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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>General usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Mapungubwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe_and_successor_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe_and_successor_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kingdom of Zimbabwe and successor states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe_and_successor_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mthethwa_Paramountcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mthethwa Paramountcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mthethwa_Paramountcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulu_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulu_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Zulu Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulu_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Post-colonial eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Film industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics and languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_food_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_food_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Agriculture and food security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_food_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Blah_Tunong" title="Afrika Blah Tunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika Blah Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suider-Afrika" title="Suider-Afrika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suider-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إفريقيا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفريقيا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%C3%B4str%C3%A2la" title="Africa ôstrâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa ôstrâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Austral" title="África Austral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África Austral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Afrika" title="Cənubi Afrika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণাঞ্চলীয় আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণাঞ্চলীয় আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Hui-chiu" title="Lâm Hui-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Hui-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көньяҡ Африка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Афрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвая Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprikang_Habagatan" title="Aprikang Habagatan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aprikang Habagatan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika_(regija)" title="Južna Afrika (regija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Afrika (regija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ar_Su" title="Afrika ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_Austral" title="Àfrica Austral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica Austral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кăнтăр Африка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Африка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Afrika" title="Jižní Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_ye_Chamhembe" title="Afurika ye Chamhembe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika ye Chamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Affrica_(rhanbarth)" title="De Affrica (rhanbarth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Affrica (rhanbarth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydlige_Afrika" title="Sydlige Afrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydlige Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdliches_Afrika" title="Südliches Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südliches Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Aafrika" title="Lõuna-Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μεσημβρινή Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσημβρινή Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_austral" title="África austral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África austral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Afriko" title="Suda Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_Afrika" title="Hegoaldeko Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جنوب آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique australe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdlik_Afrika" title="Súdlik Afrika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdlik Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_austral" title="África austral – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África austral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="남아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudancin_Afirka" title="Kudancin Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kudancin Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հարավային Աֆրիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Աֆրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिणी अफ्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणी अफ्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika_(regija)" title="Južna Afrika (regija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Afrika (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin-abagatan_nga_Aprika" title="Akin-abagatan nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akin-abagatan nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_bagian_selatan" title="Afrika bagian selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika bagian selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnanver%C3%B0_Afr%C3%ADka" title="Sunnanverð Afríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sunnanverð Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_meridionale" title="Africa meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אפריקה הדרומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריקה הדרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bag%C3%A9yan_Kidul" title="Afrika Bagéyan Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika Bagéyan Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_(%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6)" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ (ಪ್ರದೇಶ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ (ಪ್ರದೇಶ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთი აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оңтүстік Африка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kusini" title="Afrika ya Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika ya Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelika_ya_Sudi" title="Afelika ya Sudi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afelika ya Sudi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geefa_Afrika" title="Geefa Afrika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geefa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik_disid_(z%C3%B2n)" title="Afrik disid (zòn) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik disid (zòn)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_meridiana" title="Africa meridiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa meridiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvid%C4%81frika_(re%C4%A3ions)" title="Dienvidāfrika (reģions) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidāfrika (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrika" title="Pietų Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afil%C3%ADka_ya_Sidi" title="Afilíka ya Sidi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afilíka ya Sidi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_sude" title="Africa sude – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa sude" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Afrika_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Dél-Afrika (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Afrika (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Јужна Африка (регион) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужна Африка (регион)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faritra_Atsimo_ao_Afrika" title="Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faritra Atsimo ao Afrika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)" title="दक्षिण आफ्रिका (प्रदेश) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण आफ्रिका (प्रदेश)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე აფრიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="افريقيا الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افريقيا الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatan_Afrika" title="Selatan Afrika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selatan Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bagian_Selatan" title="Afrika Bagian Selatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afrika Bagian Selatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лямбеширень Африкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лямбеширень Африкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%81_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Өмнөд Африк (бүс нутаг) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Африк (бүс нутаг)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidelijk_Afrika" title="Zuidelijk Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidelijk Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="南部アフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南部アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rlige_Afrika" title="Sørlige Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørlige Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rlege_Afrika" title="Sørlege Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørlege Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Australa" title="Africa Australa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa Australa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_Afrika_(tabiiy_oblast)" title="Janubiy Afrika (tabiiy oblast) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy Afrika (tabiiy oblast)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87)" title="سوېلي افريقا (سيمه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي افريقا (سيمه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Afryka Południowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka Południowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Austral" title="África Austral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África Austral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla_Afrika" title="Qubla Afrika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Sudic%C4%83" title="Africa Sudică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Sudică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Южна Африка (реґіон) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южна Африка (реґіон)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D2%A5%D2%A5%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Соҕурууҥҥу Африка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕурууҥҥу Африка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borwa_ba_Afrika" title="Borwa ba Afrika – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Borwa ba Afrika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borwa_ba_Afrika" title="Borwa ba Afrika – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Borwa ba Afrika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Jugore" title="Afrika Jugore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika Jugore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දක්ෂිණ අප්‍රිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දක්ෂිණ අප්‍රිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="ڏاکڻي آفريڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاکڻي آفريڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Afrika_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Južná Afrika (región) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južná Afrika (región)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika_(regija)" title="Južna Afrika (regija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Afrika (regija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82edniow%C5%8F_Afryka" title="Połedniowŏ Afryka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedniowŏ Afryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfurta_Afrika" title="Koonfurta Afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfurta Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="باشووری ئەفریقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باشووری ئەفریقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Јужна Африка (регион) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Африка (регион)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika_(regija)" title="Južna Afrika (regija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Afrika (regija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4inen_Afrikka" title="Eteläinen Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläinen Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Afrika" title="Södra Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Södra Afrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katimugang_Aprika" title="Katimugang Aprika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katimugang Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தெற்கு ஆபிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கு ஆபிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Tafriqt Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafriqt Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көньяк Африка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Африка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84)" title="แอฟริกาใต้ (ภูมิภาค) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอฟริกาใต้ (ภูมิภาค)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Африқои Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африқои Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Afrika" title="Güney Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_Afrika" title="Günorta Afrika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Південна Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7_(%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%81)" title="جنوبی افریقا (خطہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی افریقا (خطہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_del_Sud" title="Africa del Sud – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Africa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Phi_(khu_v%E1%BB%B1c)" title="Nam Phi (khu vực) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Phi (khu vực)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike_nonnrece" title="Afrike nonnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Afrike nonnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasalatan_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Kasalatan nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasalatan nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-saalumu_Afrig" title="Bëj-saalumu Afrig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-saalumu Afrig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="南部非洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南部非洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="דרומדיקע אפריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרומדיקע אפריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1g%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Apágúúsù Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Apágúúsù Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="非洲南部 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="非洲南部" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroc%C3%AA_Afrika" title="Verocê Afrika – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Verocê Afrika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="南部非洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南部非洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Southernmost region of the African continent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the country, see <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. For the region of the African Union, see <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union#Southern" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions of the African Union § Southern</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/350px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png 1.5x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a000; color:black;"> </span> Southern Africa (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">UN subregion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00d000; color:black;"> </span> Geographical Southern Africa, including the UN subregion</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa-regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Africa-regions.png/350px-Africa-regions.