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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proboscis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="خرطوم (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرطوم (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xortum" title="Xortum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xortum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хобат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хобат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хобат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хобат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хобот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хобот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prob%C3%B2scide" title="Probòscide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Probòscide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sos%C3%A1k" title="Sosák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sosák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snabel" title="Snabel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Snabel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCssel" title="Rüssel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rüssel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lont" title="Lont – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lont" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prob%C3%B3scide" title="Probóscide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Probóscide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostro" title="Rostro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rostro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboszide" title="Proboszide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proboszide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proboscis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prob%C3%B3scide" title="Probóscide – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Probóscide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="ТӀоалд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ТӀоалд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="शुण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belalai" title="Belalai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belalai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani" title="Rani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscide" title="Proboscide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proboscide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A7" title="חדק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חדק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხორთუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხორთუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probosis" title="Probosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Probosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proboscis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%BB" title="吻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snabel" title="Snabel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Snabel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum_(burun)" title="Xartum (burun) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xartum (burun)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssawka" title="Ssawka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssawka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prob%C3%B3scide" title="Probóscide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Probóscide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscid%C4%83" title="Proboscidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proboscidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хобот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хобот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Тумсук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тумсук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proboscis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Пробосцис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пробосцис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imuk%C3%A4rs%C3%A4" title="Imukärsä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imukärsä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snabel" title="Snabel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snabel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalel_(tasnudert)" title="Asalel (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asalel (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortum_(biyoloji)" title="Hortum (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hortum (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хобот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хобот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elongated mouth part</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mouth part. For the butterfly genus, see <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proboscis (genus)"><i>Proboscis</i> (genus)</a>. For the monkey, see <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Proboscis monkey</a>. For anomaly of the human nose, see <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_(anomaly)" title="Proboscis (anomaly)">Proboscis (anomaly)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg/220px-Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg/330px-Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg/440px-Eristalinus_October_2007-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">syrphid fly</a> using its proboscis to reach the nectar of a flower</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>proboscis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a>. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_mouthparts" title="Arthropod mouthparts">mouthparts</a> used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elongated nose or snout. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First attested in English in 1609 from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proboscis</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">latinisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προβοσκίς</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">proboskis</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which comes from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρό</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pro</i></span>) 'forth, forward, before'<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βόσκω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bosko</i></span>), 'to feed, to nourish'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plural as derived from the Greek is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">proboscides</i></span>, but in English the plural form <i>proboscises</i> occurs frequently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common usage is to refer to the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates such as insects (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts#Proboscis" title="Insect mouthparts">moths, butterflies</a>, and mosquitoes), worms (including <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">proboscis worms</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acanthocephala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Parasite140083-fig5_Figs_31-36_Cathayacanthus_spinitruncatus.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>Scanning electron microscopy of proboscis of an Acanthocephala<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a>, the thorny-headed worms or spiny-headed worms, are characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a> wall of their host. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lepidoptera_mouth_parts">Lepidoptera mouth parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lepidoptera mouth parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convolvulus_hawk-moth_(Agrius_convolvuli)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg/220px-Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg/330px-Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg/440px-Convolvulus_hawk-moth_%28Agrius_convolvuli%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4596" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Convolvulus_hawk-moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolvulus hawk-moth">Convolvulus hawk-moth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Agrius_convolvuli" title="Agrius convolvuli">Agrius convolvuli</a></i>) feeding with extended proboscis</figcaption></figure> <p>The mouth parts of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>) mainly consist of the sucking kind; this part is known as the proboscis or 'haustellum'. The proboscis consists of two tubes held together by hooks and separable for cleaning. The proboscis contains muscles for operating. Each tube is inwardly concave, thus forming a central tube up which moisture is sucked. Suction takes place due to the contraction and expansion of a sac in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specific example of the proboscis being used for feeding is in the species <i><a href="/wiki/Deilephila_elpenor" title="Deilephila elpenor">Deilephila elpenor</a></i>. In this species, the moth hovers in front of the flower and extends its long proboscis to attain its food.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few Lepidoptera species lack mouth parts and therefore do not feed in the <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>. Others, such as the family <a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae</a>, have mouth parts of the chewing kind.<sup id="cite_ref-tj_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of insect mouthparts was helpful for the understanding of the functional mechanism of the proboscis of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> (Lepidoptera) to elucidate the evolution of new form-function.<sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2000-2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2000-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the proboscis of butterflies revealed surprising examples of adaptations to different kinds of fluid food, including <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a>, tree sap, dung<sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of adaptations to the use of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> as complementary food in <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011-2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011-2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extremely long proboscis appears within different groups of flower-visiting insects, but is relatively rare. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastropods">Gastropods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gastropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more information, examples, and links.