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edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Pope Pius XI (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[amˈbrɔ:dʒo daˈmja:no aˈkille ˈratti]</a>; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939. He also became the first <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> State upon its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929. He remained pope until his death in February 1939. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Pius XI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI,_by_Nicola_Perscheid_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1162"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Pius XI <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1922</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian Library">Ambrosian Library</a> (1907–1914)</li> <li>Vice-Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li>Prefect of the Vatican Library (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Titular Archbishop of Naupactus</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Poland">Apostolic Nuncio to Poland</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> (1921–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Monaco_La_Valletta" title="Raffaele Monaco La Valletta">Raffaele Monaco La Valletta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</div> (1857-05-31)31 May 1857 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1939(1939-02-10) (aged 81) <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> (<a href="/wiki/ThD" class="mw-redirect" title="ThD">ThD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">JCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Raptim Transit ("It goes by swiftly", Job 6:15)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Pax Christi in Regno Christi (The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ)<a href="#cite_note-Metzler-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusPPXIsignature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius XI's signature"><img alt="Pius XI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/130px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/195px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/260px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="242"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius XI's coat of arms"><img alt="Pius XI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/50px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/100px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1181"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Pius (disambiguation)">Other popes named Pius</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;">Papal styles of Pope Pius XI</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/60px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/90px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/120px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1181"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history of Pope Pius XI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1879</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-consecrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Sebastian_Pelczar" title="Józef Sebastian Pelczar">Józef Sebastian Pelczar</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kazimierz_Zdzitowiecki" title="Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki">Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1919</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 1921</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">Episcopal succession</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XI as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Giorgi" title="Oreste Giorgi">Oreste Giorgi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Lega" title="Michele Lega">Michele Lega</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1929</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Pius XI issued numerous <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a> on the 40th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s groundbreaking social encyclical <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a>, highlighting the capitalistic greed of international finance, the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> issues, and <a href="/wiki/Quas_primas" title="Quas primas">Quas primas</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">feast of Christ the King</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>. The encyclical Studiorum ducem, promulgated 29 June 1923, was written on the occasion of the 6th centenary of the canonization of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, whose thought is acclaimed as central to Catholic philosophy and theology. The encyclical also singles out the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, Angelicum as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: "ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris" (before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The encyclical <a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a> promulgated on 31 December 1930 prohibited Catholics from using <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>. To establish or maintain the position of the Catholic Church, Pius XI concluded a record number of <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and he condemned their betrayals four years later in the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a> ("With Burning Concern"). During his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the Italian government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy was successfully resolved in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929. He was unable to stop the persecution of the Church and the killing of clergy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He canonized saints including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_of_Lourdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernadette of Lourdes">Bernadette of Lourdes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">Don Bosco</a>. He beatified and canonized <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse de Lisieux">Thérèse de Lisieux</a>, for whom he held special reverence, and gave <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">equivalent canonization</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, naming him a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> due to his writings' spiritual power. He took a strong interest in fostering the participation of laypeople throughout the Church, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> movement. The end of his pontificate was dominated by speaking out against Hitler and Mussolini, and defending the Catholic Church from intrusions into its life and education. Pius XI died on 10 February 1939 in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> and was buried in the Papal Grotto of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>. In the course of excavating space for his tomb, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">two levels of burial grounds</a> were uncovered that revealed bones now venerated as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">the bones of St. Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner2004-7">[7]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_career">1 Early life and career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion">1.1 Nuncio to Poland and expulsion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Elevation_to_the_papacy">1.2 Elevation to the papacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Public_teaching:_%22The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ%22">2 Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ"</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Political_teachings">2.1 Political teachings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Social_teachings">2.2 Social teachings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Gender_roles">2.2.1 Gender roles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Private_property">2.2.2 Private property</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Capital_and_labor">2.2.3 Capital and labor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Social_order">2.2.4 Social order</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism">3 Internal Church affairs and ecumenism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Activities">3.1 Activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Beatifications_and_canonizations">3.1.1 Beatifications and canonizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Consistories">3.1.2 Consistories</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#International_relations">4 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Relations_with_France">4.1 Relations with France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties">4.2 Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria">4.3 Relations with Germany and Austria</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Austria">4.3.1 Austria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Mit_brennender_Sorge">4.3.2 Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Response_of_the_press_and_governments">4.3.3 Response of the press and governments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Kristallnacht">4.3.4 Kristallnacht</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Relations_with_East_Asia">4.4 Relations with East Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Involvement_with_American_efforts">4.5 Involvement with American efforts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Brazil">4.6 Brazil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Persecution_of_Christians">4.7 Persecution of Christians</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Soviet_Union">4.7.1 Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Mexico">4.7.2 Mexico</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Spain">4.7.3 Spain</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church">5 Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Condemnation_of_racism">6 Condemnation of racism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Humani_generis_unitas">6.1 Humani generis unitas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Personality">7 Personality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Death_and_burial">8 Death and burial</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Legacies">9 Legacies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Episcopal_genealogy">10 Episcopal genealogy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Citations">12 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sources_and_further_reading">14 Sources and further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Other_languages">14.1 Other languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papal_Parentage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/220px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/220px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/330px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/440px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The parents of Pius XI</figcaption></figure> Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti was born in <a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Milan" title="Province of Milan">province of Milan</a>, in 1857, the son of the owner of a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> factory.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His parents were Francesco Antonio <a href="/wiki/Ratti_family" title="Ratti family">Ratti</a> (1823–1881) and his wife Angela Teresa née Galli-Cova (1832–1918);<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> his siblings were Carlo (1853–1906), Fermo (1854–1929),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Edoardo (1855–1896), Camilla (1860–1946),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and Cipriano. He was ordained a priest in 1879 and was selected for a life of academic studies within the Church. He obtained three doctorates (in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">canon law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">theology</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and from 1882 to 1888 was a professor at a seminary in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. His scholarly speciality was as an expert <a href="/wiki/Paleographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleographer">paleographer</a>, a student of ancient and medieval Church manuscripts. In 1888, he was transferred from seminary teaching to the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Ambrosian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where he worked till 1911.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 269px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The young Ratti as a newly ordained priest</figcaption></figure> During this time, Ratti edited and published an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian rite">Ambrosian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> (the rite of Mass used in a wide territory in northern Italy, coinciding above all with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">diocese of Milan</a>). He also engaged in research and writing on the life and works of the reforming Archbishop of Milan, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>. Ratti became head of the Ambrosian Library in 1907 and undertook a thorough programme of restoration and reclassification of its collections. In his spare time, he was an avid <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a>, reaching the summits of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presolana" title="Presolana">Presolana</a>. A scholar-athlete pope was not seen again until <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. In 1911, Ratti was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> Vice-Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, and in 1914 was promoted to Prefect.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion">Nuncio to Poland and expulsion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nuncio to Poland and expulsion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XI and Poland">Pope Pius XI and Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg/220px-Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg/220px-Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg/330px-Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ratti (centre) circa 1900 in the Alps on a tour.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/220px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/220px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/330px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/440px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Achille Ratti in 1919</figcaption></figure> In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (1914–1922) appointed Ratti to what was in effect a diplomatic post, as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">apostolic visitor</a> (an unofficial papal representative) in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Poland</a>. In the aftermath of World War I, a Polish state was restored, though the process was in practice incomplete, since the territory was still under the effective control of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In October 1918, Benedict was the first head of state to congratulate the Polish people on the occasion of the restoration of their independence.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14">[14]</a> In March 1919, he appointed ten new bishops and on 6 June 1919 reappointed Ratti, this time to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> and on 3 July appointed him a <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular archbishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14">[14]</a> Ratti was consecrated as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> on 28 October 1919. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI_leaning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/150px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/150px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/225px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/300px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Achille Ratti, shortly after his consecration as bishop</figcaption></figure>According to German theologian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schmidlin" class="extiw" title="de:Joseph Schmidlin">Joseph Schmidlin</a>'s Papstgeschichte der Neuesten Zeit, Benedict and Ratti repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting Lithuanian and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a> clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15">[15]</a> During the Bolshevik advance against <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a>, Benedict asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland, while Ratti was the only foreign diplomat who refused to flee Warsaw when the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was approaching the city in August 1920.