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Roosevelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remarks_about_Franklin_D._Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_mass_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_mass_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on mass culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_mass_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almond–Lippmann_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almond–Lippmann_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Almond–Lippmann consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almond–Lippmann_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal/neoliberal_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal/neoliberal_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Liberal/neoliberal debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal/neoliberal_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Book reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pamphlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Lippmann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="والتر ليبمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="والتر ليبمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%86" title="والتر لیپمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والتر لیپمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уолтэр Ліпман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уолтэр Ліпман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уолтър Липман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уолтър Липман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann_(%C4%B5urnalisto)" title="Walter Lippmann (ĵurnalisto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walter Lippmann (ĵurnalisto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%86" title="والتر لیپمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر لیپمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B0_%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84%EB%A8%BC" title="월터 리프먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월터 리프먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ուոլթեր Լիփմեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուոլթեր Լիփմեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="וולטר ליפמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולטר ליפמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualterius_Lippmann" title="Gualterius Lippmann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gualterius Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volters_Lipmens" title="Volters Lipmens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volters Lipmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Волтер Липман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волтер Липман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="والتر ليبمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والتر ليبمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann_(journalist)" title="Walter Lippmann (journalist) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Lippmann (journalist)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ウォルター・リップマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォルター・リップマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Липпман, Уолтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липпман, Уолтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Волтер Липман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волтер Липман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American journalist (1889–1974)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Jewish and ethnic community leader and advocate of multiculturalism in Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Max_Lippmann" title="Walter Max Lippmann">Walter Max Lippmann</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Walter Lippmann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lippmann in 1936"><img alt="Lippmann wearing a suit, sitting a desk, facing the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg/220px-Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg/330px-Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg/440px-Walter_Lippmann_at_his_desk%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="5248" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Lippmann in 1936</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-09-23</span>)</span>September 23, 1889<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">December 14, 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-12-14)</span> (aged 85)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Writer</li><li>journalist</li><li>political commentator</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1911–1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Founding editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">New Republic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1958, 1962) <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1964)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Faye Albertson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1937)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Helen Byrne</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1938)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walter Lippmann</b> (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American writer, reporter, and political commentator. With a career spanning 60 years, he is famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, coining the term "<a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>" in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann also played a notable role as research director of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s post-World War I <a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">board of inquiry</a>. His views on the role of journalism in a democracy were contrasted with the contemporaneous writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> in what has been retrospectively named the Lippmann–Dewey debate. Lippmann won two <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prizes</a>, one for his syndicated newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow" and one for his 1961 interview of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prize1958_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize1958-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prize1962_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize1962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has also been highly praised with titles ranging from "most influential" journalist<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lippmann_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lippmann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 20th century to "Father of Modern Journalism".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schudson" title="Michael Schudson">Michael Schudson</a> writes<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/James_W._Carey" title="James W. Carey">James W. Carey</a> considered Walter Lippmann's book <i>Public Opinion</i> as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann was born on New York's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> as the only child of Jewish parents of German origin. According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Steel" title="Ronald Steel">Ronald Steel</a>, he grew up in a "gilded Jewish ghetto".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Jacob Lippmann was a rentier who had become wealthy through his father's textile business and his father-in-law's real estate speculation. His mother, Daisy Baum, cultivated contacts in the highest circles, and the family regularly spent its summer holidays in Europe. The family had a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jewish</a> orientation; averse to "<a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>", they attended <a href="/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Emanu-El (New York)">Temple Emanu-El</a>. Walter had his Reform Jewish <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a> at the age of 14. Lippmann was emotionally distanced from both parents, but had closer ties to his maternal grandmother. The political orientation of the family was <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1896 Lippmann attended the Sachs School for Boys, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sachs_Collegiate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachs Collegiate Institute">Sachs Collegiate Institute</a>, an elite and strictly secular private school in the German <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a> tradition, attended primarily by children of German-Jewish families and run by the classical philologist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sachs" title="Julius Sachs">Julius Sachs</a>, a son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Goldman" title="Marcus Goldman">Marcus Goldmann</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Goldman%E2%80%93Sachs_family" title="Goldman–Sachs family">Goldman-Sachs family</a>. Classes included 11 hours of ancient Greek and 5 hours of Latin per week.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before his 17th birthday, he entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> where he wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-HarvardAtoZ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardAtoZ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studied under <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Wallas" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a>, concentrating upon philosophy and languages (he spoke German and French). He took only one course in history and one in government. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> society,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though important social clubs rejected Jews as members.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann became a member, alongside <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">New York Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, Lippmann served as secretary to <a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">George R. Lunn</a>, the first Socialist mayor of <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, during Lunn's first term. Lippmann resigned his post after four months, finding Lunn's programs to be worthwhile in and of themselves, but inadequate as socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A profile picture of Lippmann as a young man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/170px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/255px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/340px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Lippmann in 1914, shortly after the establishment of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Lippmann was a journalist, a media critic and an amateur philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy in a complex and modern world, as in his 1920 book <i>Liberty and the News</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, Lippmann, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Weyl" title="Walter Weyl">Walter Weyl</a> became the founding editors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> on June 28, 1918, and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">AEF headquarters</a> in France. He was assigned to the staff of <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a> in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his connection to House, Lippmann became an adviser to Wilson and assisted in the drafting of Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> speech. He sharply criticized <a href="/wiki/George_Creel" title="George Creel">George Creel</a>, whom the President appointed to head wartime propaganda efforts at the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Committee on Public Information</a>. While he was prepared to curb his liberal instincts because of the war, saying he had "no doctrinaire belief in <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>," he nonetheless advised Wilson that <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, nor to anyone who is unacquainted with the long record of folly which is the history of suppression."