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:367px;max-width:367px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitra-mitra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mitra-mitra.jpg/170px-Mitra-mitra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mitra-mitra.jpg/255px-Mitra-mitra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mitra-mitra.jpg/340px-Mitra-mitra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Proboscis of a predatory marine snail <i><a href="/wiki/Mitra_mitra" title="Mitra mitra">Mitra mitra</a></i>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg/189px-Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg/284px-Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg/378px-Kelletia_kelletii_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kellet's whelks</a> feeding on a dead fish using a long, prehensile proboscis.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">evolutionary lineages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> have evolved a proboscis. In gastropods, the proboscis is an elongation of the snout with the ability to retract inside the body; it can be used for feeding, sensing the environment, and in some cases, capturing prey or attaching to hosts. Three major types of proboscises have been identified: pleurembolic (partially retractable), acrembolic (fully retractable), and intraembolic (variable in structure). Acrembolic proboscises are usually found in <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitic</a> gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Elephant,_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg/220px-Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg/330px-Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg/440px-Asian_Elephant%2C_Royal_Chitwan_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Asian elephant drinking water with trunk</figcaption></figure> <p>The elephant's trunk and the <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>'s elongated nose are called "proboscis", as is the snout of the male <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a>. </p><p>Notable mammals with some form of proboscis are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">Aardvark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">Anteater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Elephant shrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_solenodon" title="Hispaniolan solenodon">Hispaniolan solenodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Elephant seal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptictidium" title="Leptictidium">Leptictidium</a></i> (extinct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moeritherium" title="Moeritherium">Moeritherium</a></i> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbat" title="Numbat">Numbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Proboscis monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope</a></li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a> family</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">proboscis monkey</a> is named for its enormous nose. </p><p>The human nose is sometimes called a proboscis, especially when large or prominent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proboscis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dproboski%2Fs">προβοσκίς</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert S, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpro%2F">πρό</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbo%2Fskw">βόσκω</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=proboscis">"proboscis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=proboscis&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dproboscis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminHeckmannHa2014" 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Art. 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Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson (2005). <i>Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects</i> (7th edition). Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-096835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-096835-6">0-03-096835-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2000-2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2000-2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennKristensen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Krenn HW, Kristensen NP (2000). "Early evolution of the proboscis of Lepidoptera: external morphology of the galea in basal glossatan moths, with remarks on the origin of the pilifers". <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i>. <b>239</b>: 179–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Early+evolution+of+the+proboscis+of+Lepidoptera%3A+external+morphology+of+the+galea+in+basal+glossatan+moths%2C+with+remarks+on+the+origin+of+the+pilifers&rft.volume=239&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+NP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennKristensen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Krenn HW, Kristensen NP (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Feje.2004.080">"Evolution of proboscis musculature in Lepidoptera"</a>. <i>European Journal of Entomology</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 565–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Feje.2004.080">10.14411/eje.2004.080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54538516">54538516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+proboscis+musculature+in+Lepidoptera&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-575&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14411%2Feje.2004.080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54538516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+NP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14411%252Feje.2004.080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennZulkaGatschnegg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Krenn HW, Zulka KP, Gatschnegg T (2001). "Proboscis morphology and food preferences in Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)". <i>J. Zool. Lond</i>. <b>253</b>: 17–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836901000528">10.1017/S0952836901000528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Zool.+Lond.&rft.atitle=Proboscis+morphology+and+food+preferences+in+Nymphalidae+%28Lepidoptera%2C+Papilionoidea%29&rft.volume=253&rft.pages=17-26&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836901000528&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Zulka%2C+KP&rft.au=Gatschnegg%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoppKrenn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Knopp, M. C. N.; Krenn, H. W. (2003). "Efficiency of fruit juice feeding in <i>Morpho peleides</i> (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera)". <i>Journal of Insect Behavior</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 67–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JIBeh..16...67K">2003JIBeh..16...67K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022849312195">10.1023/A:1022849312195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33428687">33428687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Behavior&rft.atitle=Efficiency+of+fruit+juice+feeding+in+Morpho+peleides+%28Nymphalidae%2C+Lepidoptera%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-77&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33428687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022849312195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JIBeh..16...67K&rft.aulast=Knopp&rft.aufirst=M.+C.+N.&rft.au=Krenn%2C+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2010_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrenn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krenn, Harald W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040413">"Feeding Mechanisms of Adult Lepidoptera: Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Mouthparts"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>55</b>: 307–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-112408-085338">10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040413">4040413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19961330">19961330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Feeding+Mechanisms+of+Adult+Lepidoptera%3A+Structure%2C+Function%2C+and+Evolution+of+the+Mouthparts&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=307-27&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19961330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-112408-085338&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=Harald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krenn-2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krenn-2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennEberhardEberhardHikl2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krenn, Harald W.; Eberhard, Monika J. 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Gilbert">Gilbert, Lawrence E.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040415">"Mechanical damage to pollen aids nutrient acquisition in <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies (Nymphalidae)"</a>. <i>Arthropod-Plant Interactions</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 203–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APInt...3..203K">2009APInt...3..203K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11829-009-9074-7">10.1007/s11829-009-9074-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040415">4040415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24900162">24900162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthropod-Plant+Interactions&rft.atitle=Mechanical+damage+to+pollen+aids+nutrient+acquisition+in+Heliconius+butterflies+%28Nymphalidae%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=203-208&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24900162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11829-009-9074-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009APInt...3..203K&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=Harald+W.&rft.au=Eberhard%2C+Monika+J.+B.&rft.au=Eberhard%2C+Stefan+H.&rft.au=Hikl%2C+Anna-Laetitia&rft.au=Huber%2C+Werner&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4040415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011-2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011-2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiklKrenn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hikl, A. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molluscan+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+ONTOGENY+OF+THE+PLEUREMBOLIC+PROBOSCIS+IN+NUCELLA+LAPILLUS+%28GASTROPODA%3A+MURICIDAE%29&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-89&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmollus%2F63.1.87&rft.issn=0260-1230&rft.au=Ball%2C+A.D.+and+Andrews%2C+E.B.+and+Taylor%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmollus%2Farticle-pdf%2F63%2F1%2F87%2F3011806%2F63-1-87.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProboscis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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