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href="#Reformation_and_the_Synod_of_Emden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reformation and the Synod of Emden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_the_Synod_of_Emden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synod_of_Dort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synod_of_Dort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Synod of Dort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod_of_Dort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Further Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_splits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_splits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th century splits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_splits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Reformed Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederduitse_Gereformeerde_Kerkfamilie" title="Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerkfamilie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerkfamilie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة المصلحة الهولندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة المصلحة الهولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4ndisch-reformierte_Kirche" title="Niederländisch-reformierte Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederländisch-reformierte Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_reformada_neerlandesa" title="Iglesia reformada neerlandesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia reformada neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbehereetako_Eliza_Erreformatua" title="Herbehereetako Eliza Erreformatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbehereetako Eliza Erreformatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کلیسای اصلاحی هلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای اصلاحی هلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_r%C3%A9form%C3%A9e_n%C3%A9erlandaise" title="Église réformée néerlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église réformée néerlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A2nske_Herfoarme_Tsjerke" title="Nederlânske Herfoarme Tsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlânske Herfoarme Tsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%9E%80_%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="화란 개혁교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화란 개혁교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Reformed_Belanda" title="Gereja Reformed Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Reformed Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Riformata_dei_Paesi_Bassi" title="Chiesa Riformata dei Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa Riformata dei Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الاصلاحيه الهولنديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الاصلاحيه الهولنديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Hervormde_Kerk" title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlaanse_Hervormde_Karke" title="Nederlaanse Hervormde Karke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nederlaanse Hervormde Karke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE" title="オランダ改革派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ改革派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_nederlandske_reformerte_kirke" title="Den nederlandske reformerte kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den nederlandske reformerte kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Hervormde_Kerk" title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holenderski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Reformowany" title="Holenderski Kościół Reformowany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holenderski Kościół Reformowany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Reformada_Neerlandesa" title="Igreja Reformada Neerlandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Reformada Neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Нидерландская реформатская церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нидерландская реформатская церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska_reformirana_cerkev" title="Nizozemska reformirana cerkev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemska reformirana cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndska_reformerta_kyrkan" title="Nederländska reformerta kyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländska reformerta kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda_Reform_Kilisesi" title="Hollanda Reform Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda Reform Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нідерландська реформатська церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерландська реформатська церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ولندیزی اصلاح شدہ کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولندیزی اصلاح شدہ کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Hervormde_Kerke" title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerke – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nederlandse Hervormde Kerke" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BD%92%E6%AD%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="荷兰归正会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷兰归正会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q515880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reformed Christian denomination in the Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dutch Reformed" redirects here. For the broader tradition of Reformed Christianity, see <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed Protestantism</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dutch Reformed Church (disambiguation)">Dutch Reformed Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands">Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Dutch Reformed Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22">"Dutch Reformed Church"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dutch+Reformed+Church%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Dutch Reformed Church</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1571 <br /><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholic Church in the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> (1618)<br /><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (1892)<br /><a href="/wiki/Restored_Reformed_Church" title="Restored Reformed Church">Restored Reformed Church</a> (2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">1,350 at the time of merger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">2 million at the time of merger</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dutch Reformed Church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːdərlɑntsə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦɛrˈvɔr(ə)mdə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɛr(ə)k]</a></span>, abbreviated <b>NHK</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌɛnɦaːˈkaː]</a></span>) was the largest <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> from the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in the 16th century until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the traditional denomination of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a> and the foremost <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denomination until 2004, the year it helped found and merged into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (the largest Protestant and second largest Christian communion in the Netherlands). It was the larger of the two major <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> denominations, after the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (<i>Gereformeerde kerk</i>) was founded in 1892. It spread to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and various other world regions through <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Colonial Empire">Dutch colonization</a>. Allegiance to the Dutch Reformed Church was a common feature among Dutch immigrant communities around the world and became a <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">crucial