantum computer that can maintain its quantum state for 90 microseconds.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">teleportation</a> using a satellite, connecting ground stations over a distance of 1400 km apart was announced.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Previous experiments were at <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, at shorter distances.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Preskill" title="John Preskill">John Preskill</a> introduces the concept of <a href="/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era" title="Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era">noisy intermediate-scale quantum</a> (NISQ) era.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li>MIT scientists reported the discovery of a new triple-photon form of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NW-20180216-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180216-233">[233]</a></li> <li>Oxford researchers successfully use a trapped-ion technique, where they placed two charged atoms in a state of quantum entanglement to speed up logic gates by a factor of 20 to 60 times, as compared with the previous best gates, translated to 1.6 microseconds long, with 99.8% precision.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li>QuTech successfully tested a silicon-based 2-spin-qubit processor.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li>Google announced the creation of a 72-qubit quantum chip, called "Bristlecone",<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> achieving a new record.</li> <li>Intel began testing a silicon-based spin-qubit processor manufactured in the company's D1D fab in Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>Intel confirmed development of a 49-qubit superconducting test chip, called "Tangle Lake".<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li>Japanese researchers demonstrated universal holonomic quantum gates.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>An integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables was documented.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>On December 17, 2018, the company IonQ introduced the first commercial trapped-ion quantum computer, with a program length of over 60 two-qubit gates, 11 fully connected qubits, 55 addressable pairs, one-qubit gate error of <0.03% and two-qubit gate error of <1.0%.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li> <li>On December 21, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Quantum_Initiative_Act" title="National Quantum Initiative Act">National Quantum Initiative Act</a> was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, establishing the goals and priorities for a 10-year plan to accelerate the development of quantum information science and technology applications in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019_in_science" title="2019 in science">2019 in science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Q_system_(Fraunhofer_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/260px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/390px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/520px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5166" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">IBM Q System One</a> (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>IBM unveiled its first commercial quantum computer, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">IBM Q System One</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> designed by UK-based <a href="/wiki/Map_Project_Office" title="Map Project Office">Map Project Office</a> and Universal Design Studio and manufactured by Goppion.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>Austrian physicists demonstrated self-verifying, hybrid, variational quantum simulation of lattice models in condensed matter and high-energy physics using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor.<a href="#cite_note-Nat-20190515-248">[248]</a></li> <li>Griffith University, UNSW and UTS, in partnership with seven universities in the United States, develop noise cancelling for quantum bits via machine learning, taking quantum noise in a quantum chip down to 0%.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism" title="Quantum Darwinism">Quantum Darwinism</a> was observed in diamond at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20191001-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science-20190913-252">[252]</a></li> <li>Google revealed its <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a>, consisting of 53 qubits. A paper by Google's quantum computer research team was briefly available in late September 2019, claiming the project had reached <a href="/wiki/Quantum_supremacy" title="Quantum supremacy">quantum supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Google also developed a cryogenic chip for controlling qubits from within a dilution refrigerator.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a> researchers demonstrated boson sampling with 14 detected photons.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_in_science" title="2020 in science">2020 in science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">Timeline of computing 2020–present</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_in_philosophy" title="2020 in philosophy">2020 in philosophy</a></div> <ul><li>20 April – UNSW Sydney develops a way of producing 'hot qubits' – quantum devices that operate at 1.5 kelvin.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li>11 March – UNSW perform electric nuclear resonance to control single atoms in electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>23 April – University of Tokyo and Australian scientists create and successfully test a solution to the quantum wiring problem, creating a 2D structure for qubits. Such structure can be built using existing integrated circuit technology and has considerably lower cross-talk.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li>16 January – Quantum physicists report the first direct splitting of one photon into three using <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_parametric_down-conversion" title="Spontaneous parametric down-conversion">spontaneous parametric down-conversion</a> which may have applications in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">quantum technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>11 February – Quantum engineers report that they created <a href="/wiki/Artificial_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial atom">artificial atoms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_quantum_dot" title="Silicon quantum dot">silicon quantum dots</a> for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a> and that artificial atoms with a higher number of electrons can be more stable qubits than previously thought possible. Enabling <a href="/wiki/Spin_qubit_quantum_computer" title="Spin qubit quantum computer">silicon-based quantum computers</a> may make it possible to reuse the manufacturing technology of "classical" modern-day computer chips among other advantages.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>14 February – Quantum physicists develop a novel <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_source" title="Single-photon source">single-photon source</a> which may allow bridging of semiconductor-based quantum-computers that use photons by converting the state of an electron <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a> of a photon. They showed that they can generate a single photon in a controlled way without the need for <a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">randomly</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_single-photon_source" title="Quantum dot single-photon source">quantum dots</a> or structural defects in diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>25 February – Scientists visualize a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum measurement">quantum measurement</a>: by taking snapshots of ion states at different times of measurement via coupling of a trapped ion <a href="/wiki/Qutrit" title="Qutrit">qutrit</a> to the photon environment, they showed that the changes of the degrees of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">superpositions</a>, and therefore of <a href="/wiki/Probabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Probabilities">probabilities</a> of states after measurement, happens gradually under the measurement influence.