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Africa-regions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">United Nations geoscheme for Africa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0A0A; color:black;"> </span> Southern Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western Africa</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Southern Africa</b> is the southernmost region of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. No definition is agreed upon, but some groupings include the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">United Nations geoscheme</a>, the intergovernmental <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, and the <a href="#Definitions_and_Usage">physical geography definition</a> based on the physical characteristics of the land. </p><p>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, Southern Africa is home to a number of river systems; the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi River</a> is the most prominent. The Zambezi flows from the northwest corner of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Along the way, it flows over <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Victoria Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world and a major tourist attraction for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern_Africa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Africa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Africa includes both <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> climates, with the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> running through the middle of the region, dividing it into its subtropical and temperate halves. Countries commonly included in Southern Africa include <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">cultural geography</a>, the island country of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> is often not included due to its distinct language and cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern_Africa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Africa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_usage">Definitions and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, the geographical delineation for the subregion is the portion of Africa south of the <a href="/wiki/Cunene_River" title="Cunene River">Cunene</a> and Zambezi Rivers: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and the part of Mozambique that lies south of the Zambezi River. That definition is most often used in South Africa for natural sciences and particularly in guidebooks such as <i>Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Bird_Atlas_Project" title="Southern African Bird Atlas Project">Southern African Bird Atlas Project</a>, and <i>Mammals of the Southern African Subregion</i>. It is not used in political, economic, or human geography contexts because the definition cuts Mozambique in two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_scheme_of_geographic_regions_and_the_SACU">UN scheme of geographic regions and the SACU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UN scheme of geographic regions and the SACU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, five states constitute Southern Africa:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> (Swaziland)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">This definition</a> excludes other countries in the region, and instead includes the Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Réunion, the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (as a part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a>), Zambia, and Zimbabwe in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, Angola in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Middle Africa</a> (or Central Africa), and Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha (under the name Saint Helena) in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western Africa</a>, instead. Some atlases include Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Central Africa instead of Southern or Eastern Africa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a>, created in 1969, also comprises the five states in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">UN subregion</a> of Southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SADC_membership">SADC membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SADC membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC) was established in 1980 to facilitate co-operation in the region. It includes:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> (Swaziland)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_usage">General usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the UN subregion, these countries and territories are often included in Southern Africa:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation needed for the statement that the specified countries are what is commonly referred to as Southern Africa. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/23px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/35px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/45px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands"><img alt="French Southern and Antarctic Lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> is generally included in Central Africa, while <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> are more commonly associated with Eastern Africa, but these three countries have occasionally been included in Southern Africa, as they are the SADC members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_,Eswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg/220px-Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg/330px-Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg/440px-Composite_satellite_image_of_South_Africa_%2CEswatini_and_Lesotho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6533" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>A November 2002 satellite image of Southern Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/220px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/330px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/440px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6819" data-file-height="3891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> river, which forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dune_45,_Sossusvlei_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg/220px-Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg/330px-Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg/440px-Dune_45%2C_Sossusvlei_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> is a coastal desert in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>The terrain of Southern Africa is varied, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>. The region has both low-lying coastal areas, and mountains. </p><p>In terms of natural resources, the region has the world's largest resources of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and the platinum group elements, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Africa is set apart from other <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> regions because of its mineral resources, including copper, diamonds, gold, zinc, chromium, platinum, manganese, iron ore, and coal. Countries in Southern Africa are larger in geographic area, except three smaller landlocked states: Lesotho, Swaziland, and Malawi. The larger states- South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, and Angola—all have extensive mineral deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These widespread mineral resources make this one of the wealthiest regions of Africa with the greatest potential for <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. A chain of mineral resources in Southern Africa stretches from the rich oil fields in northwest Angola, east through the central diamond-mining region in <a href="/wiki/Huambo_Province" title="Huambo Province">Huambo Province</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Belt">Copper Belt</a> region of Zambia and Congo. A region of rich mineral deposits continues to the south called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dyke" title="Great Dyke">Great Dyke</a> in central Zimbabwe, through the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a> basin into South Africa. This extends southwest through the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> of South Africa toward the southern coast. Mining activity exists across the eastern region. Diamond mining is found in parts of Botswana and along the Namibian coast. Coal can also be found in central Mozambique, Zimbabwe and northeast South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalahari_E02_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalahari_E02_00.jpg/220px-Kalahari_E02_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalahari_E02_00.jpg/330px-Kalahari_E02_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kalahari_E02_00.jpg/440px-Kalahari_E02_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of the region is broadly divided into