part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a> in South Africa. </p><p>The Dutch Reformed Church was founded in 1571 during the Protestant Reformation in the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> tradition, being shaped <a href="/wiki/Theologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologically">theologically</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, but also other major Reformed theologians. The church was influenced by various theological developments and controversies during its history, including <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a>, and a number of splits in the 19th century that greatly diversified Dutch Calvinism. The church functioned until 2004, the year it merged with the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> to form the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a <a href="/wiki/United_church" class="mw-redirect" title="United church">united church</a> of both Reformed and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical Lutheran</a> theological orientations. At the time of the merger, the Church had 2 million members organised in 1,350 congregations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A minority of members of the church chose not to participate in the merger and instead formed the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Reformed_Church" title="Restored Reformed Church">Restored Reformed Church</a> (HHK). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/220px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/330px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/440px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the original 1637 <i><a href="/wiki/Statenvertaling" title="Statenvertaling">Statenvertaling</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in 1795, the Dutch Reformed Church enjoyed the status of "public" or "privileged" church. Though it was never formally adopted as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, the law demanded that every public official should be a <a href="/wiki/Communicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicant">communicant</a> member. Consequently, the Church had close relations with the Dutch government. A privilege of members of the Dutch Reformed Church was that they could have their businesses open on Sundays, otherwise considered a religious day and not one for business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disestablishment">Disestablishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disestablishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch Reformed Church was officially disestablished in 1795 with the end of the Republic. Although it remained endorsed by the royal family, the Netherlands never had any public church afterwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_and_the_Synod_of_Emden">Reformation and the Synod of Emden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformation and the Synod of Emden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Emden" title="Synod of Emden">Synod of Emden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg/200px-Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg/300px-Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg/400px-Amsterdam_Nieuwe_Kerk_1697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4122" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (now belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a>) is still used for Dutch royal investiture ceremonies</figcaption></figure> <p>The Reformation was a time of religious violence between the established Catholic Church, Protestants and governments, in some cases. Efforts to form a Reformed church in the southern provinces stemmed from a secret meeting of Protestant leaders at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in 1566, and despite Spanish repression, many nobles joined the Protestant movement. Two years later, in 1568, following an attack on the Netherlands by the forces of the Duke of Alba, many Netherlanders fled to the German city of <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> was convened at which the <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> were adopted, and provisions were made for the offices of pastor, elder, teacher and deacon. The first <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> of 23 Dutch Reformed leaders was held in October 1571 in the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Emden" title="Synod of Emden">Synod of Emden</a> is generally considered to be the founding of the Dutch Reformed Church, the oldest of the Reformed churches in the Netherlands. The Synod both affirmed the actions of the earlier Synod of Wesel, as well as established <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian church government</a> for the Dutch Reformed Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synod_of_Dort">Synod of Dort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synod of Dort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></div> <p>The first Synod to be located in the Dutch Republic was held in <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> in 1578. This synodical meeting is not to be confused with the better known Second <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a> of 1618. Large groups of <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">Marranos</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Mostly all <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">Marranos</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> groups converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> around 1649 to the Nederduitsche<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Niederdeutsche church later on Dutch Reformed Church. In the latter meeting, the Church fathers expelled <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminians</a> and added the <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a> to the Confessions. The Canons of Dort, together with the previously adopted Belgic Confession and Heidelberg Catechism, were called the <i>Drie formulieren van Enigheid</i> (Three Forms of Unity). Most conflicts and splits in the Church arose because of disagreement over the substance and interpretation of these doctrinal documents. The government of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, which had instigated the Arminians' expulsion, subsequently prohibited the Reformed Church from assembling synodically. No Synod was held in the Netherlands until after the end of the Republic in 1795. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_Reformation">Further Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a></div> <p>The 17th and early 18th centuries were the age of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a> (best translated in English as the <i>Further Reformation</i>), led primarily by <a href="/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius">Gisbertus Voetius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_%C3%A0_Brakel" title="Wilhelmus à Brakel">Wilhelmus à Brakel</a>, which was greatly influenced by English <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_splits">19th century splits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century splits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1834_Dutch_Reformed_Church_split" title="1834 Dutch Reformed Church split">1834 Dutch Reformed Church split</a>, <a href="/wiki/1857_Dutch_Reformed_Church_split" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 Dutch Reformed Church split">1857 Dutch Reformed Church split</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1886_Dutch_Reformed_Church_split" title="1886 Dutch Reformed Church split">1886 Dutch Reformed Church split</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg/220px-Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg/330px-Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg/440px-Ontstaansgeschiedenis_van_kerken_in_Nederland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption>History of the churches in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, theological liberalism led to splits in the Dutch Reformed Church. <a href="/wiki/King_William_I_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King William I of the Netherlands">King William