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On 11 June 1921, Benedict asked Ratti to deliver his message to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging peaceful coexistence with neighboring peoples, and saying that "love of country has its limits in justice and obligations".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Ratti intended to work for <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> by building bridges to men of goodwill in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, even to shedding his blood for Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-18">[18]</a> But Benedict needed Ratti as a diplomat, not a martyr, and forbade his traveling to the USSR despite his being the official papal delegate for Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-18">[18]</a> The nuncio's continued contacts with Russians did not generate much sympathy for him within Poland at the time. After Benedict sent Ratti to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to forestall potential political agitation within the Polish Catholic clergy,<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15">[15]</a> Ratti was asked to leave Poland. On 20 November, when German Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Adolf Bertram</a> announced a papal ban on all political activities of clergymen, calls for Ratti's expulsion climaxed.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19">[19]</a> Ratti was asked to leave. "While he tried honestly to show himself as a friend of Poland, Warsaw forced his departure, after his neutrality in <a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">Silesian voting</a> was questioned"<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> by Germans and Poles. Nationalistic Germans objected to the Polish nuncio supervising local elections, and patriotic Poles were upset because he curtailed political action among the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_(sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.),_1921_JS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/220px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 316px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/220px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/330px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/440px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cardinal Achille Ratti in 1921</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_the_papacy">Elevation to the papacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elevation to the papacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1922_papal_conclave" title="1922 papal conclave">1922 papal conclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/220px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/220px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/330px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/440px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pius XI makes his first public appearance as pope in 1922. The coat of arms on the banner is that of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> of 3 June 1921, Benedict XV created three new cardinals, including Ratti, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> simultaneously. Benedict told them, "Well, today I gave you the red hat, but soon it will be white for one of you."<a href="#cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21">[21]</a> After the Vatican celebration, Ratti went to the Benedictine monastery at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> for a retreat to prepare spiritually for his new role. He accompanied Milanese pilgrims to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a> in August 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21">[21]</a> Ratti received a tumultuous welcome on a visit to his home town of <a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, and was enthroned in Milan on 8 September. On 22 January 1922, Benedict XV died unexpectedly of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> At the conclave to choose a new pope, which was the longest of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> was divided into two factions, one led by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> favoring the policies and style of Pius X and the other favoring those of Benedict XV led by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23">[23]</a> Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_de_Lai" title="Gaetano de Lai">Gaetano de Lai</a> approached Ratti and was believed to have said: "We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state". Ratti is said to have responded: "I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23">[23]</a> Ratti was elected on the conclave's 14th ballot on 6 February 1922 and took the name Pius XI, explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of the Vatican Library. It was rumored that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23">[23]</a> When asked if he accepted his election, Ratti was said to have replied: "In spite of my unworthiness, of which I am deeply aware, I accept". He went on to say that his choice in papal name was because "Pius is a name of peace".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After the dean Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Vannutelli" title="Vincenzo Vannutelli">Vincenzo Vannutelli</a> asked if he assented to the election, Ratti paused in silence for two minutes, according to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a>. The Hungarian cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Csernoch" title="János Csernoch">János Csernoch</a> later commented: "We made Cardinal Ratti pass through the fourteen stations of the Via Crucis and then we left him alone on Calvary".<a href="#cite_note-Fisherman-25">[25]</a> As Pius XI's first act as pope, he revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> ("to the city and to the world"), abandoned by his predecessors since the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">loss of Rome</a> to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Less than a month later, considering that all four cardinals from the Western Hemisphere had been unable to participate in his election, he issued <a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a> to allow the College of Cardinals to delay the start of a conclave for as long as 18 days following the death of a pope.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id='Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ"'>Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ"</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=4" title='Edit section: Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malina,_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus,_1_(Papst_Pius_XI.)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="2325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 299px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pius XI in 1930</figcaption></figure> Pius XI's first encyclical as pope was directly related to his aim of Christianizing all aspects of increasingly secular societies. <a href="/wiki/Ubi_arcano_Dei_consilio" title="Ubi arcano Dei consilio">Ubi arcano</a>, promulgated in December 1922, inaugurated the "Catholic Action" movement. Similar goals were in evidence in two encyclicals of 1929 and 1930. Divini illius magistri ("That Divine Teacher's") (1929) made clear the need for Christian over secular education.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a> ("Chaste Wedlock") (1930) praised Christian marriage and family life as the basis for any good society; it condemned artificial means of contraception, but acknowledged the unitive aspect of intercourse: <ul><li>...[A]ny use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>....Nor are those considered as acting against nature who in the married state use their right in the proper manner although on account of natural reasons either of time or of certain defects, new life cannot be brought forth. For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_teachings">Political teachings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political teachings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In contrast to some of his 19th-century predecessors who favored monarchy and dismissed democracy, Pius XI took a pragmatic approach toward different forms of government. In his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a> (1933), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a>, he proclaimed, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_teachings">Social teachings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social teachings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Pius XI argued for a reconstruction of economic and political life on the basis of religious values. <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a> (1931) was written to mark 'forty years' since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s (1878–1903) encyclical <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a>, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity. Pius XI instead envisioned an economy based on cooperation and solidarity. In Quadragesimo anno, Pius XI wrote that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but morally and ethically. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33">[33]</a> in terms of its functions for society and the development of the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34">[34]</a> He defined fair wages and called international capitalism materially and spiritually exploitative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender roles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pius XI wrote that mothers should work primarily <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">within the home</a>, or in its immediate vicinity, and concentrate on household duties. He argued that every effort in society must be made for fathers to make high enough wages that it never becomes necessary for mothers to work. Forced dual-income situations in which mothers work he called an "intolerable abuse".<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_71-35">[35]</a> Pius also criticized <a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">egalitarianist</a> stances, describing modern attempts to "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">liberate women</a>" as a "crime".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He wrote that attempts to liberate women from their husbands are a "false liberty and unnatural equality" and that the true emancipation of women "belongs to the noble office of a Christian woman and wife."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_property">Private property</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Private property" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Church has a role in discussing the issues related to the social order. Social and economic issues are vital to it not from a technical point of view but morally and ethically. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property.<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33">[33]</a> Within the Catholic Church, several conflicting views had developed. Pius declared private property essential for individual development and freedom, and said that those who deny private property also deny personal freedom and development. He also said that private property has a social function and loses its morality if it is not subordinated to the common good, and governments have a right to redistribution policies. In extreme cases, he granted the state a right to expropriate private property.<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_and_labor">Capital and labor</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Capital and labor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A related issue, said Pius, is the relation between capital and labor and the determination of fair wages.<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38">[38]</a> Pius develops the following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion of industrial society to have developed sharp opposite camps based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these differences. Three elements determine a fair wage: the worker's family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is possible only within the framework of a functioning economy and a sound enterprise. Thus, Pius concludes that cooperation and not conflict is a necessary condition, given the interdependence of the parties involved.<a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_order">Social order</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at the individual and communal level because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The society of individuals becomes the mass class-society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees, through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius displays an unfavorable view of capitalism, especially anonymous international finance markets.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He identifies certain dangers for small and medium-size enterprises that have insufficient access to capital markets and are squeezed or destroyed by larger ones. He warns that capitalist interests can become a danger for nations, which could be reduced to "chained slaves of individual interests".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Pius XI was the first Pope to use the power of modern communications technology in evangelizing the wider world. He established <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> in 1931, and was the first Pope to broadcast on radio. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism">Internal Church affairs and ecumenism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internal Church affairs and ecumenism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In his management of the Church's internal affairs, Pius XI mostly continued the policies of his predecessor. Like <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a>, he emphasized spreading Catholicism in Africa and Asia and training native clergy in those territories. He ordered every religious order to devote some of its personnel and resources to missionary work. Pius XI continued the approach of Benedict XV on the issue of how to deal with the threat of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernism</a> in Catholic theology. He was thoroughly orthodox theologically and had no sympathy with modernist ideas that relativized fundamental Catholic teachings. He condemned modernism in his writings and addresses. But his opposition to modernist theology was by no means a rejection of new scholarship within the Church, as long as it was developed within the framework of orthodoxy and compatible with the Church's teachings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pius XI was interested in supporting serious scientific study within the Church, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_the_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Academy of the Sciences">Pontifical Academy of the Sciences</a> in 1936. In 1928 he formed the Gregorian Consortium of universities in Rome administered by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, fostering closer collaboration between their <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Biblical Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/220px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 305px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/220px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/330px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/440px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pope Pius XI (1922–1939). Warsaw forced his departure as Nuncio. Two years later, he was pope. He signed concordats with numerous countries, including Lithuania and Poland.