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<li id="toc-Single-layer_drug-in-adhesive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-layer_drug-in-adhesive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Single-layer drug-in-adhesive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-layer_drug-in-adhesive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-layer_drug-in-adhesive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-layer_drug-in-adhesive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Multi-layer drug-in-adhesive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-layer_drug-in-adhesive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reservoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Matrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vapour_patch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapour_patch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Vapour patch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapour_patch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microneedle_patch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microneedle_patch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Microneedle patch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Microneedle_patch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Microneedle patch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Microneedle_patch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MNPs_drug_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MNPs_drug_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>MNPs drug delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MNPs_drug_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_microneedle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_microneedle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Types of microneedle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_microneedle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soluble_or_dissolvable_MNPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soluble_or_dissolvable_MNPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Soluble or dissolvable MNPs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soluble_or_dissolvable_MNPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-soluble_or_undissolvable_MNPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-soluble_or_undissolvable_MNPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Non-soluble or undissolvable MNPs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-soluble_or_undissolvable_MNPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollow_MNPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow_MNPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Hollow MNPs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow_MNPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MNPs_as_vaccine_delivery_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MNPs_as_vaccine_delivery_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>MNPs as vaccine delivery platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MNPs_as_vaccine_delivery_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MNPs_for_cosmetic_and_skin_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MNPs_for_cosmetic_and_skin_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>MNPs for cosmetic and skin care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MNPs_for_cosmetic_and_skin_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Future development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulatory aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transdermal patch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لصاقة جلدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لصاقة جلدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermales_Pflaster" title="Transdermales Pflaster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transdermales Pflaster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Έμπλαστρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έμπλαστρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parche_transd%C3%A9rmico" title="Parche transdérmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parche transdérmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_transdermique" title="Timbre transdermique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Timbre transdermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%ED%94%BC_%ED%8C%A8%EC%B9%98" title="경피 패치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경피 패치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plester_transdermal" title="Plester transdermal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plester transdermal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerotto_transdermico" title="Cerotto transdermico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cerotto transdermico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדבקה מלעורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדבקה מלעורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermale_pleister" title="Transdermale pleister – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transdermale pleister" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E7%9A%AE%E5%90%B8%E5%8F%8E%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%81" title="経皮吸収パッチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経皮吸収パッチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medisinsk_plaster" title="Medisinsk plaster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Medisinsk plaster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penso_transd%C3%A9rmico" title="Penso transdérmico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penso transdérmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasture_transdermic" title="Plasture transdermic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plasture transdermic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трансдермальная терапевтическая система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансдермальная терапевтическая система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermalni_obli%C5%BE" title="Transdermalni obliž – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transdermalni obliž" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermalni_flaster" title="Transdermalni flaster – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Transdermalni flaster" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermalni_flaster" title="Transdermalni flaster – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transdermalni flaster" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depotpl%C3%A5ster" title="Depotplåster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Depotplåster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_bant" title="Transdermal bant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transdermal bant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трансдермальна терапевтична система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансдермальна терапевтична система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%92%88%E8%B4%B4%E7%89%87" title="微针贴片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="微针贴片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adhesive patch used to deliver medication through the skin</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The patch" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Patch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Patch (disambiguation)">Patch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicoderm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/220px-Nicoderm.