subtropical in the north and temperate in the south, but also includes <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid-subtropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean-climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">highland-subtropical</a>, oceanic, desert, and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> regions. Except for lower parts of Zambia and interior areas of Namibia and Botswana, the region rarely suffers from extreme heat. In addition, the winter presents mostly as mild and dry, except in the southwest. Cool southeasterly winds and high humidity bring cool conditions in the winter. The <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib Desert</a> is the driest area in the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">Altitude</a> plays an outsize role in moderating the temperatures of the South African <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, and much of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> region of central and northeast South Africa, the country of Zimbabwe, and parts of Zambia are known as the <a href="/wiki/Veldt" class="mw-redirect" title="Veldt">veldt</a>, divided into the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a>. There are high temperatures and low rainfall within the Zambezi and Limpopo river valleys, probably due to the lower altitude. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean vegetation</a> and climate, including the unique <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a>, grading eastward into an oceanic climate along the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Route" title="Garden Route">Garden Route</a> to <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Gqeberha</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_London,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="East London, Eastern Cape">East London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society-2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society-2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Namib and <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a> deserts form arid lands in the centre-west, separating the highlands, woodlands, croplands, and pastures of the wetter and higher East from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</a> separate the highland areas and coastal plains centred on <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in the south, the latter of which are often prone to flooding every few years. In the east, the river systems of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> basin form natural barriers and sea lanes between Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society-2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society-2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_(16261357780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/220px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/330px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/440px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5313" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Across most of southern Africa, apart from the Western Cape in South Africa, the major rainfall season is during the southern-hemisphere summer, from December to February. In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, the rainfall maximum occurs from June through August. </p><p>There are a number of important rainfall-producing weather systems in southern Africa. These include tropical-extra-tropical cloud bands, tropical lows, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cut-off_low" title="Cut-off low">cut-off lows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">mesoscale convective systems</a>. Winter midlatitude storms account for the June–August rainfall maximum in the western cape. </p><p>Year-to-year variability in rainfall, including drought, is associated with changes in global and regional <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/El_Nino_Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Nino Southern Oscillation">El Nino Southern Oscillation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_Indian_Ocean_Dipole" title="Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole">Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole</a>, and changes in the <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Current</a> region in the southeast Atlantic. </p><p>Future climate projections suggest that much of southern Africa will get hotter and drier in response to global climate change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa § Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_empires#Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires § Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa#Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § Southern Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Southern_Africa" title="Prehistoric Southern Africa">Prehistoric Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buschm%C3%A4nner_(Namibia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg/220px-Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg/330px-Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg/440px-Buschm%C3%A4nner_%28Namibia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5299" data-file-height="3463" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>East and southern Africa are among the earliest regions where modern humans (Homo sapiens) and their predecessors are believed to have lived. In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>, of a virtual <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull shape</a> of the last common human ancestor to <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">modern humans</a>, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190910_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190910-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20190910_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></i> likely coexisted with modern humans in Africa about 300,000 years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Mapungubwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (c. 1075–c. 1220) was one of the earliest state in the South African region. It was located at between the <a href="/wiki/Shashe_River" title="Shashe River">Shashe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> Rivers. The name is derived from either <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">TjiKalanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Tshivenda</a>. The kingdom is thought to have existed as the first class-based social system within the region. Society was mainly centered around family and farming. The kingdom would culminate to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</a> in the 13th century. And at its height the capital's population was about 5000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no written records from the kingdom and what historians and archeologists know of the state is from the remains of buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe_and_successor_states">Kingdom of Zimbabwe and successor states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Zimbabwe and successor states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</a> (c. 1220–1450) was a Shona (<a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Karanga</a>) kingdom in what is today <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The capital, which sits near present-day <a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a>, is located at <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, which are the largest stone structure in precolonial Southern Africa. This kingdom came after the collapse of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe. During the decline of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, two powers emerged, one in the north (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a> from 1430–1760) which had improved on Zimbabwe's administrative structure; and the other in the south (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butua" title="Kingdom of Butua">Kingdom of Butua</a> from 1450–1683) which was a smaller entity than the former two, the kingdom was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Torwa_dynasty" title="Torwa dynasty">Torwa dynasty</a> and its capital was situated at <a href="/wiki/Khami" title="Khami">Khami</a>. Both states would eventually be absorbed by the powerful Shona state, the <a href="/wiki/Rozwi_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozwi Empire">Rozwi Empire</a> by 1683. The economy was based on cattle herding, farming, and gold mining. The empire lasted until 1866, which came after droughts