</figcaption></figure> Pius XI strongly encouraged devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Miserentissimus_Redemptor" title="Miserentissimus Redemptor">Miserentissimus Redemptor</a> (1928). Pius XI was the first pope to directly address the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian ecumenical movement</a>. Like Benedict XV he was interested in achieving reunion with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> (failing that, he determined to give special attention to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He also allowed the dialogue between Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholics">Anglicans</a> that had been planned during Benedict XV's pontificate to take place at <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, but these enterprises were firmly aimed at actually reuniting with the Catholic Church other Christians who basically agreed with Catholic doctrine, bringing them back under papal authority. To the broad pan-Protestant ecumenical movement he took a less favorable attitude.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He rejected, in his 1928 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mortalium_animos" title="Mortalium animos">Mortalium animos</a>, the idea that Christian unity could be attained by establishing a broad federation of many bodies holding conflicting doctrines; rather, the Catholic Church was the true Church of Christ. "The union of Christians can only be promoted by promoting the return to the one true Church of Christ of those who are separated from it, for in the past they have unhappily left it." The pronouncement also prohibited Catholics from joining groups that encouraged interfaith discussion without distinction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The next year, the Vatican was successful in lobbying the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Mussolini regime</a> to require Catholic religious education in all schools, even those with a majority of Protestants or Jews. The Pope expressed his "great pleasure" with the move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329-45">[45]</a> In 1934, the Fascist government at the Vatican's urging agreed to expand the probation on public gatherings of Protestants to include private worship in homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beatifications_and_canonizations">Beatifications and canonizations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beatifications and canonizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of people beatified by Pope Pius XI">List of people beatified by Pope Pius XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XI">List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XI</a></div> Pius XI canonized 34 saints during his pontificate, including <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a> (1933), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/John_Vianney" title="John Vianney">John Vianney</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1935), and <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">John Bosco</a> (1934). He also beatified 464 of the faithful, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Ren%C3%A9_Rogue" title="Pierre-René Rogue">Pierre-René Rogue</a> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Pinot" title="Noël Pinot">Noël Pinot</a> (1926). Pius XI also declared Saints to be <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> (21 May 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a> (24 August 1926; naming him "Doctor mysticus" or "Mystical Doctor")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a> (17 September 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert the Great">Albert the Great</a> (16 December 1931; naming him "Doctor universalis" or "Universal Doctor")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consistories">Consistories</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consistories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI" title="Cardinals created by Pius XI">Cardinals created by Pius XI</a></div> Pius XI created 76 cardinals in 17 consistories, including <a href="/wiki/August_Hlond" title="August Hlond">August Hlond</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Rossi" title="Raffaele Rossi">Raffaele Rossi</a> (1930), <a href="/wiki/Elia_Dalla_Costa" title="Elia Dalla Costa">Elia Dalla Costa</a> (1933), and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a> (1937). One of those was his successor, Eugenio Pacelli, who became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. Pius XI in fact believed that Pacelli would be his successor and dropped many hints that this was his hope. On one such occasion at a consistory for new cardinals on 13 December 1937, while posing with the new cardinals, Pius XI pointed to Pacelli and told them: "He'll make a good pope!"<a href="#cite_note-Fisherman-25">[25]</a> Pius XI also accepted the resignation of a cardinal from the cardinalate in 1927: the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a>. The pope deviated from the usual practice of naming cardinals in collective consistories, opting instead for smaller and more frequent consistories, with some of them being less than six months apart. Unlike his predecessors, he increased the number of non-Italian cardinals. In 1923, Pius XI wanted to appoint Ricardo Sanz de Samper y Campuzano (<a href="/wiki/Majordomo" title="Majordomo">majordomo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_Household" title="Prefecture of the Papal Household">Papal Household</a>) to the College of Cardinals but was forced to abandon the idea when King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> of Spain insisted that the pope appoint cardinals from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> despite the fact that Sanz hailed from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Since Pius XI did not want to appear to be influenced by political considerations, he chose in the December 1923 consistory to name no South American cardinals at all. According to an article by the historian Monsignor Vicente Cárcel y Ortí, a 1928 letter from Alfonso XIII asked the pope to restore <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">Valencia</a> as a cardinalitial see and appoint its archbishop, Prudencio Melo y Alcalde, a cardinal. Pius XI responded that he could not do so because Spain already had the habitual number of cardinals (set at four) with two of them fixed (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville">Seville</a>) and the other two variable. Pius XI recommended that Alfonso XIII wait for a future occasion, but he never did make the archbishop a cardinal, and not until 2007 was the diocese given a cardinal archbishop. In December 1935, the pope intended to appoint the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacchi_Venturi" title="Pietro Tacchi Venturi">Pietro Tacchi Venturi</a> a cardinal, but abandoned the idea given that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> government would have regarded the move as a friendly gesture toward <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> since the priest and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> were considered to be close.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_(1869%E2%80%931937)_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_(1857%E2%80%931939)_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/220px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/220px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/330px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/440px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869%E2%80%931937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Pope Pius XI, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924-25</figcaption></figure> The pontificate of Pius XI coincided with the early aftermath of the First World War. Many of the old European monarchies had been swept away and a new and precarious order formed across the continent. In the East, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> arose. In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> took power, while in Germany, the fragile <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48">[48]</a> His reign was one of busy diplomatic activity for the Vatican. The Church made advances on several fronts in the 1920s, improving relations with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and, most spectacularly, settling the <a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a> with Italy and gaining recognition of an independent Vatican state. Pius XI's major diplomatic approach was to make <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a>. He concluded eighteen such treaties during the course of his pontificate. However, wrote <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Peter Hebblethwaite</a>, these concordats did not prove "durable or creditable" and "wholly failed in their aim of safeguarding the institutional rights of the Church" for "Europe was entering a period in which such agreements were regarded as mere scraps of paper".<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118-49">[49]</a> From 1933 to 1936 Pius wrote several protests against the Nazi regime, while his attitude to Mussolini's Italy changed dramatically in 1938, after Nazi racial policies were adopted in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48">[48]</a> Pius XI watched the rising tide of totalitarianism with alarm and delivered three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> <a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a> (1931; "We Do Not Need [to Acquaint You]"); against Nazism <a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a> (1937; "With Deep Concern"), and against atheist Communism <a href="/wiki/Divini_redemptoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Divini redemptoris">Divini redemptoris</a> (1937; "Divine Redeemer"). He also challenged the extremist nationalism of the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_France">Relations with France</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> France's republican government had long been anti-clerical, and much of the French Catholic Church anti-republican. The <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a> had expelled many religious orders from France, declared all Church buildings to be government property, and had led to the closure of most Church schools. Since that time Pope Benedict XV had sought a rapprochement, but it was not achieved until the reign of Pope Pius XI. In Maximam gravissimamque (1924), many areas of dispute were tacitly settled and a bearable coexistence made possible.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1926, worried by the agnosticism of its leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, Pius XI condemned the monarchist movement <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a>. The Pope also judged that it was folly for the French Church to continue to tie its fortunes to the unlikely dream of a monarchist restoration, and distrusted the movement's tendency to defend the Catholic religion in merely utilitarian and nationalistic terms.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Prior to this, Action Française had operated with the support of a great number of French lay Catholics, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>, as well as members of the clergy. Pius XI's decision was strongly criticized by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a> who believed that the political activities of <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> Catholics should not be censured by Rome.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He later resigned from his position as Cardinal, the only man to do so in the twentieth century, which is believed by some to have been the ultimate result of Pius XI's condemnation,<a href="#cite_note-purple-54">[54]</a> though these claims have been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a> Pius XI's successor, Pope Pius XII, repealed the papal ban on the group in 1939, once again allowing Catholics to associate themselves with the movement.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> However, despite Pius XII's actions to rehabilitate the group, Action Française ultimately never recovered to their former status. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties">Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></div> Pius XI aimed to end the long breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> had been seized by the forces of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of Italy (1861–1878) in 1860 at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">foundation of the modern unified Italian state</a>, and the rest, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">including Rome</a>, in 1870. The Papacy and the Italian Government had been at loggerheads ever since: the Popes had refused to recognise the Italian state's seizure of the Papal States, instead withdrawing to become <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoners in the Vatican</a>, and the Italian government's policies had always been <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a>. Now Pius XI thought a compromise would be the best solution. To bolster his own new regime, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> was also eager for an agreement. After years of negotiation, in 1929, the Pope supervised the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> with the Italian government. According to the terms of the treaty that was one of the agreed documents, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> was given sovereignty as an independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States. Pius XI thus became a head of state (albeit the smallest state in the world), the first Pope who could be termed a head of state since the Papal States fell after the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The concordat that was another of the agreed documents of 1929 recognised Catholicism as the sole religion of the state (as it already was under Italian law, while other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, gave civil recognition to church marriages (previously couples had to have a civil ceremony), and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn, the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had veto power over their selection.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The Church was not officially obligated to support the Fascist regime; the strong differences remained, but the seething hostility ended. Friction continued over the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his <a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Fascist youth group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The third document in the agreement paid the Vatican 1.75 billion <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> (about $100 million) for the seizures of church property since 1860. Pius XI invested the money in the stock markets and real estate. To manage these investments, the Pope appointed the lay-person <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Nogara" title="Bernardino Nogara">Bernardino Nogara</a>, who, through shrewd investing in stocks, gold, and futures markets, significantly increased the Catholic Church's financial holdings. The income largely paid for the upkeep of the expensive-to-maintain stock of historic buildings in the Vatican which until 1870 had been maintained through funds raised from the Papal States. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_annex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/220px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="818"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/220px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/330px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/440px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Boundary map of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, taken from the annex of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> The Vatican's relationship with Mussolini's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. In response, Pius issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a> ("We Have No Need)" in 1931. It denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned "pagan worship of the State."<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> It also condemned Fascism's "revolution which snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> From the earliest days of the Nazi takeover in Germany, the Vatican was taking diplomatic action to attempt to defend the Jews of Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the spring of 1933, Pope Pius XI urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to restrain the anti-Semitic actions taking place in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Mussolini urged Pius to excommunicate Hitler,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] as he thought it would render him less powerful in Catholic Austria and reduce the danger to Italy and wider Europe. The Vatican refused to comply and thereafter Mussolini began to work with Hitler, adopting his anti-Semitic and race theories.