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems. He and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Merz_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Merz (editor) (page does not exist)">Charles Merz</a>, in a 1920 study entitled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Test_of_the_News" title="A Test of the News">A Test of the News</a></i>, stated that <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>'</i> coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> was biased and inaccurate. In addition to his newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow", he wrote several books. </p><p>Lippmann was the first to bring the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>" to a common currency, in his 1947 book by the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He argued that people, including journalists, are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than to come to judgment by <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>. Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_thought">Political thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann saw nationalist separatism, imperialist competition, and failed states as key causes of war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisioned the eventual decline of the nation-state and its replacement with large inclusive and democratic political units.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As solution to the problem of failed states, he proposed the creation of regional authorities to provide political control, as well as education of public opinion to build support for these regional governments. He called for the creation of international organizations for each crisis region in the world: "there should be in existence permanent international commissions to deal with those spots of the earth where world crises originate."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He saw the creation of the United States in 1789 as a model for a proposed World State or supranational government, as it was possible to create a constitution to bring order to an otherwise anarchic area. Commerce and regular interactions between people from different nations would alleviate the adverse aspects of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the British colony <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in February 1942, Lippmann authored an influential <i>Washington Post</i> column that criticized empire and called on western nations to "identify their cause with the freedom and security of the peoples of the East" and purge themselves of "white man's <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the removal from office of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> (and former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>) <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate of the need to respect a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Europe, as opposed to the containment strategy being advocated at the time by <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>. </p><p>Lippmann was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1947 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann was an informal adviser to several presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-lippmann_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lippmann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 14, 1964, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> presented Lippmann with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later feuded with Johnson over his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of which Lippmann had become highly critical.<sup id="cite_ref-lippmann_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lippmann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">special Pulitzer Prize</a> for journalism in 1958, as a nationally syndicated columnist, citing "the wisdom, perception and high sense of responsibility with which he has commented for many years on national and international affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-prize1958_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize1958-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later he won the annual <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a> citing "his 1961 interview with Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>, as illustrative of Lippmann's long and distinguished contribution to American journalism."<sup id="cite_ref-prize1962_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize1962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann retired from his syndicated column in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lippmann died in New York City due to cardiac arrest in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism">Journalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Walter_Lippmann" title="Special:EditPage/Walter Lippmann">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-factual" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-factual">Post-factual</a></div> <p>Though a journalist himself, Lippmann did not assume that <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> are synonymous. For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make a picture of reality on which men can act." A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how they construct their reality. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This looks like a summary of the subject's views but it's unverifiable without citation (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the charge as "an organ of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>." </p><p>To Lippmann, democratic ideals had deteriorated: voters were largely ignorant about issues and policies and lacked the competence to participate in public life and cared little for participating in the political process. In <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i> (1922), Lippmann noted that modern realities threatened the stability that the government had achieved during the <a href="/wiki/Patronage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronage system">patronage</a> era of the 19th century. He wrote that a "<a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">governing class</a>" must rise to face the new challenges. </p><p>The basic problem of democracy, he wrote, was the accuracy of news and <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of sources">protection of sources</a>. He argued that distorted information was inherent in the human mind. People make up their minds before they define the facts, while the ideal would be to gather and analyze the facts before reaching conclusions. By seeing first, he argued, it is possible to sanitize polluted information. Lippmann argued that interpretation as <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> (a word which he coined in that specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. Lippmann called the notion of a public competent to direct public affairs a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of an average man to a theater-goer walking into a play in the middle of the third act and leaving before the last curtain. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_and_Its_Problems" title="The Public and Its Problems">The Public and Its Problems</a></i>, published in 1927, agreed about the irrationality of public opinion, but he rejected Lippmann's call for a <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> elite. Dewey believed that in a democracy, the public is also part of the public discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lippmann-Dewey Debate started to be widely discussed by the late 1980s in American communication studies circles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lippmann also figured prominently in the work <i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> who cited Lippmann's advocacy of "manufacture of consent" which referred "to the management of public opinion, which [Lippmann] felt was necessary for democracy to flourish, since he felt that public opinion was an irrational force."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remarks_about_Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Remarks about Franklin D. Roosevelt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Remarks about Franklin D. Roosevelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, Lippmann famously dismissed future President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s qualifications and demeanor, writing: "Franklin D. Roosevelt is no crusader. He is no tribune of the people. He is no enemy of entrenched privilege. He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be President." Despite Roosevelt's later accomplishments, Lippmann stood by his words, saying: "That I will maintain to my dying day was true of the Franklin Roosevelt of 1932."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed his judgment was an accurate summation of Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, saying it was "180 degrees opposite to the New Deal. The fact is that the New Deal was wholly improvised after Roosevelt was elected."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_mass_culture">Influence on mass culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on mass culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann was an early and influential commentator on <a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">mass culture</a>, notable not for criticizing or rejecting mass culture entirely but discussing how it could be worked with by a government licensed "propaganda machine" to keep democracy functioning. In his first book on the subject, <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i> (1922), Lippmann said that mass man functioned as a "bewildered herd" who must be governed by "a specialized class whose interests reach beyond the locality." The elite class of intellectuals and experts were to be a machinery of knowledge to circumvent the primary defect of democracy, the impossible ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen". </p><p>Later, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Public" title="The Phantom Public">The Phantom Public</a></i> (1925), Lippmann recognized that the class of experts were also, in most respects, outsiders to any particular problem, and hence not capable of effective action. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1859–1952) agreed with Lippmann's assertions that the modern world was becoming too complex for every citizen to grasp all its aspects, but Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed that the public (a composite of many "publics" within society) could form a "Great Community" that could become educated about issues, come to judgments and arrive at solutions to societal problems. </p><p>In 1943, <a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">George Seldes</a> described Lippmann as one of the two most influential columnists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1930s to the 1950s, Lippmann became even more skeptical of the "guiding" class. In <i>The Public Philosophy</i> (1955), which took almost twenty years to complete, he presented a sophisticated argument that intellectual elites were undermining the framework of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was very poorly received in liberal circles.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Walter Lippmann House at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism" title="Nieman Foundation for Journalism">Nieman Foundation for Journalism</a>, is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almond–Lippmann_consensus"><span id="Almond.E2.80.93Lippmann_consensus"></span>Almond–Lippmann consensus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Almond–Lippmann consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarities between the views of Lippmann and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> produced what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Almond%E2%80%93Lippmann_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond–Lippmann consensus">Almond–Lippmann consensus</a>, which is based on three assumptions:<sup id="cite_ref-holsti_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holsti-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Public opinion is volatile, shifting erratically in response to the most recent developments. Mass beliefs early in the 20th century were "too pacifist in peace and too bellicose in war, too neutralist or appeasing in negotiations or too intransigent"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Public opinion is incoherent, lacking an organised or a consistent structure to such an extent that the views of US citizens could best be described as "nonattitudes"<sup id="cite_ref-converse_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-converse-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Public opinion is irrelevant to the policy-making process. Political leaders ignore public opinion because most Americans can neither "understand nor influence the very events upon which their lives and happiness are known to depend."