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/330px-Nicoderm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/440px-Nicoderm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A 21mg dose <a href="/wiki/Nicoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicoderm">Nicoderm</a> CQ patch applied to the left arm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contraceptivepatch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Contraceptivepatch.jpg/220px-Contraceptivepatch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Contraceptivepatch.jpg/330px-Contraceptivepatch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Contraceptivepatch.jpg/440px-Contraceptivepatch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Contraceptive patch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg/220px-Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/220px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/330px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/440px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>A transdermal patch which delivers medication is applied to the skin in a medical setting. The patch is labelled with the time and date of administration as well as the administrator's initials.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg/220px-Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg/330px-Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg/440px-Microneedle_array_comparison_with_Hypodermic_needle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Microneedle patch size comparison<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>transdermal patch</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Medicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicated">medicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> patch that is placed on the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> to deliver a specific <a href="/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)" title="Dose (biochemistry)">dose</a> of medication through the skin and into the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery (such as oral, topical, intravenous, or intramuscular) is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered by this method. The first commercially available prescription patch was approved by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> in December 1979. These patches administered <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">scopolamine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to overcome restriction from the skin, researchers have developed <a href="/wiki/Microneedle_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microneedle drug delivery">microneedle transdermal patches</a> (MNPs), which consist of an array of <a href="/wiki/Microneedles" title="Microneedles">microneedles</a>, which allows a more versatile range of compounds or molecules to be passed through the skin without having to <a href="/wiki/Micronization" title="Micronization">micronize</a> the medication beforehand. MNPs offer the advantage of controlled release of medication and simple application without medical professional assistance required.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With advanced MNPs technology, drug delivery can be specified for local usage, for example skin whitener<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MNPs that are applied to the face. Many types of MNPs have been developed to penetrate tissues other than skin, such as internal tissues of the mouth and digestive tract. These promote faster and more direct delivery of the molecule to the targeted area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The highest selling transdermal patch in the United States is the <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_patch" title="Nicotine patch">nicotine patch</a>, which releases <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> in controlled doses to help with cessation of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>. The first commercially available vapour patch to reduce smoking was approved in Europe in 2007.</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> medications used to provide round-the-clock relief for severe pain are often prescribed in patch form, <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> CII (marketed as <a href="/wiki/Duragesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Duragesic">Duragesic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a> CIII (marketed as <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">BuTrans</a>).</li> <li>Hormonal patches: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_patch" title="Estrogen patch">Estrogen patches</a> are sometimes prescribed to treat <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopausal</a> symptoms (as well as post-menopausal <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>) and to <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> as a type of <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)">hormone replacement therapy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Contraceptive patches</a> (marketed as <a href="/wiki/Ortho_Evra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortho Evra">Ortho Evra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ortho_Evra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortho Evra">Evra</a>) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(patch)" title="Testosterone (patch)">Testosterone</a> CIII patches for both men (Androderm) and women (Intrinsa).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">Nitroglycerin</a> patches are sometimes prescribed for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a> in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual pills</a>.</li> <li>Transdermal <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a> is commonly used as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16719539_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16719539-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The anti-hypertensive drug <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> is available in transdermal patch form.