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 1936, with the Church in Germany facing clear persecution, Italy and Germany agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Berlin-Rome Axis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria">Relations with Germany and Austria</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relations with Germany and Austria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Germany" title="Pope Pius XI and Germany">Pope Pius XI and Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391,_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> on 20 July 1933. From left to right: German prelate <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a>, German Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, representing Germany, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Cardinal Pacelli</a>, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Buttmann" title="Rudolf Buttmann">Rudolf Buttmann</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Nazis, like the Pope, were unalterably opposed to Communism. In the years leading up to the 1933 election, the German bishops opposed the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> by proscribing German Catholics from joining and participating in it. This changed by the end of March after Cardinal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Von_Faulhaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Von Faulhaber (page does not exist)">Michael Von Faulhaber</a> of Munich met with the Pope. One author claims that Pius expressed support for the regime soon after Hitler's rise to power, with the author asserting that he said, "I have changed my mind about Hitler, it is for the first time that such a government voice has been raised to denounce Bolshevism in such categorical terms, joining with the voice of the pope."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143359-65">[64]</a> A threatening, though initially sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the 1933 Nazi takeover in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In the dying days of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the newly appointed Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> moved quickly to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">political Catholicism</a>. Vice Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> was dispatched to Rome to negotiate a <a href="/wiki/Reich_concordat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich concordat">Reich concordat</a> with the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach an agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Negotiations were conducted by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1939–1958). The Reichskonkordat was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The treaty was an extension of existing concordats already signed with <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Concordat_(1924)" title="Bavarian Concordat (1924)">Bavaria</a>, but wrote Hebblethwaite, it seemed "more like a surrender than anything else: it involved the suicide of the [Catholic] <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party">Centre Party</a>... ".<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118-49">[49]</a> "The agreement", wrote <a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">William Shirer</a>, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". On 25 July, the Nazis promulgated their <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">sterilization law</a>, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality".<a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-70">[69]</a> In February 1936, Hitler sent Pius a telegram congratulating the Pope on the anniversary of his <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">coronation</a>, but Pius responded with criticisms of what was happening in Germany, so forcefully that the German foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> wanted to suppress the response, but Pius insisted it be forwarded to Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Austria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The pope supported the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Socialists</a> in <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, a country with an overwhelmingly Catholic population but a powerful secular element.<a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350-72">[71]</a> He especially supported the regime of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> (1932–1934), who wanted to remold society based on papal encyclicals. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical factions and the socialists, but was assassinated by Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schuschnigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt von Schuschnigg">Kurt von Schuschnigg</a> (1934–1938) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> saw the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> At the direction of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Innitzer" title="Theodor Innitzer">Theodor Innitzer</a>, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14 March.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> However, wrote <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>, such gestures of accommodation were "not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Gauleiter Globocnik</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Hitler_pp.51-52-76">[75]</a> Globocnik launched a campaign against the Church, confiscating property, closing Catholic organisations, and sending many priests to <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hitler_pp.51-52-76">[75]</a> Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the "very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime", when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Fuehrer", before being dispersed by police.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350-72">[71]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">National Catholic Welfare Conference</a> wrote that Pope Pius, "again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas the Betrayer</a>, comparing Hitler with <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp.29-30-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_brennender_Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mit brennender Sorge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activity and interfered with Catholic schooling, youth groups, workers' clubs and cultural societies.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. In March, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a> accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church". The Pope noted on the horizon the "threatening storm clouds" of religious wars of extermination over Germany.<a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-70">[69]</a> Copies had to be smuggled into Germany so they could be read from church pulpits.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The encyclical, the only one ever written in German, was addressed to German bishops and was read in all parishes of Germany. The text is credited to Munich Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a>, who later became Pope Pius XII.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> There was no advance announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. The encyclical condemned particularly the paganism of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, the myth of race and blood, and fallacies in the Nazi conception of God: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></blockquote> The Nazis responded with an intensification of their <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">campaign against the churches</a>, beginning around April.<a href="#cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382-83">[82]</a> There were mass arrests of clergy and church presses were expropriated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/220px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7858" data-file-height="5695"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/220px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/330px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/440px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Pope Pius XI in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Wildt" title="Adolfo Wildt">Adolfo Wildt</a> exposed in the Vatican Museums in Rome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_of_the_press_and_governments">Response of the press and governments</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Response of the press and governments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While numerous German Catholics, including those who participated in the secret printing and distribution of the encyclical, went to jail and concentration camps, the Western democracies remained silent, which Pius XI labeled bitterly a "conspiracy of silence".<a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_395-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-divinired-86">[85]</a> As the extreme nature of Nazi racial <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> became obvious, and as Mussolini in the late 1930s began imitating Hitler's anti-Jewish race laws in Italy, Pius XI continued to make his position clear. After Fascist Italy's <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a> was published, the pope said in a public address in the Vatican to Belgian pilgrims in 1938: "Mark well that in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites".<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> These comments were reported by neither <a href="/wiki/Osservatore_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Osservatore Romano">Osservatore Romano</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> They were reported in Belgium on 14 September 1938 issue of <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique" title="La Libre Belgique">La Libre Belgique</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and on 17 September 1938 issue of French Catholic daily <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> They were then published worldwide but had little resonance at the time in the secular media.<a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_395-85">[84]</a> The "conspiracy of silence" included not only the silence of secular powers against the horrors of Nazism but also their silence on the persecution of the Church in Mexico, the Soviet Union and Spain. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were "reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kristallnacht" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1933, when the new Nazi government began to instigate its program of anti-Semitism, Pius XI ordered the papal nuncio in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Cesare Orsenigo</a>, to "look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved" in aiding Jews. Orsenigo proved ineffective in this, concerned more with anti-church Nazi policies, and how these might affect German Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On 11 November 1938, following the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> pogrom, Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a> declared before 5,000 protesters: "Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> On 21 November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there is only a single human race. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>, the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: "No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement that there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites." Catholic leaders, including Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a> of Milan, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest van Roey">Jozef-Ernest van Roey</a> in Belgium and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean_Verdier" title="Jean Verdier">Jean Verdier</a> in Paris, backed the Pope's strong condemnation of Kristallnacht.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_East_Asia">Relations with East Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relations with East Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Under Pius XI, papal relations with East Asia were marked by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> to prominence, as well as the unification of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. In 1922 he established the position of Apostolic Delegate to China, and the first person in that capacity was <a href="/wiki/Celso_Benigno_Luigi_Costantini" title="Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini">Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> On 1 August 1928, the Pope addressed a message of support for the political unification of China. Following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931 and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the Holy See recognized the new state. On 10 September 1938, the Pope held a reception at <a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a> for an official delegation from Manchukuo, headed by Manchukuoan Minister of Foreign Affairs Ts'ai Yün-sheng.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_with_American_efforts">Involvement with American efforts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Involvement with American efforts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg/330px-TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> cover, 16 June 1924</figcaption></figure> Mother <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Katharine Drexel</a>, who founded the American order of <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a> for Indians and Colored People, corresponded with Pius XI, as she had with his papal predecessors. (In 1887, Pope Leo XIII had encouraged Katharine Drexel—then a young Philadelphia socialite— to do missionary work with America's disadvantaged people of color). In the early 1930s, Mother Drexel wrote Pius XI asking him to bless a publicity campaign to acquaint white Catholics with the needs of the disadvantaged races among them. An emissary had shown him photos of <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">college for blacks</a> in New Orleans which Mother Drexel had founded to provide higher education to Catholic African-Americans. Pius XI replied promptly, sending his blessing and encouragement. Upon his return, the emissary told Mother Katharine that the Pope said he had read the novel <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> as a boy, and it had ignited his lifelong concern for the American Negro.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_xi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/220px-Pius_xi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/220px-Pius_xi_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/330px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/440px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pope Pius XI at his workdesk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1930, Pius XI declared the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> under the title of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a> as the Queen and <a href="/wiki/Patroness" class="mw-redirect" title="Patroness">Patroness</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Christians">Persecution of Christians</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Persecution of Christians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></div> Pius XI was faced with unprecedented persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic Church in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a> and with the persecution of all Christians, especially the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He called this the "terrible triangle".