and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mthethwa_Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mthethwa Paramountcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> was an African state that emerged in the late 18th-century in the region of present-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>. The state was consolidated and extended under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Dingiswayo" title="Dingiswayo">Dingiswayo</a> who produced a disciplined and highly organised army for the first time in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulu_Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zulu Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/220px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/330px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/440px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Weenen_massacre" title="Weenen massacre">Zulu attack</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boer</a> camp in February 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> rose under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> and covered most of present-day KwaZulu-Natal in the 19th century. Internal conflict arose in the 1820s between Shaka's half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Dingane" title="Dingane">Dingane</a> and Mhlangana due to a succession dispute. <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boer</a> settlers began arriving northwards of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> in the 1830s,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to conflicts between the two peoples and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a> in 1838. The kingdom fell during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> of the late 19th-century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_eras">Post-colonial eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-colonial eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Postcolonial Africa">Postcolonial Africa § Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the colonial powers came under international pressure to decolonize. The transfer to an African majority, however, was complicated by the settlement of <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">white peoples</a>. After an initial phase from 1945 to 1958, as a consolidation of white power, decolonization succeeded in its achievement when High Commission territories and overseas departments such as <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> became independent states from British and French rule. The brutal <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">struggle for independence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonization of Africa">colonial territories</a> led to the independence of new states of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, which declared independence as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in 1980. The denouement of <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> achieved independence as <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> in 1990 and the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">black majority in South Africa</a> took power after the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">democratic elections in 1994</a>, therefore ending the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> regime. From the end of the period of colonial rule, imperial interests controlled the economies of the region and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> became the dominant <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">economic power</a> in the late 20th century. The 21st century has seen attempts to create unity among nations in Southern Africa. In spite of democracy, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> still persist throughout the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/220px-Sandton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/330px-Sandton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/440px-Sandton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The region is distinct from the rest of Africa, with a robust mining sector and comparatively developed secondary and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sectors</a>. Additionally many countries (with the exception of Mozambique and Malawi in particular) have relatively well developed infrastructure. Some of its main <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> including <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, Southern Africa still faces some of the problems that the rest of the continent does. Despite this, diamond production has fueled the economies of Botswana and Namibia, for example. </p><p>Over the 20th century, the region developed a robust manufacturing sector, focused on South Africa and Zimbabwe, which allowed greater prosperity and investments into infrastructure, education and healthcare that elevated both nations into <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle income</a> economies and captured growing markets across Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the 1990s these industries have struggled in the face of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and cheaper imports from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, leading to job losses particularly in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, gold mining and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>. Zimbabwe in particular has seen significant <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> as a result of factors both domestic and foreign.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> has left its mark on the development over the course of history,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> are some of the biggest factors impeding economic growth. In addition, South Africa and Zimbabwe in particular, face high emigration among their <a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">skilled workers</a> leading to a significant <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a> to western economies and billions lost in <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">human capital flight</a>. The pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> stability is an important part of the region's goals, as demonstrated by the SADC, however complete regional integration remains an elusive target. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg/220px-Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg/330px-Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg/440px-Table_Mountain_DanieVDM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> is one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destinations">tourist destinations</a> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of economic strength, South Africa is the dominant economy of the region. Generally, mining, agriculture, the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and tourism dominate the economies of Southern African countries, apart from South Africa which has mature and flourishing financial, retail, and construction sectors. Zimbabwe maintains a smaller banking and real estate sector along with what remains of its manufacturing industry, despite a protracted <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a>. Most global banks have their regional offices for Southern Africa based in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. Over the years, some the other Southern African nations have invested in economic diversification, and invested public funds into rail, road and air transportation as part of a concerted effort through SADC to boost regional trade and improve communication and transportation. The countries in this region also belong to the Southern Africa Power Pool, which facilitates the development of a competitive electricity market within the SADC region and ensures <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> developments through sound economic, environmental and social practices. The main objective of the power pool is to develop a world class, robust and safe interconnected electrical system across the Southern African Region. According to a report by Southern Africa Power Pool, the three largest producers of electricity in Southern Africa as at 2017, include <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with an estimated 46,963MW, <a href="/wiki/Zesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Zesco">Zesco</a> in Zambia with 2,877MW and <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">SNL</a> of Angola with 2,442MW. Whilst moderately successful by African standards, the region largely lags behind their Asian counterparts in innovation, foreign direct