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aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_with_other_canids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_with_other_canids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Admixture with other canids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_with_other_canids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pelage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_other_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_other_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Interactions with other predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_other_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Infections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hunting and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status and conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>In folklore, religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fable_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fable_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>In fable and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fable_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predation_on_livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation_on_livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Predation on livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation_on_livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_with_dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_with_dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Competition with dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_with_dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Attacks on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_hunting_of_wolves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_hunting_of_wolves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Human hunting of wolves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_hunting_of_wolves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolves_as_pets_and_working_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolves_as_pets_and_working_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Wolves as pets and working animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolves_as_pets_and_working_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">190 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Дыгъужь – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дыгъужь" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8A" title="Тыгъужъ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыгъужъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A7%D1%80%D3%B1" title="Бӧрӱ – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Бӧрӱ" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%B5%E1%88%8B" title="ተኵላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተኵላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumppi" title="Kumppi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kumppi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulf" title="Wulf – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wulf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Абгаду – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абгаду" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ذئب رمادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذئب رمادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop" title="Lop – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lop" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahikan" title="Mahikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguaru" title="Jaguaru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jaguaru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="БацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="БацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_canavar" title="Adi canavar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi canavar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="قورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="নেকড়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেকড়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4ng" title="Lông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бүре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бүре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Воўк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Воўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Воўк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Воўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo" title="Lobo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lobo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Вълк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вълк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woif" title="Woif – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woif" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2" title="སྤྱང་ཀི – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྱང་ཀི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk" title="Vuk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vuk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleiz_gris" title="Bleiz gris – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bleiz gris" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Шоно – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шоно" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llop" title="Llop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80" title="Кашкăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кашкăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlk_obecn%C3%BD" title="Vlk obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlk obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumi" title="Bhumi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhumi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaidd" title="Blaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Blaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ديب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumpe" title="Gumpe – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gumpe" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85%CA%BCiitsoh" title="Mąʼiitsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Mąʼiitsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt" title="Hunt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hunt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γκρίζος λύκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρίζος λύκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauv" title="Lauv – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lauv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Верьгиз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Верьгиз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo" title="Lupo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otso" title="Otso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alvur" title="Úlvur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Úlvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_t%C3%ADre" title="Mac tíre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mac tíre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madadh-allaidh" title="Madadh-allaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Madadh-allaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo" title="Lobo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lobo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ورگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ng" title="Lòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%83%89%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80" title="회색늑대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회색늑대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Գորշ գայլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գորշ գայլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="भेड़िया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भेड़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjelk" title="Wjelk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wjelk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivi_vuk" title="Sivi vuk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sivi vuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfo" title="Volfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serigala" title="Serigala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serigala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_gris" title="Lupo gris – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lupo gris" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%AA%E1%95%88%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒪᕈᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒪᕈᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%C4%A1uq" title="Amaġuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Amaġuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Бирæгъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирæгъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alfur" title="Úlfur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úlfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="זאב מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זאב מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srenggala" title="Srenggala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Srenggala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpent%C9%94%C9%94ya%C9%A3" title="Kpentɔɔyaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpentɔɔyaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaroq" title="Amaroq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Amaroq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3" title="ಬೂದು ಬಣ್ಣದ ತೋಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೂದು ಬಣ್ಣದ ತೋಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მგელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მგელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D9%95_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="رامہٕ ہوٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رامہٕ ہوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szari_wilk" title="Szari wilk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szari wilk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Қасқыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасқыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleydh" title="Bleydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bleydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кӧин – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧин" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idatcol_(Canis_lupus)" title="Idatcol (Canis lupus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Idatcol (Canis lupus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_(non)" title="Lou (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lou (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur" title="Gur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Бөрү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бөрү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%B9" title="Пирӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пирӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu" title="Lu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovo" title="Lovo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lovo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D3%8F" title="Барцӏ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Барцӏ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ໝາປ່າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາປ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%81kais_vylks" title="Palākais vylks – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Palākais vylks" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lupus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C4%93kais_vilks" title="Pelēkais vilks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pelēkais vilks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollef" title="Wollef – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wollef" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%80" title="Жанавур – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Жанавур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkasis_vilkas" title="Pilkasis vilkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilkasis vilkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouf" title="Wouf – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wouf" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo" title="Lupo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lupo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukku" title="Hukku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hukku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BCrke_farkas" title="Szürke farkas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szürke farkas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Волк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopa" title="Lopa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lopa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെന്നായ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെന്നായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="लांडगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लांडगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ذئب رمادى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذئب رمادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကၠဵုကၠိင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကၠဵုကၠိင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serigala_kelabu" title="Serigala kelabu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serigala kelabu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ng" title="Lòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Вьрьгаз – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вьрьгаз" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Саарал чоно – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саарал чоно" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="ဝံပုလွေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝံပုလွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulv" title="Wulv – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wulv" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%AA%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%90%A6%E1%91%B2%E1%93%90" title="ᒪᐦᐃᐦᑲᓐ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᒪᐦᐃᐦᑲᓐ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="ब्वाँसो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्वाँसो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9F" title="オオカミ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オオカミ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Борз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Борз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loup" title="Loup – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Loup" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пире – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пире" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBri" title="Boʻri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A9%9C" title="ਬਘਿਆੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਘਿਆੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%91" title="بھگیاڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھگیاڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%90%D9%88%D9%87" title="لېوه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لېوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кӧин – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧин" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Leu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv" title="Luv – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilk_szary" title="Wilk szary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilk szary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λύκον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λύκον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo-cinzento" title="Lobo-cinzento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lobo-cinzento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lup_cenu%C8%99iu" title="Lup cenușiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lup cenușiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luf" title="Luf – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Luf" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atawka" title="Atawka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Atawka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA" title="Вовк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вовк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Волк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9" title="Бөрө – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бөрө" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouf" title="Wouf – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wouf" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulf" title="Wulf – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wulf" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujku" title="Ujku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ujku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu" title="Lupu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lupu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wolf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%99" title="بگھڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بگھڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlk_drav%C3%BD" title="Vlk dravý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlk dravý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Влькъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Влькъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilk" title="Wilk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wilk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeey" title="Yeey – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yeey" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گورگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گورگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Вук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk" title="Vuk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi" title="Susi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varg" title="Varg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobong_kulay-abo" title="Lobong kulay-abo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lobong kulay-abo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓநாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓநாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3si" title="Aɣsi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣsi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бүре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бүре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="หมาป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมาป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏩᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3%27nehe" title="Hó'nehe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hó'nehe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt" title="Kurt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Бөрү – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бөрү" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кион – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кион" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA" title="Вовк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вовк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بھیڑیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھیڑیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaez" title="Manaez – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Manaez" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndikaz" title="Händikaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Händikaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3i_x%C3%A1m" title="Sói xám – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sói xám" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi" title="Susi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Susi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Leu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Canis lupus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_gi" title="Boy gi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Boy gi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="וואלף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg" title="Verg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Verg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of canine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grey Wolf" and "Gray Wolf" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grey Wolf (disambiguation)">Grey Wolf (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wolf (disambiguation)">Wolf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wolves" redirects here. For football club, see <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C." title="Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.">Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Wolf<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> – present</span> <span class="nowrap">(400,000–0 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">YBP</a>)</span></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg/220px-Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg/330px-Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg/440px-Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus lupus</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Polar_Park_(animal_park)" title="Polar Park (animal park)">Polar Park</a> in Bardu, Norway</div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Canis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis"><i>Canis</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. lupus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Canis lupus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1758_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">See <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">Subspecies of <i>Canis lupus</i></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_distribution_(IUCN).