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href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ذئب إيطالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذئب إيطالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienischer_Wolf" title="Italienischer Wolf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienischer Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιταλικός λύκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλικός λύκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80" title="이탈리아늑대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아늑대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Իտալական գայլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալական գայլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_farkas" title="Olasz farkas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz farkas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86)" title="ذئب ايطالى (كائن) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذئب ايطالى (كائن)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serigala_Itali" title="Serigala Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serigala Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9F" title="イタリアオオカミ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリアオオカミ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_appennineco" title="Lupo appennineco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lupo appennineco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiensk_ulv" title="Italiensk ulv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italiensk ulv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilk_apeni%C5%84ski" title="Wilk apeniński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilk apeniński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo-italiano" title="Lobo-italiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lobo-italiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Итальянский волк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянский волк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu_appinn%C3%ACnicu" title="Lupu appinnìnicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lupu appinnìnicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" title="Canis lupus italicus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Canis lupus italicus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyan_kurdu" title="İtalyan kurdu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalyan kurdu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3i_%C3%9D" title="Sói Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sói Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8B%BC" title="意大利狼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利狼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8B%BC" title="意大利狼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利狼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subspecies of carnivore</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Italian wolf </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/220px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/330px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg/440px-C._l._italicus_in_MNP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="938" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>C. l. italicus</i> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Canis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis"><i>Canis</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">C. lupus</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subspecies: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><i><b>C. l. italicus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Canis lupus italicus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Altobello, 1921<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif/220px-Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif/330px-Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif/440px-Canis_lupus_italicus_areale_2019.gif 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="483" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Italian wolf range: red: stable presence; yellow: irregular presence </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Italian wolf</b> (<i><b>Canis lupus italicus</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>Canis lupus lupus</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-msw3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known as the <b>Apennine wolf</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalariAchinoGattaPetronio2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalariAchinoGattaPetronio2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sardella2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardella2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies of the grey wolf</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. It inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a>, though it is undergoing expansion towards the north and east. As of 2022 the wolf population within Italy is estimated to be 3,307 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not universally recognised as a distinct subspecies,<sup id="cite_ref-msw3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it nonetheless possesses a unique <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayneLehmanAllardHoneycutt1992_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayneLehmanAllardHoneycutt1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandiLucchiniChristensenNadia2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandiLucchiniChristensenNadia2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a distinct skull <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been strictly protected in Italy since the 1970s, when the population reached a low of 70–100 individuals. The population is increasing in number, though illegal hunting and persecution still constitute a threat. Since the 1990s, the Italian wolf's range has expanded into southeastern France<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonnierFiguet2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonnierFiguet2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenzMassoloKuonenSchlaepfer2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenzMassoloKuonenSchlaepfer2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian wolf features prominently in Latin and Italian cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-Wolf</a> in the legendary <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason it is unofficially considered the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_(1925)_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg/220px-Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg/330px-Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg/440px-Vertebrati_del_Molise_e_dell%27Abruzzo_%281925%29_C._l._lupus_%26_C._l._italicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Giuseppe Altobello's comparative illustration of the skulls and dentition of <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus lupus">C. l. lupus</a></i> (<b>a</b>) and <i>C. l. italicus</i> (<b>b</b>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/220px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/330px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/440px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Italian wolf