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg/220px-IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg/330px-IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg/440px-IQM_Quantum_Computer_Espoo_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="6720" /></a><figcaption>Working IQM Quantum Computer installed in Espoo, Finland in 2020</figcaption></figure>2 March – Scientists report achieving repeated <a href="/wiki/Quantum_nondemolition_measurement" title="Quantum nondemolition measurement">quantum nondemolition measurements</a> of an electron's spin in a silicon quantum dot: measurements that do not change the electron's spin in the process.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li>11 March – Quantum engineers report to have controlled the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields. This was first suggested to be possible in 1961 and may be used for silicon <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computers</a> that use single-atom spins without needing oscillating magnetic fields. This may be especially useful for <a href="/wiki/Nanodevice" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanodevice">nanodevices</a>, for precise sensors of electric and magnetic fields, as well as for fundamental inquiries into <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li>19 March – A US Army laboratory announces that its scientists analysed a <a href="/wiki/Rydberg_atom#Current_research_directions" title="Rydberg atom">Rydberg sensor</a>'s sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from 0 to 10^12 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> (the spectrum to 0.3 mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor may potentially be used to detect communications signals as it could reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.<a href="#cite_note-2020-03-19_Phys-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li>23 March – Researchers report that they corrected for <a href="/wiki/Attenuation#Electromagnetic" title="Attenuation">signal loss</a> in a prototype quantum <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. Their concepts could be used for key components of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_repeater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum repeater (page does not exist)">quantum repeaters</a> in quantum networks and extend their longest possible range.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li>15 April – Researchers demonstrate a proof-of-concept silicon quantum processor unit cell which works at 1.5 kelvin – many times warmer than common quantum processors that are being developed. The finding may enable the integration of classical control electronics with a qubit array and substantially reduce costs. The cooling requirements necessary for quantum computing have been called one of the toughest roadblocks in the field.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>16 April – Scientists prove the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Rashba_effect" title="Rashba effect">Rashba effect</a> in bulk <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskites</a>. Previously researchers have hypothesized that the materials' extraordinary electronic, magnetic and optical properties – which make it a commonly used material <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell" title="Perovskite solar cell">for solar cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_nanocrystal" title="Perovskite nanocrystal">quantum electronics</a> – are related to this effect which to date had not been proven to be present in the material.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>8 May – Researchers report to have developed a proof-of-concept of a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_radar" title="Quantum radar">quantum radar</a> using quantum entanglement and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a> which may potentially be useful for the development of improved radar systems, security scanners and medical imaging systems.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>12 May – Researchers report to have developed a method to selectively manipulate a layered <a href="/wiki/Manganite" title="Manganite">manganite</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electronic_correlation" title="Electronic correlation">correlated electrons'</a> spin state while leaving its <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">orbital state</a> intact using <a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse" title="Ultrashort pulse">femtosecond</a> <a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a> pulses. This may indicate that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbitronics (page does not exist)">orbitronics</a> – using variations in the orientations of orbitals – may be used as the <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">basic unit of information</a> in novel IT devices.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li>19 May – Researchers report to have developed the first integrated silicon on-chip low-noise <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_source" title="Single-photon source">single-photon source</a> compatible with large-scale <a href="/wiki/Integrated_quantum_photonics" title="Integrated quantum photonics">quantum photonics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li>11 June – Scientists report the generation of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensates</a> (BECs) in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Atom_Laboratory" title="Cold Atom Laboratory">Cold Atom Laboratory</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> under <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a> which could enable improved research of BECs and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, whose physics are scaled to macroscopic scales in BECs, support long-term investigations of <a href="/wiki/Few-body_systems" title="Few-body systems">few-body physics</a>, support the development of techniques for <a href="/wiki/Atom_interferometer" title="Atom interferometer">atom–wave interferometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom_laser" title="Atom laser">atom lasers</a> and verified the successful operation of the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-cal-iss-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></li> <li>15 June – Scientists report the development of the smallest <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_molecular_motor" title="Synthetic molecular motor">synthetic molecular motor</a>, consisting of 12 atoms and a rotor of 4 atoms, shown to be capable of being powered by an electric current using an electron scanning microscope and moving even with very low amounts of energy due to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum tunneling">quantum tunneling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li>17 June – Quantum scientists report the development of a system that entangled two photon <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">quantum communication nodes</a> through a microwave cable that can send information in between without the photons being sent through, or occupying, the cable. On 12 June it was reported that they also, for the first time, entangled two <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a> as well as erase information from their measurement after the measurement had been completed using <a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">delayed-choice quantum erasure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>18 June – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 64, the highest at the time.