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png/220px-Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png/330px-Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png/440px-Canis_lupus_distribution_%28IUCN%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global wolf range based on IUCN's 2023 assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>wolf</b> (<i><b>Canis lupus</b></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>wolves</b>), also known as the <b>gray wolf</b> or <b>grey wolf</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">canine</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. More than thirty <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies of <i>Canis lupus</i></a> have been recognized, including the <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a>, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">naturally-occurring wild</a> subspecies. The wolf is the largest wild <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> member of the family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a>, and is further distinguished from other <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i> species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller <i>Canis</i> species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, to produce fertile <a href="/wiki/Canid_hybrid" title="Canid hybrid">hybrids</a> with them. The wolf's fur is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white. </p><p>Of all members of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Canis</i>, the wolf is most <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">specialized</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">cooperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunting_behavior_of_gray_wolves" title="Hunting behavior of gray wolves">game hunting</a> as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more <a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">social nature</a>, and its highly advanced <a href="/wiki/Wolf_communication" title="Wolf communication">expressive behaviour</a>, including individual or group <a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">howling</a>. It travels in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear families</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Mated_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mated pair">mated pair</a> accompanied by their offspring. Offspring may leave to form their own <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">packs</a> on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to competition for food within the pack. Wolves are also <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a>, and fights over territory are among the principal causes of mortality. The wolf is mainly a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> and feeds on large wild <a href="/wiki/Hooved_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooved mammal">hooved mammals</a> as well as smaller animals, livestock, <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, and garbage. Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs. <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Pathogens</a> and parasites, notably the <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies virus</a>, may infect wolves. </p><p>The global wild wolf population was estimated to be 300,000 in 2003 and is considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN). Wolves have a long history of interactions with humans, having been despised and hunted in most <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> communities because of their attacks on livestock, while conversely being respected in some <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> societies. Although the fear of wolves exists in many human societies, the majority of recorded attacks on people have been attributed to animals suffering from <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolf_attack" title="Wolf attack">Wolf attacks</a> on humans are rare because wolves are relatively few, live away from people, and have developed a fear of humans because of their experiences with hunters, farmers, ranchers, and shepherds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_(name)" title="Wolf (name)">Wolf (name)</a></div> <p>The English "wolf" stems from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i lang="ang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wulf#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:wulf">wulf</a></i>, which is itself thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">wulfaz</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/w%C4%BA%CC%A5k%CA%B7os" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos">wĺ̥kʷos</a></span></span></i> may also be the source of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for the animal <i>lupus</i> (*<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">lúkʷos</span></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lehrman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehrman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since pre-Christian times, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxons</a> took on <i>wulf</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> in their names. Examples include Wulfhere ("Wolf Army"), Cynewulf ("Royal Wolf"), Cēnwulf ("Bold Wolf"), Wulfheard ("Wolf-hard"), Earnwulf ("Eagle Wolf"), Wulfstān ("Wolf Stone") Æðelwulf ("Noble Wolf"), Wolfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf Hide"), Scrutolf ("Garb Wolf"), Wolfgang ("Wolf Gait") and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201274–75_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201274–75-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Canine phylogeny with ages of divergence </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:475px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Gray wolf</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>1.10 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>1.32 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_VI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>1.62 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>1.92 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLI).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>2.74 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLIV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>3.06 mya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XIII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>2.62 mya</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>3.50 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram and divergence of the gray wolf (including the domestic dog) among its closest extant relatives<sup id="cite_ref-Koepfli-2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli-2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> published in his <i><a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1758_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i> is the Latin word meaning "<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and under this <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>. He classified the domestic dog as <i>Canis familiaris</i>, and the wolf as <i>Canis lupus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1758_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">Subspecies of Canis lupus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_wolf" title="Pleistocene wolf">Pleistocene wolf</a></div> <p>In the third edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a></i> published in 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Mammalogist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalogist">mammalogist</a> <a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. Chris Wozencraft">W. Christopher Wozencraft</a> listed under <i>C. lupus</i> 36 wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: <i>familiaris</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) and <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo" title="Canis lupus dingo">dingo</a></i> (Meyer, 1793). Wozencraft included <i>hallstromi</i>—the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a>—as a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic synonym">taxonomic synonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a>. Wozencraft referred to a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA) study as one of the guides in forming his decision, and listed the 38 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies of <i>C. lupus</i></a> under the biological <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> of "wolf", the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a> (<i>C. l. lupus</i>) based on the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> that Linnaeus studied in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Wozencraft2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wozencraft2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies using <a href="/wiki/Paleogenomics" title="Paleogenomics">paleogenomic</a> techniques reveal that the modern wolf and the dog are <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxa">sister taxa</a>, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a workshop hosted by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be <a href="/wiki/Feral_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral dog">feral</a> <i>Canis familiaris</i>, and therefore should not be assessed for the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvares2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvares2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">Evolution of the wolf</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Domestication of the dog</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/220px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/330px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/440px-Canis_mosbachensis_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis" title="Canis mosbachensis">Canis mosbachensis</a></i>, the wolf's immediate ancestor</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> descent of the extant wolf <i>C. lupus</i> from the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis" title="Canis mosbachensis">C. mosbachensis</a></i> (which in turn descended from <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_etruscus" title="Canis etruscus">C. etruscus</a></i>) is widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003239–245_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003239–245-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the oldest fossils of the modern grey wolf is from Ponte Galeria in Italy, dating to 406,500 ± 2,400 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains from Cripple Creek Sump in Alaska may be considerably older, around 1 million years old,<sup id="cite_ref-Tedford2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tedford2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though differentiating between the remains of modern wolves and <i>C. mosbachensis</i> is difficult and ambiguous, with some authors choosing to include C. <i>mosbachensis</i> (which first appeared around 1.4 million years ago) as an early subspecies of <i>C. lupus.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>. Many Late Pleistocene wolf populations had more robust skulls and teeth than modern wolves, often with a shortened <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)#Vertebrates" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">snout</a>, a pronounced development of the <a href="/wiki/Temporalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporalis">temporalis</a> muscle, and robust <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>. It is proposed that these features were specialized adaptations for the processing of carcass and bone associated with the hunting and scavenging of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a>. Compared with modern wolves, some Pleistocene wolves showed an increase in tooth breakage similar to that seen in the extinct <a href="/wiki/Dire_wolf" title="Dire wolf">dire wolf</a>. This suggests they either often processed carcasses, or that they competed with other carnivores and needed to consume their prey quickly. The frequency and location of tooth fractures in these wolves indicates they were habitual bone crackers like the modern <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomic</a> studies suggest modern wolves and dogs descend from a common ancestral wolf population.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skoglund2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skoglund2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fan2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fan2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study found that the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_wolf" title="Himalayan wolf">Himalayan wolf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian plains wolf</a> are part of a <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to other wolves and <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">split</a> from them 200,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennelly2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennelly2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wolves appear to share most of their common ancestry much more recently, within the last 23,000 years (around the peak and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>), originating from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some sources have suggested that this was a consequence of a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other studies have suggested that this a result of <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> homogenising ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 genomic study suggests that Old World and New World wolves split around 12,500 years ago followed by the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">divergence</a> of the lineage that led to dogs from other Old World wolves around 11,100–12,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Fan2016_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fan2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extinct <a href="/wiki/Megafaunal_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Megafaunal wolf">Late Pleistocene wolf</a> may have been the ancestor of the dog,<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the dog's similarity to the extant wolf being the result of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">genetic admixture</a> between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dingo, <a href="/wiki/Basenji" title="Basenji">Basenji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Mastiff" title="Tibetan Mastiff">Tibetan Mastiff</a> and Chinese indigenous breeds are basal members of the domestic dog clade. The divergence time for wolves in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia is estimated to be fairly recent at around 1,600 years ago. Among New World wolves, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf</a> diverged around 5,400 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Fan2016_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fan2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_with_other_canids">Admixture with other canids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canid_hybrid" title="Canid hybrid">Canid hybrid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo,_Poland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photographs of two wolf–dog hybrids standing outdoors on snowy ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/330px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/495px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png/660px-F1_wolf-dog_hybrids_from_Wildlife_Park_Kadzidlowo%2C_Poland.png 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfdog" title="Wolfdog">Wolf–dog hybrids</a> in the wild animal park at <a href="/wiki/Kadzid%C5%82owo" title="Kadzidłowo">Kadzidłowo</a>, Poland. Left: product of a male wolf and a female <a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">spaniel</a>; right: from a female wolf and a male <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Laika" title="West Siberian Laika">West Siberian Laika</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the distant past, there was <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> between <a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a>, and gray wolves. The African wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. One African wolf from the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> showed admixture with Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. This indicates the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinding2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinding2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf admixed with a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">ghost population</a> of an extinct unidentified canid. This canid was genetically close to the <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> and evolved after the divergence of the <a href="/wiki/African_hunting_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="African hunting dog">African hunting dog</a> from the other canid species. The basal position of the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome of this unidentified canid.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a museum specimen of a wolf from southern China collected in 1963 showed a genome that was 12–14% admixed from this unknown canid.