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8162656_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8162656-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsam" class="mw-redirect" title="Emsam">Emsam</a>, a transdermal form of the <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">MAOI</a> <a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">selegiline</a>, became the first transdermal delivery agent for an <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> approved for use in the U.S. in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsam_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsam-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Daytrana">Daytrana</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> transdermal delivery system for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), was approved by the FDA in April 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Daytrana_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daytrana-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secuado" class="mw-redirect" title="Secuado">Secuado</a>, a transdermal form of the <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, was approved by the FDA in October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrithers_2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrithers_2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxytryptophan" title="5-Hydroxytryptophan">5-Hydroxytryptophan</a> (5-HTP) can also be administered through a transdermal patch, which was launched in the United Kingdom in early 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> treatment medication, was released in patch form in 2007 under the brand name Exelon.<sup id="cite_ref-Exelon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exelon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a> and his team developed and patented a technique whereby transdermal patches could be used to label people with invisible ink in order to store medical information subcutaneously. This was presented as a boon to "developing nations" where lack of infrastructure means an absence of medical records.<sup id="cite_ref-atmit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atmit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaklenec19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaklenec19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology uses a "<a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum dot dye">quantum dot dye</a> that is delivered along with a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-atmit_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atmit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_patch" title="Caffeine patch">Caffeine patches</a>, designed to deliver <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> to the body through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_events">Adverse events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adverse events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> announced that they were investigating reports of death and other serious adverse events related to <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> in patients using <a href="/wiki/Duragesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Duragesic">Duragesic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> transdermal patch for pain control. The Duragesic product label was subsequently updated to add safety information in June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2007, Shire and Noven Pharmaceuticals, manufacturers of the <a href="/wiki/Daytrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Daytrana">Daytrana</a> ADHD patch, announced a voluntary recall of several lots of the patch due to problems with separating the patch from its protective release liner.<sup id="cite_ref-DaytranaRecall_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaytranaRecall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, no further problems with either the patch or its protective packaging have been reported.</li> <li>In 2008, two manufacturers of the fentanyl patch, ALZA Pharmaceuticals (a division of major medical manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sandoz" title="Sandoz">Sandoz</a>, subsequently issued a recall of their versions of the patch due to a manufacturing defect that allowed the gel containing the medication to leak out of its pouch too quickly, which could result in overdose and death.<sup id="cite_ref-PatchRecall_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatchRecall-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2009, Sandoz—now manufactured by ALZA—no longer uses gel in its transdermal fentanyl patch; instead, Sandoz-branded fentanyl patches use a matrix/adhesive suspension (where the medication is blended with the adhesive instead of held in a separate pouch with a porous membrane), similar to other fentanyl patch manufacturers such as Mylan and Janssen.<sup id="cite_ref-SandozPackaging_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandozPackaging-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, the FDA announced a public health advisory warning of the risk of burns during <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> scans from transdermal drug patches with metallic backings. Patients should be advised to remove any medicated patch prior to an MRI scan and replace it with a new patch after the scan is complete.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, an article in <i>Europace</i> journal detailed stories of skin burns that occurred with transdermal patches that contain metal (usually as a backing material) caused by shock therapy from external as well as internal cardioverter <a href="/wiki/Defibrillators" class="mw-redirect" title="Defibrillators">defibrillators</a> (ICD).<sup id="cite_ref-Europace_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europace-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main components to a transdermal patch are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Release_liner" title="Release liner">Release liner</a> – Protects the patch during storage. The liner is removed prior to use.</li> <li>Drug – Drug solution in direct contact with release liner</li> <li>Adhesive – Serves to adhere the components of the patch together along with adhering the patch to the skin</li> <li>Membrane – Controls the release of the drug from the reservoir and multi-layer patches</li> <li>Backing – Protects the patch from the outer environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_enhancer" title="Penetration enhancer">Penetration enhancer</a> – These are permeation promoters for drugs, which increase delivery of drug.</li> <li>Matrix filler – Provides bulk to the matrix, and some act as matrix stiffening agents.</li></ul> <p>Other components include stabilizers (antioxidants), preservatives, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transdermal_patch" title="Special:EditPage/Transdermal patch">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Transdermal+patch%22">"Transdermal patch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Transdermal+patch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Transdermal+patch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Transdermal+patch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Transdermal+patch%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transdermal+patch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transdermal_patches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Transdermal_patches.jpg/220px-Transdermal_patches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Transdermal_patches.jpg/330px-Transdermal_patches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Transdermal_patches.jpg/440px-Transdermal_patches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Sample transdermal patches. On left is a 'reservoir' type, on the right a 'Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive' version. Both contain exactly the same active ingredient with identical release rates.