Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Research Solutions

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<div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-content" class="system_main_block"> <article> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>SARS-CoV-2 is a virulent coronavirus, similar in structure to the SARS-CoV virus that was responsible for the 2002 SARS pandemic, that causes the infectious disease COVID-19. Through our brands, we offer an unparalleled selection of research tools for the study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.</p> <h4>On This Page</h4> <ul> <li><a href="#products">Coronavirus Research Products</a></li> <li><a href="#resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="#background">About SARS-CoV-2</a></li> <li><a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/coronavirus-research-tool-350x210.jpg" alt="Coronavirus Research Tools 350x210" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="products"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default card-para-default"> <h2>Tools for Coronavirus Research</h2> <div class="row card_row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/applications/fore-thirdcol-antibody-700x420.png" alt="Antibody for Custom Assay Solutions" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Antibodies for Coronavirus Research</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Bio-Techne offers a large selection of antibodies for SARS‑CoV‑2 and COVID‑19 research. Our antibodies are essential tools that have supported pivotal research on SARS‑CoV‑2 recognition and viral infection and are being used to develop assays for SARS‑CoV‑2 detection.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies" > Find Antibodies for SARS‑CoV‑2 Research </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/proteins" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/custom-protein-services-410x410-v2.png" alt="Custom Protein Services" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/research-areas/coronavirus/proteins" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Proteins for Coronavirus Research</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Discover a wide selection of recombinant proteins for SARS‑CoV‑2 research, including the UK and South African variant Spike proteins. All of our proteins are produced and purified in-house and are rigorously tested for bioactivity and lot-to-lot consistency.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/proteins" > Discover Proteins for SARS‑CoV‑2 Research </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-Cov-2&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/Animal-Free-Landing-Graphics_teaser3.png" alt="GMP Small Molecules" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/search?keywords=SARS-Cov-2&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Small Molecules for COVID‑19 Research</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Small molecules enable exploration of different stages of the SARS‑CoV‑2 viral lifecycle. Our catalog offers products for targets involved in viral cell entry, including ACE2, TMPRSS2, and targets important in viral replication, such as M<sup>pro</sup>, PL<sup>pro</sup> and RNA polymerase. The range includes FDA approved drugs, innovative new compounds, as well as fluorescent reagents.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-Cov-2&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides" > Buy Small Molecules for SARS‑CoV‑2 Research </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="thin-banner banner_wrapper"> <div class="banner-dark"> <div> <div>Media, Serum, Matrix, and Supplements</div> <a href="/reagents/cell-culture-reagents" > <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary"> View Cell Culture Reagents </button> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-media-to-text mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/llamabody-camelid-antibodies" title="Learn More About Our LlaMABody Products" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/DW_OBT-COVID19-Llama_495x300.jpg" alt="Bio-Techne offers llamabodies, also called camelid antibodies and nanobodies, for SARS-CoV-2 research." loading="lazy" > </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h2>LlaMABody™-Camelid Antibodies for Coronavirus Research</h2></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Our <a href="/p/antibodies/sars-cov-1-2-spike-rbd-llamabody-antibody-vhh72_lmab10541">SARS-CoV-1/2 Spike RBD LlaMABody Recombinant Antibody</a> is produced using the VHH72 CoV-2 RBD Blocking/Neutralization clone that was published by <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30494-3" target="_blank">Wrapp, D. <em>et al.</em> in <em>Cell</em></a>. Learn more about this camelid antibody and our LlaMABody product line on the R&D Systems website, a Bio-Techne brand. </p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/llamabody-camelid-antibodies" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Learn More About Our LlaMABody Products </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-banner-with-image mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-background-color--"> <div class="banner_background_image" data-bgimage="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/tocriscreen_background_banner_3.png" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div 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<div><p>Download our brochure to explore the tools from all the Bio-Techne brands that can support and further SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="https://resources.rndsystems.com/pdfs/brochures/Bio-Techne_Coronavirus-Research-brochure.pdf" > Download the Coronavirus Brochure </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/resources/webinars/analytical-tools-for-vaccine-development" > </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/resources/webinars/analytical-tools-for-vaccine-development" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Webinar: Next Generation Analytical Tools for Vaccine Development</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Watch this webinar to learn how scientists from leading pharmaceutical companies use Bio-Techne’s automated analytical technologies throughout the the vaccine development workflow.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/resources/webinars/analytical-tools-for-vaccine-development" > Watch Vaccine Development Webinar OnDemand </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/resources/literature/emerging-research-with-covid-19-and-organoids-mini-organs-with-massive-potential" > </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/resources/literature/emerging-research-with-covid-19-and-organoids-mini-organs-with-massive-potential" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>COVID-19 and Organoids: Mini-Organs with Massive Potential</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Here we take a look at the enormous potential of organoids in COVID-19 research and beyond by exploring past, current and emerging research.