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, some coyotes and wolves show varying degrees of past <a href="/wiki/Coywolf" title="Coywolf">genetic admixture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinding2018_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinding2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times, some male <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolves</a> originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacolina2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacolina2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, ten percent of dogs including <a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">livestock guardian dogs</a>, are first generation hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopaliani2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopaliani2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of <a href="/wiki/Jackal-wolf_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackal-wolf hybrid">jackal-wolf hybridization</a> was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living in the Caucasus Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-Kopaliani2014_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopaliani2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Moura2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moura2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a>, with little evidence of the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a reclining North American wolf looking directly at the photographer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/170px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/255px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg/340px-Front_view_of_a_resting_Canis_lupus_ssp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption>A North American wolf</figcaption></figure> <p>The wolf is the largest extant member of the family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mech1974_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech1974-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is further distinguished from coyotes and jackals by a broader snout, shorter ears, a shorter torso and a longer tail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998129–132_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998129–132-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mech1974_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech1974-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is slender and powerfully built, with a large, deeply descending <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>, a sloping back, and a heavily muscled neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998166_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998166-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf's legs are moderately longer than those of other canids, which enables the animal to move swiftly, and to overcome the deep snow that covers most of its geographical range in winter,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech198113_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech198113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though more short-legged ecomorphs are found in some wolf populations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ears are relatively small and triangular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998166_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998166-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf's head is large and heavy, with a wide forehead, strong jaws and a long, blunt muzzle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull is 230–280 mm (9–11 in) in length and 130–150 mm (5–6 in) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech198114_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech198114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth are heavy and large, making them better suited to crushing bone than those of other canids, though they are not as specialized as those found in <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Therrien2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Therrien2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> have a flat chewing surface, but not to the same extent as the coyote, whose diet contains more vegetable matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females tend to have narrower muzzles and foreheads, thinner necks, slightly shorter legs, and less massive shoulders than males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197823_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197823-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/220px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg/440px-Canis_lupus_italicus_skeleton_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A wolf skeleton housed in the Wolf Museum, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzo National Park">Abruzzo National Park</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Adult wolves measure 105–160 cm (41–63 in) in length and 80–85 cm (31–33 in) at shoulder height.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail measures 29–50 cm (11–20 in) in length, the ears <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>90–110 mm (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) in height, and the hind feet are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">220–250 mm (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998174_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998174-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size and weight of the modern wolf increases proportionally with latitude in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miklosi2015_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miklosi2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mean body mass of the wolf is 40 kg (88 lb), the smallest specimen recorded at 12 kg (26 lb) and the largest at 79.4 kg (175 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald2001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, European wolves weigh 38.5 kg (85 lb), North American wolves 36 kg (79 lb), and Indian and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolves</a> 25 kg (55 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197819_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197819-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females in any given wolf population typically weigh 2.3–4.5 kg (5–10 lb) less than males. Wolves weighing over 54 kg (119 lb) are uncommon, though exceptionally large individuals have been recorded in Alaska and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197818_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197818-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central Russia, exceptionally large males can reach a weight of 69–79 kg (152–174 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998174_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998174-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelage">Pelage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a wolf standing on snowy terrain, turning its head at the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Tibetan_Wolf_Canis_lupus_chanko_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>Wolf in <a href="/wiki/Spiti_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiti Valley">Spiti Valley</a>, northern India</figcaption></figure> <p>The wolf has very dense and fluffy winter fur, with a short <a href="/wiki/Down_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Down hair">undercoat</a> and long, coarse <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the undercoat and some guard hairs are shed in spring and grow back in autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197819_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197819-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest hairs occur on the back, particularly on the front quarters and neck. Especially long hairs grow on the shoulders and almost form a crest on the upper part of the neck. The hairs on the cheeks are elongated and form tufts. The ears are covered in short hairs and project from the fur. Short, elastic and closely adjacent hairs are present on the limbs from the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbows</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneal_tendon" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcaneal tendon">calcaneal tendons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at −40 °C (−40 °F) by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197819_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197819-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. The warmth of the foot pads is regulated independently from the rest of the body and is maintained at just above <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">tissue-freezing</a> point where the pads come in contact with ice and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197819–20_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197819–20-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In warm climates, the fur is coarser and scarcer than in northern wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female wolves tend to have smoother furred limbs than males and generally develop the smoothest overall coats as they age. Older wolves generally have more white hairs on the tip of the tail, along the nose, and on the forehead. Winter fur is retained longest by lactating females, although with some hair loss around their teats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197823_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197823-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hair length on the middle of the back is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">60–70 mm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in), and the guard hairs on the shoulders generally do not exceed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">90 mm (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), but can reach <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">110–130 mm (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing one black and one white wolf standing alongside each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/220px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/330px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg/440px-Black_and_White_Wolves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Wolves in the <a href="/wiki/La_Boissi%C3%A8re-du-Dor%C3%A9" title="La Boissière-du-Doré">La Boissière-du-Doré</a> Zoo, France</figcaption></figure> <p>A wolf's coat colour is determined by its guard hairs. Wolves usually have some hairs that are white, brown, gray and black.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipson2002_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipson2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coat of the Eurasian wolf is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochreous</a> (yellow to orange) and <a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">rusty</a> ochreous (orange/red/brown) colours with light gray. The muzzle is pale ochreous gray, and the area of the lips, cheeks, chin, and throat is white. The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. The neck is ochreous. Long, black tips on the hairs along the back form a broad stripe, with black hair tips on the shoulders, upper chest and rear of the body. The sides of the body, tail, and outer limbs are a pale dirty ochreous colour, while the inner sides of the limbs, belly, and groin are white. Apart from those wolves which are pure white or black, these tones vary little across geographical areas, although the patterns of these colours vary between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998168–169_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998168–169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow <a href="/wiki/Gloger%27s_rule" title="Gloger's rule">Gloger's rule</a>, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. In some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of Alberta and British Columbia, the coat colour is predominantly black, some being blue-gray and some with silver and black.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipson2002_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipson2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in coat colour between sexes is absent in Eurasia;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998168_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998168-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> females tend to have redder tones in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197822_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197822-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_wolf" title="Black wolf">Black-coloured wolves</a> in North America acquired their colour from wolf-dog admixture after the first arrival of dogs across the Bering Strait 12,000 to 14,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into the inheritance of white colour from dogs into wolves has yet to be undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick2009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_distribution" title="Wolf distribution">Wolf distribution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf standing on snowy ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg/220px-Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg/330px-Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg/440px-Lupo_in_Sassoferrato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> in a mountainous habitat in the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sassoferrato" title="Sassoferrato">Sassoferrato</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Wolves occur across Eurasia and North America. However, deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of its historic range; the wolf is now <a href="/wiki/Extirpated" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpated">extirpated</a> (locally extinct) from much of its range in Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and completely in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Wolves live in forests, inland <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> (including Arctic <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, deserts, and rocky peaks on mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat use by wolves depends on the abundance of prey, snow conditions, livestock densities, road densities, human presence and <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf carrying a caribou leg in its mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/170px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/255px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg/340px-Wolf_with_Caribou_Hindquarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A wolf carrying a <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou</a> hindquarter, <a href="/wiki/Denali_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Denali National Park">Denali National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all land mammals that are <a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunters</a>, the wolf feeds predominantly on <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a> that can be divided into large size 240–650 kg (530–1,430 lb) and medium size 23–130 kg (51–287 lb), and have a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">pack</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle1987_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle1987-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sorkin2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorkin2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey,<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a pack of 15 able to bring down an adult <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mech1966_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech1966-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variation in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsome2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsome2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. The wolf depends on wild species, and if these are not readily available, as in Asia, the wolf is more reliant on domestic species.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsome2016_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsome2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Eurasia, wolves prey mostly on <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">roe deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003107_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003107-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, important range-wide prey are <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, moose, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003109–110_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003109–110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to their extirpation from North America, <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a> were among the most frequently consumed prey of North American wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech1981172_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech1981172-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow, particularly during the autumn and winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003201_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, wolves are not fussy eaters. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a> and smaller carnivores. They frequently eat <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and their eggs. When such foods are insufficient, they prey on <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, and large insects when available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves in some areas may consume fish and even marine life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gable2018_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gable2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodford2019_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodford2019-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAllister2007_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAllister2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves also consume some plant material. In Europe, they eat apples, pears, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, melons, <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>. In North America, wolves eat <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>. They also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller2019_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2019-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are known to eat the berries of <a href="/wiki/Sorbus" title="Sorbus">mountain-ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">lily of the valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">cowberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum">European black nightshade</a>, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003107_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003107-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, North American wolves eat livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003109_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003109-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998213–231-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech1981180_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech1981180-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klein1995_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1995-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions_with_other_predators">Interactions with other predators</h3></div> <p>Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. In North America, incidents of wolves killing coyotes are common, particularly in winter, when coyotes feed on wolf kills. Wolves may attack coyote den sites, digging out and killing their pups, though rarely eating them. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266–268_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266–268-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a press release by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1921, the infamous <a href="/wiki/Custer_Wolf" title="Custer Wolf">Custer Wolf</a> relied on coyotes to accompany him and warn him of danger. Though they fed from his kills, he never allowed them to approach him.