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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="ElmWOrqms8tdfiMPk8kf1LTJpTh8G3XRrCPN4nt6uP8GiDN6IDTTU648826WhcD8sdE+DCmpqBcWXft5jpuDTg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health " /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chaosu Li" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yan Song" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="With the unprecedented urbanization during the past three decades, air quality in many Chinese cities has been a serious issue which poses great challenges for urban sustainability. 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This study examines the health consequences of development patterns" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unc.academia.edu/ChaosuLi" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unc.academia.edu/YanSong" /> <meta name="description" content="With the unprecedented urbanization during the past three decades, air quality in many Chinese cities has been a serious issue which poses great challenges for urban sustainability. This study examines the health consequences of development patterns" /> <title>(PDF) Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis | Chaosu Li and Yan Song - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732791967000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732791967000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"With the unprecedented urbanization during the past three decades, air quality in many Chinese cities has been a serious issue which poses great challenges for urban sustainability. This study examines the health consequences of development patterns in China by establishing the linkage between urban form, air pollution level, and cardiorespiratory mortality rate. We assembled a dataset by compiling a series of variables from multiple sources, including China\u0026amp;#39;s Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system, which forms a nationally representative sample of mortality for the year 2005, Chinese census, satellite imagery, and the Chinese National Land Use Database. After controlling for local climate, demography, socioeconomics, and other pollution factors, this study finds that urban form elements (e.g., urban density, fragmentation level, forest/green space ratio) have significant influences on PM 2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) concentration, thus influencing the incidence of cardiorespiratory mortality at the county level. These results may help explain how the type and pattern of development shape public health by influencing air quality and form an evidence-based land use policy to improve environmental quality and public health.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Chaosu Li"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Yan Song"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Yan Song"}],"dateCreated":"2020-02-17","dateModified":"2020-02-17","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Air Quality","Urban Planning","Environmental Health","Urban Studies","Environmental Sustainability","Urban form"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"unc"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":41999974,"created_at":"2020-02-17T08:40:03.137-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-15T14:16:25.170-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.3390/ijerph17041202","abstract":"With the unprecedented urbanization during the past three decades, air quality in many Chinese cities has been a serious issue which poses great challenges for urban sustainability. This study examines the health consequences of development patterns in China by establishing the linkage between urban form, air pollution level, and cardiorespiratory mortality rate. We assembled a dataset by compiling a series of variables from multiple sources, including China's Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system, which forms a nationally representative sample of mortality for the year 2005, Chinese census, satellite imagery, and the Chinese National Land Use Database. After controlling for local climate, demography, socioeconomics, and other pollution factors, this study finds that urban form elements (e.g., urban density, fragmentation level, forest/green space ratio) have significant influences on PM 2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) concentration, thus influencing the incidence of cardiorespiratory mortality at the county level. These results may help explain how the type and pattern of development shape public health by influencing air quality and form an evidence-based land use policy to improve environmental quality and public health.","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health "},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [38078915,33417761]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":62124126,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62124126/mini_magick20200217-5555-xsvve4.png?1581957673" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Urban Form, Air Quality, and Cardiorespiratory Mortality: A Path Analysis</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38078915" href="https://unc.academia.edu/ChaosuLi"><img alt="Profile image of Chaosu Li" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Chaosu Li</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33417761" href="https://unc.academia.edu/YanSong"><img alt="Profile image of Yan Song" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Yan Song</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health </p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041202" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041202</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 41999974; 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} }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">With the unprecedented urbanization during the past three decades, air quality in many Chinese cities has been a serious issue which poses great challenges for urban sustainability. This study examines the health consequences of development patterns in China by establishing the linkage between urban form, air pollution level, and cardiorespiratory mortality rate. We assembled a dataset by compiling a series of variables from multiple sources, including China's Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system, which forms a nationally representative sample of mortality for the year 2005, Chinese census, satellite imagery, and the Chinese National Land Use Database. After controlling for local climate, demography, socioeconomics, and other pollution factors, this study finds that urban form elements (e.g., urban density, fragmentation level, forest/green space ratio) have significant influences on PM 2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) concentration, thus influencing the incidence of cardiorespiratory mortality at the county level. These results may help explain how the type and pattern of development shape public health by influencing air quality and form an evidence-based land use policy to improve environmental quality and public health.