<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Soviet Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Holy See–Soviet Union relations</a></div> Worried by the persecution of Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Pius XI mandated Berlin nuncio <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> to work secretly on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the Soviet Union. Pacelli negotiated food shipments for Russia and met with Soviet representatives, including Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Chicherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Chicherin">Georgi Chicherin</a>, who rejected any kind of religious education and the ordination of priests and bishops but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until Pius XI ordered them discontinued in 1927 because they generated no results and would be dangerous to the Church if made public. The "harsh persecution short of total annihilation of the clergy, monks, and nuns and other people associated with the Church",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617-101">[100]</a> continued well into the 1930s. In addition to executing and exiling many clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of Church implements "for victims of famine" and the closing of churches were common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-102">[101]</a> Yet according to an official report based on the census of 1936, some 55% of Soviet citizens identified themselves openly as religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></div> During the pontificate of Pius XI, the Catholic Church was subjected to extreme persecutions in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which resulted in the death of over 5,000 priests, bishops and followers.<a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-103">[102]</a> In the state of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> the Church was in effect outlawed altogether. In his encyclical Iniquis afflictisque<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> from 18 November 1926, Pope Pius protested against the slaughter and persecution. The United States intervened in 1929 and moderated an agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-103">[102]</a> The persecutions resumed in 1931. Pius XI condemned the Mexican government again in his 1932 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a>. Problems continued with reduced hostilities until 1940, when in the new pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> returned the Mexican churches to the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-103">[102]</a> There were 4,500 Mexican priests serving Mexican believers before the rebellion. In 1934 over 90% of them suffered persecution as only 334 priests were licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people. Excluding foreign religious, over 4,100 Mexican priests were eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> By 1935, 17 Mexican states were left with no priests at all.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Spain" title="Pope Pius XI and Spain">Pope Pius XI and Spain</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> which came to power in Spain in 1931 was strongly anti-clerical, secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> from the country. On <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> 1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Syro-Malankara Catholic Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Pius XI accepted the Reunion Movement of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ivanios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Ivanios">Mar Ivanios</a> along with four other members of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Church</a> in 1930. As a result of the Reunion Movement, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> is in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and the Catholic Church. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Condemnation_of_racism">Condemnation of racism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Condemnation of racism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The Fascist government in Italy abstained from copying Germany's racial and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> laws and regulations until 1938, when Italy introduced <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">anti-Semitic legislation</a>. In a public speech, the Pope sought to dissuade Italy from adopting demeaning racist legislation, stating that the term "race" is divisive, more appropriate to differentiate animals.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> He said the Catholic view sees instead "the unity of human society" whose differences are like the different tones in music. Italy, a civilized country, should not be led by the barbarian German legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Confalioneri_352-109">[108]</a> He also criticized the Italian government for attacking <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> itself. In April 1938, at the request of Pius XI, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Catholic_Education" title="Congregation for Catholic Education">Sacred Congregation of seminaries and universities</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Syllabus_against_racism" title="Syllabus against racism">syllabus condemning racist theories</a>. Its publication was postponed.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In one historian's view: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By the time of his death ... Pius XI had managed to orchestrate a swelling chorus of Church protests against the racial legislation and the ties that bound Italy to Germany. He had single-mindedly continued to denounce the evils of the Nazi regime at every possible opportunity and feared above all else the re-opening of the rift between Church and State in his beloved Italy. He had, however, few tangible successes. There had been little improvement in the position of the Church in Germany and there was growing hostility to the Church in Italy on the part of the fascist regime. Almost the only positive result of the last years of his pontificate was a closer relationship with the liberal democracies and yet, even this was seen by many as representing a highly partisan stance on the part of the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/220px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/220px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/330px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/440px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eugenio Pacelli—1922—Nuncio to Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humani_generis_unitas">Humani generis unitas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Humani generis unitas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pius XI planned an encyclical <a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_unitas" title="Humani generis unitas">Humani generis unitas</a> (The Unity of the Human Race) to denounce racism in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as antisemitism, colonialism and violent German nationalism. He died without issuing it.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Pius XI's successor, Pius XII, who was not aware of the draft encyclical,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> chose not to publish it. However, Pius XII's first encyclical <a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a> ("On the Supreme Pontificate", 12 October 1939), published after the beginning of World War II, bore the subtitle On the Unity of Human Society and used many of the arguments of the document drafted for Pius XI, while avoiding its negative characterizations of the Jewish people. To denounce racism and anti-Semitism, Pius XI sought out the American journalist priest <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge_Jr." title="John LaFarge Jr.">John LaFarge</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> and summoned him to Castel Gandolfo on 25 June 1938. The pope told the Jesuit that he planned to write an encyclical denouncing racism, and asked LaFarge to help write it while swearing him to strict silence. LaFarge took up this task in secret in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but the Jesuit Superior-General <a href="/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski" title="Wlodimir Ledóchowski">Wlodimir Ledóchowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> promised the pope and LaFarge that he would facilitate the encyclical's production. This proved to be a hindrance since Ledóchowski was privately an anti-Semite and conspired to block LaFarge's efforts whenever and wherever possible. In late September 1938, the Jesuit had finished his work and returned to Rome, where Ledóchowski welcomed him and promised to deliver the work to the pope immediately. LaFarge was directed to return to the United States, while Ledóchowski concealed the draft from the pope, who remained wholly unaware of what had transpired.<a href="#cite_note-Last-114">[113]</a> But in the fall of 1938, LaFarge had realized the Pope still had not received the draft and sent a letter to Pius XI where he implied that Ledóchowski had the document in his possession. Pius XI demanded that the draft be delivered to him, but did not receive it until 21 January 1939 with a note from Ledóchowski, who warned that the draft's language was excessive and advised caution. Pius XI planned to issue the encyclical following his meeting with bishops on 11 February, but died before both the meeting and encyclical's promulgation could take place.<a href="#cite_note-Last-114">[113]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Pius XI was seen as a blunt-spoken and no-nonsense man, qualities he shared with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>. He was passionate about science and was fascinated with the power of radio, which would soon result in the founding and inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>. He was intrigued by new forms of technology that he employed during his pontificate. He was also known for a rare smile.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pius XI was known<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> to have a temper at times<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> and was someone who had a keen sense of knowledge and dignity of the office he held.<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> In keeping with a papal tradition discarded by his immediate predecessors he insisted that he eat alone with no one around him<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> and would not allow his assistants or any other priests or clergy to dine with him.<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> He would frequently meet with political figures[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but would always greet them seated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He insisted that when his brother and sister wanted to see him, they had to refer to him as "Your Holiness"<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> and book an appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> Pius XI was also a very demanding individual, certainly one of the stricter pontiffs at that time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He held very high standards and did not tolerate any sort of behaviour that was not up to that standard.<a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> In regard to Angelo Roncalli, the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, a diplomatic blunder in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where Roncalli was stationed, led Pius XI to make Roncalli kneel for 45 minutes as a punishment.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-115">[114]</a> However, when in due course Pius learned that Roncalli had made the error in circumstances for which he could not fairly be considered culpable, he apologized to him. Aware of the implied impropriety of a Supreme Pontiff's going back on a reprimand in a matter concerning Catholic faith and morals,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> but also deeply conscious that on a human level he had failed to keep his temper in check, he made his apology "as Achille Ratti" and in doing so stretched out his hand in friendship to Monsignor Roncalli.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Death and burial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/330px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/440px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pius XI on 6 February 1939, 4 days before his death</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4298" data-file-height="3453"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/330px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/440px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The funeral of Pius XI.</figcaption></figure> Pius XI had been ill for some time when, on 25 November 1938, he suffered two heart attacks within several hours. He had serious breathing problems and could not leave his apartment.<a href="#cite_note-Confalonieri_356-119">[118]</a> He gave his last major pontifical address to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>, which he had founded, speaking without a prepared text on the relation between science and the Catholic religion.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Medical specialists reported that heart insufficiency combined with bronchial attacks had hopelessly complicated his already poor prospects. Pius XI died at 5:31 a.m. (Rome time) of a third heart attack on 10 February 1939, at the age of 81. His last words to those near him at the time of his death were spoken with clarity and firmness: "My soul parts from you all in peace."<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Some believe he was murdered, based on the fact that his primary physician, Francesco Petacci, was the father of <a href="/wiki/Claretta_Petacci" class="mw-redirect" title="Claretta Petacci">Claretta Petacci</a>, Mussolini's mistress.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a> wrote in his diary that the pope had been murdered, a claim that <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Confalonieri" title="Carlo Confalonieri">Carlo Confalonieri</a> later strongly denied.<a href="#cite_note-Last-114">[113]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/238px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/238px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/357px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/476px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pius XI's tomb as seen on 4 March 1939.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXItomb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/238px-PiusXItomb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/238px-PiusXItomb2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/357px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/476px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The tomb of Pius XI in the grottoes of Saint Peter's Basilica.</div></div></div></div></div> The Pope's last audible words were reported to have been "peace, peace". Those at his bedside at 4:00 am realized that his end was near, at which stage the sacrist was summoned to administer the final sacrament 11 minutes before the pope's death. The pontiff's confessor Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauri" title="Lorenzo Lauri">Lorenzo Lauri</a> arrived a few seconds too late. After his final words, the pope's lips moved slowly. Rocchi said it was possible to discern that the pope was making an effort to recite a Latin prayer.<a href="#cite_note-TV-127">[126]</a> About half a minute before his death, Pius XI raised his right hand weakly and tried making the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign of the Cross">sign of the Cross</a> to impart his last blessing to those gathered at his bedside. One of the last things he was reported to have said was "We still had so many things to do". He died among a low murmur of psalms recited by those present. Upon his death, his face was covered by a white veil. Pacelli, in accordance with his duties as <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a>, lifted the veil and gently struck the pope's forehead three times with a small, ceremonial silver hammer, reciting his Christian name (Achille) and pausing for an answer to confirm that the pope had died, before turning to those present and in Latin saying: "Truly the pope is dead."<a href="#cite_note-TV-127">[126]</a> Upon Pius XI's death, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmo Lang">Cosmo Lang</a> paid tribute to his efforts for world peace, calling him a man of "sincere piety" who bore his duties with exceptional "dignity and courage". Others who sent messages of condolences were Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the former visiting the Vatican to pay his respects. Flags were flown half-staff in Rome, Paris, and Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-TV-127">[126]</a> Pius XI's body was placed in a wooden coffin, placed in a bronze casket, which was then placed in a lead casket.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The casket was designed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Berti_(sculptor)" title="Antonio Berti (sculptor)">Antonio Berti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spike-129">[128]</a> Pius XI was buried in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">crypt of St. Peter's Basilica</a> on 14 February 1939, in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel of Saint Sebastian">Chapel of Saint Sebastian</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pilot-130">[129]</a> The day of the funeral was a day of mourning in Italy and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> His tomb was modified in 1944 to be more ornate.