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrit1921_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrit1921-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactions have been observed in Eurasia between wolves and golden jackals, the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266–268_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266–268-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giannatos2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giannatos2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves also kill <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac foxes</a>, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003269_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003269-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_bear_ravens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf, a bear, coyotes and ravens competing over a kill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wolves_bear_ravens.png/350px-Wolves_bear_ravens.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wolves_bear_ravens.png/525px-Wolves_bear_ravens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wolves_bear_ravens.png/700px-Wolves_bear_ravens.png 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>A wolf, a bear, coyotes and ravens compete over a kill</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a> typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to eat only young wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003261–263_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003261–263-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf interactions with <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a> are much rarer because of differences in habitat preferences. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions actively seeking out American black bears in their dens and killing them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, American black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003263–264_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003263–264-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves also dominate and sometimes kill <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a>, and will chase off those that attempt to scavenge from their kills. Wolverines escape from wolves in caves or up trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003266-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves may interact and compete with <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felids</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, which may feed on smaller prey where wolves are present<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003265_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003265-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be suppressed by large wolf populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunquist2002_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunquist2002-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves encounter <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a> along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting at different elevations for different prey (<a href="/wiki/Niche_partitioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche partitioning">niche partitioning</a>). This is more difficult during winter. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal their kills or even kill them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003264–265_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003264–265-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while one-to-one encounters tend to be dominated by the cat, who likewise will kill wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Jimenez2008_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimenez2008-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities and disrupting the feline's behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Elbroch2015_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elbroch2015-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a> interactions are well-documented in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, where tigers significantly depress wolf numbers, sometimes to the point of <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">localized extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miquelle2005_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miquelle2005-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003265_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003265-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Israel, Palestine, Central Asia and India wolves may encounter <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyenas</a>, usually in disputes over carcasses. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, and may prey on them,<sup id="cite_ref-Monchot2010_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monchot2010-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills1998_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills1998-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nayak2015_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayak2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is at least one case in Israel of a hyena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinets2016_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinets2016-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infections">Infections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parasites_and_pathogens_of_wolves" title="Parasites and pathogens of wolves">Parasites and pathogens of wolves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf with mange eating at a kill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/220px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/330px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg/440px-Wild_Wolf_Afflicted_with_Mange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Wolf with mange <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">Viral diseases</a> carried by wolves include: <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_parvovirus" title="Canine parvovirus">canine parvovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_canine_hepatitis" title="Infectious canine hepatitis">infectious canine hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papillomatosis" title="Papillomatosis">papillomatosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">canine coronavirus</a>. In wolves, the <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> for rabies is eight to 21 days, and results in the host becoming agitated, deserting its pack, and travelling up to 80 km (50 mi) a day, thus increasing the risk of infecting other wolves. Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada and Alaska. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">endotoxic</a> shock or <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003208–211_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003208–211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial diseases">Bacterial diseases</a> carried by wolves include: <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine tuberculosis">bovine tuberculosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003211–213_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003211–213-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves200777–85_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves200777–85-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although lyme disease can debilitate individual wolves, it does not appear to significantly affect wolf populations. Leptospirosis can be contracted through contact with infected prey or urine, and can cause <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">icterus</a>, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003211–213_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003211–213-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves are often infested with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> exoparasites, including <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is the mange mite (<i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei" title="Sarcoptes scabiei">Sarcoptes scabiei</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003202–208_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003202–208-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they rarely develop full-blown <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a>, unlike foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endoparasites known to infect wolves include: <a href="/wiki/Protozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan">protozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">flukes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorny-headed_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorny-headed worm">thorny-headed worms</a>). Most fluke species reside in the wolf's intestines. Tapeworms are commonly found in wolves, which they get though their prey, and generally cause little harm in wolves, though this depends on the number and size of the parasites, and the sensitivity of the host. Symptoms often include <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, toxic and <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a>, irritation of the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal mucosa">intestinal mucosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. Wolves can carry over 30 roundworm species, though most roundworm infections appear benign, depending on the number of worms and the age of the host.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003202–208_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003202–208-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Behaviour"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dog_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog behaviour">Dog behaviour</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)#Pack_behavior_in_grey_wolves" title="Pack (canine)">Pack (canine) § Pack behavior in grey wolves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of three wolves running and biting each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg/220px-Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg/440px-Canis_lupus_pallipes_Mysore_Zoo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Indian wolves at the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Zoo" title="Mysore Zoo">Mysore Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The wolf is a <a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">social animal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its populations consist of packs and lone wolves, most lone wolves being temporarily alone while they disperse from packs to form their own or join another one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003164_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003164-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf's basic social unit is the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Mated_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mated pair">mated pair</a> accompanied by their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and 5.5 in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Miklosi2015_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miklosi2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average pack across Eurasia consists of a family of eight wolves (two adults, juveniles, and yearlings),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes two or three such families,<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with examples of exceptionally large packs consisting of up to 42 wolves being known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20032–3,_28_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20032–3,_28-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> levels in wolves rise significantly when a pack member dies, indicating the presence of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Molnar2015_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnar2015-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During times of prey abundance caused by calving or migration, different wolf packs may join together temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offspring typically stay in the pack for 10–54 months before dispersing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20031–2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20031–2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triggers for dispersal include the onset of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> and competition within the pack for food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200312–13_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200312–13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance travelled by dispersing wolves varies widely; some stay in the vicinity of the parental group, while other individuals may travel great distances of upwards of 206 km (128 mi), 390 km (240 mi), and 670 km (420 mi) from their natal (birth) packs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak1983_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak1983-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new pack is usually founded by an unrelated dispersing male and female, travelling together in search of an area devoid of other hostile packs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200338_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200338-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf packs rarely adopt other wolves into their fold and typically kill them. In the rare cases where other wolves are adopted, the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal of one to three years old, and unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair. This usually occurs between the months of February and May. Adoptee males may mate with an available pack female and then form their own pack. In some cases, a lone wolf is adopted into a pack to replace a deceased breeder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20032–3,_28_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20032–3,_28-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves are <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> and generally establish territories far larger than they require to survive assuring a steady supply of prey. Territory size depends largely on the amount of prey available and the age of the pack's pups. They tend to increase in size in areas with low prey populations,<sup id="cite_ref-Jedrzejewski2007_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jedrzejewski2007-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when the pups reach the age of six months when they have the same nutritional needs as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf packs travel constantly in search of prey, covering roughly 9% of their territory per day, on average 25 km/d (16 mi/d). The core of their territory is on average 35 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi) where they spend 50% of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jedrzejewski2007_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jedrzejewski2007-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prey density tends to be much higher on the territory's periphery. Wolves tend to avoid hunting on the fringes of their range to avoid fatal confrontations with neighbouring packs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mech1977_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech1977-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest territory on record was held by a pack of six wolves in northeastern Minnesota, which occupied an estimated 33 km<sup>2</sup> (13 sq mi), while the largest was held by an Alaskan pack of ten wolves encompassing 6,272 km<sup>2</sup> (2,422 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf packs are typically settled, and usually leave their accustomed ranges only during severe food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial fights are among the principal causes of wolf mortality, one study concluding that 14–65% of wolf deaths in Minnesota and the <a href="/wiki/Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Denali National Park and Preserve">Denali National Park and Preserve</a> were due to other wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Mech2003_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech2003-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_communication" title="Wolf communication">Wolf communication</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_howls.ogg" title="File:Wolf howls.ogg">Wolves howling</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Wolf_howls.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wolf_howls.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Wolf_howls.ogg/Wolf_howls.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rallying.ogg" title="File:Rallying.ogg">Rallying cry</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Rallying.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Rallying.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Rallying.ogg/Rallying.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Wolves communicate using vocalizations, body postures, scent, touch, and taste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200366–103_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200366–103-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phases of the moon have no effect on wolf vocalization, and despite popular belief, wolves do not howl at the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch200759_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200759-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves <a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">howl</a> to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197838_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197838-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf howls can under certain conditions be heard over areas of up to 130 km<sup>2</sup> (50 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vocalizations include <a href="/wiki/Growling" title="Growling">growls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barks</a> and whines. Wolves do not bark as loudly or continuously as dogs do in confrontations, rather barking a few times and then retreating from a perceived danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197839–41_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197839–41-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body <a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">posture</a> and raised <a href="/wiki/Hackles" title="Hackles">hackles</a>, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200390_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200390-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scent marking involves urine, feces, and <a href="/wiki/Preputial_gland" title="Preputial gland">preputial</a> and anal gland scents. This is more effective at advertising territory than howling and is often used in combination with scratch marks. Wolves increase their rate of scent marking when they encounter the marks of wolves from other packs. Lone wolves will rarely mark, but newly bonded pairs will scent mark the most.