I of the Netherlands</a> imposed a new form of government for the church, in which the civil authorities selected the commissioners to the National Synod in 1816, making it increasingly difficult for ministers to speak out against perceived errors. In 1834, the minister <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_de_Cock" title="Hendrik de Cock">Hendrik de Cock</a> of the town of <a href="/wiki/Ulrum" title="Ulrum">Ulrum</a> was told by church leaders that he could not preach against certain colleagues, who he believed held erroneous views. He and his congregation seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church. In time, the <i><a href="/wiki/Secession_of_1834" class="mw-redirect" title="Secession of 1834">Afscheiding</a></i> (the Separation) led to the departure of 120 congregations from the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1886, another separation, the <i><a href="/wiki/Doleantie" class="mw-redirect" title="Doleantie">Doleantie</a></i>, occurred, led by Dutch Reformed journalist, theologian and politician <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_the_present">20th century to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch Reformed Church remained the largest church body in the Netherlands until the middle of the 20th century, when it was overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholic Church</a>. The rapid <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of the Netherlands in the 1960s dramatically reduced participation in the mainstream Protestant church. From the '60s onward, a number of attempts were made to effect a reunion with the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (<i>Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland</i>). This led to the two churches uniting with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (<i>Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</i>) to establish the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> in 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2004 merger led to a separation in which a number of congregations and members of the Dutch Reformed Church separated to form the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Reformed_Church" title="Restored Reformed Church">Restored Reformed Church</a> (<i>Hersteld Hervormde Kerk</i>). Estimations of their membership vary from 35,000 up to 70,000 in about 120 local congregations served by 88 ministers. The Restored Reformed Church disapproves of the pluralistic nature of the merged church, which they allege contains partly contradicting Reformed and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> confessions. This conservative group also opposes the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_same-sex_unions_in_Christian_churches" title="Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches">blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches</a>, which have been adopted as practices by the merged church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_distribution">International distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg/220px-Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg/330px-Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg/440px-Graaff-Reinet_GR3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch Reformed Church (<i>Grotekerk</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Graaff-Reinet" title="Graaff-Reinet">Graaff-Reinet</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Dutch migrants carried the Dutch Reformed Church with them, planting several Reformed denominations in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (The Reformed Church of East Africa), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa">Three Sister Churches of South Africa</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa_(NGK)" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)">Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)</a> (<i>Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa_(NHK)" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK)">Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK)</a> (<i>Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_South_Africa" title="Reformed Churches in South Africa">Reformed Churches in South Africa</a> (<i>Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika</i>)), the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Protestant_Church" title="Afrikaans Protestant Church">Afrikaans Protestant Church</a> (<i>Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Reformed_Church_in_Southern_Africa" title="Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa">Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa</a> (<i>Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afrika</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church,_Semarang,_2014-06-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10621" data-file-height="8191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blenduk_Church" title="Blenduk Church">Blenduk Church</a> (<i>Gereja Blenduk</i>), the former Reformed church building (<i>Koepelkerk</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and its workers, the Dutch Reformed Church was established in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> in 1642. The <a href="/wiki/Groote_Kerk,_Galle" title="Groote Kerk, Galle">Groote Kerk</a>, built in 1755, still stands in <a href="/wiki/Galle,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Galle, Sri Lanka">Galle</a>. The Dutch Reformed Church of Ceylon officially changed its name in 2007 to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka">Christian Reformed Church of Sri Lanka</a> to reflect its Christian identity in the nation, rather than on its Dutch colonial heritage. As of 2007, its membership stands around 5,000, comprising both communicant and baptised members in 29 congregations, preaching stations, and mission outposts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christianity in Indonesia is strongly influenced under the Dutch reformed church, the first known church established in the country is "De Oude kerk" in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a> in 1640. Christianity in Indonesia, like Sri Lanka, has been nationalised into different branches of Protestantism while retaining many of the reformed church elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Protestant Church in Indonesia">Protestant Church in Indonesia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch Reformed Church went with migrants to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Reformed_Protestant_Dutch_Church" title="Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church">beginning in 1628</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>. St. Thomas Reformed Church, founded in 1660 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first Dutch Reformed Church in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. During the period of Dutch settlement in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in the 17th century colonists organised the Reformed Church<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Canada and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the oldest and second largest body is the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>, which was the American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands between 1628 and 1819. The <a href="/wiki/Brookville_Reformed_Church" title="Brookville Reformed Church">Brookville Reformed Church</a> is one of the oldest Dutch Reformed Church built in America. The largest Dutch Reformed body in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a>, split off from Reformed Church in America in 1857 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gijsbert_Haan" title="Gijsbert Haan">Gijsbert Haan</a>. Smaller related denominations and federations include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_and_American_Reformed_Churches" title="Canadian and American Reformed Churches">Canadian and American Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Reformed_Churches_of_North_America" title="Free Reformed Churches of North America">Free Reformed Churches of North America</a> (FRC), the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Reformed_Congregations" title="Heritage