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li>13 August – Universal coherence protection is reported to have been achieved in a solid-state spin qubit, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "<a href="/wiki/Quantum_coherence" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum coherence">coherent</a>") for 10,000 times longer than before.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miao_Blanton_Anderson_Bourassa_2020-303">[303]</a></li> <li>26 August – Scientists report that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> may substantially limit the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">coherence</a> times of qubits if they are not <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">shielded</a> adequately.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png/220px-Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png/330px-Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png/440px-Google_Sycamore_Chip_002.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Google Sycamore quantum computer processor in 2019</figcaption></figure>28 August – Quantum engineers working for Google report the largest chemical simulation on a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computer</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Hartree%E2%80%93Fock_method" title="Hartree–Fock method">Hartree–Fock approximation</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_(quantum_computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycamore (quantum computer)">Sycamore</a> computer paired with a classical computer that analyzed results to provide new parameters for a 12-qubit system.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li>2 September – Researchers present an eight-user city-scale <a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">quantum communication network</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England, using already deployed fibres without active switching or trusted nodes.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li>9 September – Xanadu offers a cloud quantum computing service, offering a photonic quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li>21 September – Researchers report the achievement of quantum entanglement between the <a href="/wiki/Vibrations_of_a_circular_membrane" title="Vibrations of a circular membrane">motion of a millimetre-sized mechanical oscillator</a> and a disparate distant spin system of a cloud of atoms.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li>3 December – Chinese researchers claim to have achieved <a href="/wiki/Quantum_supremacy" title="Quantum supremacy">quantum supremacy</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing" title="Linear optical quantum computing">photonic</a> peak 76-qubit system (43 average) known as <a href="/wiki/Jiuzhang_(quantum_computer)" title="Jiuzhang (quantum computer)">Jiuzhang</a>, which performed calculations at 100 trillion times the speed of classical supercomputers.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></li> <li>29 October – Honeywell introduces a subscription for a quantum computing service, known as quantum computing as a service, with an ion trap quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li>12 December – At the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), IMEC shows an RF multiplexer chip that operates at temperatures as low as a few millikelvins, designed for quantum computers. Researchers from the Chalmers University of Technology developed a cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) for amplifying signals from qubits, made of indium phosphide (InP) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs).<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li>21 December – Publication of research of "<a href="/wiki/Interaction-free_measurement" title="Interaction-free measurement">counterfactual quantum communication</a>" – whose first achievement was reported in 2017 – by which information can be exchanged without any physical particle traveling between observers and without quantum teleportation.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The research suggests that this is based on some form of relation between the properties of modular angular momentum.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>6 January – Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers with two <a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">QKD</a>-ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of networks of up to ~4,600 km.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li>13 January – Austrian researchers report the first realization of an <a href="/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate" title="Controlled NOT gate">entangling gate</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">logical qubits</a> encoded in <a href="/wiki/Toric_code" title="Toric code">topological quantum error-correction codes</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Trapped_ion_quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapped ion quantum computer">trapped-ion quantum computer</a> with 10 ions.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li>15 January – Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons between <a href="/wiki/Drone_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (aircraft)">drones</a>, used as nodes for the development of mobile quantum networks or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li>27 January – BMW announces the use of a quantum computer for the optimization of supply chains.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></li> <li>28 January – Swiss and German researchers report the development of a highly efficient single-photon source for quantum IT with a system of gated quantum dots in a tunable microcavity which captures photons released from these excited "artificial atoms".<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li>3 February – Microsoft starts offering a cloud quantum computing service, called <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure_Quantum" title="Microsoft Azure Quantum">Azure Quantum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li> <li>5 February – Researchers demonstrate a first prototype of quantum-logic gates for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_network#Quantum_networks_for_computation" title="Quantum network">distributed quantum computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></li> <li>11 March – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 512.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></li> <li>13 April – In a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a>, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for quantum communication <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">transmissions</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a> using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches of <a href="/wiki/Search_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence">SETI</a> should also target interstellar quantum communications.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></li> <li>7 May – Two studies complement research published September 2020 by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement#Entanglement_of_macroscopic_objects" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum-entangling</a> two mechanical oscillators.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li> <li>8 June – Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> achieve <a href="/wiki/Quantum_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum communications">quantum communications</a> over optical fibres exceeding 600 km in length, a world-record distance.