<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These marks are generally left every 240 m (260 yd) throughout the territory on regular travelways and junctions. Such markers can last for two to three weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200319–26-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are typically placed near rocks, boulders, trees, or the skeletons of large animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raised leg <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a> is considered to be one of the most important forms of scent communication in the wolf, making up 60–80% of all scent marks observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters1975_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters1975-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction<span class="anchor" id="Reproduction_and_development"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Canine reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_wolves_mating_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a pair of mating wolves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Korean_wolves_mating_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>Korean wolves mating in the <a href="/wiki/Tama_Zoological_Park" title="Tama Zoological Park">Tama Zoological Park</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Wolves are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, mated pairs usually remaining together for life. Should one of the pair die, another mate is found quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With wolves in the wild, inbreeding does not occur where outbreeding is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20035_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani20035-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves become mature at the age of two years and sexually mature from the age of three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of first breeding in wolves depends largely on environmental factors: when food is plentiful, or when wolf populations are heavily managed, wolves can rear pups at younger ages to better exploit abundant resources. Females are capable of producing pups every year, one <a href="/wiki/Litter_(zoology)" title="Litter (zoology)">litter</a> annually being the average.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003175_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003175-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oestrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrus">Oestrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a> begin in the second half of winter and lasts for two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998248-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of wolf pups stimulating their mother to regurgitate some food" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg/220px-Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg/330px-Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg/440px-Iberian_Wolf_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iberian_wolf" title="Iberian wolf">Iberian wolf</a> pups stimulating their mother to regurgitate some food</figcaption></figure> <p>Dens are usually constructed for pups during the summer period. When building dens, females make use of natural shelters like fissures in rocks, cliffs overhanging riverbanks and holes thickly covered by vegetation. Sometimes, the den is the appropriated burrow of smaller animals such as foxes, badgers or marmots. An appropriated den is often widened and partly remade. On rare occasions, female wolves dig burrows themselves, which are usually small and short with one to three openings. The den is usually constructed not more than 500 m (550 yd) away from a water source. It typically faces southwards where it can be better warmed by sunlight exposure, and the snow can thaw more quickly. Resting places, play areas for the pups, and food remains are commonly found around wolf dens. The odor of urine and rotting food emanating from the denning area often attracts scavenging birds like <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>. Though they mostly avoid areas within human sight, wolves have been known to nest near homes, paved <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998234–238_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998234–238-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During pregnancy, female wolves remain in a den located away from the peripheral zone of their territories, where violent encounters with other packs are less likely to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200342–46_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200342–46-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> lasts 62–75 days with pups usually being born in the spring months or early summer in very cold places such as on the tundra. Young females give birth to four to five young, and older females from six to eight young and up to 14. Their mortality rate is 60–80%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998249–254_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998249–254-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newborn wolf pups look similar to <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd Dog</a> pups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200347_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200347-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are born blind and deaf and are covered in short soft grayish-brown fur. They weigh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">300–500 g (<span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> oz) at birth and begin to see after nine to 12 days. The milk canines erupt after one month. Pups first leave the den after three weeks. At one-and-a-half months of age, they are agile enough to flee from danger. Mother wolves do not leave the den for the first few weeks, relying on the fathers to provide food for them and their young. Pups begin to eat solid food at the age of three to four weeks. They have a fast growth rate during their first four months of life: during this period, a pup's weight can increase nearly 30 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998249–254_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998249–254-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200346–49_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200346–49-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf pups begin play-fighting at the age of three weeks, though unlike young coyotes and foxes, their bites are gentle and controlled. Actual fights to establish hierarchy usually occur at five to eight weeks of age. This is in contrast to young coyotes and foxes, which may begin fighting even before the onset of play behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox1978_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox1978-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By autumn, the pups are mature enough to accompany the adults on hunts for large prey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200342–46_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200342–46-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_feeding">Hunting and feeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_behavior_of_gray_wolves" title="Hunting behavior of gray wolves">Hunting behavior of gray wolves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_and_elk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial photograph a bull elk in winter being pursued by four wolves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wolves_and_elk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Wolves pursuing a bull elk</figcaption></figure> <p>Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs; single wolves have occasionally been observed to kill large prey such as moose, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskoxen</a> unaided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003119–121_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003119–121-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thurber1993_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurber1993-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of a wolf hunting pack is related to the number of pups that survived the previous winter, adult survival, and the rate of dispersing wolves leaving the pack. The optimal pack size for hunting elk is four wolves, and for bison a large pack size is more successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20154_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20154-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves move around their territory when hunting, using the same trails for extended periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998233_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998233-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves are nocturnal predators. During the winter, a pack will commence hunting in the twilight of early evening and will hunt all night, traveling tens of kilometres. Sometimes hunting large prey occurs during the day. During the summer, wolves generally tend to hunt individually, ambushing their prey and rarely giving pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998240_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998240-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When hunting large gregarious prey, wolves will try to isolate an individual from its group.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNulty2007_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNulty2007-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If successful, a wolf pack can bring down game that will feed it for days, but one error in judgement can lead to serious injury or death. Most large prey have developed defensive adaptations and behaviours. Wolves have been killed while attempting to bring down bison, elk, moose, muskoxen, and even by one of their smallest hoofed prey, the white-tailed deer. With smaller prey like <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>, geese, and hares, there is no risk to the wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although people often believe wolves can easily overcome any of their prey, their success rate in hunting hoofed prey is usually low.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20157_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20157-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of two wolves eating a deer carcass at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/220px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/330px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg/440px-Wolves_eating_deer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Two wolves feeding on a <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The wolf must give chase and gain on its fleeing prey, slow it down by biting through thick hair and hide, and then disable it enough to begin feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves may wound large prey and then lie around resting for hours before killing it when it is weaker due to blood loss, thereby lessening the risk of injury to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty201582–89_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty201582–89-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With medium-sized prey, such as roe deer or <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, wolves kill by <a href="/wiki/Throat_clamp" title="Throat clamp">biting the throat</a>, severing nerve tracks and the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a>, thus causing the animal to die within a few seconds to a minute. With small, <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouselike</a> prey, wolves leap in a high arc and immobilize it with their forepaws.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimen_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimen-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once prey is brought down, wolves begin to feed excitedly, ripping and tugging at the carcass in all directions, and bolting down large chunks of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech1981185_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech1981185-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breeding pair typically monopolizes food to continue producing pups. When food is scarce, this is done at the expense of other family members, especially non-pups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200358_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200358-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves typically commence feeding by gorging on the larger internal organs, like the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> lining. The <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> are eaten once they are exposed, followed by the muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003122–125_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003122–125-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wolf can eat 15–19% of its body weight in one sitting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003201_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_gray_wolf_populations_by_country" title="List of gray wolf populations by country">List of gray wolf populations by country</a></div> <p>The global wild wolf population in 2003 was estimated at 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003230_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003230-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. This has fostered recolonization and reintroduction in parts of its former range as a result of legal protection, changes in land use, and rural human population shifts to cities. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose a continued threat to the wolf. Despite these threats, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> classifies the wolf as <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> on its <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a> due to its relatively widespread range and stable population. The species is listed under <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_II" title="CITES">Appendix<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES), meaning international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. However, populations of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are listed in <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I" title="CITES">Appendix<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> which prohibits commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a wolf running on a grassy plain with enclosing fence in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg/220px-Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg/330px-Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg/440px-Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Captive Mexican wolf at <a href="/wiki/Sevilleta_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge">Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge</a> in New Mexico, as part of <a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">reintroduction</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada, 50,000–60,000 wolves live in 80% of their historical range, making Canada an important stronghold for the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Canadian law, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people can hunt wolves without restrictions, but others must acquire licenses for the hunting and trapping seasons. As many as 4,000 wolves may be harvested in Canada each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003321–324_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003321–324-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf is a protected species in national parks under the <a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act">Canada National Parks Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Justice2019_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justice2019-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Alaska, 7,000–11,000 wolves are found on 85% of the state's 1,517,733 km<sup>2</sup> (586,000 sq mi) area. Wolves may be hunted or trapped with a license; around 1,200 wolves are harvested annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Alaska2019_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alaska2019-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, wolf declines were caused by the expansion of agriculture, the decimation of the wolf's main prey species like the American bison, and extermination campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Paquet2003_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquet2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves were given protection under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> (ESA) of 1973, and have since returned to parts of their former range thanks to both natural recolonizations and <a href="/wiki/History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone#Re-introduction_(1995–present)" title="History of wolves in Yellowstone">reintroductions in Yellowstone and Idaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS2007_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS2007-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Repopulation_of_wolves_in_Midwestern_United_States" title="Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States">repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States</a> has been concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Great_Lakes_forests" title="Western Great Lakes forests">Great Lakes</a> states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan where wolves number over 4,000 as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWGreatLakes_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWGreatLakes-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves also occupy much of the northern Rocky Mountains region and the northwest, with a total population over 3,000 as of the 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-WildWolfUS_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WildWolfUS-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States, the Mexican and U.S. governments collaborated from 1977 to 1980 in capturing all Mexican wolves remaining in the wild to prevent their extinction and established captive breeding programs for reintroduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Nie2003_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nie2003-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf</a> population numbers over 250 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Mexicanwolf_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicanwolf-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the wolf's range in Europe and surrounding areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png/220px-Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png/330px-Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png/440px-Wolf_-_populations_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EUcomm2019_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUcomm2019-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats</a> (Appendix<span class="nowrap"> </span>II) and the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (Annex<span class="nowrap"> </span>II and<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV). There is extensive legal protection in many European countries, although there are national exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves have been persecuted in Europe for centuries, having been exterminated in <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_Great_Britain" title="Wolves in Great Britain">Great Britain</a> by 1684, in <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_Ireland" title="Wolves in Ireland">Ireland</a> by 1770, in Central Europe by 1899, in France by the 1930s, and in much of Scandinavia by the early 1970s. They continued to survive in parts of Finland, Eastern Europe and Southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003318–320_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003318–320-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1980, European wolves have rebounded and expanded into parts of their former range. The decline of the traditional pastoral and rural economies seems to have ended the need to exterminate the wolf in parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003321–324_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003321–324-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, estimates of wolf numbers include: 4,000 in the Balkans, 3,460–3,849 in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, 1,700–2,240 in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, 1,100–2,400 in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, and around 2,500 in the northwest <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> as of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-EUcomm2019_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUcomm2019-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of wolf conservation in Sweden, it was found that there was little opposition between the policies of the European Union and those of the Swedish officials implementing domestic policy.