pack in the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo,_Lazio_and_Molise_National_Park" title="Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern Italian wolf was first recognised as a distinct subspecies in 1921 by zoologist <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Altobello" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Altobello">Giuseppe Altobello</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who noted that its colour and skull differed from that of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">common European wolf</a>. He described the Italian population's skull as being rounder in form than that of the typical European wolf, with smaller teeth closely approaching those of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a> in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-altobello1925_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altobello1925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altobello's classification was later rejected by several authors, including <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Reginald Innes Pocock</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymised</a> <i>C. l. italicus</i> with <i>C. l. lupus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the noted paleontologist R.M. Nowak reaffirmed the morphological distinctiveness of the Italian wolf in a study on grey wolf skulls from Italy, other Eurasian localities, and dog skulls. The results of this assessment showed no overlap in the skull morphology of Italian wolves and other grey wolves and dogs. Among the discovered characteristics distinguishing the Italian wolf were its relatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> between the first <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>, a broad <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal shield</a>, and shallow <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal bone</a>. The study recommended the recognition of <i>Canis lupus italicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakFederoff2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-msw3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is classed by the third edition of <a href="/wiki/MSW3" class="mw-redirect" title="MSW3">Mammal Species of the World</a> as synonymous with <i>C. l. lupus</i>. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> does list and publish research papers recognising its distinctiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last specimen of the Mosbach wolf <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis" title="Canis mosbachensis">Canis mosbachensis</a></i> in Europe dates to 456–416 thousand years ago, when it gave rise to the wolf <i>Canis lupus</i>. The earliest remains of a wolf in Europe were found in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Rome in deposits dated 406 thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnzideiBulgarelliCatalanoCerilli2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzideiBulgarelliCatalanoCerilli2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic analysis of Apennine wolves indicates that they went through a population decline of 100–1,000 fold between the past 4,700–23,800 years, which indicates genetic isolation south of the alps from other wolf populations for many thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandi2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandi2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, an examination of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mDNA) of 26 grey wolf populations worldwide revealed that the Italian wolf has a unique mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> (a mutation) not shared by any other grey wolf population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayneLehmanAllardHoneycutt1992_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayneLehmanAllardHoneycutt1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further tests on grey wolf mDNA revealed that, unlike several European grey wolf populations, Italian wolves do not share haplotypes with either other grey wolves or domestic dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandiLucchiniChristensenNadia2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandiLucchiniChristensenNadia2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandi2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandi2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a study compared the mDNA <a href="/wiki/Haplotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplotypes">haplotypes</a> of 24 ancient wolf specimens from Western Europe dated between 44,000 and 1,200 YBP with those of modern gray wolves. The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> indicated that the haplotypes represented two <a href="/wiki/Haplogroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroups">haplogroups</a> that were separated by five mutational steps. The ancient wolf samples from Western Europe all belonged to haplogroup 2, indicating haplogroup 2 predominance in this region for over 40,000 years before and after the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial maximum">last glacial maximum</a>. A comparison of current and past frequencies indicated that in Europe, haplogroup 2 became outnumbered by haplogroup 1 over the past several thousand years, but in North America, haplogroup 2 became extinct and was replaced by haplogroup 1 after the last glacial maximum. The Italian wolf is the only remaining grey wolf subspecies included in this ancient haplogroup<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Honshu_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshu wolf">Honshu wolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matsumura2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsumura2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a study of mDNA sequences of both modern and ancient wolves indicated that in Europe, the two most genetically distinct haplotypes form the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_wolf" title="Iberian wolf">Iberian wolf</a> and separately the Italian wolf. The phylogenetic tree generated from the sequences showed the Italian wolf positioned close to the ancient wolves of the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a study found a second mDNA haplotype that belonged to the Italian wolf, and called for the morphologically and genetically distinct Italian wolf to be considered as a subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, an mDNA study of 19 Late Pleistocene-Holocene wolf samples from northern Italy found that these fell within mitochondrial haplogroup 2 except for one sample. Four out of the six detected haplotypes matched ancient <a href="/wiki/Beringian_wolf" title="Beringian wolf">Beringian wolves</a>, ancient wolves from northern Europe, some modern European and Chinese wolf populations, and are closely related to the two haplotypes currently found in the Italian wolves. The Italian wolf haplotypes were only one or two mutations away from those of the Pleistocene wolves, indicating mutation in their Italian glacial refuge. The Italian wolf population represents genetic uniqueness highlighted in several mitochondrial and nuclear DNA studies. It is the only remaining wolf population in Europe which belongs exclusively to an mDNA haplogroup that was once widespread in central