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Legacies">Legacies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/220px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 315px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/220px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/330px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/440px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue in Desio</figcaption></figure> Pius XI is remembered as the pope who reigned between the two great wars of the 20th century. The onetime librarian also reorganized the Vatican archives. Nevertheless, Pius XI was hardly a withdrawn and bookish figure. He was also a well-known mountain climber with many peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> named after him, he having been the first to scale them.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> glacier bears Pius XI's name.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In 1942, Bishop T. B. Pearson founded the Achille Ratti Climbing Club, based in the United Kingdom and named for Pius XI.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Pius XI also refounded the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> in 1936, with the aim of turning it into the "scientific senate" of the Church. Hostile to any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, he appointed over 80 academicians from various countries, backgrounds, and areas of research.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In his honor, <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a> established the Pius XI Medal that the Council of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences awards to a young scientist under 45 who has distinguished himself or herself at the international level.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> founded a school in his name in <a href="/wiki/Kattanam" title="Kattanam">Kattanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Pope Pius XI Higher Secondary School, Kattanam).<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI_High_School" title="Pius XI High School">Pius XI High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, founded in 1929, is named in honor of the pontiff. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Episcopal_genealogy">Episcopal genealogy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Episcopal genealogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Rebiba" title="Scipione Rebiba">Scipione Rebiba</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Antonio_Santorio" title="Giulio Antonio Santorio">Giulio Antonio Santorio</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Bernerio" title="Girolamo Bernerio">Girolamo Bernerio</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Rangoni_(bishop_of_Reggio_Emilia)" title="Claudio Rangoni (bishop of Reggio Emilia)">Claudio Rangoni</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Gembicki" title="Wawrzyniec Gembicki">Wawrzyniec Gembicki</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jan_W%C4%99%C5%BCyk" title="Jan Wężyk">Jan Wężyk</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Gembicki" title="Piotr Gembicki">Piotr Gembicki</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gembicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gembicki (page does not exist)">Jan Gembicki</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonawentura_Madali%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonawentura Madaliński (page does not exist)">Bonawentura Madaliński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ma%C5%82achowski" title="Jan Małachowski">Jan Małachowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szembek" title="Stanisław Szembek">Stanisław Szembek</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicjan_Konstanty_Szaniawski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicjan Konstanty Szaniawski (page does not exist)">Felicjan Konstanty Szaniawski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski" title="Andrzej Stanisław Załuski">Andrzej Stanisław Załuski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ignacy_Komorowski" title="Adam Ignacy Komorowski">Adam Ignacy Komorowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Aleksander_%C5%81ubie%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Aleksander Łubieński">Władysław Aleksander Łubieński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Mikolaj_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Mlodziejowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Mikolaj Stanisław Kostka Mlodziejowski (page does not exist)">Andrzej Mikolaj Stanisław Kostka Mlodziejowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasper_Kazimierz_Cieciszowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasper Kazimierz Cieciszowski (page does not exist)">Kasper Kazimierz Cieciszowski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Borgiasz_Mackiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Borgiasz Mackiewicz (page does not exist)">Franciszek Borgiasz Mackiewicz</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Piwnicki" title="Michał Piwnicki">Michał Piwnicki</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Ludwik_Paw%C5%82owski" title="Ignacy Ludwik Pawłowski">Ignacy Ludwik Pawłowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Roch_Dmochowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Roch Dmochowski (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Roch Dmochowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_%C5%BByli%C5%84ski" title="Wacław Żyliński">Wacław Żyliński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kazimierz_Beresniewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Kazimierz Beresniewicz (page does not exist)">Aleksander Kazimierz Beresniewicz</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szymon_Marcin_Kozlowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szymon Marcin Kozlowski (page does not exist)">Szymon Marcin Kozlowski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Leonard_Pallulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieczysław Leonard Pallulon">Mieczysław Leonard Pallulon</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Hieronim_Klopotowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Hieronim Klopotowski (page does not exist)">Bolesław Hieronim Klopotowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_J%C3%B3zef_Elizeusz_Szembek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Józef Elizeusz Szembek (page does not exist)">Jerzy Józef Elizeusz Szembek</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kazimierz_Zdzitowiecki" title="Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki">Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></li> <li>Pope Pius XI</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI" title="Cardinals created by Pius XI">Cardinals created by Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XI">List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Judaism" title="Pope Pius XI and Judaism">Pope Pius XI and Judaism</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.araldicavaticana.com/ratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm">"Ratti Ambrogio Damiano Achille"</a>. Araldicavaticana.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126045447/http://www.araldicavaticana.com/ratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratti+Ambrogio+Damiano+Achille&rft.pub=Araldicavaticana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.araldicavaticana.com%2Fratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzler-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzler_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzler1993" class="citation web cs1">Metzler, Josef (1 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+legacy+of+Pius+XI.-a014377467">"The legacy of Pius XI"</a>. International Bulletin of Missionary Research. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Pius+XI&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.aulast=Metzler&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Blegacy%2Bof%2BPius%2BXI.-a014377467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html">"Studiorum ducem"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231755/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studiorum+ducem&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P11STUDI.HTM">"STUDIORUM DUCEM (On St. Thomas Aquinas)[English translation]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072238/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P11STUDI.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. 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Catholic Straight Answers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055335/http://catholicstraightanswers.com/church-possess-actual-bones-st-peter/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Straight+Answers&rft.atitle=Does+the+church+possess+the+actual+bones+of+St.+Peter%3F&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.au=Rev.+William+P.+Saunders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicstraightanswers.com%2Fchurch-possess-actual-bones-st-peter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/vatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis">"Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 24 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121054327/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/vatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vatican+displays+Saint+Peter%27s+bones+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F24%2Fvatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner2004-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Neusner2004_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Neusner2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Neusner (9 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyZLAwAAQBAJ">Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults, Part 2: Early Christianity</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-740-4"><bdi>978-1-59244-740-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090528/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyZLAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Judaism+and+Other+Greco-Roman+Cults%2C+Part+2%3A+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004-07-09&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-740-4&rft.au=Jacob+Neusner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyZLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> D'Orazi, 15–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/9Q4D-6Y4">"Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, aka Pope Pius XI"</a>. www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Ambrogio+Damiano+Achille+Ratti%2C+aka+Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Ftree%2Fperson%2F9Q4D-6Y4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/01/01/archives/popes-brother-dies-count-fermo-ratti-ill-two-days-succumbs-suddenly.html">"POPE'S BROTHER DIES.; Count Fermo Ratti, Ill Two Days, Succumbs Suddenly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1 January 1930. p. 29. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=POPE%27S+BROTHER+DIES.%3B+Count+Fermo+Ratti%2C+Ill+Two+Days%2C+Succumbs+Suddenly.&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1930-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F01%2F01%2Farchives%2Fpopes-brother-dies-count-fermo-ratti-ill-two-days-succumbs-suddenly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/9Q4D-XKT">"Maria Camilla Ratti"</a>. www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Maria+Camilla+Ratti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Ftree%2Fperson%2F9Q4D-XKT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> D'Orazi, 14–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> D'Orazi, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-1">b</a> Schmidlin III, 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-1">b</a> Schmidlin III, 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Fontenelle, 34–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> AAS 1921, 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stehle_25-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-1">b</a> Stehle, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-1">b</a> Schmidlin IV, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Stehle, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-1">b</a> Fontenelle, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Fontenelle, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Frigerio2022" class="citation web cs1">Luca Frigerio (3 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiesadimilano.it/news/arte-cultura/achille-ratti-cento-anni-fa-la-sua-elezione-a-papa-492751.html">"Achille Ratti: cento anni fa la sua elezione a Papa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan</a>. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Achille+Ratti%3A+cento+anni+fa+la+sua+elezione+a+Papa&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Milan&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.au=Luca+Frigerio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiesadimilano.it%2Fnews%2Farte-cultura%2Fachille-ratti-cento-anni-fa-la-sua-elezione-a-papa-492751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisherman-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisherman_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisherman_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn-Peter_Pham2004" class="citation book cs1">John-Peter Pham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahTU3koVfLEC&q=PIUS+XI+CONCLAVE+1922&pg=PA360">Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0"><bdi>978-0-19-534635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirs+of+the+Fisherman%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+Papal+Death+and+Succession&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534635-0&rft.au=John-Peter+Pham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahTU3koVfLEC%26q%3DPIUS%2BXI%2BCONCLAVE%2B1922%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Fontenelle, 44–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrythall2010" class="citation book cs1">Trythall, Marisa Patrulli (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNQOWkFVp1EC&pg=PA28">"Pius XI and American Pragmatism"</a>. In Gallagher, Charles R.; Kertzer, David I.; Melloni, Alberto (eds.). Pius XI and America: Proceedings of the Brown University Conference. Lit Verlag. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90146-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90146-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90146-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090528/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNQOWkFVp1EC&pg=PA28&">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pius+XI+and+American+Pragmatism&rft.btitle=Pius+XI+and+America%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Brown+University+Conference&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90146-0&rft.aulast=Trythall&rft.aufirst=Marisa+Patrulli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNQOWkFVp1EC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1922" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope Pius XI (1 March 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html">"Cum proxime"</a> (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228155340/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cum+proxime&rft.date=1922-03-01&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fit%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522174309/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html">"Divini Illius Magistri (December 31, 1929) | PIUS XI"</a>. w2.vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Divini+Illius+Magistri+%28December+31%2C+1929%29+%26%23124%3B+PIUS+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Casti Connubii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Casti Connubii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_XI1933" class="citation web cs1">Pius XI (3 June 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html">"Vatican website information re pontificate and policies of Pius XI"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005090028/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+website+information+re+pontificate+and+policies+of+Pius+XI&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1933-06-03&rft.au=Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-1">b</a> Quadragesimo anno, 44–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-1">b</a> Quadragesimo anno, 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_71-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_71_35-0">^</a> Quadragesimo Anno, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Casti Connubii, 74." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Casti Connubii, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-1">b</a> Quadragesimo anno, 63–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Quadragesimo anno, 99 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Quadragesimo anno, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipio.org/it/storia/">"Storia del P.I.O."</a> Orientale (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050804/https://unipio.org/it/storia/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientale&rft.atitle=Storia+del+P.I.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipio.org%2Fit%2Fstoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1928" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI (30 September 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html">"Motu Proprio Quod Maxime"</a>. w2.vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090529/https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Motu+Proprio+Quod+Maxime&rft.date=1928-09-30&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.va/en/magisterium/pius-xi.html">"Pius XI"</a>. The Potifical Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Potifical+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.va%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fpius-xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Pope Pius XI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19280106_mortalium-animos.html">Mortalium animos</a>, 6 January 1928. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, 3329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, 3323. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_Miranda" class="citation web cs1">Salvador Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PiusXI">"Pius XI (1922–1939)"</a>. 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Pope</a> 3 October 1927 </li> <li id="cite_note-purple-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purple_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-purple_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-purple_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/16/101509065.pdf">"French Cardinal Resigns Purple to Enter Monastery"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 16 October 1927. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528185950/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.au=Cyprian+Blamires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Kenneth Scott Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe (1961) pp 32–35, 153, 156, 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEamon_Duffy2002" class="citation book cs1">Eamon Duffy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTWM6PjNvBMC&pg=PA340">Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Second Edition</a>. Yale University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09165-6"><bdi>978-0-300-09165-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119154824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MTWM6PjNvBMC&pg=PA340">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%3A+A+History+of+the+Popes%3B+Second+Edition&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09165-6&rft.au=Eamon+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTWM6PjNvBMC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Fascism – identification with Christianity; web Apr. 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 230 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4">978-1-877058-71-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Frank J. 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Libreria Editrice Vaticana (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Marchione 1997, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> John Connelly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonwealmagazine.org/nazi-racism-church">Nazi Racism & the Church: How Converts Showed the Way to Resist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130321053148/http://commonwealmagazine.org/nazi-racism-church">Archived</a> 21 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Commonweal, 24 February 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Giovanni Miccoli, " Les Dilemmes et les silences de Pie XII: Vatican, Seconde Guerre mondiale et Shoah », Éditions Complexe, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-937-3">978-2-87027-937-3</a>, p. 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k443437h.langEN">La Croix, 17 September 1938, page 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202124149/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k443437h.langEN">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gallica, accessed 12 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeert2004" class="citation book cs1">Geert, Mak (2004). In Europe:Travels through the 20th century. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Europe%3ATravels+through+the+20th+century&rft.pages=295&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Geert&rft.aufirst=Mak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 232 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4">978-1-877058-71-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Martin Gilbert; Kristallnacht – Prelude to Disaster; HarperPress; 2006; p.143 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Martin Gilbert; Kristallnacht – Prelude to Disaster; HarperPress; 2006; p.172 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144112/http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_148_03.html">"Celso Costantini's Contribution to the Localization and Inculturation of the Church in China"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celso+Costantini%27s+Contribution+to+the+Localization+and+Inculturation+of+the+Church+in+China&rft.pub=Holy+Spirit+Study+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsstudyc.org.hk%2Fen%2Ftripod_en%2Fen_tripod_148_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144055/http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_153_06.html">"Chen Fang-Chung, "Lou Tseng-Tsiang, A Lover of His Church and of His Country""</a>. Holy Spirit Study Centre. 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Humanix Books. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2"><bdi>978-1-63006-002-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085130/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis%3A+A+Pope+for+our+Time%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Humanix+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-63006-002-2&rft.aulast=Rosales&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Olivera%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fX-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Fontenelle, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hansjakob Stehle, Die Ostpolitik des Vatikans, Piper, München, 1975, pp. 139–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky1963">Riasanovsky 1963</a>, p. 617. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky1963">Riasanovsky 1963</a>, p. 634. </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_398-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_103-2">c</a> Franzen, 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1926" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI (18 November 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html">"Iniquis afflictisque"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108133917/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iniquis+afflictisque&rft.date=1926-11-18&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Scheina, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&pg=PA33">Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519041505/https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&source=web&ots=YNDpLM2ukb&sig=YWccvtnJKnSpaI15bTHCOX3zoyc">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2">1-57488-452-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Van Hove, Brian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/FR94204.TXT">Blood-Drenched Altars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315054458/http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/FR94204.TXT">Archived</a> 15 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Faith & Reason 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Eduardo_Ruiz" title="Ramón Eduardo Ruiz">Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphstragedyh00ruiz/page/392">Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117164553/https://books.google.com/books?id=AfdjWl1xKpwC&pg=PA392&dq=Tom%C3%A1s+Garrido+Canabal&as_brr=3&sig=HkfPtdqMt3qrdcMuprgfjnfnq60">Archived</a> 17 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 393 (1993 W. 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Kent, "A Tale of Two Popes: Pius XI, Pius XII and the Rome-Berlin Axis", Journal of Contemporary History (1988) 23#4 pp 589–608 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260836">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163924/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260836">Archived</a> 7 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The draft text was published in 1995 by Georges Passelecq and Berard Suchecky as L'Encyclique Cachée De Pie XI. La Découverte, Paris 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Letter of Father Maher to Father La Farge, 16 March 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-Last-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Last_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Eisner2013" class="citation news cs1">Peter Eisner (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-eisner/popes-last-crusade_b_3071556.html">"Pope Pius XI's Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. 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Coppa, Pope Pius XII: From the Diplomacy of Impartiality to the Silence of the Holocaust</a>, Journal of Church and State, 23 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: I. The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939, New York: Harper-Collins, 1997, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Cargas" title="Harry J. Cargas">Harry J. Cargas</a>, Holocaust scholars write to the Vatican, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30487-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30487-4">0-313-30487-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> John Cornwell, <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Pope:_The_Secret_History_of_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII">Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII</a>. Viking, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88693-7">978-0-670-88693-7</a>, p.204 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, Volume 79, 1972, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-TV-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TV_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TV_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TV_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68539640">"DEATH OF POPE PIUS XI. AFTER REIGN OF 17 YEARS Last Words Typified His Life"</a>. Advocate. 11 February 1939. p. 1 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advocate&rft.atitle=DEATH+OF+POPE+PIUS+XI.+AFTER+REIGN+OF+17+YEARS+Last+Words+Typified+His+Life&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1939-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article68539640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2010" class="citation book cs1">Reardon, Wendy J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbeCQAAQBAJ&q=%22bronze+casket%22+%22Pius+XI%22&pg=PA240">The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs</a>. McFarland. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6116-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-6116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+the+Popes%3A+Comprehensive+Accounts%2C+Including+Funerals%2C+Burial+Places+and+Epitaphs&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6116-5&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYbeCQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522bronze%2Bcasket%2522%2B%2522Pius%2BXI%2522%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spike-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Spike_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpike2007" class="citation web cs1">Spike, John T. (19 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lapieta.com/the-marinelli-foundry.aspx/vescovo-buonarroti-art.aspx">"The Marinelli Foundry Of Florence – An Overview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marinelli+Foundry+Of+Florence+%E2%80%93+An+Overview&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.aulast=Spike&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flapieta.com%2Fthe-marinelli-foundry.aspx%2Fvescovo-buonarroti-art.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilot-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Pilot_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19390214.2.18&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"PIUS ENTOMBED BENEATH ALTAR OF ST. PETER'S"</a>. San Pedro News Pilot. Vol. 11, no. 293. 14 February 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Pedro+News+Pilot&rft.atitle=PIUS+ENTOMBED+BENEATH+ALTAR+OF+ST.+PETER%27S&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=293&rft.date=1939-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSPNP19390214.2.18%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeogh1995" class="citation book cs1">Keogh, Dermot (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jOLGy127mMC&q=ireland+declares+day+of+mourning+1939&pg=PA141">Ireland and the Vatican: The Politics and Diplomacy of Church-state Relations, 1922-1960</a>. Cork University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902561-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902561-96-0"><bdi>978-0-902561-96-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Vatican%3A+The+Politics+and+Diplomacy+of+Church-state+Relations%2C+1922-1960&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-902561-96-0&rft.aulast=Keogh&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jOLGy127mMC%26q%3Direland%2Bdeclares%2Bday%2Bof%2Bmourning%2B1939%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fonderiamarinelli.it/en/monuments/1931-1940/sepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi/">"Given the high quality of the monumental reliefs that adorn the ramp of the restored entry of the Vatican Museum, executed by the Fonderia Marinelli, the Vatican also commissioned the construction of a new bronze tomb of Pope Pius XI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722234345/http://www.fonderiamarinelli.it/en/monuments/1931-1940/sepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Given+the+high+quality+of+the+monumental+reliefs+that+adorn+the+ramp+of+the+restored+entry+of+the+Vatican+Museum%2C+executed+by+the+Fonderia+Marinelli%2C+the+Vatican+also+commissioned+the+construction+of+a+new+bronze+tomb+of+Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fonderiamarinelli.it%2Fen%2Fmonuments%2F1931-1940%2Fsepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE">The New York Times. Tuesday, 7 February 1922, Page 1 (continued on page 3)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306150521/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE">Archived</a> 6 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3059 words. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlvain2009" class="citation book cs1">McIlvain, Josh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km8bLsEvP8kC&pg=PA45">Fodor's Patagonia</a>. Fodor's Travel. pp. 45–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0684-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-0684-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424070424/https://books.google.com/books?id=Km8bLsEvP8kC&pg=PA45&">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Patagonia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-0684-7&rft.aulast=McIlvain&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm8bLsEvP8kC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk/?page_id=681">"About the ARCC"</a>. Achille Ratti Climbing Club. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+ARCC&rft.pub=Achille+Ratti+Climbing+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">"Pius XI"</a>. Casinapioiv.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713114946/http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+XI&rft.pub=Casinapioiv.