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png/310px-Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png/465px-Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png/620px-Simplified_scale_model_of_the_quantum_computing_demonstrator_housed_in_two_19-inch_racks_with_major_components_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>17 June – Austrian, German and Swiss researchers present a quantum computing demonstrator fitting into two 19-inch <a href="/wiki/Server_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="Server rack">racks</a>, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.020343-346">[346]</a></li> <li>29 June – IBM demonstrates a quantum advantage.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></li> <li>1 July – Rigetti develops a method to join several quantum processor chips together.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></li> <li>7 July – American researchers present a programmable <a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">quantum simulator</a> that can operate with 256 qubits,<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> and on the same date and journal another team presents a quantum simulator of 196 Rydeberg atoms trapped in <a href="/wiki/Optical_tweezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical tweezer">optical tweezers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a></li> <li>25 October – Chinese researchers report that they have developed the world's fastest programmable quantum computers. The photon-based Jiuzhang 2 is claimed to calculate a task in one millisecond, that otherwise would have taken a conventional computer 30 trillion years to complete. Additionally, Zuchongzhi 2 is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computer that was claimed to be the world's fastest quantum computer that can run a calculation task one million times more complex than Google's <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore</a>, as well as being 10 million times faster.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_supremacy#Progress_in_the_21st_century" title="Quantum supremacy">Quantum supremacy § Progress in the 21st century</a></div></li> <li>11 November – The first simulation of <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> on a quantum computer is reported by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li> <li>16 November – IBM claims that it has created a 127 quantum bit processor, '<a href="/wiki/IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">IBM Eagle</a>', which according to a report is the most powerful quantum processor known. According to the report, the company had not yet published an academic paper describing its metrics, performance or abilities.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>18 January – Europe's first quantum annealer with more than 5,000 qubits is presented in Jülich, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></li> <li>24 March – The first prototype, photonic, quantum <a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">memristive device</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">neuromorphic (quantum-) computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>, that is "able to produce memristive dynamics on single-photon states through a scheme of measurement and classical feedback" is invented.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></li> <li>14 April – The Quantinuum System Model H1-2 doubles its performance claiming to be the first commercial quantum computer to pass <a href="/wiki/Quantum_volume" title="Quantum volume">quantum volume</a> 4096.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></li> <li>26 May – A universal set of computational operations on fault-tolerant quantum bits is demonstrated by a team of experimental physicists in Innsbruck, Austria.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></li> <li>22 June – The world's first quantum computer <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> is demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></li> <li>28 June – Physicists report that <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence#Quantum_communications" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">interstellar quantum communication by other civilizations</a> could be possible and may be advantageous, identifying some potential challenges and factors for detecting such. They may use, for example, X-ray photons for remotely established <a href="/wiki/Quantum_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum communication">quantum communications</a> and quantum teleportation as the communication mode.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></li> <li>21 July – A universal <a href="/wiki/Qubit#Qudits_and_qutrits" title="Qubit">qudit</a> quantum processor is demonstrated with trapped ions.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></li> <li>15 August – <a href="/wiki/Nature_Materials" title="Nature Materials">Nature Materials</a> publishes the first work showing optical initialization and coherent control of nuclear spin qubits in 2D materials (an ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride).<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a></li> <li>24 August – Nature publishes the first research related to a set of 14 photons entangled with high efficiency and in a defined way.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li> <li>26 August – Created photon pairs at several different frequencies using optical ultra-thin resonant <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_metasurface" title="Electromagnetic metasurface">metasurfaces</a> made up of arrays of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanomechanical_resonator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanomechanical resonator (page does not exist)">nanoresonators</a> is reported.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></li> <li>29 August – Physicists at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics deterministically generate entangled <a href="/wiki/Graph_state" title="Graph state">graph states</a> of up to 14 photons using a trapped rubidium atom in an optical cavity.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></li> <li>2 September – Researchers from The University of Tokyo and other Japanese institutions develop a systematic method that applies optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to identify the theoretically optimal sequence from among all conceivable quantum operation sequences. It is necessary to complete the operations within the time that the coherent quantum state is maintained.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></li> <li>30 September – Researchers at University of New South Wales achieve a coherence time of two milliseconds, 100 times higher than the previous benchmark in the same quantum processor.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></li> <li>9 November – IBM presents its 433-qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its Eagle system.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></li> <li>1 December – The world's first portable quantum computer enters into commerce in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. With three variants, topping out at 3 qubits, they are meant for education. They are based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), "NMR has extremely limited scaling capabilities" and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylphosphite" title="Dimethylphosphite">dimethylphosphite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>3 February – At the University of Innsbruck, researchers entangle two ions over a distance of 230 meters.