and western Europe for over 40,000 years, and in North America until the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Additionally, one canid specimen from the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava_a_Filo" class="extiw" title="it:Cava a Filo">Cava Filo</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro_di_Savena" title="San Lazzaro di Savena">San Lazzaro di Savena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> fell within the domestic dog clade A <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> — it was radio-carbon dated to be 24,700 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiucaniPalumboGalaverniServenti2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiucaniPalumboGalaverniServenti2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a genomic study of Eurasian wolves found that the populations of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>-<a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> region, the Iberian peninsula, and Italy diverged from each other 10,500 years ago followed by negligible gene flow between them. Their long-term isolation may explain the morphological and genetic differences between them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/220px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/330px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg/440px-Wolf_mandible_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Wolf mandible diagram showing the names and positions of the teeth</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Italian wolf mean carnassial tooth measurements (millimeters) across years (thousands) before present<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tooth variable </th> <th>90 </th> <th>55 </th> <th>50 </th> <th>45 </th> <th>40 </th> <th>30 </th> <th>20 </th> <th>Today </th></tr> <tr> <td>lower m1 length </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>24.0 </td> <td>28.0 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>27.5 </td> <td>28.0 </td> <td>29.0 </td> <td>27.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>lower m1 width </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>11.25 </td> <td>11.75 </td> <td>11.25 </td> <td>11.5 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>11.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>upper P4 length </td> <td>22.0 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>24.75 </td> <td>26.0 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>24.0 </td> <td>25.5 </td> <td>24.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper P4 width </td> <td>8.75 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>9.75 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%; line-height:75%;width:500px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Canis </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal</a> 1.9 million YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a> 1.1 million YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Canis lupus </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_wolf" title="Himalayan wolf">Himalayan wolf</a> 630,000 YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggarwalKivisildRamadeviSingh2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwalKivisildRamadeviSingh2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_III).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian grey wolf</a> 270,000 YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggarwalKivisildRamadeviSingh2007_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwalKivisildRamadeviSingh2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="357" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Haplogroup‑2 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Italian wolf</b> (Apennine Peninsula only)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_III)_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_III%29_C._l._italicus_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>clade B (pockets of Eurasia only)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/50px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/75px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg/100px-Beringian_wolf_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>clade C (pockets of Eurasia only)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilotBranickiJędrzejewskiGoszczyński2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> 40,000 YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkoglund2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkoglund2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXVII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="388" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Haplogroup‑1 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Holarctic <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">Gray wolf</a> 40,000 YBP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkoglund2015_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkoglund2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_lupus_maximus"><i>Canis lupus maximus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canis lupus maximus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Canis lupus maximus</i> (Boudadi-Maligne, 2012) was a species larger than all other known fossil and extant wolves from Western Europe. The fossilized remains of this Late Pleistocene subspecies were found across a wide area of south-western France at Jaurens cave, <a href="/wiki/Nespouls" title="Nespouls">Nespouls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a> dated 31,000 YBP; Maldidier cave, <a href="/wiki/La_Roque-Gageac" title="La Roque-Gageac">La Roque-Gageac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> dated 22,500 YBP; and Gral pit-fall, <a href="/wiki/Sauliac-sur-C%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Sauliac-sur-Célé">Sauliac-sur-Célé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a> dated 16,000 YBP. The wolf's long bones are 10% longer than those of extant European wolves and 20% longer than its probable ancestor, <i>C. l. lunellensis</i>. The teeth are robust, the posterior denticules on the lower premolars p2, p3, p4 and upper P2 and P3 are highly developed, and the diameter of the lower carnassial (m1) were larger than any known European wolf. Wolf body size in Europe has followed a steady increase from their first appearance up to the peak of the last glacial maximum. The size of these wolves is thought to be an adaptation to a cold environment (<a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>) and plentiful game, as their remains have been found in association with reindeer fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2017 study, the dimensions of the upper and lower carnassial teeth of the Italian wolf are close to those of <i>C. l. maximus</i>. Fluctuations in the size of <i>C. lupus</i> carnassial teeth correlate with the spread of megafauna. The Italian wolf underwent a reduction in body size with the loss of the red deer during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> only centuries ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalariAchinoGattaPetronio2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalariAchinoGattaPetronio2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png/220px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png/330px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png/440px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Italian wolf</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian wolf typically weighs 25–35 kg (55–77 lb), though some big males have been weighed at 40–45 kg (88–99 lb). It measures 110–148 cm (43–58 in) in body length and 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in shoulder height.