investment, <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> sciences and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffes_(Giraffa_camelopardalis)_young_males_mock_fighting_..._(47110326111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg/220px-Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg/330px-Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg/440px-Giraffes_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_young_males_mock_fighting_..._%2847110326111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park" title="Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park">Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Africa has a wide diversity of ecoregions including <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">bushveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">karoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zones</a>. Even though considerable disturbance has occurred in some regions from habitat loss due to human population density or export-focused development, there remain significant numbers of various <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/White_rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="White rhino">white rhino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iucn2016Lion_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iucn2016Lion-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>. It has complex Plateaus that create massive mountain structures along the South African border. </p><p>There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Southern_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Southern Africa">environmental issues in Southern Africa</a>, including air pollution and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_art#Southern_Africa" title="African art">African art § Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedi_Living_Culture_Route,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(2417712111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg/220px-Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg/330px-Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg/440px-Pedi_Living_Culture_Route%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%282417712111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Traditional houses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi people</a> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa § Southern Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume#Southern_Africa" title="Folk costume">Folk costume § Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg/220px-Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg/330px-Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg/440px-Reed_Dance_Festival_2006-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a> woman at the <a href="/wiki/Umhlanga_(ceremony)" title="Umhlanga (ceremony)">Reed Dance</a> ceremony</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine#Southern_Africa" title="African cuisine">African cuisine § Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines#Southern_African_cuisine" title="List of African cuisines">List of African cuisines § Southern African cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa#West,_Central,_Southeast_and_South_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa § West, Central, Southeast and South Africa</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions#Southern_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions § Southern Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#Southern_Africa" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions § Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa § Southern Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_languages">Demographics and languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics and languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">List of African countries by population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">List of ethnic groups of Africa § Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa § Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_African_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/220px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/330px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/440px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a>, subfamilies and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">major languages</a> in Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Africa is home to many people. It was initially populated by <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">San</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentots</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a> in widely dispersed concentrations. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>, the majority of African ethnic groups in this region, including the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Northern Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Southern Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mbundu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mbundu people">Mbundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mbundu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mbundu people">Ovimbundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaga_people" title="Chaga people">Chaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_people" title="Sukuma people">Sukuma</a>, speak <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. The process of colonization and settling resulted in a small population of European (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Portuguese Africans</a>, etc.) and Asian descent (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a>, etc.) people in many southern African countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_2">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Further information in the sections of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Medieval Southern African Architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of South African inventions and discoveries">List of South African inventions and discoveries</a></div> <p><i>Further information in the sections of <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">History of science and technology in Africa</a>:</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Central_and_Southern_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_2" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_3" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_4" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_5" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_6" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Southern_Africa_7" title="History of science and technology in Africa">By country</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_and_food_security">Agriculture and food security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agriculture and food security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LWR2013_-_panoramio_(67).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg/220px-LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg/330px-LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg/440px-LWR2013_-_panoramio_%2867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Field in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some key factors affecting the <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> within the regions including political instability, poor governance, droughts, population growth, urbanisation, poverty, low economic growth, inadequate agricultural policies, trade terms and regimes, resource degradation and the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">recent increase in HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Waal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Waal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Misselhorn_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misselhorn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These factors vary from country to country. For example, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has favourable climatic and physical conditions, but performs far below its capacity in food provision due to political instability and poor governance. In contrast, semi-arid countries such as Botswana and Namibia, produce insufficient food, but successfully achieve food security through food imports due to economic growth, political stability and good governance. The Republic of South Africa is a major food producer and exporter in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data on agricultural production trends and food insecurity especially in term of food availability for Southern Africa is readily