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></li> <li>8 February – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_Quantum_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine Quantum Technologies (page does not exist)">Alpine Quantum Technologies</a> (AQT) demonstrates a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_volume" title="Quantum volume">quantum volume</a> of 128 on its 19-inch rack-compatible quantum computer system PINE – a new record in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></li> <li>17 February - Fusion-based quantum computation is proposed<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></li> <li>27 March – India's first quantum computing-based telecom network link is inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></li> <li>14 June – IBM computer scientists report that a quantum computer produced better results for a <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> problem than a conventional <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230614-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20230614-384">[384]</a></li> <li>21 June – <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> declares that it is working on a <a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer" title="Topological quantum computer">topological quantum computer</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermions</a>, with the aim of arriving within 10 years at a computer capable of carrying out at least one million operations per second with an error rate of one operation every 1,000 billion (corresponding to 11 uninterrupted days of calculation).<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></li> <li>13 October – Researchers at TU Darmstadt publish the first experimental demonstration of a qubit array with more than 1,000 qubits:<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> A 3,000-site atomic array based on a 2D configuration of optical tweezers<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> holds up to 1,305 atomic qubits.</li> <li>24 October – Atom Computing announces that it has "created a 1,225-site atomic array, currently populated with 1,180 qubits",<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Rydberg_atom" title="Rydberg atom">Rydberg atoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></li> <li>4 December – IBM presents its 1121-qubit ‘<a href="/wiki/IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a>’ quantum processor, the successor to its <a href="/wiki/IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> The Condor system was the culmination of IBM's multi-year ‘Roadmap to Quantum Advantage’ seeking to break the 1,000 qubit threshold.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></li> <li>6 December – A group led by Misha Lukin at Harvard University realises a programmable quantum processor based on logical qubits using reconfigurable neutral atom arrays.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024">2024</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>8 May - Researchers deterministically fused small quantum states into states with up to eight qubits<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></li> <li>30 May - Researchers at Photonic and Microsoft performed a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing_or_communication" title="List of companies involved in quantum computing or communication">List of companies involved in quantum computing or communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quantum_processors" title="List of quantum processors">List of quantum processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_information_scientists" title="Category:Quantum information scientists">Category: Quantum information scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">Timeline of computing 2020–present</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorRenner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mor, Tal; Renner, Renato (2014). 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Nature. 626 (7997): 58–65. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03982">2312.03982</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.626...58B">2024Natur.626...58B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06927-3">10.1038/s41586-023-06927-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10830422">10830422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38056497">38056497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Logical+quantum+processor+based+on+reconfigurable+atom+arrays&rft.volume=626&rft.issue=7997&rft.pages=58-65&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10830422%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.626...58B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2312.03982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38056497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06927-3&rft.aulast=Bluvstein&rft.aufirst=Dolev&rft.au=Evered%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Geim%2C+Alexandra+A.&rft.au=Li%2C+Sophie+H.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hengyun&rft.au=Manovitz%2C+Tom&rft.au=Ebadi%2C+Sepehr&rft.au=Cain%2C+Madelyn&rft.au=Kalinowski%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Hangleiter%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Bonilla+Ataides%2C+J.+Pablo&rft.au=Maskara%2C+Nishad&rft.au=Cong%2C+Iris&rft.au=Gao%2C+Xun&rft.au=Sales+Rodriguez%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Karolyshyn%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Semeghini%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Gullans%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Greiner%2C+Markus&rft.au=Vuleti%C4%87%2C+Vladan&rft.au=Lukin%2C+Mikhail+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10830422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+quantum+computing+and+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasRuscioMorinRempe2024" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Philip; Ruscio, Leonardo; Morin, Olivier; Rempe, Gerhard (May 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11096110">"Fusion of deterministically generated photonic graph states"</a>. Nature. 629 (8012): 567–572. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.11950">2403.11950</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.629..567T">2024Natur.629..567T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07357-5">10.1038/s41586-024-07357-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11096110">11096110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38720079">38720079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fusion+of+deterministically+generated+photonic+graph+states&rft.volume=629&rft.issue=8012&rft.pages=567-572&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11096110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.629..567T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2403.11950&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07357-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38720079&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Ruscio%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Morin%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Rempe%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11096110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+quantum+computing+and+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">[hhttps://quantumcomputingreport.com/photonic-inc-demonstrates-distributed-entanglement-between-two-modules-separated-by-40-meters-of-fiber/ "Photonic Inc. 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Retrieved September 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.quantumcomputingreport.com&rft.atitle=Photonic+Inc.