<sup id="cite_ref-lupo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lupo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pelt is generally of a grey-fulvous colour, which reddens in summer. The belly and cheeks are more lightly coloured, and dark bands are present on the back and tail tip, and occasionally along the fore limbs. <a href="/wiki/Black_wolf" title="Black wolf">Black wolves</a> have been reported in the north-central Apennines, though their origin is unknown, as some <a href="/wiki/Melanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanistic">melanistic</a> individuals show no sign of <a href="/wiki/Wolf-dog_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-dog hybrid">wolf-dog hybridisation</a>. It typically lives in <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">packs</a> of two to seven individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-ciuccu2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciuccu2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_and_legal_status">Range and legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Range and legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolf populations strongly declined across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries largely due to human persecution, and by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> they had been eradicated from all of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and almost all of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Northern Europe</a>. Their population decline continued until the 1960s, with isolated populations surviving in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Finland. Wolf populations have commenced recovering naturally since then.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandi2007_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandi2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_(1929).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg/220px-Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg/330px-Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg/440px-Antonio_Mina_%26_Lupo_%281929%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Grey wolf killed in Malga Campo Bon (<a href="/wiki/Comelico" title="Comelico">Comelico</a>) on 24 May 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian wolf was widespread in the Italian Peninsula, including <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, until the mid-1800s. The extermination of the grey wolf in Italy was not as complete as in Northern Europe, due to greater cultural tolerance of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-bocedi2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bocedi2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely extirpated in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> during the 1920s, and disappeared from Sicily in the 1940s. Its range along the south-central Apennines was still relatively continuous by the 1950s, though this population was reduced in the decades after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> because of widespread poisoning campaigns. At least 400 wolves were killed between 1960 and 1970, with the population reaching an all-time low in the early 1970s. The last documented wolf in the northern Apennines was killed in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_d%27Aveto" title="Santo Stefano d'Aveto">Santo Stefano d'Aveto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, in 1946, though this was an isolated individual, as the local wolf population had long been extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-PB2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian wolf was first given legal protection on 23 July 1971, with a nationwide population census being taken in 1973. This census was funded by the Italian branch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> as part of a conservation plan dubbed "Operazione San Francesco” (Operation Saint Francis, linked to the traditional legend of peace set by the saint between wolf and men of Gubbio in Umbria region). The census revealed that the Italian wolf population consisted of 100–110 individuals distributed throughout a fragmented range in the main mountainous areas of south-central Italy, from the <a href="/wiki/Sibillini_Mountains" title="Sibillini Mountains">Sibillini</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a>. In 1983, the population had reached 200–220 individuals inhabiting two unconnected areas in central and southern Italy. By the late 1990s, the Italian wolf population had increased to an estimated 400–500 individuals with a continuous distribution along the entire Apennines, from <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Alps" title="Maritime Alps">Maritime Alps</a>, with some isolated populations in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. In 2008, a wolf carcass was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Fiemme_Valley" title="Fiemme Valley">Fiemme Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, and by 2010, 45–55 wolves were estimated to have recolonised <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> assessment information about peninsular population is as follows: “The Italian wolf population is estimated to be 500-800 individuals distributed along the Apennines. The shape of the range is narrow and elongated, restricted to the Apennines. The population has limited exchanges with the population of the Western Alps and recent genetic evidence indicates a flux of genes only in the direction toward the Alps. In spite of the recent increase in numbers and range, the Italian wolf population is still highly vulnerable to local extermination from human pressures (poison, shooting, car accidents) and the stochastic nature of these events suggest to maintain a cautionary assessment. The population does not qualify for the category Endangered, but it may easily reverse its current favorable status.