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>, wolf populations have retained much of their historical range despite Soviet-era large scale extermination campaigns. Their numbers range from 1,500 in Georgia, to 20,000 in Kazakhstan and up to 45,000 in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldthorpe2016_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldthorpe2016-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia, the wolf is regarded as a pest because of its attacks on livestock, and wolf management means controlling their numbers by destroying them throughout the year. Russian history over the past century shows that reduced hunting leads to an abundance of wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin2016_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin2016-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government has continued to pay bounties for wolves and annual harvests of 20–30% do not appear to significantly affect their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_wolf_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of a wolf at night with glowing eyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Desert_wolf_1.jpg/170px-Desert_wolf_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Desert_wolf_1.jpg/255px-Desert_wolf_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Desert_wolf_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>A wolf in southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle East, only Israel and Oman give wolves explicit legal protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2019_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2019-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel has protected its wolves since 1954 and has maintained a moderately sized population of 150 through effective enforcement of conservation policies. These wolves have moved into neighboring countries. Approximately 300–600 wolves inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003323,_327_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003323,_327-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf also appears to be widespread in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch2007231_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2007231-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has an estimated population of about 7,000 wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Sekercioglu2013_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekercioglu2013-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of Turkey, wolf populations in the Middle East may total 1,000–2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2019_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2019-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern Asia, the northern regions of Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are important strongholds for wolves. The wolf has been protected in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003327_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003327-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian wolf is distributed across the states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadvendradev_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadvendradev-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, it is estimated that there are around 2,000–3,000 Indian wolves in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Asia, Mongolia's population numbers 10,000–20,000. In China, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> has roughly 650 wolves, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> has 10,000 and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a> has 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003328_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003328-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017 evidence suggests that wolves range across all of mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson2017_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson2017-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves have been historically persecuted in China<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch2007232_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2007232-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have been legally protected since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2015_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wolf" title="Japanese wolf">Japanese wolf</a> was captured and killed in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Ishiguro2009_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishiguro2009-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology"><span id="In_folklore.2C_religion_and_mythology"></span>In folklore, religion and mythology</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolves in heraldry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the sculpture Capitoline Wolf showing of the mythical she-wolf feeding the twins Romulus and Remus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/220px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/330px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/440px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a></i>, sculpture of the mythical <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> feeding the twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, from the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>, Italy, 13th century AD. (The twins are a 15th-century addition.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The wolf is a common motif in the mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout its historical range. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> associated wolves with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, the god of light and order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003292_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003292-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a> connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978210_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978210-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believed their city's founders, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, were suckled by a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin2012128_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin2012128-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> includes the feared giant wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Geri_and_Freki" title="Geri and Freki">Geri and Freki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>'s faithful pets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201278_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201278-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a>, the wolf represents <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> and guards the heavenly gate. In China, the wolf was traditionally associated with greed and cruelty and wolf epithets were used to describe negative behaviours such as cruelty ("wolf's heart"), mistrust ("wolf's look") and lechery ("wolf-sex"). In both <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the wolf is ridden by gods of protection. In <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> Hinduism, the wolf is a symbol of the night and the daytime <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a> must escape from its jaws. In <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a>, wolves are depicted as inhabitants of graveyards and destroyers of corpses.<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978133_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978133-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. Both Pawnee and <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> call the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> the "wolf trail".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch2007110_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2007110-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf is also an important <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> symbol for clans of the Pacific Northwest like the <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of people turning into wolves, and the inverse, has been present in many cultures. One <a href="/wiki/Greek_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek myth">Greek myth</a> tells of <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a> being transformed into a wolf by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> as punishment for his evil deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201247_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201247-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of the <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a> has been widespread in <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a> and involves people willingly turning into wolves to attack and kill others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201250_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201250-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> have traditionally believed that <a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">witches</a> would turn into wolves by donning wolf skins and would kill people and raid graveyards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978123_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978123-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina">Dena'ina</a> believed wolves were once men and viewed them as brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003292_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003292-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_fable_and_literature">In fable and literature</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_wolves" title="List of fictional wolves">List of fictional wolves</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> featured wolves in several of his <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">fables</a>, playing on the concerns of Ancient Greece's settled, sheep-herding world. His most famous is the fable of "<a href="/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf" title="The Boy Who Cried Wolf">The Boy Who Cried Wolf</a>", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cry_wolf" class="extiw" title="wikt:cry wolf">cry wolf</a>" is derived. Some of his other fables concentrate on maintaining the trust between shepherds and guard dogs in their vigilance against wolves, as well as anxieties over the close relationship between wolves and dogs. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> uses an image of a wolf lying with a lamb in a utopian vision of the future. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is said to have used wolves as illustrations of the dangers his followers, whom he represents as sheep, would face should they follow him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201238–45_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201238–45-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dore_ridinghood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of Red Riding Hood meeting the wolf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/170px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/255px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dore_ridinghood.jpg/340px-Dore_ridinghood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a></i> (1883), <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Isengrim the wolf, a character first appearing in the 12th-century Latin poem <i><a href="/wiki/Ysengrimus" title="Ysengrimus">Ysengrimus</a></i>, is a major character in the <a href="/wiki/Reynard" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynard">Reynard</a> Cycle, where he stands for the low nobility, whilst his adversary, Reynard the fox, represents the peasant hero. Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978259_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978259-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale of "<a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>", first written in 1697 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>, is considered to have further contributed to the wolf's negative reputation in the Western world. The <a href="/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf" title="Big Bad Wolf">Big Bad Wolf</a> is portrayed as a villain capable of imitating human speech and disguising itself with human clothing. The character has been interpreted as an allegorical <a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">sexual predator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin201264–70_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin201264–70-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villainous wolf characters also appear in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs" title="The Three Little Pigs">The Three Little Pigs</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Seven_Young_Goats" title="The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats">The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978263_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978263-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hunting of wolves, and their attacks on humans and livestock, feature prominently in <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, and are included in the works of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov" title="Nikolay Nekrasov">Nikolay Nekrasov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pavlovich_Sabaneyev" title="Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev">Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev</a>, and others. Tolstoy's <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> and Chekhov's <i>Peasants</i> both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and <a href="/wiki/Borzoi" title="Borzoi">Borzois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves200721,_123_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves200721,_123-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a></i> involves a wolf being captured for eating a duck, but is spared and sent to a zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin2012162_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin2012162-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves are among the central characters of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>. His portrayal of wolves has been praised posthumously by wolf biologists for his depiction of them: rather than being villainous or gluttonous, as was common in wolf portrayals at the time of the book's publication, they are shown as living in amiable family groups and drawing on the experience of infirm but experienced elder pack members.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipling_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipling-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farley_Mowat" title="Farley Mowat">Farley Mowat</a>'s largely fictional 1963 memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Cry_Wolf" title="Never Cry Wolf">Never Cry Wolf</a></i> is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Never_Cry_Wolf_(film)" title="Never Cry Wolf (film)">Hollywood film</a> and taught in several schools decades after its publication. Although credited with having changed popular perceptions on wolves by portraying them as loving, cooperative and noble, it has been criticized for its idealization of wolves and its factual inaccuracies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003294_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003294-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nevercrywolf_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevercrywolf-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h3></div> <p>Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Creel_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creel-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predation_on_livestock">Predation on livestock</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a dead wolf with "The Allendale Wolf" written on the bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg/220px-The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg/330px-The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg/440px-The_Allendale_Wolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>A 1905 postcard of the <a href="/wiki/Hexham_wolf" title="Hexham wolf">Hexham wolf</a>, an escaped wolf shot for killing livestock in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Livestock depredation has been one of the primary reasons for hunting wolves and can pose a severe problem for wolf conservation. As well as causing economic losses, the threat of wolf predation causes great stress on livestock producers, and no foolproof solution of preventing such attacks short of exterminating wolves has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nations help offset economic losses to wolves through compensation programs or state insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003309_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003309-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domesticated animals are easy prey for wolves, as they have been bred under constant human protection, and are thus unable to defend themselves very well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMech1981173_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMech1981173-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves typically resort to attacking livestock when wild prey is depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Eurasia, a large part of the diet of some wolf populations consists of livestock, while such incidents are rare in North America, where healthy populations of wild prey have been largely restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003307_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003307-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequently targeted livestock species are sheep (Europe), <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">domestic reindeer</a> (northern Scandinavia), <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> (India), <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> (Mongolia), <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_turkey" title="Domestic turkey">turkeys</a> (North America).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of animals killed in single attacks varies according to species: most attacks on cattle and horses result in one death, while turkeys, sheep and domestic reindeer may be killed in surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003306_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003306-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves mainly attack livestock when the animals are grazing, though they occasionally break into fenced enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves200745_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves200745-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Competition_with_dogs">Competition with dogs</h4></div> <p>A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatric</a> carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanak2014_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanak2014-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boitani1983_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boitani1983-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolves kill dogs on occasion, and some wolf populations rely on dogs as an important food source. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. Wolves may display unusually bold behaviour when attacking dogs accompanied by people, sometimes ignoring nearby humans. Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305_183-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jess_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jess-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogs that are employed to guard sheep help to mitigate human–wolf conflicts, and are often proposed as one of the non-lethal tools in the conservation of wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shivik2006_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivik2006-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shepherd dogs are not particularly aggressive, but they can disrupt potential wolf predation by displaying what is to the wolf ambiguous behaviours, such as barking, social greeting, invitation to play or aggression. The historical use of shepherd dogs across Eurasia has been effective against wolf predation,<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coppinger1995_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppinger1995-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when confining sheep in the presence of several livestock guardian dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Espuno2004_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espuno2004-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_attack" title="Wolf attack">Wolf attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wolf_attacks" title="List of wolf attacks">List of wolf attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a wolf snarling at three children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg/220px-Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg/330px-Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg/440px-Petits_Paysans_surpris_par_un_loup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><i>Country children surprised by a wolf</i> (1833) by François Grenier de Saint-Martin</figcaption></figure> <p>The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003300–304_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003300–304-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predatory attacks may be preceded by a long period of <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituation</a>, in which wolves gradually lose their fear of humans. The victims are repeatedly bitten on the head and face, and are then dragged off and consumed unless the wolves are driven off. Such attacks typically occur only locally and do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated. Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> or berry and mushroom picking) increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of non-rabid wolf attacks in winter have been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a> oblasts, <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Also, wolves with pups experience greater food stresses during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270_39-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998164–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of victims of predatory wolf attacks are children under the age of 18 and, in the rare cases where adults are killed, the victims are almost always women.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". They may be taken primarily in the spring and summer periods during the evening hours, and often within human settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajpurohit1999_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit1999-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. Incidents of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bites from rabid wolves are 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998267_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998267-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabid wolves usually act alone, travelling large distances and often biting large numbers of people and domestic animals. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. Unlike with predatory attacks, the victims of rabid wolves are not eaten, and the attacks generally occur only on a single day. The victims are chosen at random, though most cases involve adult men. During the fifty years up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, and more than two hundred in southern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnell_197-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_hunting_of_wolves">Human hunting of wolves</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">Wolf hunting with dogs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting#Quarry" title="Wolf hunting">Human uses of hunted wolves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men with guns behind nine carcasses of hunted wolves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg/220px-Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg/330px-Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg/440px-Provedenie_meropriyatii_po_otstrelu_vrednyh_givotnyh_na_territorii_Kamyshinskogo_raiona_Volgogradskoi_oblasti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Carcasses of hunted wolves in <a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd Oblast</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill hunting dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens, <a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">coursing</a> with dogs (usually combinations of <a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">sighthounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">Bloodhounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Terrier" title="Fox Terrier">Fox Terriers</a>), poisoning with <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">strychnine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">trapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978108_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978108-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular method of wolf hunting in Russia involves trapping a pack within a small area by encircling it with <a href="/wiki/Fladry" title="Fladry">fladry</a> poles carrying a human scent. This method relies heavily on the wolf's fear of human scents, though it can lose its effectiveness when wolves become accustomed to the odor. Some hunters can lure wolves by imitating their calls. In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, wolves are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hunted using</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture#Falconry" title="Golden eagles in human culture">eagles</a> and large falcons, though this practice is declining, as experienced falconers are becoming few in number. Shooting wolves from aircraft is highly effective, due to increased visibility and direct lines of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several types of dog, including the <a href="/wiki/Borzoi" title="Borzoi">Borzoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taigan" title="Taigan">Kyrgyz Tajgan</a>, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lescureaux2014_191-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lescureaux2014-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolves_as_pets_and_working_animals">Wolves as pets and working animals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wolves_as_pets_and_working_animals" title="Wolves as pets and working animals">Wolves as pets and working animals</a></div> <p>As domestic dogs, wolves have been pets for tens of thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, wolves and <a href="/wiki/Wolf-dog_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-dog hybrid">wolf-dog hybrids</a> are sometimes kept as <a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">exotic pets</a>, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. Humans are more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker1998_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker1998-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan are included in Appendix I. Excludes domesticated form and dingo, which are referenced as <i>Canus lupus familiaris</i> and <i>Canus lupus dingo</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domestic and feral <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> are included in the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> but not colloquial definition of 'wolf', and thus not in the scope of this article.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_2_June_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_2_June_2024_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoitani,_L.Phillips,_M.Jhala,_Y.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boitani, L.; Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2023) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/247624660">"<i>Canis lupus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T3746A247624660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Canis+lupus&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T3746A247624660&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en&rft.au=Boitani%2C+L.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+M.&rft.au=Jhala%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F3746%2F247624660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">"Appendices | CITES"</a>. <i>cites.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Minnesota Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2959-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2959-5"><bdi>0-8166-2959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.8-The+Denali+Wolf-Prey+System&rft.btitle=The+Wolves+of+Denali&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8166-2959-5&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=L.+David&rft.au=Adams%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Meier%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Burch%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Dale%2C+B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IZBwMrNWnMC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200366–103-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200366–103_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMechBoitani2003">Mech & Boitani 2003</a>, pp. 66–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200759-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch200759_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusch2007">Busch 2007</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197838-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197838_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez1978">Lopez 1978</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez197839–41-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez197839–41_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez1978">Lopez 1978</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200390-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani200390_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMechBoitani2003">Mech & Boitani 2003</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters1975-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters1975_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersMech1975" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, R. P.; Mech, L. D. (1975). 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W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.139954/2015.139954.The-Dog-Its-Domestication-And-Behavior_djvu.txt"><i>The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior</i></a>. 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David; Smith, Douglas W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-A-119R1.1">"A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behavior, exemplified by the wolf"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 595–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-A-119R1.1">10.1644/06-MAMM-A-119R1.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=A+proposed+ethogram+of+large-carnivore+predatory+behavior%2C+exemplified+by+the+wolf&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=595-605&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F06-MAMM-A-119R1.1&rft.aulast=MacNulty&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Mech%2C+L.+David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F06-MAMM-A-119R1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechSmithMacNulty20151–3_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMechSmithMacNulty2015">Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li 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"Heterogeneous response to preventive sheep husbandry during wolf recolonization of the French Alps". <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 1195–1208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2193%2F0091-7648%282004%29032%5B1195%3AHRTPSH%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1195:HRTPSH]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86058778">86058778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+response+to+preventive+sheep+husbandry+during+wolf+recolonization+of+the+French+Alps&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1195-1208&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2193%2F0091-7648%282004%29032%5B1195%3AHRTPSH%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86058778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Espuno&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft.au=Lequette%2C+Benoit&rft.au=Poulle%2C+Marie-Lazarine&rft.au=Migot%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Lebreton%2C+Jean-Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnell-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnell_197-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnell2002" class="citation book cs1">Linnell, J. D. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/634986149343022620_Linnell%20NINA%20OP%20731%20Fear%20of%20wolves%20eng.pdf"><i>The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-426-1292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-426-1292-2"><bdi>978-82-426-1292-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121822/http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/634986149343022620_Linnell%20NINA%20OP%20731%20Fear%20of%20wolves%20eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Wolves%3A+A+Review+of+Wolf+Attacks+on+Humans&rft.pub=Norsk+Institutt+for+Naturforskning+%28NINA%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-82-426-1292-2&rft.aulast=Linnell&rft.aufirst=J.+D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nina.no%2Flcie_new%2Fpdf%2F634986149343022620_Linnell%2520NINA%2520OP%2520731%2520Fear%2520of%2520wolves%2520eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003300–304-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMechBoitani2003300–304_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMechBoitani2003">Mech & Boitani 2003</a>, pp. 300–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajpurohit1999-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rajpurohit1999_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajpurohit1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rajpurohit, K.S. (1999). "Child lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh, India". <i>Ambio</i>. <b>28</b>: 162–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Child+lifting%3A+Wolves+in+Hazaribagh%2C+India&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=162-166&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rajpurohit&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998267-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNaumov1998267_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1909" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/huntinggrislyoth00roosrich#page/178/mode/2up"><i>Hunting the grisly and other sketches; an account of the big game of the United States and its chase with horse, hound, and rifle</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 179–207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624034847/https://archive.org/stream/huntinggrislyoth00roosrich#page/178/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+the+grisly+and+other+sketches%3B+an+account+of+the+big+game+of+the+United+States+and+its+chase+with+horse%2C+hound%2C+and+rifle&rft.pages=179-207&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhuntinggrislyoth00roosrich%23page%2F178%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez1978108-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELopez1978108_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez1978">Lopez 1978</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves2007121–140_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraves2007">Graves 2007</a>, pp. 121–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker1998-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker1998_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerWeide1998" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, P.; Weide, B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094049/http://writetochangetheworld.wikispaces.com/file/view/CanYouTurnAWolfIntoADog.pdf">"Can You Turn a Wolf into a Dog"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wild Sentry</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writetochangetheworld.wikispaces.com/file/view/CanYouTurnAWolfIntoADog.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+Sentry&rft.atitle=Can+You+Turn+a+Wolf+into+a+Dog&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Weide%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwritetochangetheworld.wikispaces.com%2Ffile%2Fview%2FCanYouTurnAWolfIntoADog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2007" class="citation book cs1">Busch, R. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svbnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World</i></a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-069-8"><bdi>978-1-59921-069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf+Almanac%2C+New+and+Revised%3A+A+Celebration+Of+Wolves+And+Their+World&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-069-8&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2007" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Will (2007). <i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i>. Detselig Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-332-7"><bdi>978-1-55059-332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves+in+Russia%3A+Anxiety+throughout+the+ages&rft.pub=Detselig+Enterprises&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55059-332-7&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept"><i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i></a>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9"><bdi>978-1-886106-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union+Vol.+II+Part+1a%2C+Sirenia+and+Carnivora+%28Sea+cows%3B+Wolves+and+Bears%29&rft.pub=Science+Publishers%2C+Inc.+USA.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-886106-81-9&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Naumov%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofsov211998gept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1978" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Barry H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sz8gAQAAIAAJ"><i>Of Wolves and Men</i></a>. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4936-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-4936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Wolves+and+Men&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+and+Sons+Limited&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4936-2&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Barry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsz8gAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin2012" class="citation book cs1">Marvin, Garry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ib9WSIlvCsC"><i>Wolf</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a> Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-879-1"><bdi>978-1-86189-879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-879-1&rft.aulast=Marvin&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ib9WSIlvCsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMech1981" class="citation book cs1">Mech, L. David (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqfwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1026-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-1026-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wolf%3A+The+Ecology+and+Behaviour+of+an+Endangered+Species&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1026-6&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=L.