+Demonstrates+Distributed+Entanglement+Between+Two+Modules+Separated+by+40+Meters+of+Fiber&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=hhttps%3A%2F%2Fquantumcomputingreport.com%2Fphotonic-inc-demonstrates-distributed-entanglement-between-two-modules-separated-by-40-meters-of-fiber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+quantum+computing+and+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="History of physics">History of physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">Electromagnetism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_electromagnetism_and_classical_optics" title="Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrical_engineering" title="History of electrical 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science">Material science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology" title="Timeline of materials technology">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metamaterials" title="History of metamaterials">Metamaterials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">Mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_variational_principles_in_physics" title="History of variational principles in physics">Variational principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optics" title="History of optics">Optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_energy" title="History of energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_entropy" title="History of entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_perpetual_motion_machines" title="History of perpetual motion machines">Perpetual motion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Computational physics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computational_physics" title="Timeline of computational physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Condensed matter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_condensed_matter_physics" title="Timeline of condensed matter physics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_superconductivity" title="History of superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cosmology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">General relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">tests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geophysics" title="History of geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li>Nuclear physics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Timeline of quantum mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">Subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">Special relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light" title="Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lorentz_transformations" title="History of Lorentz transformations">Lorentz transformations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_special_relativity" title="Tests of special relativity">tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recent developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Quantum information <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_loop_quantum_gravity" title="History of loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_string_theory" title="History of string theory">String theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Cosmic microwave background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li>Subatomic particles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_the_Higgs_boson" title="Search for the Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">Neutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light" title="Rømer's determination of the speed of light">Speed of light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_physics" title="Golden age of physics">Golden age of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_cosmology" title="Golden age of cosmology">Golden age of cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era" title="Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era">Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Harvard Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)" title="The Martians (scientists)">The Martians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Panisperna_boys" title="Via Panisperna boys">Via Panisperna boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_physics" title="Women in physics">Women in physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">Galileo affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">Shapley–Curtis</a></li> <li>Relativity priority <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_priority_dispute" title="Relativity priority dispute">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity_priority_dispute" title="General relativity priority dispute">General relativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_physics" title="Category:History of physics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_information_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_information" title="Template:Quantum information"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_information" title="Template talk:Quantum information"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_information" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum information"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_information_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DiVincenzo%27s_criteria" title="DiVincenzo's criteria">DiVincenzo's criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era" title="Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era">NISQ era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubit" title="Qubit">Qubit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_and_logical_qubits" title="Physical and logical qubits">physical vs. logical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quantum_processors" title="List of quantum processors">Quantum processors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based_quantum_computing" title="Cloud-based quantum computing">cloud-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem" title="Bell's theorem">Bell's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastin%E2%80%93Knill_theorem" title="Eastin–Knill theorem">Eastin–Knill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleason%27s_theorem" title="Gleason's theorem">Gleason's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottesman%E2%80%93Knill_theorem" title="Gottesman–Knill theorem">Gottesman–Knill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holevo%27s_theorem" title="Holevo's theorem">Holevo's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-broadcasting_theorem" title="No-broadcasting theorem">No-broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-cloning_theorem" title="No-cloning theorem">No-cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-communication_theorem" title="No-communication theorem">No-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deleting_theorem" title="No-deleting theorem">No-deleting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hiding_theorem" title="No-hiding theorem">No-hiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem" title="No-teleportation theorem">No-teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBR_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="PBR theorem">PBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_speed_limit_theorems" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum speed limit theorems">Quantum speed limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_theorem" title="Threshold theorem">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solovay%E2%80%93Kitaev_theorem" title="Solovay–Kitaev theorem">Solovay–Kitaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93HJW_theorem" title="Schrödinger–HJW theorem">Purification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_capacity" title="Classical capacity">Classical capacity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement-assisted_classical_capacity" title="Entanglement-assisted classical capacity">entanglement-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_capacity" title="Quantum capacity">quantum