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casinapioiv.va%2Fcontent%2Faccademia%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fpiusxi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/johnxxiii.html">"John XXIII, Blessed"</a>. Casinapioiv.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713010521/http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/johnxxiii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+XXIII%2C+Blessed&rft.pub=Casinapioiv.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casinapioiv.va%2Fcontent%2Faccademia%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fjohnxxiii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in/36002">"Sametham – Kerala School Data Bank"</a>. SAMETHAM – Kerala School Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAMETHAM+%E2%80%93+Kerala+School+Bank&rft.atitle=Sametham+%E2%80%93+Kerala+School+Data+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsametham.kite.kerala.gov.in%2F36002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Action Française claimed Billot's resignation was in direct response to the Pope's censure of their organization,<a href="#cite_note-purple-54">[54]</a> however this narrative contrasts with official statements released by the Holy See, affirming that Billot's relationship with the Pope remained amicable and his reason for resigning was due to his advanced age, which was 81.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> According to Church officials, Billot had only an academic interest in Action Française.<a href="#cite_note-purple-54">[54]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li>Browne-Olf, Lillian. Their Name Is Pius (1941) pp 305–59 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheirNameIsPius">online</a></li> <li>Confalonieri, Carlo (1975). Pius XI – A Close Up. (1975). Altadena, California: The Benzinger Sisters Press.</li> <li>Eisner, Peter, (2013), The Pope's Last Crusade: How an American Jesuit Helped Pope Pius XI's Campaign to Stop Hitler, New York, New York: HarperCollins |<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-204914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-204914-8">978-0-06-204914-8</a></li> <li>Fattorini, Emma (2011), Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican: Pope Pius XI and the Speech that was Never Made, Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ">The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7"><bdi>978-0-19-871616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XI+and+the+Rise+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871616-7&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc3QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManners2002" class="citation cs2">Manners, John (2002), The Oxford History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280336-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280336-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280336-8&rft.aulast=Manners&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchione1997" class="citation cs2">Marchione, Margherita (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yoursispreciousw0000marc">Yours Is a Precious Witness: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy</a>, Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0485-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-0485-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yours+Is+a+Precious+Witness%3A+Memoirs+of+Jews+and+Catholics+in+Wartime+Italy&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0485-7&rft.aulast=Marchione&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoursispreciousw0000marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Morgan, Thomas B. (1937) A Reporter at the Papal Court – A Narrative of the Reign of Pope Pius XI. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.</li> <li>Wolf, Hubert (2010), Pope and Devil: The Vatican Archives and the Third Reich. Trans. Kenneth Kronenberg, Cambridge, MA and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.ca/Pope-Devil-Vaticans-Archives-Third/dp/0674064267">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Ceci, Lucia (2013), L'interesse superiore. Il Vaticano e l'Italia di Mussolini, Laterza, Roma-Bari</li> <li>Chiron, Yves (2004), Pie XI (1857–1939), Perrin, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01846-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01846-4">2-262-01846-4</a>.</li> <li>D'Orazi, Lucio (1989), Il Coraggio Della Verita Vita do Pio XI, Edizioni logos, Roma</li> <li>Ceci, Lucia (2010), Il papa non-deve parlare. Chiesa, fascismo e guerra di Etiopia", Laterza, Roma-Bari</li> <li>Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI. Alsactia, France</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky1963" class="citation cs2">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (1963), A History of Russia, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schmidlin, Josef (1922–1939), Papstgeschichte, Vol I-IV, Köstel-Pusztet München</li> <li>Peter Rohrbacher (2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8940475/V%C3%B6lkerkunde_und_Afrikanistik_f%C3%BCr_den_Papst._Missionsexperten_und_der_Vatikan_1922_1939_in_R%C3%B6mische_Historische_Mitteilungen_54_2012_583_610">Völkerkunde und Afrikanistik für den Papst</a>". Missionsexperten und der Vatikan 1922–1939 in: Römische Historische Mitteilungen 54: 583–610</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005816/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-pope-pius-xi-concordat-encyclicals-quadragesimo-anno-casti-connubii-of-the-catholic-church.html">The Life of Pope Pius XI, also about his encyclical Quadragesimo anno</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/index.htm">Vatican Website for Pope Pius XI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/medal.html">Pius XI Medal of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">Pius XI biography and his addresses to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420235926/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0259.htm">Catholic Forum Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/METs/METs_Main_02.html">Vatican Museum Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoJcvhxonEI">Pius XI and the mystery of the disappeared encyclical</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-16469?l=english">Pope Benedict XVI opens the Archives for the pontificate (1922–1939) of Pope Pius XI – VATICAN CITY, 2 July 2006</a> "...researchers will be able to consult all the documents of the period kept in the different series of archives of the Holy See, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Vatican Secret Archives</a> and the Archive of the Second Section of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State (Vatican)">Secretariat of State</a>...."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk/index.php">Achille Ratti climbing club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/I1i1oPJA">Pathe News archive footage of Pius XI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013669">Newspaper clippings about Pope Pius XI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Giovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Poland">Apostolic Nuncio to Poland</a> 3 July 1919 – 13 June 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauri" title="Lorenzo Lauri">Lorenzo Lauri</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Biagio Pisani</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Titular Archbishop of Naupactus</a> 3 July 1919 – 19 April 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Tedeschini" title="Federico Tedeschini">Federico Tedeschini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Corradino Maria Cavriani</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Titular Archbishop of Adana</a> 19 April 1921 – 13 June 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ermenegildo_Pellegrinetti" title="Ermenegildo Pellegrinetti">Ermenegildo Pellegrinetti</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Ferrari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> 13 June 1921 – 6 February 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tonti" title="Giulio Tonti">Giulio Tonti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> 16 June 1921 – 6 February 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> 6 February 1922 – 10 February 1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_People_on_the_Cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of People on the Cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> 16 June 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_W._Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram W. Evans">Hiram W. 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projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="c:Pope Pius XI">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="q:Pope Pius XI">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" 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</div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Pius_XI" title="Pous Pius XI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بيوس الحادي عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوس الحادي عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Pío XI – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyu_XI" title="Piyu XI – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Piyu XI" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_Piy" title="XI Piy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XI Piy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Pius_11-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Pius 11-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Pius 11-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_XI" title="Пій XI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пій XI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81_XI" title="Піюс XI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піюс XI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_XI" title="Pi XI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pi XI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_P%C3%AFws_XI" title="Pab Pïws XI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Pïws XI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Pius_11." title="Pave Pius 11. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Pius 11." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%91%CE%84" title="Πάπας Πίος ΙΑ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Πίος ΙΑ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Pío XI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_la_11-a" title="Pio la 11-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pio la 11-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI.a" title="Pio XI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pio XI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="پاپ پیوس یازدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ پیوس یازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_XI" title="Pie XI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pie XI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Piu_XI" title="Pape Piu XI – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Pius_XI" title="Pápa Pius XI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Pius_XI" title="Pàpa Pius XI – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI,_papa" title="Pío XI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pío XI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Pius_11-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Pius 11-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Pius 11-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4_11%EC%84%B8" title="교황 비오 11세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 비오 11세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_XI" title="Պիոս XI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիոս XI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI." title="Pio XI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pio XI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Pius_la_11ma" title="Papo Pius la 11ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Pius la 11ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADus_11." title="Píus 11. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Píus 11." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="פיוס האחד עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוס האחד עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Piu_XI" title="Papa Piu XI – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_XI" title="პიუს XI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიუს XI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi%C3%A9%C5%BC_Pius_XI" title="Papiéż Pius XI – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Papiéż Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_XI" title="Papa Pius XI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijs_XI" title="Pijs XI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pijs XI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijus_XI" title="Pijus XI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pijus XI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Pie_XI" title="Pápa Pie XI – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Pie XI" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._Piusz_p%C3%A1pa" title="XI. Piusz pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XI. Piusz pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98_XI" title="Папа Пиј XI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Пиј XI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI" title="Pio XI – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप पायस अकरावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप पायस अकरावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بيوس الحداشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيوس الحداشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Pius_11-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Pius 11-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Pius 11-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B911%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ピウス11世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピウス11世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Pius_XI" title="Pave Pius XI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پاپ یوولسم پیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاپ یوولسم پیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI" title="Pio XI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_al_XI-lea" title="Papa Pius al XI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Pius al XI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyu_XI" title="Piyu XI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piyu XI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Pius_XI" title="Pape Pius XI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Pij_XI." title="Papež Pij XI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Pij XI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_XI" title="Папа Пије XI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Пије XI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI." title="Pio XI. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pio XI." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="பதினொன்றாம் பயஸ் (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதினொன்றாம் பயஸ் (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_11" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปิอุสที่ 11 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปิอุสที่ 11" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._Pius" title="XI. Pius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XI. Pius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_XI" title="Пій XI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пій XI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="پیوس یازدہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیوس یازدہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Pi%C3%B4_XI" title="Giáo hoàng Piô XI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Piô XI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Papa Pío XI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="庇护十一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="庇护十一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Pius_11k" title="Pópù Pius 11k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Pius 11k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E5%B2%B3%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="碧岳十一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碧岳十一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="庇護十一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庇護十一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 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