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<ul id="toc-History_of_Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_depictions_and_Greek_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_depictions_and_Greek_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early depictions and Greek influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_depictions_and_Greek_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pax_Romana_and_early_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pax_Romana_and_early_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pax Romana and early empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pax_Romana_and_early_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>After Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_worship_and_Christianity's_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_worship_and_Christianity's_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decline of worship and Christianity's effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_worship_and_Christianity's_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_Pax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions_of_Pax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Artistic depictions of Pax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_Pax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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title="Paks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mitologia)" title="Pax (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pax (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mytologie)" title="Pax (mytologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pax (mytologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(Mythologie)" title="Pax (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pax (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BE" title="Παξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Pax (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pax (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakso_(mitologio)" title="Pakso (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pakso (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="پاکس (افسانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاکس (افسانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mythologie)" title="Pax (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pax (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8D%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="팍스 (신화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팍스 (신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Pax (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pax (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="פאקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paks%C4%97" title="Paksė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(godin)" title="Pax (godin) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pax (godin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="パークス (ローマ神話) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パークス (ローマ神話)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mitologia)" title="Pax (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pax (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(zei%C8%9B%C4%83)" title="Pax (zeiță) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pax (zeiță)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пакс (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пакс (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paks_(boginja)" title="Paks (boginja) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paks (boginja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Пакс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пакс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(gudinna)" title="Pax (gudinna) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pax (gudinna)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(mitoloji)" title="Pax (mitoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pax (mitoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Пакс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пакс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="帕克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1132674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman goddess of peace</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Pax</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of Peace</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_(Pavlovsk_Garden,_St_Petersburg,_Russia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_the_goddess_Pax_%28Pavlovsk_Garden%2C_St_Petersburg%2C_Russia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1919" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Peace in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data">Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Caduceus, Cornucopia, Corn, Olive branches, Scepter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and Justice</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Pax</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></i>), more commonly known in English as <b>Peace</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> derived and adopted from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">equivalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax was seen as the daughter of the Roman king god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Justice</a>. Worship of Peace was organized and made popular during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> who used her imagery to help stabilise the empire after the years of turmoil and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">late republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus commissioned an altar of peace in her honour on the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> built a temple for her on called the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Templum Pacis</a>. Pax had a <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> held for her on January 30.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In art she is commonly depicted holding out <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> branches as a peace offering, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax is also often associated with spring. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Worship">History of Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_depictions_and_Greek_influence">Early depictions and Greek influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early depictions and Greek influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Roman worship and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythology</a> was very much based on and adopted from the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> that aligned with the Roman values of <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a>, strength and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> were adopted early on during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman kingdom</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pax was a relatively unrecognised deity during the early republic as she had little to do with the Roman <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during this time the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Greek city states</a> had been worshipping Pax’s equivalent - <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a> since the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">bronze age</a> where the worship of her peaked during the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Weinstock explained the Roman idea and word for peace (pax) derived from ‘pacisci’ was seen as more of a pact which concluded a war and led to a surrender or alliance with another faction rather than today’s notion of peace as the lack of war. Peace was seen as the submission to Roman superiority, it was the outcome of war not its absence. Conquest led to pacification.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pax_Romana_and_early_empire">Pax Romana and early empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pax Romana and early empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pax worship peaked during <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus Caesar</a>’s reign and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">early empire</a>. Augustus introduced Pax as a way to stabilise his reign and to signal to the populace that the previous years of civil war and turmoil that was linked to the decay and fall of the republic had ended and that his reign had bought peace and direction to the ravaged empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax first appeared like <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a> and this can be seen in Augustus’ commission of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> or altar of peace and in <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">coinage</a> at the time. Some argue that Pax could have therefore been used more of a <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">political slogan</a> than an actual goddess at the time, a pact to cease the civil war and to bring prosperity back to the empire through the new <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAX_AVGG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAX_AVGG.JPG/220px-PAX_AVGG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAX_AVGG.JPG/330px-PAX_AVGG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAX_AVGG.JPG/440px-PAX_AVGG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption>Pax on back of an <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">Antoninianus</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Augustus often used <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> events and expressions to stress his political messages such as when he became <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>. His construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> symbolised peace for the Roman <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> under his rule and some <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> were renamed after the goddess and Augustus such as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Julia" title="Pax Julia">Pax Julia</a> to Pax Augusta in ancient <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, also coinage was circulated in the colonies supporting Augustus as the bringer of peace where his <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> in shown and the goddess Pax on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> side.