<sup id="cite_ref-almond_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almond-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kris_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kris-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal/neoliberal_debate"><span id="Liberal.2Fneoliberal_debate"></span>Liberal/neoliberal debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Liberal/neoliberal debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> <p>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a> convened a meeting of primarily French and German <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> intellectuals in Paris in August 1938 to discuss the ideas put forward by Lippmann in his work <i>The Good Society</i> (1937). They named the meeting after Lippmann, calling it the <a href="/wiki/Colloque_Walter_Lippmann" title="Colloque Walter Lippmann">Colloque Walter Lippmann</a>. The meeting is often considered the precursor to the first meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_P%C3%A8lerin_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Pèlerin Society">Mont Pèlerin Society</a>, convened by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a> in 1947. At both meetings discussions centered around what a new liberalism, or "neoliberalism", should look like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann was married twice, the first time from 1917 to 1937 to Faye Albertson (1893–1975). Faye was the daughter of Ralph Albertson, a pastor of the Congregational Church. He was one of the pioneers of Christian socialism and the social gospel movement in the spirit of George Herron. During his studies at Harvard, Walter often visited the Albertsons' estate in West Newbury, Massachusetts, where they had founded a socialist cooperative, the (Cyrus Field) Willard Cooperative Colony. </p><p>Lippmann was divorced by Faye Albertson to be able to marry Helen Byrne Armstrong in 1938 (died 16 February 1974), daughter of James Byrne. She divorced her husband <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Armstrong" title="Hamilton Fish Armstrong">Hamilton Fish Armstrong</a>, the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.</i> He was the only close friend in Lippmann's life. The friendship and involvement in <i>Foreign Affairs</i> ended when a hotel in Europe accidentally forwarded Lippmann's love letters to Mr. Armstrong.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignagainsts01lipp">"The Campaign Against Sweating"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, March 27, 1915.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/jstor-1013427/1013427.pdf">"What Program Shall the United States Stand for in International Relations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>, Vol. 66, July 1916, pp. 60–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1013427">1013427</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/jstor-1013638/1013638.pdf">"The World Conflict in its Relation to American Democracy."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>, Vol. 72, July 1917, pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1013638">1013638</a></li> <li>"The Basic Problem of Democracy: What Liberty Means", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, Vol. 124, 1919, pp. 616.</li> <li>"Liberty and the News", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, Vol. 124, 1919, pp. 779.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/jstor-1014825/1014825.pdf">"Democracy, Foreign Policy and the Split Personality of the Modern Statesman."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>, Vol. 102, July 1922, pp. 190–193. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1014825">1014825</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-1/">"Today and Tomorrow."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824223459/http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-1/">Archived</a> August 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, February 12, 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-1-mezzanine-669b4d2adf.tif">Full text available</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824223457/https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-1-mezzanine-669b4d2adf.tif">Archived</a> August 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP80B01676R003800120009-1/CIA-RDP80B01676R003800120009-1.pdf">"A Talk With Mr. K."</a> November 10, 1958.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/VietnamOnTheBrink/ELS017-027.pdf">"Nearing the Brink in Vietnam."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, April 12, 1965, pp. 25–46.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_reviews">Book reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Book reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1926-04-01/intimate-papers-colonel-house">Review of <i>The Intimate Papers of Colonel House</i> by Charles Seymour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130843/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1926-04-01/intimate-papers-colonel-house">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 4, No. 3, April 1926. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028461">20028461</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028461">10.2307/20028461</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/BasicProblemOfDemocracyWalterLippmann/The_Basic_Problem_Of_Democracy_Walter_Lippmann.pdf">"The Basic Problem of Democracy."</a> November 1919, pp. 616–627 – this essay later became the first chapter <i>Liberty and the News</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1926-01-01/concerning-senator-borah">"Concerning Senator Borah."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130854/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1926-01-01/concerning-senator-borah">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 4, No. 2, January 1926, pp. 211–222. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028440">20028440</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028440">10.2307/20028440</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/1927-04-01/vested-rights-and-nationalism-latin-america">"Vested Rights and Nationalism in Latin-America."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207125325/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/1927-04-01/vested-rights-and-nationalism-latin-america">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 5, No. 3, April 1927, pp. 353–363. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028538">20028538</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028538">10.2307/20028538</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/1928-07-01/second-thoughts-havana">"Second Thoughts on Havana."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130840/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/1928-07-01/second-thoughts-havana">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 6, No. 4, July 1928, pp. 541–554. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028641">20028641</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028641">10.2307/20028641</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/mexico/1930-01-01/church-and-state-mexico-american-mediation">"Church and State in Mexico: The American Mediation."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130858/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/mexico/1930-01-01/church-and-state-mexico-american-mediation">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 8, No. 2, January 1930. pp. 186–207. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030272">20030272</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030272">10.2307/20030272</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/oceans/1930-07-01/london-naval-conference-american-view">"The London Naval Conference: An American View."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130838/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/oceans/1930-07-01/london-naval-conference-american-view">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 8, No. 4, July 1930, pp. 499–518. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030304">20030304</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030304">10.2307/20030304</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1932-10-01/ten-years-retrospect-and-prospect">"Ten Years: Retrospect and Prospect."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207125328/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1932-10-01/ten-years-retrospect-and-prospect">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 11, No. 1, October 1932, pp. 51–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030482">20030482</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030482">10.2307/20030482</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1934-01-01/self-sufficiency">"Self-Sufficiency: Some Random Reflections."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130900/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1934-01-01/self-sufficiency">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 12, No. 2, January 1934, pp. 207–217. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030578">20030578</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030578">10.2307/20030578</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/walter-lippmann">"Britain and America: The Prospects of Political Cooperation in the Light of Their Paramount Interests."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215533/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/walter-lippmann">Archived</a> June 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 13, No. 3, April 1936, pp. 363–372. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030675">20030675</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030675">10.2307/20030675</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1937-07-01/rough-hew-them-how-we-will">"Rough-Hew Them How We Will."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207125538/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1937-07-01/rough-hew-them-how-we-will">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 15, No. 4, July 1937, pp. 586–594. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028803">20028803</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028803">10.2307/20028803</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/thecoldwarbywalterlippmannforeignaffairsvol.65no.4spring1987pp.869884/The%20Cold%20War%2C%20by%20Walter%20Lippmann%20%28Foreign%20Affairs%2C%20Vol.%2065%2C%20No.%204%2C%20Spring%201987%29%2C%20pp.%20869-884.pdf">"The Cold War."</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, Vol. 65, No. 4, Spring 1987, pp. 869–884. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043099">20043099</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20043099">10.2307/20043099</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/LippmannMerzATestoftheNews/Lippmann_Merz_ATestoftheNews.pdf">"A Test of the News."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, Vol. 23, No. 296, August 1920. 42 pages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/prefacetopolitic00lippuoft/prefacetopolitic00lippuoft.pdf"><i>A Preface to Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Kennerley" title="Mitchell Kennerley">Mitchell Kennerley</a>, 1913. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1591022924" title="Special:BookSources/1591022924">1591022924</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prefacetopolitics_1404_librivox">Audiobook available</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drift_and_Mastery" title="Drift and Mastery">Drift and Mastery</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 1914. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299106047" title="Special:BookSources/0299106047">0299106047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/driftmasteryatte00lipp/driftmasteryatte00lipp.pdf">Full text available</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/stakesofdiplomac00lippuoft/stakesofdiplomac00lippuoft.pdf"><i>The Stakes of Diplomacy</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Holt & Co.">Henry Holt & Co.</a>, 1915.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalscenees00lipprich"><i>The Political Scene</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Holt & Co.">Henry Holt & Co.