Reformed Congregations">Heritage Reformed Congregations</a> (HRC), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Reformed_Congregations" title="Netherlands Reformed Congregations">Netherlands Reformed Congregations</a> (NRC), the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Churches_in_America" title="Protestant Reformed Churches in America">Protestant Reformed Churches in America</a> (PRC), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Churches_in_North_America" title="United Reformed Churches in North America">United Reformed Churches in North America</a> (URC). The Dutch were mainly Protestant and Catholic before arrival to America, but became dominantly Protestant after settling in America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spread their religion by forming bonds with the natives in The Ohio River Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1766, ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church founded <b>Queen's College</b>, which would later become <b>Rutgers College</b>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">Province of New Jersey</a>. Today, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> is a major public research institution in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. As one of nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> clustered in the eastern United States, Rutgers serves as a reminder of early Dutch cultural influence in the North American colonies. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. Presidents</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, both of Dutch descent, were affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/18px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/27px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/37px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">History of religion in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt (Netherlands)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For detailed statistics, see <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie_in_Nederland#Statistieken_van_het_CBS" class="extiw" title="nl:Religie in Nederland">Statistics by the Dutch Centraal Bureau van de Statistiek</a>. In 1930, the Roman Catholic Church became the largest denomination in the country.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710153047/https://strchurch.org/history-timeline">"History Timeline"</a>. <i>St. Thomas Reformed Church (strchurch.org)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strchurch.org/history-timeline">the original</a> on July 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Thomas+Reformed+Church+%28strchurch.org%29&rft.atitle=History+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrchurch.org%2Fhistory-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: The Dutch were primarily Protestant and Catholic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Irvine_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Irvine Israel">Israel, Jonathan Irvine</a> (2007). "Religious Toleration in Dutch Brazil (1624–1654)". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Irvine_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Irvine Israel">Israel, Jonathan Irvine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Schwartz, Stuart B.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRVCNdouRaUC"><i>The Expansion of Tolerance: Religion in Dutch Brazil (1624–1654)</i></a>. Amsterdam studies in the Dutch golden age. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053569023" title="Special:BookSources/9789053569023"><bdi>9789053569023</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>[...] the Dutch Reformed Church, with the support of the States General in The Hague, and the Heren XIX, endeavoured to organize itself in an effective manner as the public church in 'New Holland' as Dutch Brazil was officially designated. Although the first two salaried <i>predikanten</i> arrived in 1633, it was not until 1635 that clear and detailed guidelines for the organization of the Reformed faith in Dutch Brazil were laid down.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Toleration+in+Dutch+Brazil+%281624%E2%80%931654%29&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Tolerance%3A+Religion+in+Dutch+Brazil+%281624%E2%80%931654%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Amsterdam+studies+in+the+Dutch+golden+age&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789053569023&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRVCNdouRaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinke2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sinke, Suzanne M. (2008). "Dutch American History in Several Settings: The AADAS and Other Visions". <i>Polish American Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 11–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20148788">10.2307/20148788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2806">0032-2806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20148788">20148788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161498302">161498302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Dutch+American+History+in+Several+Settings%3A+The+AADAS+and+Other+Visions&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-21&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0032-2806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161498302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20148788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20148788&rft.aulast=Sinke&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Seeman, Erik R. (2013). "Uncovering Hudson Valley Indian History". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 191–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2013.0037">10.1353/rah.2013.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6628">1080-6628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144210168">144210168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Uncovering+Hudson+Valley+Indian+History&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-196&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144210168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2013.0037&rft.aulast=Seeman&rft.aufirst=Erik+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippers2013" class="citation web cs1">Schippers, Ciska (July 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/dutch-president-martin-van-buren/">"Dutch President Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i>DutchReview</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2018</span>. <q>His religious affiliation was Dutch reformed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DutchReview&rft.atitle=Dutch+President+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Schippers&rft.aufirst=Ciska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fdutch-president-martin-van-buren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarschall2010" class="citation news cs1">Marschall, Rick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbn.com/churchandministry/a-true-christian-american-president">"A True Christian American President"</a>. <i>Christian Broadcasting Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2018</span>. <q>He was of the Dutch Reformed Church. He participated in missions work with his father</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Broadcasting+Network&rft.atitle=A+True+Christian+American+President&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marschall&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fchurchandministry%2Fa-true-christian-american-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Stoll, Mark (July 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3942101/teddy-roosevelt-christian-environmentalism/">"The Christian Roots of Modern Environmentalism"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2018</span>. <q>the Calvinist traditions in Roosevelt's ancestry: the Dutch Reformed Church on his father's side</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Roots+of+Modern+Environmentalism&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3942101%2Fteddy-roosevelt-christian-environmentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output 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