available through the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (<a href="/wiki/Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network" title="Famine Early Warning Systems Network">FEWS NET</a>) and Southern African Development Community (<a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a>) - Food, Agriculture and Nature Resource Directorate (FARN). However, this data might not fully capture the reality of a region with large urban populations and where food insecurity goes beyond per-capita availability to issues of access and dietary adequacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FEWS_NET_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEWS_NET-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SADC_FANR_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SADC_FANR-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganora_Guest_Farm,_Nieu-Bethesda,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20484443576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg/220px-Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg/330px-Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg/440px-Ganora_Guest_Farm%2C_Nieu-Bethesda%2C_Eastern_Cape%2C_South_Africa_%2820484443576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Farm in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Urban food security has been noted as an emerging area of concern in the region, with recent data showing high levels of food insecurity amongst low-income households. In a study of eleven cities in nine countries: <a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzini,_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzini, Swaziland">Manzini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, only 17% of households were categorized as 'food-secure' while more than half (57%) of all households surveyed were found to be 'severely food-insecure'.<sup id="cite_ref-AFSUN_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFSUN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some factors affecting urban food insecurity include climate change with potential impact on agricultural productivity, the expansion of supermarkets in the region, which is changing the way people obtain food in the city, rural-to-urban migration, unemployment, and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Battersby_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crush,_hovorka,_tevera_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crush,_hovorka,_tevera-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mkwambisi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkwambisi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of food insecurity in general and urban food insecurity in particular in the region is also characterized by an increased consumption of caloric <a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">junk food</a> and processed foods leading to potential increase in the co-existence of undernutrition and dietary-related chronic diseases such as obesity and hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wrotniak_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrotniak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa for example, while over 50% experience hunger, 61% are overweight or morbidly obese.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Labadarios_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labadarios-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is only limited data on the other Southern African countries. </p><p>From 2018 to 2021, parts of the region suffered from a <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932021_Southern_African_drought" title="2018–2021 Southern African drought">period of drought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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id="cite_note-Southern_Africa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Africa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Africa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_world-regional-geography-people-places-and-globalization/s10-06-southern-africa.html">"Southern Africa"</a>.</cite><span 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Cambridge University Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54801-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54801-4"><bdi>978-0-521-54801-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54801-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_O5I3VPxDhAC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSADC" class="citation web cs1">SADC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadc.int/themes/economic-development/industry/mining/">"Mining"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obesity+in+SA&rft.au=Fat+in+Motion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcgsouthafrica.co.za%2Fobesity-in-sa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reddy-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyResnicow,_KJames,_SKambaran,_N2008" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy, SP; Resnicow, K; James, S; Kambaran, N; Omardien, R; MBewu, AD (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1368980008002656">"Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey"</a>. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 203–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1368980008002656">10.1017/S1368980008002656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18547451">18547451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Underweight%2C+overweight+and+obesity+among+South+African+adolescents%3A+results+of+the+2002+National+Youth+Risk+Behaviour+Survey&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-7&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1368980008002656&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18547451&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Resnicow%2C+K&rft.au=James%2C+S&rft.au=Kambaran%2C+N&rft.au=Omardien%2C+R&rft.au=MBewu%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1368980008002656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labadarios-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labadarios_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLABADARIOSYul_Derek_DAVIDSZandile_MCHIZAGina_WEIR-SMITH2009" class="citation journal cs1">LABADARIOS, Demetre; Yul Derek DAVIDS; Zandile MCHIZA; Gina WEIR-SMITH (31 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npc.gov.za/MediaLib/Downloads/Home/Tabs/Diagnostic/MaterialConditions2/The%20Assessment%20of%20Food%20Insecurity%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf">"THE ASSESSMENT OF FOOD INSECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Sciences Research Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+African+Business+Week&rft.atitle=Hunger+in+Africa+continues+to+rise%2C+says+New+UN+report&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.busiweek.com%2Fhunger-in-africa-continues-to-rise-says-new-un-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556618/Southern-Africa">"Southern Africa"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Africa" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmur" title="Bashmur">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" title="Zambezian region">Zambezian region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Southern Africa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southern_Africa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Southern Africa">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Africa" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Southern Africa">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southern_Africa" class="extiw" title="voy:Southern Africa">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27394" class="extiw" title="d:Q27394">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27394#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429170">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1239519/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3yBTbttxRg8dBvxTJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058393-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001653">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162726316">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162726316">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Afrika jižní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128639&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="África meridional"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450630">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292800305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027374750">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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