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s Italian wolves began to cross from Italy into France, where they have become established in approximately one third of its contintental territories, particularly in the French Alps and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, but also throughout the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobbé2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobbé2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the presence of wolves was publicly reported in France, some farmers around the <a href="/wiki/Mercantour_National_Park" title="Mercantour National Park">Mercantour National Park</a> had reported unusual stock depredation which was at the time attributed by authorities to uncontrolled domestic dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves are protected in France;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to protect the livelihoods of farmers from wolf predation, from the late 1990s the French government has subsidised various methods of protecting flocks from depredation, including electrified pasture fencing, secured electrified night pens, hiring of additional farm hands, and the purchase, training and upkeep of livestock guardian dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian wolf was first sighted in southwestern France in 1992. In the two decades following its initial recolonisation, the wolf has expanded its range at the west of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, in the Massif Central, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonnierFiguet2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonnierFiguet2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 13 transient Italian wolves (12 males and a female) were counted in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> between 2000 and 2011, a century after the local <a href="/wiki/Iberian_wolf" title="Iberian wolf">Iberian wolf</a> (<i>C. l. signatus</i>) was extirpated from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these was reported in the media to have been killed on the road and identified in <a href="/wiki/Baix_Empord%C3%A0" title="Baix Empordà">Baix Empordà</a>, Catalonia in 2018. Technicians and veterinarians of the Torreferrussa Wildlife Center identified the body as being of the subspecies <i>Canis lupus italicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first evidence of grey wolf expansion into Switzerland occurred in 1995–1996 in the southern <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Canton of Valais</a>, where around 100 sheep were killed. In 1998–1999, 40 sheep were killed and two wolves were found dead from poaching and car collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenzMassoloKuonenSchlaepfer2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenzMassoloKuonenSchlaepfer2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wolf pack formed 17 years after the return of the first wolves, in 2012 in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>. The reproducing female F07 of this first pack was confirmed to be still alive in 2023, making it 13–14 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the formation of the first pack, the Swiss population is growing rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Kora_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kora-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, there were 240 wolves, 18 wolf packs entirely in Switzerland and five on the border to France or Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kora_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kora-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these wolf packs roam in the cantons of Grisons, Valais and <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian, French and Swiss wolves share the same mtDNA haplotype,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a haplotype that has never been found in any other wolf population worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corroborate the scenario of a natural expansion of wolves from the Italian source population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Italian and Dinaric wolf populations have remained distinct for a long time, their ranges are beginning to overlap as they expand. In the canton of Glarus, Switzerland, the first hybrid offspring has been documented, born to parent wolves originating from both of these populations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/330px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/440px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption>According to legend, <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Rome was founded</a> in 753 BC by <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, who were raised by a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The animal features prominently in pre-Roman, <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Italian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian culture">Italian cultures</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, the wolf played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a> by suckling the twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a>, "The Romans did not see [the tale of Romulus, Remus and the she-wolf] as a charming story; they meant to show that they had imbibed wolfish appetites and ferocity with their mother's milk".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wolf was also considered sacred to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, and to see a wolf before going into battle was considered a good omen.<sup id="cite_ref-impelluso2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impelluso2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the myth can be traced back to a wolf cult among the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>. The Sabines had two words for wolf: <i>hirpus</i> (used in religious contexts) and <i>lupus</i>, the latter of which was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Romans did not worship wolves, killing them was likely considered <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>; unlike the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, the Romans very rarely sacrificed wolves in rituals, and no records have been found of wolves being used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">amphitheatres</a>, despite being more numerous and easily accessible compared to other, more exotic animals used. The use of wolves in Roman <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>, while attested by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, was minimal compared to other animals such as snakes or bears and, contrary to popular imagery, <a href="/wiki/Imaginifer" title="Imaginifer">Roman standard bearers</a> did not wear wolf skins, with the only units attested to have worn them being the <a href="/wiki/Velites" title="Velites">velites</a>, who were the poorest and youngest warriors using the wolf skins to distinguish themselves. Wolves entering cities or temples were usually only killed when the animal had no means of escape, unlike the case with wasps, oxen, and owls, which were quickly eliminated if they entered sacred areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERissanen2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissanen2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative attitudes towards wolves in Italy largely began with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">invasion of the Lombards</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphically</a> described their raids and invasions as wolf raids, bringing wolves into disrepute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a> was still widespread in Italy during the early 1920s, and covering their faces when resting outside at night was once traditional among rural people, as sleeping whilst facing the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> was thought to transform the sleeper into a wolf. The wolf also featured prominently in Italian folk medicine. <a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a> was treated by tying a sack filled with a piece of wolf gut around the child's neck, while <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> were prevented by tying a wolf's intestine around the mother's abdomen. <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">Rheumatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">tonsillitis</a> were treated with wolf fat, while a tooth or tuft of fur was worn as a <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans apparently did not consider wolves overly dangerous to people, with the only references to them attacking people being proverbial or mythological.