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/resources/literature/emerging-research-with-covid-19-and-organoids-mini-organs-with-massive-potential" > Request Whitepaper </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3>Additional Resources </h3><ul><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/webinars/analytical-tools-fight-against-covid-19">Analytical Tools for the Fight Against COVID-19 Webinar</a>  </li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/webinars/do-human-endogenous-retroviruses-herv-contribute-to-covid-19-immunopathology">Webinar: Do Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) Contribute to COVID-19 Immunopathology?</a> </li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/webinars/unlocking-the-potential-of-long-covid-19">Webinar: Unlocking the Potential of Long-COVID-19: Developing a Diagnostic Test</a></li><li><a href="/resources/webinars/automating-rnascope-for-viral-pathogensis-research">Webinar: Incorporation and Automation of RNAscope™ Technology into your COVID-19 Viral Pathogenesis Research</a></li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/literature/detection-of-sars-cov-2-armored-rna-in-global-interlaboratory-harmonization-study">Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Armored RNA in Global Interlaboratory Harmonization Study Whitepaper</a> </li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/literature/single-western-uncovers-new-strategy-to-prevent-treat-covid-19">Scientific Article: Jess Uncovers Possible New Strategy to Prevent and Treat COVID-19</a> </li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/resources/blogs/post-covid-conditions-or-long-covid-and-covid-long-haulers">Blog: Post-COVID Conditions or Long COVID and COVID Long-Haulers</a> </li><li lang="EN-US"><a href="/literature/detection-of-sars-cov-2-armored-rna-poster">Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Armored RNA Quant<sup>®</sup> in Global Interlaboratory Harmonization Study: Scientific Meeting Poster</a></li></ul><p><a href="/resources"><strong>Find More Coronavirus Resources</strong> </a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h2><a name="background"></a>Background Information</h2> <h3>What is SARS-CoV-2?</h3> <p>SARS-CoV-2 is a virulent coronavirus, similar in structure to the SARS-CoV virus that was responsible for the 2002 SARS pandemic, that causes the infectious disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is a ~30-kb positive single-stranded RNA virus and has a genome organization that is similar to that of SARS-CoV, with both being organized into two main open reading frames (ORFs) and several smaller downstream ORFs. Two large ORFs, ORF1a and ORF1b, encode two polyproteins which are cleaved by viral encoded proteases resulting in several <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/nonstructural-proteins">non-structural proteins (nsp)</a>. ORF1a encodes a 440-500 kDa polypeptide (pp1a) which is enzymatically processed to generate 11 nsps. The second ORF, ORF1b, encodes a larger polypeptide (pp1ab) of 740-810 kDa which is cleaved to generate 16 nsps.</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-page-text-with-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/covid-19-sars-cov-2-genome.jpg" alt="SARS-CoV-2 genome organization" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3 lang="EN-GB">What Are SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins? </h3> <p lang="EN-US">Four major structural proteins have been identified in SARS-CoV-2 including <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=spike%20protein">spike</a>, <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+nucleocapsid">nucleocapsid</a>, <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+membrane ">membrane</a>, and <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+envelope">envelope</a> proteins, which share significant identity with SARS-CoV. These four structural proteins are encoded by ORF2-10 and are required for viral coat formation and genome encapsidation. Compared to <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/nonstructural-proteins">nsps</a>, structural proteins elicit higher immune responses, both humoral and cellular mediated. While the main structural proteins have been well characterized, the ORF accessory proteins and nsps are in general less understood.</p> <p lang="EN-US">Find out about <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/nonstructural-proteins">SARS-CoV-2 Non-structural Proteins</a>.</p> <h4 lang="EN-US">SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein</h4> <p lang="EN-GB">The <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=spike%20protein">spike protein</a> in SARS-CoV-2 (1,273 aa) is a viral surface glycoprotein with two major functional domains, the S1 (14-667 aa) and S2 (668-1255 aa) domains, which mediate cell receptor binding and membrane fusion, respectively. Viral attachment and entry into host cells is dependent on the interaction of the spike’s receptor-binding domain (RBD: 306-527 aa) with specific cellular proteins. The <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=ACE-2&common_name=ACE-2">angiotensin converting enzyme 2</a> (ACE-2) and the protease <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=TMPRSS2">TMPRSS2</a> have been identified as the cellular receptor and priming protease required for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry, respectively. The protease TMPRSS2 and/or cathepsin L cleave the spike protein at the S1-S2 junction, allowing the fusion of viral envelope and cellular membranes required for viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 may also be cleaved by furin which recognizes a four amino acid sequence at the S1-S2 junction. Besides cleavage of the spike protein at the S1-S2 junction, cellular proteases cleave the S2 subunit at a recognized S2’ sequence which is critical for activation of the spike protein and consequent membrane fusion. The surface glycoprotein<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/1796318598" target="_blank"> </a>or spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 shares 76% sequence identity with SARS-CoV's spike protein. </p> <h4 lang="EN-US">SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein </h4> <p lang="EN-US">The <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+nucleocapsid">nucleocapsid phosphoprotein</a> (419 aa) is located within the core of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle and interacts with the viral RNA. During viral assembly, the nucleocapsid protein plays a central role in packing the viral RNA genome. This process is dependent on its ability to self-associate as previously determined for the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein. SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein has been implicated in other functions such as the modulation of host cellular processes including cell cycle deregulation, inhibition of IFN production, and induction of proinflammatory factors (e.g., <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=cox-2">COX-2</a>). SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009724397.2" target="_blank"> </a>shares 91% sequence identity with the SARS-CoV protein.