</a>, 1919.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertynews00lippiala"><i>Liberty and the News</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt, Brace & Howe</a>, 1920.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace & Co.">Harcourt, Brace & Co.</a>, 1922. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029191300" title="Special:BookSources/0029191300">0029191300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/public_opinion_1312_librivox">Audiobook available</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Public" title="The Phantom Public">The Phantom Public</a></i>. Piscataway, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>, 1925. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560006773" title="Special:BookSources/1560006773">1560006773</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menofdestiny0000lipp"><i>Men of Destiny</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1927. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295950269" title="Special:BookSources/0295950269">0295950269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobsblog.blogspot.com/1999/03/men-of-destiny-by-walter-lippman-1927.html?m=1">Excerpts available</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513022807/http://nobsblog.blogspot.com/1999/03/men-of-destiny-by-walter-lippman-1927.html?m=1">Archived</a> May 13, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i>American Inquisitors</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1928.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188702"><i>A Preface to Morals</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>, 1929. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878559078" title="Special:BookSources/0878559078">0878559078</a></li> <li><i>Interpretations, 1931–1932</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1932.</li> <li><i>The United States in World Affair, 1931</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Bros" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Bros">Harper & Bros</a>, 1932.</li> <li><i>The United States in World Affairs, 1932</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Bros" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Bros">Harper & Bros</a>, 1933.</li> <li><i>The Method of Freedom</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1934.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interpretations10000lipp_m6z6"><i>Interpretations, 1933–1935</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1936.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/9/9f/Lippman_Walter_The_Good_Society.pdf"><i>The Good Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116150420/https://monoskop.org/images/9/9f/Lippman_Walter_The_Good_Society.pdf">Archived</a> January 16, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>, 1937. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765808048" title="Special:BookSources/0765808048">0765808048</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Foreign_Policy_(book)" title="U.S. Foreign Policy (book)">U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>, 1943.</li> <li><i>U.S. War Aims</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>, 1944. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306707735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306707735">978-0306707735</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarstudyin00lipp"><i>The Cold War</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1947. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0061317233" title="Special:BookSources/0061317233">0061317233</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysinpublicph00lipp"><i>The Public Philosophy</i></a>, with William O. Scroggs. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>, 1955. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887387918" title="Special:BookSources/0887387918">0887387918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingtestwithru00lipp"><i>The Coming Tests With Russia</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>, 1961. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/61014950">61-14950</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pamphlets">Pamphlets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Notes on the Crisis</i> (No. 5). New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Company" title="John Day Company">John Day</a>, 1932. 28 pages.</li> <li><i>A New Social Order</i> (No. 25). <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Company" title="John Day Company">John Day</a>, 1933. 28 pages.</li> <li><i>The New Imperative</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>, 1935. 52 pages.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooley,_John_T._and_Gerhard_Peters1974" class="citation web cs1">Wooley, John T. and Gerhard Peters (December 14, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4629">"Gerald R. Ford: Statement on the Death of Walter Lippmann"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014207/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4629">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford%3A+Statement+on+the+Death+of+Walter+Lippmann&rft.date=1974-12-14&rft.au=Wooley%2C+John+T.+and+Gerhard+Peters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D4629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1922" class="citation book cs1">Lippmann, Walter (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/publicopinion00lippgoog#page/n6/mode/2up"><i>Public Opinion</i></a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpublicopinion00lippgoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1922" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Robert E. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764394">"Review of Public Opinion"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F213442">10.1086/213442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764394">2764394</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329092721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764394">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Public+Opinion.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2764394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F213442&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2764394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize1958-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prize1958_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize1958_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Special-Awards-and-Citations">"Special Awards and Citations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224112755/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Special-Awards-and-Citations">Archived</a> December 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize1962-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prize1962_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize1962_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/International-Reporting">"International Reporting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224123142/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/International-Reporting">Archived</a> December 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2007" class="citation web cs1">Blumenthal, Sydney (October 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/walter_lippmann_and_american_journalism_today">"Walter Lippmann and American journalism today"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614215759/https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/walter_lippmann_and_american_journalism_today">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Lippmann+and+American+journalism+today&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Farticle%2Fwalter_lippmann_and_american_journalism_today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1998/02/22/drucker-gives-lippmann-run-as-most-influential-journalist/">"Drucker Gives Lippmann Run As Most Influential Journalist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924020616/https://www.chicagotribune.com/1998/02/22/drucker-gives-lippmann-run-as-most-influential-journalist/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Drucker+Gives+Lippmann+Run+As+Most+Influential+Journalist&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1998%2F02%2F22%2Fdrucker-gives-lippmann-run-as-most-influential-journalist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lippmann-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lippmann_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lippmann_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lippmann_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1980" class="citation journal cs1">McPherson, Harry C. (Fall 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/walter-lippmann-and-american-century">"Walter Lippmann and the American Century"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>59</b> (Fall 1980). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20040658">10.2307/20040658</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040658">20040658</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Walter+Lippmann+and+the+American+Century&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=Fall+1980&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20040658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20040658&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Harry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Freview-essay%2Fwalter-lippmann-and-american-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPariser2011" class="citation book cs1">Pariser, Eli (2011). <i>The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143121237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143121237"><bdi>978-0143121237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filter+Bubble%3A+How+the+New+Personalized+Web+Is+Changing+What+We+Read+and+How+We+Think&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0143121237&rft.aulast=Pariser&rft.aufirst=Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2003" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Nancy (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationwaram00nanc/page/30"><i>Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9/11</i></a></span>. Canada: Seven Stories. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationwaram00nanc/page/30">30–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583225578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583225578"><bdi>978-1583225578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+War%3A+American+Propaganda%2C+Free+Speech+and+Opinion+Control+Since+9%2F11&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Seven+Stories&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1583225578&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finformationwaram00nanc%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudson2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schudson" title="Michael Schudson">Schudson, Michael</a> (2008). "The "Lippmann-Dewey Debate" and the Invention of Walter Lippmann as an Anti-Democrat 1985–1996". <i>International Journal of Communication</i>. <b>2</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=The+%22Lippmann-Dewey+Debate%22+and+the+Invention+of+Walter+Lippmann+as+an+Anti-Democrat+1985%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Schudson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Carey" title="James W. Carey">Carey, James W.</a> (March 1987). "The Press and the Public Discourse". <i>The Center Magazine</i>. <b>20</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Center+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Press+and+the+Public+Discourse&rft.volume=20&rft.date=1987-03&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccio1994" class="citation book cs1">Riccio, Barry D. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjzAKTSg6H8C&q=lippmann+ronald+steel++gilded+jewish+ghetto&pg=PA1"><i>Walter Lippmann: Odyssey of a Liberal</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4114-6"><bdi>978-1-4128-4114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Lippmann%3A+Odyssey+of+a+Liberal&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4114-6&rft.aulast=Riccio&rft.aufirst=Barry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjzAKTSg6H8C%26q%3Dlippmann%2Bronald%2Bsteel%2B%2Bgilded%2Bjewish%2Bghetto%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel2017" class="citation book cs1">Steel, Ronald (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmRQDwAAQBAJ&q=lippmann+sachs+institute+greek+and+latin&pg=PA6"><i>Walter Lippmann and the American Century</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-29975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-29975-6"><bdi>978-1-351-29975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Lippmann+and+the+American+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-29975-6&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmRQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlippmann%2Bsachs%2Binstitute%2Bgreek%2Band%2Blatin%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarvardAtoZ-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarvardAtoZ_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethellHuntShenton2009" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; Shenton, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&q=david+rockefeller+%22harvard+crimson%22+editor&pg=PA183"><i>Harvard A to Z</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01288-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01288-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01288-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Should+Journalists+Be+Insiders%3F&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Petrou&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F09%2Fshould-journalists-be-insiders%2F570637%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingeman2005" class="citation book cs1">Lingeman, Richard R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQozEkrNYjIC"><i>Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street</i></a>. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-541-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-541-2"><bdi>978-0-87351-541-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514021350/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQozEkrNYjIC">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinclair+Lewis%3A+Rebel+from+Main+Street&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-541-2&rft.aulast=Lingeman&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQozEkrNYjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson1966" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrickson, Kenneth E. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162444">"George R. Lunn and the Socialist Era in Schenectady, New York, 1909-1916"</a>. <i>New York History</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 22–40<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap,">&#91, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation cites a broad range of pages. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible.&#32, (December 2021)"><span class="nowrap">page range too broad</span></span></a></i>&#93, </sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X">0146-437X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162444">23162444</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225446/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162444">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=George+R.+Lunn+and+the+Socialist+Era+in+Schenectady%2C+New+York%2C+1909-1916&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-40Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+more+precise+page+number+citations+from+December+2021%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%2C+%22%3E%26%2391%2C+%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+cites+a+broad+range+of+pages.+Page+ranges+should+be+limited+to+one+or+two+pages+when+possible.%26%2332%2C+%28December+2021%29%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Epage+range+too+broad%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%2C+%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23162444%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0146-437X&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23162444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1920" class="citation book cs1">Lippmann, Walter (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/libertynews00lippuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Liberty and the News</i></a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+the+News&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flibertynews00lippuoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1921" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Robert E. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764526">"Review of Liberty and the News"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764526">2764526</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328224257/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764526">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Liberty+and+the+News.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2764526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2764526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1921" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Frederick Sumner (March 14, 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GG09AQAAMAAJ&q=Harvard%27s+Military+Record+in+the+World+War"><i>Harvard's Military Record in the World War</i></a>. Harvard Alumni Association. p. 584. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924020532/https://books.google.com/books?id=GG09AQAAMAAJ&q=Harvard%27s+Military+Record+in+the+World+War#v=snippet&q=Harvard's%20Military%20Record%20in%20the%20World%20War&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard%27s+Military+Record+in+the+World+War&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=Harvard+Alumni+Association&rft.date=1921-03-14&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGG09AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHarvard%2527s%2BMilitary%2BRecord%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BWar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steel, 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Nicholas (July 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/opinion/31thompson.html">"Opinion – A War Best Served Cold"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225446/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/opinion/31thompson.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%E2%80%93+A+War+Best+Served+Cold&rft.date=2007-07-31&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F31%2Fopinion%2F31thompson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2010/04/bernard-baruch-coins-term-cold-war-april-16-1947-035862">"Bernard Baruch coins term 'Cold War,'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>PoliticO</i>. April 16, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225446/https://www.politico.com/story/2010/04/bernard-baruch-coins-term-cold-war-april-16-1947-035862">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoliticO&rft.atitle=Bernard+Baruch+coins+term+%27Cold+War%2C%27&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2010%2F04%2Fbernard-baruch-coins-term-cold-war-april-16-1947-035862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarlton1965" class="citation journal cs1">Tarlton, Charles D. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/styles-of-american-international-thought-mahan-bryan-and-lippmann/0B93E77C7798CF8EE250FA5FEFF00CA0">"The Styles of American International Thought: Mahan, Bryan, and Lippmann"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">604–</span>611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009323">10.2307/2009323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009323">2009323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155136740">155136740</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724094157/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/styles-of-american-international-thought-mahan-bryan-and-lippmann/0B93E77C7798CF8EE250FA5FEFF00CA0">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Styles+of+American+International+Thought%3A+Mahan%2C+Bryan%2C+and+Lippmann&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E604-%3C%2Fspan%3E611&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155136740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009323&rft.aulast=Tarlton&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fstyles-of-american-international-thought-mahan-bryan-and-lippmann%2F0B93E77C7798CF8EE250FA5FEFF00CA0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2022" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ"><i>Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. pp. <span class="nowrap">314–</span>315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-32008-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-32008-2"><bdi>978-0-593-32008-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327181842/https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Violence%3A+A+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-593-32008-2&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3icqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+Lippmann&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314164341/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+Lippmann&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DWalter%2BLippmann%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/walter-lippmann">"Walter Lippmann"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Walter+Lippmann&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fwalter-lippmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-presentation-the-1964-presidential-medal-freedom-awards">"Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards – The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052714/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26496">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Remarks+at+the+Presentation+of+the+1964+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Awards+%E2%80%93+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fremarks-the-presentation-the-1964-presidential-medal-freedom-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-SPAN-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019025925/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Lipp%26showFullAbstract%3D1">"Writings of Walter Lippmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=Writings+of+Walter+Lippmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FLipp%2526showFullAbstract%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1974" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (December 15, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/archives/walter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html">"Walter Lippmann, Political Analyst, Dead at 85"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225446/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/archives/walter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Walter+Lippmann%2C+Political+Analyst%2C+Dead+at+85&rft.date=1974-12-15&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F12%2F15%2Farchives%2Fwalter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlling2018" class="citation web cs1">Illing, Sean (August 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/8/9/17540448/walter-lippmann-democracy-trump-brexit">"Intellectuals have said democracy is failing for a century. They were wrong"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005033605/https://www.vox.com/2018/8/9/17540448/walter-lippmann-democracy-trump-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Intellectuals+have+said+democracy+is+failing+for+a+century.+They+were+wrong.&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Illing&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F8%2F9%2F17540448%2Fwalter-lippmann-democracy-trump-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schudson, Michael (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/343">"The "Lippmann-Dewey Debate" and the Invention of Walter Lippmann as an Anti-Democrat 1985-1996"</a>. <i>International Journal of Communication</i>. <b>2</b>: 12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8036">1932-8036</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005033503/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/343">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=The+%22Lippmann-Dewey+Debate%22+and+the+Invention+of+Walter+Lippmann+as+an+Anti-Democrat+1985-1996&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.issn=1932-8036&rft.aulast=Schudson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijoc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijoc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerMunday2011" class="citation web cs1">Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100132197">"A Dictionary of Media and Communication"</a>. <i>Oxford University Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924022648/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100132197">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Media+and+Communication&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Munday%2C+Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100132197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintonick1994" class="citation book cs1">Wintonick, Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfOM2H_AbIIC"><i>Manufacturing consent: Noam Chomsky and the media</i></a>. Black Rose Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551640023" title="Special:BookSources/1551640023"><bdi>1551640023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924020531/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfOM2H_AbIIC">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+consent%3A+Noam+Chomsky+and+the+media&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1551640023&rft.aulast=Wintonick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfOM2H_AbIIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2020" class="citation web cs1">Harris, John F. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/04/01/trump-breakdown-threaten-sink-presidency-158321">"Trump's Breakdown"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730052815/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/04/01/trump-breakdown-threaten-sink-presidency-158321">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Breakdown&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F04%2F01%2Ftrump-breakdown-threaten-sink-presidency-158321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1974" class="citation web cs1">Whitman, Alden (December 15, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/archives/walter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html">"Walter Lippmann, Political Analyst, Dead at 85"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225446/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/archives/walter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Walter+Lippmann%2C+Political+Analyst%2C+Dead+at+85&rft.date=1974-12-15&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F12%2F15%2Farchives%2Fwalter-lippmann-political-analyst-dead-at-85-walter-lippmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulverHyde2001" class="citation book cs1">Culver, John; Hyde, John (2001). <i>American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace</i>. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393292046" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393292046"><bdi>978-0393292046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreamer%3A+A+Life+of+Henry+A.+Wallace&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0393292046&rft.aulast=Culver&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hyde%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldes1943" class="citation book cs1">Seldes, George (1943). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsfascism0000unse"><i>Facts and fascism</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsfascism0000unse/page/260">260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+and+fascism&rft.pages=260&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsfascism0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1955" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lippmann, Walter</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysinpublicph00inlipp"><i>Essays on the Public Philosophy</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 179<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Public+Philosophy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysinpublicph00inlipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2014" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, George (February 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-iMAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Twilight of the American Enlightenment: The 1950s and the Crisis of Liberal Belief</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03010-1"><bdi>978-0-465-03010-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513022624/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-iMAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>. <q>...Lippmann's conception of natural law, for all its nobility, cannot help seem an artificial construct.' (quoting Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+the+American+Enlightenment%3A+The+1950s+and+the+Crisis+of+Liberal+Belief&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03010-1&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-iMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holsti-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holsti_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolstiRosenau1979" class="citation journal cs1">Holsti, Ole R.; Rosenau, James N. (October 1979). "Vietnam, Consensus, and the Belief Systems of American Leaders". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 1–56 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap,">&#91, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation cites a broad range of pages. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible.&#32, (December 2021)"><span class="nowrap">page range too broad</span></span></a></i>&#93, </sup>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010081">10.2307/2010081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010081">2010081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154028288">154028288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Vietnam%2C+Consensus%2C+and+the+Belief+Systems+of+American+Leaders&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-56+Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+more+precise+page+number+citations+from+December+2021%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%2C+%22%3E%26%2391%2C+%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+cites+a+broad+range+of+pages.+Page+ranges+should+be+limited+to+one+or+two+pages+when+possible.%26%2332%2C+%28December+2021%29%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Epage+range+too+broad%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%2C+%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1979-10&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154028288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010081%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010081&rft.aulast=Holsti&rft.aufirst=Ole+R.&rft.au=Rosenau%2C+James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1955" class="citation book cs1">Lippmann, Walter (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IiGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays in the Public Philosophy</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-61866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-61866-5"><bdi>978-0-451-61866-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924022646/https://books.google.com/books?id=8IiGAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+the+Public+Philosophy&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-451-61866-5&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IiGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-converse-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-converse_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Converse, Philip. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In <i>Ideology and Discontent,</i> ed. David Apter, 206–261. New York: Free Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almond-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almond_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almond, Gabriel. 1950. <i>The American People and Foreign Policy</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kris-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kris_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kris, Ernst, and Nathan Leites. 1947. "Trends in Twentieth Century Propaganda." In <i>Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences,</i> ed. Geza Rheim, pp. 393–409. New York: International University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steel, pp. 342-366.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_2">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baker, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/11/19/how-to-cure-liberal-democracy-then-and-now/">"Walter Lippmann: How to Cure Liberal Democracy, Then and Now"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Interest" title="The American Interest">The American Interest</a></i>, November 19, 2019.</li> <li>Clavé, Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2011.625803">"Comparative Study of Lippmann's and Hayek's Liberalisms (or Neo-liberalisms)."</a> <i>The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>, Vol. 22, Issue 6, 2015, pp. 978–999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672567.2015.1093522">10.1080/09672567.2015.1093522</a></li> <li>Goodwin, Craufurd D. "The promise of expertise: Walter Lippmann and the policy sciences." <i>Policy Sciences</i> 28.4 (1995): 317–345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ryukoku.ac.jp/~komine/hope/16836134.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gorbach, Julien. "The Non-Jewish Jew: Walter Lippmann and the Pitfalls of Journalistic 'Detachment'." <i>American Journalism</i> 37.3 (2020): 321–345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Julien-Gorbach/publication/344553052_The_Non-Jewish_Jew_Walter_Lippmann_and_the_Pitfalls_of_Journalistic_Detachment/links/5f8a6e1392851c14bccc6012/The-Non-Jewish-Jew-Walter-Lippmann-and-the-Pitfalls-of-Journalistic-Detachment.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Jackson, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592296.2011.625803">"Freedom, the Common Good, and the Rule of Law: Lippmann and Hayek on Economic Planning."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a></i>, Vol. 72, 2012, pp. 47–68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2011.625803">10.1080/09592296.2011.625803</a></li> <li>Lacey, Robert J. "Walter Lippmann: Unlikely Conservative." in Lacey, <i>Pragmatic Conservatism</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) pp. 63–107.</li> <li>Logevall, Fredrik. "First Among Critics: Walter Lippmann and the Vietnam War." <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i> (1995): 351-375 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23612509">online</a>.</li> <li>Porter, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/26030/1/Patrick_Porter_Beyond_the_American_Century.pdf">"Beyond the American Century: Walter Lippmann and American Grand Strategy, 1943–1950."</a> <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2011, pp. 557–577.</li> <li>Seyb, Ronald P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3787253491/what-walter-saw-walter-lippmann-the-new-york-world">"What Walter Saw: Walter Lippmann, the New York World, and Scientific Advocacy as an Alternative to the News-Opinion Dichotomy."</a> <i>Journalism History</i>, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2015, pp. 58+.</li> <li>Van Rythoven, E. (2021). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S1752971921000178" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S1752971921000178">Walter Lippmann, emotion, and the history of international theory.</a>" <i>International Theory</i></li> <li>Whitfield, Stephen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1981.1502_68.x">"Part IV: The Journalist as Intellectual. Walter Lippmann: A Career in Media's Rays."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Popular_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Popular Culture">Journal of Popular Culture</a></i>, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1981, pp. 68–77. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.1981.1502_68.x">10.1111/j.0022-3840.1981.1502_68.x</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Larry Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterlippmann0000adam"><i>Walter Lippmann</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Twayne_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twayne Publishers">Twayne Publishers</a>, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805777093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805777093">978-0805777093</a>, short biography</li> <li>Blum, D. Steven. <i>Walter Lippmann: Cosmopolitanism in the Century of Total War</i> (1984), scholarly biography</li> <li>Edwards, Mark Thomas. <i>Walter Lippmann: American Skeptic, American Pastor</i> (Oxford University Press, 2023). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192895165" title="Special:BookSources/9780192895165">9780192895165</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/essays/PDF/E575.pdf">online book review</a></li> <li>Forcey, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/crossroadsoflibe007335mbp/crossroadsoflibe007335mbp.pdf"><i>The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900–1925</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1961. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/610-8370">61--8370</a></li> <li>Goodwin, Craufurd D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmSDBAAAQBAJ"><i>Walter Lippmann: Public Economist</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674368132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674368132">978-0674368132</a></li> <li>Riccio, Barry D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjzAKTSg6H8C&q=walter+lippmann+odyssey+of+a+liberal"><i>Walter Lippmann: Odyssey of a Liberal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560000969" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560000969">978-1560000969</a></li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. <i>Walter Lippmann: philosopher-journalist</i> (Washington: <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_Press" title="Public Affairs Press">Public Affairs Press</a>, 1969), scholarly biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Steel" title="Ronald Steel">Steel, Ronald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterlippmanna00stee"><i>Walter Lippmann and the American Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown & Co.">Little, Brown & Co.</a>, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765804648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765804648">978-0765804648</a>, a major scholarly biography <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/34278/harry-c-mcpherson-jr/walter-lippmann-and-the-american-century"><i>Foreign Affairs</i> online review</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Wasniewski, Matthew A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/1763/umi-umd-1741.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Walter Lippmann, Strategic Internationalism, the Cold War, and Vietnam, 1943-1967"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ph.D._dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D. dissertation">Ph.D. dissertation</a>). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>, 2004.</li> <li>Wellborn, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000well"><i>Twentieth Century Pilgrimage: Walter Lippmann and the Public Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/LSU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Press">LSU Press</a>, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807103039" title="Special:BookSources/0807103039">0807103039</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wright1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fletcher_Wright" title="Benjamin Fletcher Wright">Wright, Benjamin Fletcher</a> (2015) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/5publicphilosoph00benj"><i>5 Public Philosophies of Walter Lippmann</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-2407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-2407-5"><bdi>978-0-2927-2407-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5+Public+Philosophies+of+Walter+Lippmann&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-2927-2407-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F5publicphilosoph00benj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicphilosophe00lipp"><i>Public Philosopher: Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>, 1985.</li> <li>Rossiter, Clinton, and James Lare (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentiallippman00lipprich"><i>The Essential Lippmann: A Political Philosophy for Liberal Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1963.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lippmann&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Walter_Lippmann" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/walter-lippmann">Articles by Walter Lippmann</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215533/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/walter-lippmann">Archived</a> June 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Lippmann,%20Walter,%201889-1974.%22&type=author&inst=">Books by Walter Lippmann</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214420/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Lippmann,%20Walter,%201889-1974.%22&type=author&inst=">Archived</a> June 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doAdvancedSearch?si=1&Query=au%3A%22Walter+Lippmann%22">Works by Walter Lippmann</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232937/https://www.jstor.org/action/doAdvancedSearch?si=1&Query=au:%22Walter+Lippmann%22">Archived</a> June 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2049">Works by Walter Lippmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lippmann%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Walter%20Lippmann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lippmann%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Walter%20Lippmann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lippmann%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Walter%20Lippmann%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lippmann%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Walter%20Lippmann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221889-1974%22%20AND%20Lippmann%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Walter Lippmann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/5781">Works by Walter Lippmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702062606/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/CDFinal/Lippman/cover.html">Public Opinion (1922)</a> from American Studies at the University of Virginia. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0326">Walter Lippmann Papers (MS 326).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924021539/https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4564">Archived</a> September 24, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5172">Walter Lippmann, "The Mental Age of Americans", <i>New Republic</i> 32, no. 412 (October 25, 1922): 213–215; no. 413 (November 1, 1922): 246–248; no. 414 (November 8, 1922): 275–277; no. 415 (November 15, 1922): 297–298; no. 416 (November 22, 1922): 328–330; no. 417 (November 29, 1922): 9–11.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154557/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5172/">Archived</a> June 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?170338-1/writings-walter-lippmann">"Writings of Walter Lippmann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044123/http://www.c-span.org/video/?170338-1/writings-walter-lippmann">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26496">The American Presidency Project – <i>Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards – September 14, 1964</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531001435/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26496">Archived</a> May 31, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/lippmann/patriotism.html">Walter Lippmann, Patriotism and state sovereignty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030193116/http://www.panarchy.org/lippmann/patriotism.html">Archived</a> October 30, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1929)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n80019504">Walter Lippmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 122 library catalog records</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0766">Robert O. Anthony Collection of Walter Lippmann (MS 766) – Yale University Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240924021540/https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4830">Archived</a> September 24, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2547620/">Walter Lippmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1920s_media_culture84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1920s_media_culture84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collective imaginary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_girl" title="Modern girl">Modern girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torches_of_Freedom" title="Torches of Freedom">Torches of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_the_1920s" title="Cosmetics in the 1920s">Cosmetics in the 1920s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoreticians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Dorgan" title="Tad Dorgan">Tad Dorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula" title="Mohawk Valley formula">Mohawk Valley formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%931937" title="Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937">Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Template:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – International from 1942–1947</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Edmund_Allen" title="Laurence Edmund Allen">Laurence Edmund Allen</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Wolfert" title="Ira Wolfert">Ira Wolfert</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Luce" title="Daniel De Luce">Daniel De Luce</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Watson" title="Mark S. Watson">Mark S. Watson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Bigart" title="Homer Bigart">Homer Bigart</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Gilmore" title="Eddy Gilmore">Eddy Gilmore</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Ward" title="Paul W. Ward">Paul W. Ward</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Day" title="Price Day">Price Day</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Stevens (page does not exist)">Edmund Stevens</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyes_Beech" title="Keyes Beech">Keyes Beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Bigart" title="Homer Bigart">Homer Bigart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relman_Morin" title="Relman Morin">Relman Morin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Sparks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Sparks (page does not exist)">Fred Sparks</a> & <a href="/wiki/Don_Whitehead" title="Don Whitehead">Don Whitehead</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_M._Hightower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Hightower (page does not exist)">John M. Hightower</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_Wehrwein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin Wehrwein (page does not exist)">Austin Wehrwein</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_G._Lucas" title="Jim G. Lucas">Jim G. Lucas</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Harrison E. Salisbury</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst Jr.">William Randolph Hearst Jr.