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are five main types of transdermal patches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-layer_drug-in-adhesive">Single-layer drug-in-adhesive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Single-layer drug-in-adhesive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adhesive layer of this system also contains the drug. In this type of patch the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various layers together, along with the entire system to the skin, but is also responsible for the releasing of the drug. The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and a backing. It is characterized by the inclusion of the drug directly within the skin-contacting adhesive placed onto the epidermis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-layer_drug-in-adhesive">Multi-layer drug-in-adhesive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multi-layer drug-in-adhesive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multi-layer drug-in-adhesive patch is similar to the single-layer system; the multi-layer system is different, however, in that it adds another layer of drug-in-adhesive, usually separated by a membrane (but not in all cases). One of the layers is for immediate release of the drug, and the other layer is for controlled release of the drug from the reservoir. This patch also has a temporary liner-layer and a permanent backing. The drug release from this depends on membrane permeability and diffusion of drug molecules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservoir">Reservoir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reservoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the single-layer and multi-layer drug-in-adhesive systems, the reservoir transdermal system has a separate drug layer. The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug solution or suspension separated by the adhesive layer. The drug reservoir is totally encapsulated in a shallow compartment molded from a drug-impermeable metallic plastic laminate, with a rate-controlling membrane made of a polymer like <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_acetate" title="Vinyl acetate">vinyl acetate</a> on one surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patch is also backed by the backing layer. In this type of system the rate of release is zero order. Reservoir patches should not be cut (with the exception of hyoscine hyrdobromide 1.5mg patch according to the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary_for_Children" title="British National Formulary for Children">British National Formulary for Children</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrix">Matrix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Matrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension. The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer, partially overlaying it. The release rate is determined by the physical properties of the matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as a monolithic device. Limited research indicates that it may be possible to cut some matrix patches to provide lower doses, provided the cut part not immediately used is stored at cool temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vapour_patch">Vapour patch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vapour patch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a vapour patch, the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various layers together but also to release vapour. Vapour patches release essential oils for up to 6 hours and are mainly used for decongestion. Other vapour patches on the market improve quality of sleep or aid in <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">smoking cessation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microneedle_patch">Microneedle patch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Microneedle patch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Microneedle_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microneedle drug delivery">Microneedle drug delivery</a></div> <p>The microneedle patch (MNPs) is a type of transdermal patch which retains the advantages, but reduces the disadvantages of basic transdermal patches. Embedding as many as 102-104 needles per square centimetre of patch, encapsulated or coated with intended drug, MNPs can easily pass skin tissue known as the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> which is roughly 20 μm in thickness, allowing up to the size of <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a> to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MNPs were developed mainly because transdermal patch can deliver smaller size or <a href="/wiki/Micronize" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronize">micronized</a> molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> which easily diffuse and penetrate the skin, but lack in delivering macro or large size molecules. The 100-1000 μm needles spread across the patch, making sure people will not feel any discomfort from the patch. There are two types of needles used in MNPs, the first one is non-water-soluble needles made out of metal, ceramic, or <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, and the second one is water-soluble needles made out of <a href="/wiki/Saccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharide">saccharides</a> or soluble polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MNPs can also be engineered to deliver molecules into other tissues. Some that as of 2018 have been under development include internal surfaces such as the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and vascular wall; and external surfaces such as the skin, eyes, fingernails, anus, and scalp.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MNPs_drug_delivery">MNPs drug delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: MNPs drug delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned earlier, MNPs deliver more efficient delivery compared to topical or oral intake. In drug delivery study, researchers want to gain faster <a href="/wiki/Peak_concentrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak concentrations">peak concentrations</a> (C<sub>max</sub>) in MNPs compared to other methods. Study shows that MNPs reach peak concentration as fast as 20 minutes (t<sub>max</sub>), while oral intake reaches peak concentration in one hour. Furthermore, the C<sub>max</sub> from MNPs is higher up to six times, compared to oral intake.