</p> <h4 lang="EN-US">SARS-CoV-2 Membrane and Envelope Proteins </h4> <p lang="EN-US">The <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+membrane ">membrane</a> (222 aa) and <a href="/search?search_type=products&keywords=SARS-cov-2+envelope">envelope</a> (75 aa) proteins are integral proteins that function in viral assembly. SARS-CoV’s membrane protein is known to elicit the production of neutralizing antibodies in SARS patients while the envelope protein plays a role in SARS-CoV virulence and functions as an ion channel. SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein shares 91% sequence identity and the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AFR58746.1" target="_blank"> </a>shares 95% sequence identity with the respective SARS-CoV proteins.</p> <p lang="EN-US"> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--individual-button mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default w-100"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus/variants" class="btn btn-primary" type="link" > Learn About Coronavirus Variants </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h2><a name="references"></a></h2></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-selected-references13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>Selected References</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-selected-references13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Ashour, H. M., Elkhatib, W. F., Rahman, M. M., & Elshabrawy, H. A. (2020). <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/186" target="_blank">Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (Sars-coV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks.</a> Pathogens <strong>9</strong> 186.</p> <p>Cárdenas-Conejo, Y., Liñan-Rico, A., García-Rodríguez, D. A. <em>et al</em>. (2020). <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.25758" target="_blank">An exclusive 42 amino acid signature in pp1ab protein provides insights into the evolutive history of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).</a> Journal of Medical Virology. </p> <p>Groneberg, D. A., Hilgenfeld, R., & Zabel, P. (2005). <a href="http://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-6-8" target="_blank">Molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).</a> Respiratory Research <strong>6 </strong>8.</p> <p>Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Krüger, N. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30229-4" target="_blank">The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells.</a> Cell <strong>181</strong> 271. </p> <p>Kim, D., Lee, J.-Y., Yang, J.-S. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2820%2930406-2" target="_blank">The architecture of SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome.</a> Cell <strong>181</strong> 914. </p> <p>Liu, J., Sun, Y., Qi, J. <em>et al.</em> (2010). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/202/8/1171/926918">The membrane protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus acts as a dominant immunogen revealed by a clustering region of novel functionally and structurally defined cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte epitopes</a>. The Journal of Infectious Diseases <strong>202</strong> 1171. </p> <p>Millet, J. K., & Whittaker, G. R. (2015). <a href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4465284&blobtype=pdf" target="_blank">Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis.</a> Virus Research <strong>202</strong> 120. </p> <p>Munster, V., Feldmann, F., Williamson, B. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001628v1" target="_blank">Respiratory disease and virus shedding in </a><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001628v1" target="_blank">rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.</a> BioRxiv. </p> <p>Ortega, J. T., Serrano, M. L., Pujol, F. H., & Rangel, H. R. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7081066/" target="_blank">Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: an in silico analysis.</a> EXCLI J <strong>19</strong> 410. </p> <p>Pervushin, K., Tan, E., Parthasarathy, K. <em>et al.</em> (2009). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593379" target="_blank">Structure and inhibition of the SARS coronavirus envelope protein ion channel.</a> PLoS Pathogens <strong>5</strong> e1000511. </p> <p>Prajapat, M., Sarma, P., Shekhar, N. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="https://journals.lww.com/iphr/fulltext/2020/52010/drug_targets_for_corona_virus__a_systematic_review.11.aspx">Drug targets for corona virus: A systematic review</a>. Indian Journal of Pharmacology <strong>52</strong> 56. </p> <p>Schoeman, D., & Fielding, B. C. (2019). <a href="https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0" target="_blank">Coronavirus envelope protein: Current knowledge.</a> Virology Journal <strong>16</strong> 69. </p> <p>Surjit, M., & Lal, S. K. (2008). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7106238/" target="_blank">The SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein: A protein with multifarious activities.</a> Infection, Genetics and Evolution <strong>8 </strong>397. </p> <p>Walls, A. C., Park, Y. J., Tortorici, M. A. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420302622" target="_blank">Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.</a> Cell <strong>181</strong> 281.</p> <p>Wu, C., Liu, Y., Yang, Y. <em>et al.</em> (2020). <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383520302999" target="_blank">Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods.</a> Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B <strong>10</strong> 766.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <div id="brandsbar-footer" class="bg-bt-primary"> <div class="container-wide container-fluid text-white"> <div class="row py-5"> <div class="footer-logo col-xl-3 col-lg-auto d-flex"> <img class="brand-bar-footer-logo" src="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/logo.svg" alt="Bio-techne logo"> </div> <div class="col-xl-9 col-lg-auto"> <p class="ml-xl-4 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