CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lev Vygotsky - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6e9fbac6-2295-4b12-b554-903692c2c0a9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lev_Vygotsky","wgTitle":"Lev Vygotsky","wgCurRevisionId":8158780,"wgRevisionId":8158780,"wgArticleId":376882,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles with hCards","Articles with FAST identifiers","Articles with ISNI identifiers","Articles with VIAF identifiers","Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers","Articles with BIBSYS identifiers","Articles with BNC identifiers","Articles with BNE identifiers","Articles with BNF identifiers","Articles with BNFdata identifiers","Articles with CANTICN identifiers","Articles with EMU identifiers","Articles with GND identifiers", "Articles with ICCU identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers","Articles with Libris identifiers","Articles with LNB identifiers","Articles with NDL identifiers","Articles with NKC identifiers","Articles with NLA identifiers","Articles with NLG identifiers","Articles with NLK identifiers","Articles with NSK identifiers","Articles with NTA identifiers","Articles with PLWABN identifiers","Articles with CINII identifiers","Articles with DTBIO identifiers","Articles with Trove identifiers","Articles with SUDOC identifiers","Pages using ISBN magic links","Russian psychologists","1896 births","1934 deaths","Moscow State University alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lev_Vygotsky","wgRelevantArticleId":376882,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q180819","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles" :"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1712"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1141"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="913"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lev Vygotsky - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lev_Vygotsky rootpage-Lev_Vygotsky skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lev+Vygotsky" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lev+Vygotsky" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lev+Vygotsky" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lev+Vygotsky" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_and_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_and_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i>Thought and Language</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought_and_Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Thought and Language</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thought_and_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Speaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_speach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_speach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Inner speach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_speach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lev Vygotsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljef_Wigotski" title="Ljef Wigotski – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ljef Wigotski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ليف فيغوتسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليف فيغوتسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotski" title="Lev Vygotski – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lev Vygotski" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_V%C4%B1qotski" title="Lev Vıqotski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lev Vıqotski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لو ویقوتسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لو ویقوتسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Леў Сямёнавіч Выгоцкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў Сямёнавіч Выгоцкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Леў Выгоцкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў Выгоцкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лев Виготски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лев Виготски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigotski" title="Lev Vigotski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lev Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Semjonowitsch_Wygotski" title="Lew Semjonowitsch Wygotski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lew Semjonowitsch Wygotski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_V%C3%B5gotski" title="Lev Võgotski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lev Võgotski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Λεβ Βιγκότσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεβ Βιγκότσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Sem%C3%ABnovi%C4%8D_Vygotskij" title="Lev Semënovič Vygotskij – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lev Semënovič Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigockij" title="Lev Vigockij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lev Vigockij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigotski" title="Lev Vigotski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lev Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لو ویگوتسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لو ویگوتسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotski" title="Lev Vygotski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lev Vygotski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigotski" title="Lev Vigotski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lev Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84_%EB%B9%84%EA%B3%A0%EC%B8%A0%ED%82%A4" title="레프 비고츠키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레프 비고츠키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Լև Վիգոտսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լև Վիգոտսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="लिव वाइगोत्सकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिव वाइगोत्सकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Vigotski" title="Lav Vigotski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsk%C3%ADj" title="Lev Vygotskíj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lev Vygotskíj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Sem%C3%ABnovi%C4%8D_Vygotskij" title="Lev Semënovič Vygotskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lev Semënovič Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%99" title="לב ויגוצקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לב ויגוצקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲೆವ್ ಸೆಮೆನೊವಿಚ್ ವೈಗೋಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೆವ್ ಸೆಮೆನೊವಿಚ್ ವೈಗೋಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლევ ვიგოტსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლევ ვიგოტსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Семёнович Выготский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лев Семёнович Выготский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Выготский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лев Выготский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Vygotskij" title="Leo Vygotskij – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBevs_Vigotskis" title="Ļevs Vigotskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļevs Vigotskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Szemjonovics_Vigotszkij" title="Lev Szemjonovics Vigotszkij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lev Szemjonovics Vigotszkij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лав Виготски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лав Виготски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotski" title="Lev Vygotski – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lev Vygotski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ലവ് വിഗോട്സ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലവ് വിഗോട്സ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ليف سيمينوفيتش فيجوتسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليف سيمينوفيتش فيجوتسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotski" title="Lev Vygotski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lev Vygotski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="レフ・ヴィゴツキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レフ・ヴィゴツキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigotskiy,_Lev_Semyonovich" title="Vigotskiy, Lev Semyonovich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vigotskiy, Lev Semyonovich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਲੇਵ ਵਿਗੋਤਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੇਵ ਵਿਗੋਤਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Wygotski" title="Lew Wygotski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lew Wygotski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_V%C3%AEgotski" title="Lev Vîgotski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lev Vîgotski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Выготский, Лев Семёнович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выготский, Лев Семёнович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigotski" title="Lev Vigotski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lev Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Semionovi%C4%8D_Vygotskij" title="Lev Semionovič Vygotskij – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev Semionovič Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vigotski" title="Lev Vigotski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lev Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лав Виготски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лав Виготски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Vigotski" title="Lav Vigotski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav Vigotski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotski" title="Lev Vygotski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lev Vygotski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotskij" title="Lev Vygotskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lev Vygotskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="லெவ் வைகாட்ஸ்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெவ் வைகாட்ஸ்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Виготский – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лев Виготский" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_V%C4%B1gotski" title="Lev Vıgotski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lev Vıgotski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Виготський Лев Семенович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виготський Лев Семенович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lev Vygotsky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%9E%9C%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="利维·维果斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利维·维果斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%B0%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="利維·維谷斯基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利維·維谷斯基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%B0%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="利維·維谷斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利維·維谷斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (not yet started) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lev_Vygotsky" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lev_Vygotsky" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&oldid=8158780" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lev_Vygotsky&id=8158780&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLev_Vygotsky"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLev_Vygotsky"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Lev+Vygotsky"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lev_Vygotsky&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lev_Vygotsky" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180819" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Lev Vygotsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg/220px-Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1896<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1934<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Russian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Roza Noevna Vygodskaia (nee Smekhova)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Luria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Luria (not yet started)">Alexander Luria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Humboldt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt (not yet started)">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Potebnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Potebnia (not yet started)">Alexander Potebnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Lewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Lewin (not yet started)">Kurt Lewin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Goldstein (not yet started)">Kurt Goldstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vygotsky_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vygotsky Circle (not yet started)">Vygotsky Circle</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lev Vygotsky</b> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (17 November  [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 November ] 1896 – 11 June 1934) was a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>. He worked on <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a> and language. He also developed a <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> theory of human cultural and biosocial development.