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Kingsbury-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Kingsbury-Smith (page does not exist)">J. Kingsbury-Smith</a> & <a href="/wiki/Frank_Conniff_(journalist)" title="Frank Conniff (journalist)">Frank Conniff</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Jones_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Jones (journalist) (page does not exist)">Russell Jones</a> (1957)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Martin_(reporter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Martin (reporter) (page does not exist)">Joseph Martin</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Santora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Santora (page does not exist)">Philip Santora</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Rosenthal" title="A. M. Rosenthal">A. M. Rosenthal</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Heinzerling" title="Lynn Heinzerling">Lynn Heinzerling</a> (1961)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Lippmann</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Hendrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Hendrix (page does not exist)">Hal Hendrix</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm W. Browne</a> & <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Livingston" title="Joseph Livingston">J. A. Livingston</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(editor)" title="John Hughes (editor)">R. John Hughes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Friendly" title="Alfred Friendly">Alfred Friendly</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tuohy" title="William Tuohy">William Tuohy</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour M. Hersh</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hoagland" title="Jim Hoagland">Jimmie Lee Hoagland</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Kann" title="Peter R. Kann">Peter R. Kann</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frankel" title="Max Frankel">Max Frankel</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedrick_Smith" title="Hedrick Smith">Hedrick Smith</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mullen_(journalist)" title="William Mullen (journalist)">William Mullen</a> (1975 shared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovie_Carter" title="Ovie Carter">Ovie Carter</a> (1975 shared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg" title="Sydney Schanberg">Sydney H. Schanberg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamm" title="Henry Kamm">Henry Kamm</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ben_Cramer" title="Richard Ben Cramer">Richard Ben Cramer</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brinkley" title="Joel Brinkley">Joel Brinkley</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jay_Mather" title="Jay Mather">Jay Mather</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Christian" title="Shirley Christian">Shirley Christian</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Darnton" title="John Darnton">John Darnton</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> & <a href="/wiki/Loren_Jenkins" title="Loren Jenkins">Loren Jenkins</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House" title="Karen Elliott House">Karen Elliott House</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Friedman" title="Joshua Friedman">Joshua Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bell_(journalist)" title="Dennis Bell (journalist)">Dennis Bell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ozier_Muhammad" title="Ozier Muhammad">Ozier Muhammad</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis M. Simons">Lewis M. Simons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Carey" title="Pete Carey">Pete Carey</a> & <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Ellison" title="Katherine Ellison">Katherine Ellison</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parks_(reporter)" title="Michael Parks (reporter)">Michael Parks</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keller" title="Bill Keller">Bill Keller</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Frankel" title="Glenn Frankel">Glenn Frankel</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof" title="Nicholas Kristof">Nicholas D. Kristof</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_WuDunn" title="Sheryl WuDunn">Sheryl WuDunn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryle_Murphy" title="Caryle Murphy">Caryle Murphy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Serge_Schmemann" title="Serge Schmemann">Serge Schmemann</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Sloyan" title="Patrick J. Sloyan">Patrick J. Sloyan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Burns" title="John Fisher Burns">John F. Burns</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roy_Gutman" title="Roy Gutman">Roy Gutman</a> (1993)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fritz" title="Mark Fritz">Mark Fritz</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Rohde" title="David S. Rohde">David Rohde</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Burns" title="John Fisher Burns">John F. Burns</a> (1997)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1998)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schoofs" title="Mark Schoofs">Mark Schoofs</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Denis_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Denis Johnson">Ian Denis Johnson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paul_Salopek" title="Paul Salopek">Paul Salopek</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bearak" title="Barry Bearak">Barry Bearak</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sullivan_(journalist)" title="Kevin Sullivan (journalist)">Kevin Sullivan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jordan_(journalist)" title="Mary Jordan (journalist)">Mary Jordan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shadid" title="Anthony Shadid">Anthony Shadid</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Murphy_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Murphy (journalist)">Kim Murphy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dele_Olojede" title="Dele Olojede">Dele Olojede</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(journalist)" title="Joseph Kahn (journalist)">Joseph Kahn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yardley" title="Jim Yardley">Jim Yardley</a> (2006)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fainaru" title="Steve Fainaru">Steve Fainaru</a> (2008)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shadid" title="Anthony Shadid">Anthony Shadid</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Levy" title="Clifford J. Levy">Clifford J. Levy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Barry_(journalist)" title="Ellen Barry (journalist)">Ellen Barry</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Gettleman" title="Jeffrey Gettleman">Jeffrey Gettleman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barboza" title="David Barboza">David Barboza</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Szep" title="Jason Szep">Jason Szep</a> & <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marshall_(Asia_journalist)" title="Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist)">Andrew R. C. Marshall</a> (2014)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin" title="Alissa J. Rubin">Alissa J. Rubin</a> (2016)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Baldwin" title="Clare Baldwin">Clare Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marshall_(Asia_journalist)" title="Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist)">Andrew R.C. Marshall</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mogato" title="Manuel Mogato">Manuel Mogato</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Michael_(journalist)" title="Maggie Michael (journalist)">Maggie Michael</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maad_al-Zikry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maad al-Zikry (page does not exist)">Maad al-Zikry</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nariman_El-Mofty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nariman El-Mofty (page does not exist)">Nariman El-Mofty</a> (2019)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> (2019)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha_Rajagopalan" title="Megha Rajagopalan">Megha Rajagopalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Killing" title="Alison Killing">Alison Killing</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christo_Buschek" title="Christo Buschek">Christo Buschek</a> (2021)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> including <a href="/wiki/Azmat_Khan" title="Azmat Khan">Azmat Khan</a> (2022)</li> <li>Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Template:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_I._Cobb" title="Frank I. Cobb">Frank I. Cobb</a>* (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Dapping" title="William O. Dapping">William O. Dapping</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Price" title="Byron Price">Byron Price</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Leo_Sulzberger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II">Cyrus L. Sulzberger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kase" title="Max Kase">Max Kase</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Lippmann</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Newspapers</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Strout" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lee Strout">Richard Lee Strout</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette" title="Capital Gazette">Capital Gazette</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> (2020, posthumous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnella_Frazier" title="Darnella Frazier">Darnella Frazier</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Love Songs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Teasdale" title="Sara Teasdale">Sara Teasdale</a> (1918)</li> <li><i>Corn Huskers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>/<i>Old Road to Paradise</i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Widdemer" title="Margaret Widdemer">Margaret Widdemer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts_(author)" title="Kenneth Roberts (author)">Kenneth Roberts</a> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defeat of the Spanish Armada">The Defeat of the Spanish Armada</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Heritage_Picture_History_of_the_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (page does not exist)">American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>George Washington, Vols. I-IV</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">James Thomas Flexner</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.B._White" class="mw-redirect" title="E.B. White">E.B. White</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Seuss Geisel</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Morgan">Edmund S. Morgan</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>. A special award for <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma (musical)">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>* (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Frank D. Fackenthal</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hohenberg" title="John Hohenberg">John Hohenberg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.">Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* indicates award given to widow in year after his death</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4027" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4027" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316568#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120992674">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14844144">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50393/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Walter Lippmann"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGWPKx8VcpYxFHkPPYT3">WorldCat</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118780131">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lippmann, Walter, 1889-1974"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80019504">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12339158b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12339158b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447807">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lippmann, Walter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV055021">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35662837">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000805&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1000770">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068895364">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90180302">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000288833&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145568">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N0375">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199616784">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fjmjzm0t6vp9f">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569955305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/255991">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264789405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513330306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13912059">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0129037X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c0ba148-4ee1-4d90-b284-ef93a45908f3">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1031947">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118780131.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118780131">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027485080">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580425">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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