capacity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_distillation" title="Entanglement distillation">Entanglement distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_of_entanglement" title="Monogamy of entanglement">Monogamy of entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOCC" title="LOCC">LOCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">quantum network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gate_teleportation" title="Quantum gate teleportation">quantum gate teleportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdense_coding" title="Superdense coding">Superdense coding</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Quantum_cryptography" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography">Post-quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_coin_flipping" title="Quantum coin flipping">Quantum coin flipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_money" title="Quantum money">Quantum money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BB84" title="BB84">BB84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARG04" title="SARG04">SARG04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols" title="List of quantum key distribution protocols">other protocols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_secret_sharing" title="Quantum secret sharing">Quantum secret sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">Quantum algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_amplification" title="Amplitude amplification">Amplitude amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Vazirani_algorithm" title="Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm">Bernstein–Vazirani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHT_algorithm" title="BHT algorithm">BHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boson_sampling" title="Boson sampling">Boson sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%E2%80%93Jozsa_algorithm" title="Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm">Deutsch–Jozsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm" title="Grover's algorithm">Grover's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HHL_algorithm" title="HHL algorithm">HHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_subgroup_problem" title="Hidden subgroup problem">Hidden subgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_annealing" title="Quantum annealing">Quantum annealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_counting_algorithm" title="Quantum counting algorithm">Quantum counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Fourier_transform" title="Quantum Fourier transform">Quantum Fourier transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optimization_algorithms" title="Quantum optimization algorithms">Quantum optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm" title="Quantum phase estimation algorithm">Quantum phase estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm" title="Shor's algorithm">Shor's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_problem" title="Simon's problem">Simon's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_quantum_eigensolver" title="Variational quantum eigensolver">VQE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum complexity theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BQP" title="BQP">BQP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_quantum_polynomial_time" title="Exact quantum polynomial time">EQP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QIP_(complexity)" title="QIP (complexity)">QIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QMA" title="QMA">QMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostBQP" title="PostBQP">PostBQP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum processor benchmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_supremacy" title="Quantum supremacy">Quantum supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_volume" title="Quantum volume">Quantum volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_benchmarking" title="Randomized benchmarking">Randomized benchmarking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-entropy_benchmarking" title="Cross-entropy benchmarking">XEB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(NMR)" title="Relaxation (NMR)">Relaxation times</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation" title="Spin–lattice relaxation">T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin_relaxation" title="Spin–spin relaxation">T2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantum <a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">computing models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_computation" title="Adiabatic quantum computation">Adiabatic quantum computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-variable_quantum_information" title="Continuous-variable quantum information">Continuous-variable quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_quantum_computer" title="One-way quantum computer">One-way quantum computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_state" title="Cluster state">cluster state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">quantum logic gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">quantum neural network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer" title="Topological quantum computer">Topological quantum computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum error correction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_code" title="CSS code">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_convolutional_code" title="Quantum convolutional code">quantum convolutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_code" title="Stabilizer code">stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Shor code">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon%E2%80%93Shor_code" title="Bacon–Shor code">Bacon–Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steane_code" title="Steane code">Steane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toric_code" title="Toric code">Toric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnu_code" title="Gnu code">gnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement-assisted_stabilizer_formalism" title="Entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism">Entanglement-assisted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_quantum_electrodynamics" title="Cavity quantum electrodynamics">Cavity QED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_quantum_electrodynamics" title="Circuit quantum electrodynamics">Circuit QED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing" title="Linear optical quantum computing">Linear optical QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLM_protocol" title="KLM protocol">KLM protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultracold_atom" title="Ultracold atom">Ultracold atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_atom_quantum_computer" title="Neutral atom quantum computer">Neutral atom QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapped-ion_quantum_computer" title="Trapped-ion quantum computer">Trapped-ion QC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kane_quantum_computer" title="Kane quantum computer">Kane QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_qubit_quantum_computer" title="Spin qubit quantum computer">Spin qubit QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-vacancy_center" title="Nitrogen-vacancy center">NV center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_quantum_computer" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer">NMR QC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing" title="Superconducting quantum computing">Superconducting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_qubit" title="Charge qubit">Charge qubit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_qubit" title="Flux qubit">Flux qubit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_qubit" title="Phase qubit">Phase qubit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmon" title="Transmon">Transmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a>–<a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a>–<a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Quantum Experience">IBM QX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quil_(instruction_set_architecture)" title="Quil (instruction set architecture)">Quil</a>–<a href="/wiki/Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Forest/Rigetti QCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirq" title="Cirq">Cirq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libquantum" title="Libquantum">libquantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">many others...