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":62124126,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":62124126,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="62124126" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/41999974/Urban_Form_Air_Quality_and_Cardiorespiratory_Mortality_A_Path_Analysis" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="56600011" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56600011/Spatial_Temporal_Analysis_of_Air_Pollution_Climate_Change_and_Total_Mortality_in_120_Cities_of_China_2012_2013">Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012-2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39747468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShannonMarquez">Shannon Marquez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in public health, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past three decades. However, the economic boom came at a certain cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city-level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012-2013","attachmentId":71907389,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56600011/Spatial_Temporal_Analysis_of_Air_Pollution_Climate_Change_and_Total_Mortality_in_120_Cities_of_China_2012_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56600011/Spatial_Temporal_Analysis_of_Air_Pollution_Climate_Change_and_Total_Mortality_in_120_Cities_of_China_2012_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="87144859" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87144859/Urban_Air_Quality_and_Health_in_China">Urban Air Quality and Health in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="231992789" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToddJohnson67">Todd Johnson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Urban Studies, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Urban air pollution is one of the most visible environmental problems in China. In this paper, we use emission inventory data to assess the air quality and health effects in the Chinese city of Shijiazhuang. A spatial model is developed to identify the sources of emissions and to estimate population exposure to high ambient concentrations. Dose-response functions are used to quantify the impact on human health. Our results show significant health costs associated with Shijiazhuang&#39;s high concentration of sulphate, a fine particulate matter originating mainly from coal consumption. Policy implications are explored by evaluating alternative pollution control options. The use of cleaner coal is found to be the most cost effective in improving urban air quality and reducing human exposure.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Urban Air Quality and Health in China","attachmentId":91439069,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87144859/Urban_Air_Quality_and_Health_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87144859/Urban_Air_Quality_and_Health_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="83656314" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83656314/Spatial_and_temporal_trends_in_the_mortality_burden_of_air_pollution_in_China_2004_2012">Spatial and temporal trends in the mortality burden of air pollution in China: 2004-2012</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48736255" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MJantunen">Matti Jantunen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environment international, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While recent assessments have quantified the burden of air pollution at the national scale in China, air quality managers would benefit from assessments that disaggregate health impacts over regions and over time. We took advantage of a new 10×10km satellite-based PM2.5 dataset to analyze spatial and temporal trends of air pollution health impacts in China, from 2004 to 2012. Results showed that national PM2.5 related deaths from stroke, ischemic heart disease and lung cancer increased from approximately 800,000 cases in 2004 to over 1.2 million cases in 2012. The health burden exhibited strong spatial variations, with high attributable deaths concentrated in regions including the Beijing-Tianjin Metropolitan Region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, Shandong, Wuhan Metropolitan Region, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Henan, and Anhui, which have heavy air pollution, high population density, or both. Increasing trends were found in most provinces, but with varied gro...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial and temporal trends in the mortality burden of air pollution in China: 2004-2012","attachmentId":88929578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83656314/Spatial_and_temporal_trends_in_the_mortality_burden_of_air_pollution_in_China_2004_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83656314/Spatial_and_temporal_trends_in_the_mortality_burden_of_air_pollution_in_China_2004_2012"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="92741861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92741861/Urban_air_quality_and_human_health_in_China">Urban air quality and human health in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="231992789" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToddJohnson67">Todd Johnson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Urban Studies, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Urban air quality and human health in China","attachmentId":95670057,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92741861/Urban_air_quality_and_human_health_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92741861/Urban_air_quality_and_human_health_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="98958112" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98958112/Potential_Cardiovascular_and_Total_Mortality_Benefits_of_Air_Pollution_Control_in_Urban_China">Potential Cardiovascular and Total Mortality Benefits of Air Pollution Control in Urban China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29200265" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewMoran2">Andrew Moran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Circulation, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Outdoor air pollution ranks fourth among preventable causes of China’s burden of disease. We hypothesized that the magnitude of health gains from air quality improvement in urban China could compare with achieving recommended blood pressure or smoking control goals. Methods: The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model–China projected coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause deaths in urban Chinese adults 35 to 84 years of age from 2017 to 2030 if recent air quality (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm, PM 2.5 ) and traditional cardiovascular