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the delivery fast and the body gets the most concentration of intended drugs. This value is only matched with direct injection, but with skin trauma and people with needle phobia, MNPs might be an alternative to reach roughly the same time and concentration. </p><p>In order to get more direct local delivery, MNPs can be used in different tissues other than the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <b>Table 1</b>, there are at least five internal surfaces that MNPs have been studied for its delivery and four other external surfaces other than the skin. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png/270px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png/405px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png/540px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>MNPs may puncture stratum corneum to deliver directly to the dermis layer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1: Tissues Studied for MNPs Delivery </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Internal Surface </th> <th>External Surface </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mouth </td> <td>Skin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vagina </td> <td>Eye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gastrointestinal Tract </td> <td>Fingernail </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vascular Wall </td> <td>Anus </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Scalp </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_microneedle">Types of microneedle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of microneedle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many types of microneedle that are distinguished by the shape and other characteristics. The types include: Dissolvable MNPs, solid non-soluble MNPs, and hollow MNPs. Different MNPs may be chosen depending on the situation and the drug properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soluble_or_dissolvable_MNPs">Soluble or dissolvable MNPs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soluble or dissolvable MNPs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the types of MNPs are water-soluble needles made out of soluble polymers or saccharide. However, dissolvable needles cannot efficiently deliver drugs to the dermal layer. Drug maximum concentration cannot be carried out to the skin, as the needles will dissolve beforehand. Fortunately, researchers have developed a water-insoluble backing layer, making the needle last longer in the human body environment. This design enables efficient delivery of more than 90% of the drug within 5 minutes of application of MNPs to the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2103359_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2103359-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-soluble_or_undissolvable_MNPs">Non-soluble or undissolvable MNPs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-soluble or undissolvable MNPs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than dissolvable MNPs, needles can also be made out of metal or ceramic that will not dissolve in the body environment. These coated drug needles can deliver consistent concentration of drugs without the needles dissolving in the body. This kind of MNPs has better performance, but compared to the soluble MNPs, metal or ceramic MNPs are the older version of MNPs. Even if the patches are small, the metal or ceramic MNPs may cause several waste issues. Recycling the metal and ceramic are very hard, as the quantity is very small to overcome the cost to recycle. That is why researchers try to develop the dissolvable MNPs with similar characteristic and performance of drug delivery in non-soluble MNPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2103359_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2103359-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollow_MNPs">Hollow MNPs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hollow MNPs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among all of the MNPs, hollow needles allow a bigger amount of delivery up to 200μL. The mechanism mimics the operation of a hypodermic, but the fabrication is hard and complex. The hollow needles introduce a potential failure if the insertion is improper. That is why, among the others, hollow MNPs are the least popular because of the complex manufacturing and applying process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg/220px-Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg/330px-Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg/440px-Medical_waste_sorting_in_hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Disposing needlestick might cause injuries and transmission of pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ol><li>The MNPs may puncture the skin surface, enabling rapid onset of drug bypassing directly into the dermal capillaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pain-free.</li> <li>Can be localized to provide direct access to the intended tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Less dependent on skilled medical workers, as MNPs can be administered safely by the patient themself.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some drugs have poor solubility in water, with MNPs insoluble drugs and compounds can be directly "injected" to the dermal layer. Further enhancing the transdermal delivery of insoluble drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearney_605_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearney_605-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Better safety compared to needle and syringe method (needlestick). Less waste, eliminate pathogen transmission, and injuries. At least 300,000 needlestick related injuries occurred in the US annually, with disposal contribute to almost half of the injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearney_605_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearney_605-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MNPs_as_vaccine_delivery_platform">MNPs as vaccine delivery platform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: MNPs as vaccine delivery platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZOSTAVAX_(shingles_(herpes_zoster)_vaccine_(live))_(United_Kingdom).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg/220px-ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg/330px-ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg/440px-ZOSTAVAX_%28shingles_%28herpes_zoster%29_vaccine_%28live%29%29_%28United_Kingdom%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>A set of conventional vaccine apparatus needed to be transported.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>MNPs vaccination might be an alternative from direct injection. Able to deliver bigger molecules than transdermal patch, MNPs can also deliver bioactive molecules with different physical sizes. Meaning that inactive virus or pathogen can be introduced in the body without discomfort or skin irritation from conventional injection. Possibly it can also reduce the cost of storage that usually needs to be transported in a particular temperature and condition. Stated in cdc.gov website, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Prausnitz" title="Mark Prausnitz">Mark Prausnitz</a>, co-developer of the microneedle, says "A major advantage of the microneedle patch would be the ease of delivery." The MNPs are small and thin compared to bottles of vial, making it possible to transport in massive quantities in a single trip.