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_information_science" title="Category:Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics">Quantum mechanics topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_mechanics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_mechanics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Timeline of quantum mechanics">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)"> Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">Ground state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">Excited state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_levels" title="Degenerate energy levels">Degenerate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">Zero-point energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">Quantum state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Formulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Path integral formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl_equation" title="Weyl equation">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_equation" title="Majorana equation">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarita%E2%80%93Schwinger_equation" title="Rarita–Schwinger equation">Rarita–Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed choice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum nanoscience">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_differential_calculus" title="Quantum differential calculus">Quantum differential calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" title="Quantum dynamics">Quantum dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_geometry" title="Quantum geometry">Quantum geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">Quantum measurement problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_stochastic_calculus" title="Quantum stochastic calculus">Quantum stochastic calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spacetime" title="Quantum spacetime">Quantum spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">Quantum algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" title="Quantum amplifier">Quantum amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_bus" title="Quantum bus">Quantum bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_finite_automaton" title="Quantum finite automaton">Quantum finite automata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum error correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_imaging" title="Quantum imaging">Quantum imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_image_processing" title="Quantum image processing">Quantum image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum logic gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">Quantum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" title="Quantum metamaterial">Quantum metamaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metrology" title="Quantum metrology">Quantum metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">Quantum network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">Quantum neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_sensor" title="Quantum sensor">Quantum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">Quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat_in_popular_culture" title="Schrödinger's cat in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_friend" title="Wigner's friend">Wigner's friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_mechanics" title="Category:Quantum mechanics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timelines_of_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timelines_of_computing" title="Template:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timelines_of_computing" title="Template talk:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines_of_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timelines_of_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_timelines" title="Category:Computing timelines">Timelines of computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing" title="Timeline of computing">Computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_before_1950" title="Timeline of computing hardware before 1950">Before 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Timeline of computing 1950–1979">1950–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989" title="Timeline of computing 1980–1989">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%931999" title="Timeline of computing 1990–1999">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Timeline of computing 2000–2009">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%932019" title="Timeline of computing 2010–2019">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_computing" title="Timeline of scientific computing">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_computing" title="Timeline of women in computing">Women in computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algorithms" title="Timeline of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Binary prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning" title="Timeline of machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quantum computing and communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Hypertext technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Operating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">DOS family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_virtualization_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of virtualization development">Virtualization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Malware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Internet_conflicts" title="Timeline of Internet conflicts">Internet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_browsers" title="Timeline of web browsers">Web browsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines" title="Timeline of web search engines">Web search engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kathleen Antonelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Bartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldstine" title="Adele Goldstine">Adele Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Haibt" title="Lois Haibt">Lois Haibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Huffman" title="David A. Huffman">David A. Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(programmer)" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Andrew Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Korsakov" title="Semyon Korsakov">Semyon Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Leveson" title="Nancy Leveson">Nancy Leveson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kruskal" title="Joseph Kruskal">Joseph Kruskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1ra_D%C3%A1n_von_Neumann" title="Klára Dán von Neumann">Klára Dán von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Frances Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Teitelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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