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus attempted to establish a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> of Pax in the provinces such as in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> like what he did with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome">imperial cult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus’s reign emphasised the notion of peace to Roman citizens and recently subjugated peoples as a possible way to bring <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> to the early empire and to consolidate his <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>. The imperial message could’ve communicated that Roman subjects enjoyed the goddess Pax and her benefits only because of the <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> of Augustus and the strength of his <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">armies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linking between emperor and Pax or her equivalent was not a new idea and had <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> origins with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and then with <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, in this time Pax was not seen as a powerful god like <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> but a ramification of the emperor’s strength and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_Augustus">After Augustus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augustus’ successors during the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> would continue to stress this notion, Pax’s image would slowly change around the reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> where she becomes more of a winged figure.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax worship continued with <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> and ended the civil war and instability of the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>. Vespasian constructed the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Templum Pacis</a> in AD 75 in her honour and continued linking the goddess Pax to the god <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> as seen in the construction of the temple <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Janus Quadrifrons</a> near the Forum Pacis as the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Roman_Forum)" title="Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)">gates of Janus</a> was seen as the conclusion of war and the start of peace, and was something that Augustus did in his first years as emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pax and peace would later become synonymous with Augustus in the period known as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Augusta</a> and later scholars would refer to the time of peace as the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>, meaning that stability and peace was achieved through the power of the emperor to limit infighting within the empire and through defeating foreign threats such as seen as the subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_worship_and_Christianity's_effect"><span id="Decline_of_worship_and_Christianity.27s_effect"></span>Decline of worship and Christianity's effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline of worship and Christianity's effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the evolution of the Roman empire and the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> the conquered were integrated into society, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> were freed, and the empire no longer had to be violent with its pacified people. <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> had diminished, and the empire had been consolidated and stabilised under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva - Antonine dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led contemporary writers such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> to write “so far as peace is concerned the peoples have no need of statesmanship at present; for all war, both Greek and foreign, has been banished from among us and has disappeared”.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman citizens were thus becoming less violent and less willing to serve in the empires’ <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">legions</a> and were becoming more submissive to imperial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This however was in antithesis with the Gods that their forefathers had worshipped and connected to their emperors and legionary armies and thus they became less relevant to the Roman zeitgeist.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New spiritual leadership was increasingly being found in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The Pax Romana had an effect on the adoption and acceptance of Christianity’s peaceful teachings and less so was Pax the signifier of peace – she was being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>. A church leader in the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> wrote ‘it was not by mere human accident but of God's arrangement that the universal empire of peace came in time for the universal religion of peace.’<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman peace at the time however was still regularly sustained by violence, and raids into <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> territories in <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> were still necessary. </p><p>The Christian religion had an effect on the changing of the perception of the word 'peace' in the Roman world where in it was transformed into a demilitarised one more accustom to today’s description of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">barbarian invasions</a> of the 4th and 5th centuries led to the complete collapse of Pax’s worship. While there were differences in Pax and Jesus, the concept of peace during the Pax Romana could’ve inspired part of the peaceful message seen within Christianity’s emphasis of peace and its connection with prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_depictions_of_Pax">Artistic depictions of Pax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions of Pax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_(%3F)_(14747799891).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg/220px-Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg/330px-Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg/440px-Ara_Pacis_%E2%80%94_Tellus_%28%3F%29_%2814747799891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Pax on the Ara Pacis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Republic coins may have alluded to Pax before 44BC but in only using the goddesses future symbols and none specifically included Pax’s <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> or called her by name until after 44BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first depictions of peace seen on <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">coinage</a> was depicted in <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a> in 137BC which was circulated to recall a treaty between Rome and <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this a woman was surrounded with farm animals such as <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and on the obverse side two soldiers face each other whilst holding a pig for <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>. In 49BC a minter known as Sicinus released a <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">victory palm</a>, maybe he did this to evoke the idea of domestic unity and the association of peace with prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax under Augustus took her known form as he demonstrated that peace bought wealth, which was contradictory to the <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditional</a> Roman understanding that only war and conquest afforded wealth in the form of <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">loot</a> and plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruits and grains were incorporated into Pax’s image and this was maybe done to show the return and abundance of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> at the time, as many <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> during the empire where often settled onto farms - particularly after the civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax was also shown with twins, maybe representing domestic harmony achieved through the Pax Romana. This was because <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> at home was spurred when the father of the household was around and not fighting in the legions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cows</a>, pigs and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> imagery on the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> showed the abundance of food and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> during the Pax Romana and these animals were also regularly scarified to Pax.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax is also shown with a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a> to further emphasise the opulence and wealth during this Roman golden era. During the latter years of her worship she was very rarely shown holding the <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a> and she was increasingly shown sharing many more features common with Augustus - hinting at the Pax Augusta.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/679_Pax" title="679 Pax">679 Pax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShogimenSpencer2016" class="citation book cs1">Shogimen, Takashi; Spencer, Vicki A. (2016-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0b2XCwAAQBAJ&dq=Eirene+greek+goddess&pg=PA11"><i>Visions of Peace: Asia and The West</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00133-1"><bdi>978-1-317-00133-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Peace%3A+Asia+and+The+West&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-00133-1&rft.aulast=Shogimen&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Vicki+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b2XCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DEirene%2Bgreek%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APax+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Gaius (2015-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323937263">"The new cult of Pax Augusta 13 BC – AD 14"</a>. <i>Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>55</b> (1–4): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F068.2015.55.1-4.1">10.1556/068.2015.55.1-4.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+new+cult+of+Pax+Augusta+13+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+14&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F068.2015.55.1-4.1&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Gaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323937263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APax+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Grummond1990" class="citation journal cs1">de Grummond, Nancy Thomson (1990). 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(1995). "Pax, Peace and the New Testament". <i>RELIGIOLOGIQUES, Olivet Nazarene University</i>: 301–324. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193425736">193425736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RELIGIOLOGIQUES%2C+Olivet+Nazarene+University&rft.atitle=Pax%2C+Peace+and+the+New+Testament.&rft.pages=301-324&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193425736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tite&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APax+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_(goddess)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_religion" title="Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_religion" title="Template talk:Roman religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37713601">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/207151351990952600717">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118845748">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701045005606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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