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical waste such as syringes and dirty needles are also eliminated, reducing the possibility of pathogen transmission of blood-borne disease in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study, measles coated MNPs might be resistant to higher temperature compared to vial transport. Higher temperature resistance is a safe bet in low income countries, where there is no such luxury for refrigeration. Furthermore, the delivery of the vaccine is controlled by the MNPs. Less requiring highly trained medical workers in developing countries to apply the vaccine. However, the study in MNPs measles vaccine is still under development, but opening possibilities in the future for other types of vaccines<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MNPs_for_cosmetic_and_skin_care">MNPs for cosmetic and skin care</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: MNPs for cosmetic and skin care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skin treatment including face whitening agent and dark eye circles serum can also incorporated in MNPs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its localized property enhance skin whitening delivery to the face area. Even a very specific spot like dark eye circles. By measuring the melanin (dark or black pigment found on the skin) index, subjects that are treated with whitening agents coated in MNPs show lower melanin index, compared to the whitening essence (topical) group. The treatment lasts for eight weeks, and the result shows MNPs might be a promising cosmetic vector because MNPs does not introduce skin irritation and can be engineered to localize or specific parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MNPs may cause skin irritation on people with sensitive skin. Majority of studies show that MNPs do not irritate the skin. Especially for hollow MNPs, the not so stiff needles may cause unnecessary puncture of the skin outer layer, and may cause trauma to the skin and restricting the performance and flow of the drugs to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_development">Future development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Future development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because most of MNPs applications are still under development, it is important to note the long effect of the efficiency of the drug deliveries. Furthermore, more research is needed to get information of what molecule can be delivered using MNPs. Disposal is also an important topic, as the small plastic backing may contribute to water pollution remembering the compact size can be easily carried away by wind and water without proper disposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulatory_aspects">Regulatory aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Regulatory aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A transdermal patch is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a <i>combination product</i>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical device</a> combined with a drug or biological product that the device is designed to deliver. Prior to sale in the United States, any transdermal patch product must apply for and receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration, demonstrating safety and efficacy for its intended use.<sup id="cite_ref-Combination_Products;_FAQ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combination_Products;_FAQ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOMAI" title="IOMAI">IOMAI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcConvilleHegartyDavis2018" class="citation journal cs1">McConville, Aaron; 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"Efficacy and safety of a new microneedle patch for skin brightening: A Randomized, split-face, single-blind study". <i>Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">382–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjocd.12354">10.1111/jocd.12354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-2130">1473-2130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28574158">28574158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19414988">19414988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cosmetic+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+safety+of+a+new+microneedle+patch+for+skin+brightening%3A+A+Randomized%2C+split-face%2C+single-blind+study&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.issn=1473-2130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19414988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28574158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjocd.12354&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kui+Young&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Hyun+Jung&rft.au=Lee%2C+Changjin&rft.au=Kim%2C+Daegun&rft.au=Yoon%2C+Jun+Jin&rft.au=Kim%2C+Myeong+Nam&rft.au=Kim%2C+Beom+Joon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransdermal+patch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combination_Products;_FAQ-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Combination_Products;_FAQ_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/CombinationProducts/AboutCombinationProducts/ucm101496.htm">"Combination Products; FAQ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Combination+Products%3B+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FCombinationProducts%2FAboutCombinationProducts%2Fucm101496.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransdermal+patch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810113321/https://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2001/17874s27lbl.pdf">"Transderm Scōp"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2001/17874s27lbl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transderm+Sc%C5%8Dp&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcder%2Ffoi%2Flabel%2F2001%2F17874s27lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransdermal+patch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Ita K. Chapter 1 - Transcutaneous drug administration. In: Ita K, editor. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Academic Press; 2020. p. 1-7.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdermal_patch&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907020041/http://www.drug-delivery-systems.org/">The 10th US-Japan Symposium on Drug Delivery Systems</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template talk:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/60px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/90px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/120px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/60px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled 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