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vygotsky's early death to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought_and_Language"><i>Thought and Language</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Thought and Language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Thought and Language"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> development and <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This establishes the connection between speech and the development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_concept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental concept (not yet started)">mental concepts</a> and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud". </p> <dl><dd>"Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: <i>external</i> communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the <i>internal</i> manipulation of one's inner thoughts".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".<sup id="cite_ref-Lev_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p57</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking">Speaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Speaking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Speaking"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_speach">Inner speach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Inner speach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Inner speach"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Works" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Works"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vygotsky L. 1962. <i>Thought and language</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262720019" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-72001-9</a>. Revised and expanded edition 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262517713" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-262-51771-3</a></li> <li>Vygotsky L. 1962. <i>Psychology of art</i>. MIT Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-22013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-22013-2">978-0-262-22013-2</a></li> <li>Vygotsky L. 1978. <i>Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes</i>. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674576292" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-57629-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_from_Europe" title="List of scientists from Europe">List of scientists from Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лев Семёнович Вы́готский or Выго́тский</span>, born Лев Симхович Выгодский (<i>Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels H. (ed) 1996. <i>An introduction to Vygotsky</i>. London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozulin A. 1990. <i>Vygotsky's psychology: a biography of ideas</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Collected Works of L.S. Vygotsky, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/collected-works.htm">overview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lev-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lev_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lev_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Vygotsky L. [1962] 2012. <i>Thought and language</i>. MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, Judith 1975. <i>Thinking and language</i>. London: Methuen, p68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">But see Nelson, Kathleen (ed) 1989. <i>Narratives from the crib</i>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-067402363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-067402363-5">978-067402363-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though nowadays children start at kindergarten quite early, and so it should be possible to observe self-talk there.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180819#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/112375/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012096303X">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66476809">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFPCfM7VGRbFDKCmwjYP">WorldCat Entities</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90212633">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000135578">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1156328">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11999271z">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11999271z">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520462106706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33934">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118770497">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Vygotskij, Lev Semenovič" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004400">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297319105171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83062700">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgh1ll4rr5hls">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000030990&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459940">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210660&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35585253">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record196317">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199629015">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000160172&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070738572">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810679955505606">Poland</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00765879?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118770497.html?language=en">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1004400">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085720305">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&oldid=8158780">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&oldid=8158780</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_psychologists" title="Category:Russian psychologists">Russian psychologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_births" title="Category:1896 births">1896 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1934_deaths" title="Category:1934 deaths">1934 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moscow_State_University_alumni" title="Category:Moscow State University alumni">Moscow State University alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with FAST identifiers">Articles with FAST identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ISNI identifiers">Articles with ISNI identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with VIAF identifiers">Articles with VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers">Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BIBSYS identifiers">Articles with BIBSYS identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNC identifiers">Articles with BNC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNE identifiers">Articles with BNE identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNF identifiers">Articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNFdata identifiers">Articles with BNFdata identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CANTICN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CANTICN identifiers">Articles with CANTICN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_EMU_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with EMU identifiers">Articles with EMU identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ICCU_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ICCU identifiers">Articles with ICCU identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Libris_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Libris identifiers">Articles with Libris identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LNB identifiers">Articles with LNB identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLA identifiers">Articles with NLA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLG_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLG identifiers">Articles with NLG identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLK_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLK identifiers">Articles with NLK identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NSK_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NSK identifiers">Articles with NSK identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NTA identifiers">Articles with NTA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with PLWABN identifiers">Articles with PLWABN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CINII_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CINII identifiers">Articles with CINII identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DTBIO_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with DTBIO identifiers">Articles with DTBIO identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Trove identifiers">Articles with Trove identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SUDOC identifiers">Articles with SUDOC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 8 April 2022, at 10:45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lev_Vygotsky&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-jwbqv","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.409","walltime":"0.526","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2588,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":26281,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3746,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":13268,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 476.973 1 -total"," 37.35% 178.164 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 35.96% 171.514 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 24.42% 116.485 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.85% 113.768 1 Template:Authority_control"," 19.71% 94.027 1 Template:Lang-ru"," 13.59% 64.801 2 Template:ISBN"," 8.63% 41.181 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 6.94% 33.090 1 Template:Wikidata_image"," 6.93% 33.076 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.216","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15233386,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66695f89d8-bgdzd","timestamp":"20241119180439","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lev Vygotsky","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lev_Vygotsky","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180819","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180819","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-12-22T09:32:14Z","dateModified":"2022-04-08T10:45:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Lev_Vygotsky_1896-1934.jpg","headline":"Soviet psychologist"}</script> </body> </html>