risk factor trends continue. We projected life-years gained if urban China were to reach 1 of 3 air quality goals: Beijing Olympic Games level (mean PM 2.5 , 55 μg/m 3 ), China Class II standard (35 μg/m 3 ), or World Health Organization standard (10 μg/m 3 ). We compared projected air pollution reduction control benefits with potential benefits of reaching World Health Organization hypertension and tobacco control ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Potential Cardiovascular and Total Mortality Benefits of Air Pollution Control in Urban China","attachmentId":100170671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98958112/Potential_Cardiovascular_and_Total_Mortality_Benefits_of_Air_Pollution_Control_in_Urban_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98958112/Potential_Cardiovascular_and_Total_Mortality_Benefits_of_Air_Pollution_Control_in_Urban_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="14237880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14237880/A_study_of_air_pollutants_influencing_life_expectancy_and_longevity_from_spatial_perspective_in_China">A study of air pollutants influencing life expectancy and longevity from spatial perspective in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33210105" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JixiaHuang">Jixia Huang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science of The Total Environment, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A study of air pollutants influencing life expectancy and longevity from spatial perspective in China","attachmentId":44419051,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14237880/A_study_of_air_pollutants_influencing_life_expectancy_and_longevity_from_spatial_perspective_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14237880/A_study_of_air_pollutants_influencing_life_expectancy_and_longevity_from_spatial_perspective_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="95614450" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95614450/Urban_Air_Quality_in_China_Historical_and_Comparative_Perspectives">Urban Air Quality in China: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6574890" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/ThomasRawski">Thomas Rawski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Resurgent China, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Urban Air Quality in China: Historical and Comparative Perspectives","attachmentId":97748087,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95614450/Urban_Air_Quality_in_China_Historical_and_Comparative_Perspectives","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95614450/Urban_Air_Quality_in_China_Historical_and_Comparative_Perspectives"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="102199281" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102199281/Long_term_ambient_air_pollution_levels_in_four_Chinese_cities_inter_city_and_intra_city_concentration_gradients_for_epidemiological_studies">Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174627929" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamWilson117">William Wilson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies","attachmentId":102527048,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102199281/Long_term_ambient_air_pollution_levels_in_four_Chinese_cities_inter_city_and_intra_city_concentration_gradients_for_epidemiological_studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102199281/Long_term_ambient_air_pollution_levels_in_four_Chinese_cities_inter_city_and_intra_city_concentration_gradients_for_epidemiological_studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10968586" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10968586/Quantifying_the_impacts_of_socio_economic_factors_on_air_quality_in_Chinese_cities_from_2000_to_2009">Quantifying the impacts of socio-economic factors on air quality in Chinese cities from 2000 to 2009</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26567151" href="https://cuit.academia.edu/ShengbinChen">Shengbin Chen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Pollution, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Quantifying the impacts of socio-economic factors on air quality in Chinese cities from 2000 to 2009","attachmentId":46991561,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10968586/Quantifying_the_impacts_of_socio_economic_factors_on_air_quality_in_Chinese_cities_from_2000_to_2009","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10968586/Quantifying_the_impacts_of_socio_economic_factors_on_air_quality_in_Chinese_cities_from_2000_to_2009"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="53522421" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53522421/Spatiotemporal_patterns_of_particulate_matter_PM_and_associations_between_PM_and_mortality_in_Shenzhen_China">Spatiotemporal patterns of particulate matter (PM) and associations between PM and mortality in Shenzhen, China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38198759" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TKrafft">T. Krafft</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC public health, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most studies on air pollution exposure and its associations with human health in China have focused on the heavily polluted industrial areas and/or mega-cities, and studies on cities with comparatively low air pollutant concentrations are still rare. Only a few studies have attempted to analyse particulate matter (PM) for the vibrant economic centre Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta. So far no systematic investigation of PM spatiotemporal patterns in Shenzhen has been undertaken and the understanding of pollution exposure in urban agglomerations with comparatively low pollution is still limited. We analyze daily and hourly particulate matter concentrations and all-cause mortality during 2013 in Shenzhen, China. Temporal patterns of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 (10) μm or less (or less (including particles with a diameter that equals to 2.5 (10) μm) are studied, along with the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10. Spatial distributions of PM10 and PM2.5 are addressed and a...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of particulate matter (PM) and associations between PM and mortality in Shenzhen, China","attachmentId":70327255,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53522421/Spatiotemporal_patterns_of_particulate_matter_PM_and_associations_between_PM_and_mortality_in_Shenzhen_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53522421/Spatiotemporal_patterns_of_particulate_matter_PM_and_associations_between_PM_and_mortality_in_Shenzhen_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62124126,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62124126,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_62124126" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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