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqfwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechBoitani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhwfmQEACAAJ"><i>Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7"><bdi>978-0-226-51696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves%3A+Behaviour%2C+Ecology+and+Conservation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51696-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhwfmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechSmithMacNulty2015" class="citation book cs1">Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W.; MacNulty, Daniel R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJbICQAAQBAJ"><i>Wolves on the Hunt: The Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25514-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25514-9"><bdi>978-0-226-25514-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves+on+the+Hunt%3A+The+Behavior+of+Wolves+Hunting+Wild+Prey&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-25514-9&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=L.+David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Douglas+W.&rft.au=MacNulty%2C+Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJbICQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWolf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template talk:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_gray_wolf_subspecies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">gray wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></li> <li>Genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></li> <li>Species: <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>lupus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World<br />subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_wolf" title="Tundra wolf">Tundra wolf (<i>C. l. albus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf (<i>C. l. arabs</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_wolf" title="Steppe wolf">Steppe wolf (<i>C. l. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wolf" title="Mongolian wolf">Mongolian wolf (<i>C. l. chanco</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_wolf" title="Himalayan wolf">Himalayan wolf (<i>C. l. chanco</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo" title="Canis lupus dingo">Dingo (<i>C. l. dingo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. l. familiaris</i> or <i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf (<i>C. l. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf (<i>C. l. pallipes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World<br />subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf (<i>C. l. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf (<i>C. l. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_wolf" title="British Columbia wolf">British Columbian wolf (<i>C. l. columbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Sea_wolf" title="Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf">Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (<i>C. l. crassodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_wolf" title="Hudson Bay wolf">Hudson Bay wolf (<i>C. l. hudsonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_wolf" title="Northern Rocky Mountain wolf">Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (<i>C. l. irremotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_wolf" title="Labrador wolf">Labrador wolf (<i>C. l. labradorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago_wolf" title="Alexander Archipelago wolf">Alexander Archipelago wolf (<i>C. l. ligoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. l. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_wolf" title="Mackenzie River wolf">Mackenzie River wolf (<i>C. l. mackenzii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_wolf" title="Baffin Island wolf">Baffin Island wolf (<i>C. l. manningi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_wolf" title="Northwestern wolf">Northwestern wolf (<i>C. l. occidentalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_wolf" title="Greenland wolf">Greenland wolf (<i>C. l. orion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaskan_wolf" title="Interior Alaskan wolf">Alaskan Interior wolf (<i>C. l. pambasileus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. l. rufus</i>)</a> (taxonomy disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_tundra_wolf" title="Alaskan tundra wolf">Alaskan tundra wolf (<i>C. l. tundrarum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammal_hybrids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammal_hybrids" title="Template:Mammal hybrids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammal_hybrids" title="Template talk:Mammal hybrids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammal_hybrids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammal hybrids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammal_hybrids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)#Mammals" title="Hybrid (biology)">Mammal hybrids</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovid_hybrid" title="Bovid hybrid">Bovid hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Breed" title="American Breed">American Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Lulu" title="Dwarf Lulu">Dwarf Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzo" title="Dzo">Dzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep%E2%80%93goat_hybrid" title="Sheep–goat hybrid">Sheep–goat hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakalo" title="Yakalo">Yakalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cama_(animal)" title="Cama (animal)">Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_camel" title="Hybrid camel">Bukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarizo" title="Huarizo">Huarizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canid_hybrid" title="Canid hybrid">Canid hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coydog" title="Coydog">Coydog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coywolf" title="Coywolf">Coywolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingo%E2%80%93dog_hybrid" title="Dingo–dog hybrid">Dingo–dog hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogxim" title="Dogxim">Dogxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_coyote" title="Eastern coyote">Eastern coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%E2%80%93dog_hybrid" title="Jackal–dog hybrid">Jackal–dog hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulimov_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulimov dog">Sulimov dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfdog" title="Wolfdog">Wolfdog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_dolphin" title="Clymene dolphin">Clymene dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholphin" title="Wholphin">Wholphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narluga" title="Narluga">Narluga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motty" title="Motty">Elephant hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equid_hybrid" title="Equid hybrid">Equid hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinny" title="Hinny">Hinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunga_(equid)" title="Kunga (equid)">Kunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Morton%27s_mare" title="Lord Morton's mare">Lord Morton's mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebroid" title="Zebroid">Zebroid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felid_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid hybrid">Felid hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blynx" title="Blynx">Blynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraval" title="Caraval">Caraval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausie" title="Chausie">Chausie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellas_cat" title="Kellas cat">Kellas cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumapard" title="Pumapard">Pumapard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_cat" title="Savannah cat">Savannah cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti_cat" title="Serengeti cat">Serengeti cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_hybrid" title="Panthera hybrid">Panthera hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">Liger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliger" title="Liliger">Liliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marozi" title="Marozi">Marozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_spotted_lion" title="Congolese spotted lion">Congolese spotted lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigon" title="Tigon">Tigon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denny_(hybrid_hominin)" title="Denny (hybrid hominin)">Denisova 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanzee" title="Humanzee">Humanzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_orangutan" title="Hybrid orangutan">Hybrid orangutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolakamba" title="Koolakamba">Koolakamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macropodinae" title="Macropodinae">Macropodinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macropod_hybrid" title="Macropod hybrid">Macropod hybrids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boar%E2%80%93pig_hybrid" title="Boar–pig hybrid">Iron Age pig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polecat%E2%80%93ferret_hybrid" title="Polecat–ferret hybrid">Polecat–ferret hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polecat%E2%80%93mink_hybrid" title="Polecat–mink hybrid">Polecat–mink hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursid_hybrid" title="Ursid hybrid">Ursid hybrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Islands_bear" title="ABC Islands bear">ABC Islands bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear#Hybrids" title="American black bear">Grizzly–black bear hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly%E2%80%93polar_bear_hybrid" title="Grizzly–polar bear hybrid">Grizzly–polar bear hybrid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canis lupus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18498" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q18498">Q18498</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus/">Canis_lupus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/canis-lupus/">canis-lupus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1857">1857</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12514">12514</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QLXL">QLXL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ECOS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/4488">4488</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328607">328607</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CANILU">CANILU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1367">1367</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305289">305289</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/3610bdd7-7432-4d43-9f6e-6684deb82987">3610bdd7-7432-4d43-9f6e-6684deb82987</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/calu/all.html">calu</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219173">5219173</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=146">146</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42048">42048</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11407661">11407661</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180596">180596</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/3746">3746</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005943">1005943</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000738">14000738</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105212/">2.105212</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000005184">NBNSYS0000005184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9612">9612</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/309809e8-1a21-45a0-80a0-1f13fee46c52">309809e8-1a21-45a0-80a0-1f13fee46c52</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/70056/">70056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1506689">1506689</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=247341">247341</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44860">44860</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/4442">4442</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=3356">3356</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/2F15C6CE-6C7A-4AF8-AE71-087151318E0E">2F15C6CE-6C7A-4AF8-AE71-087151318E0E</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4190195-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008020177">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Loup"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119404374">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Loup"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119404374">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vlk obecný"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph990410&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lobos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531894">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544929005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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Template:Cite_journal"," 9.33% 336.283 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 6.56% 236.423 9 Template:Clade"," 5.61% 202.067 34 Template:Cite_book"," 4.96% 178.937 8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.296","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22513974,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Behaviour\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Lehrman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvaresBogdanowiczCampbellGodinho2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonVonholdtCandilleMusiani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackeryd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaskin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergströmFrantzSchmidtErsmark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergströmStantonTaronFrantz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoitani,_L.Phillips,_M.Jhala,_Y.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoitani1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidySmithMechMacNulty2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClutton-Brock1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppingerSchneider1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreelFoxHardySands2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinetsEligulashvili2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarle1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbrochLendrumNewsbyQuigley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspunoLequettePoulleMigot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanSilvaGronauWang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanGronauSchweizerOrtega-Del_Vecchyo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanWayne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGableWindelsHomkes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannatos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipsonBangsBaileyBoyd2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldthorpe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopalakrishnanSindingRamos-MadrigalNiemann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrooms2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedrick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennellyHabibModiRueness2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIacolinaScanduraGazzolaCappai2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshiguroInoshimaShigehara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIurinoMecozziIannucciMoscarella2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJimenezAsherBergmanBangs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJędrzejewskiSchmidtTheuerkaufJędrzejewska2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopalianiShakarashviliGurielidzeQurkhuli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandryKimTraylerGilbert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonBradley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLescureuxLinnell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnæus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoogThalmannSindingSchuenemann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacNultyMechSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonaldNorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAllister2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMechAdamsMeierBurch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMechBoitani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMechSmithMacNulty2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrit1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklosi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsMillsHofer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiquelleStephensSmirnovGoodrich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolnarFattebertPalmeCiucci2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonchotMashkour2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouraTsingarskaDąbrowskiCzarnomska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayakShahBorah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsomeBoitaniChapronCiucci2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowakParadiso1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquetCarbyn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersMech1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajpurohit1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaMukherjeeSarenChandra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShivik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSindingGopalakrishanVieiraSamaniego_Castruita2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoglundErsmarkPalkopoulouDalén2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_Alaska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunquistSunquist2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTedfordWangTaylor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThalmannPerri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTherrien2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurberPeterson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomiyaMeachen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerWeide1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanakDickmanSilva-RodriguezButler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZhangWangYang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerness2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuYangDou2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadvendradevGiles991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungGoldman1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimen1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞekercioğlu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Reproduction_and_development\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Clade\"] = 9,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 36,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Google books\"] = 15,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 2,\n [\"Lupus\"] = 1,\n [\"MSW3 Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"Mammal hybrids\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 2,\n [\"PIE\"] = 2,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 141,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 5,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","22.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","14.2"],["recursiveClone 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