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERissanen2014_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissanen2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Italy has no records of <a href="/wiki/Wolf_attacks_on_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf attacks on humans">wolf attacks on humans</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the eradication of <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historians examining church and administrative records from northern Italy's central <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> region (which includes a part of modern-day Switzerland) found 440 cases of wolves attacking people between the 15th and 19th centuries. The 19th-century records show that from 1801 to 1825, 112 attacks occurred, 77 of which resulted in death. Of these cases, only five were attributed to rabid animals.<sup id="cite_ref-cagnolaro1992_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cagnolaro1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In France, illegally killing a wolf is punishable by two years' imprisonment and a €150,000 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuretMoulinBonnetGarde2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023">Boitani, Phillips & Jhala 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltobello1921_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltobello1921">Altobello 1921</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltobello1921">Altobello (1921)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNowakFederoff2002">Nowak & Federoff (2002)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCastelló2018">Castelló (2018)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023">Boitani, Phillips & Jhala (2023)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIUCN/SSC_Canid_Specialist_Group_(_Claudio_Sillero)" class="citation web cs1">IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group ( Claudio Sillero). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canids.org/species/view/PREKLD895731">"Grey wolf <i>Canis lupus</i>"</a>. <i>International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Canid Specialist Group</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Union+for+the+Conservation+of+Nature+-+Canid+Specialist+Group&rft.atitle=Grey+wolf+Canis+lupus&rft.au=IUCN%2FSSC+Canid+Specialist+Group+%28+Claudio+Sillero%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canids.org%2Fspecies%2Fview%2FPREKLD895731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msw3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msw3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msw3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msw3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unipr.it/arpa/facvet/annali/2004/403.pdf">"Evoluzione demografica del lupo (Canis Lupus) in Italia: cause storiche del declino e della ripresa, nuove problematiche indotte e possibili soluzioni"</a> [Demographic evolution of the wolf (Canis Lupus) in Italy: historical causes of decline and recovery, new problems and possible solutions] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ann. Fac. Medic. Vet. Di Parma</i> (in Italian). <b>XXIV</b>: <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Fac.+Medic.+Vet.+Di+Parma&rft.atitle=Evoluzione+demografica+del+lupo+%28Canis+Lupus%29+in+Italia%3A+cause+storiche+del+declino+e+della+ripresa%2C+nuove+problematiche+indotte+e+possibili+soluzioni&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bocedi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Bracchi%2C+P.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unipr.it%2Farpa%2Ffacvet%2Fannali%2F2004%2F403.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB2010-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PB2010_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorpo_Di_Polizia_Provinciale2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corpo Di Polizia Provinciale (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecosistema.it/sangherardo/PDF/lupo_SFFP_quaderno%202.pdf"><i>Il Lupo (Canis Lupus L. 1758) nell'Appenino Bolognese</i></a> [<i>The Wolf (Canis Lupus L. 1758) in the Bolognese Apennines</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(2015). "Análisis de la disponibilidad de hábitat adecuado para el lobo (Canis lupus) en Cataluña y en los Pirineos Orientales" [Analysis of the availability of suitable habitat for the wolf (Canis lupus) in Catalonia and in the Eastern Pyrenees.]. <i>Pirineos. Revista de Ecología de Montaña</i> (in Spanish). <b>170</b>. et al.: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pirineos.+Revista+de+Ecolog%C3%ADa+de+Monta%C3%B1a&rft.atitle=An%C3%A1lisis+de+la+disponibilidad+de+h%C3%A1bitat+adecuado+para+el+lobo+%28Canis+lupus%29+en+Catalu%C3%B1a+y+en+los+Pirineos+Orientales.&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Garcia-Lozano&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20180302/441196233217/muere-atropellado-un-lobo-en-una-carretera-en-el-baix-emporda.html">"Muere atropellado un lobo en una carretera en el Baix Empordà"</a> [A wolf dies on a road in the Baix Empordà]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i> (in Spanish). 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Muere+atropellado+un+lobo+en+una+carretera+en+el+Baix+Empord%C3%A0&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fnatural%2F20180302%2F441196233217%2Fmuere-atropellado-un-lobo-en-una-carretera-en-el-baix-emporda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKora" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kora.ch/de/aktuell/f07-–-die-aelteste-woelfin-der-schweiz--532">"F07 – die älteste Wölfin der Schweiz"</a> [F07 – the oldest she-wolf in Switzerland]. <i>www.kora.ch</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kora.ch&rft.atitle=F07+%E2%80%93+die+%C3%A4lteste+W%C3%B6lfin+der+Schweiz&rft.au=Kora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kora.ch%2Fde%2Faktuell%2Ff07-%E2%80%93-die-aelteste-woelfin-der-schweiz--532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kora-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kora_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kora_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKora" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kora.ch/de/arten/wolf/bestand">"BESTAND"</a>. <i>www.kora.ch</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kora.ch&rft.atitle=BESTAND&rft.au=Kora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kora.ch%2Fde%2Farten%2Fwolf%2Fbestand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gruppe-wolf.ch/Rudel.htm">"Rudel - Gruppe Wolf Schweiz"</a>. <i>www.gruppe-wolf.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gruppe-wolf.ch&rft.atitle=Rudel+-+Gruppe+Wolf+Schweiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gruppe-wolf.ch%2FRudel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003">Valière et al. 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVonholdtPollingerEarlKnowles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Pollinger, John P.; Earl, Dent A.; Knowles, James C.; Boyko, Adam R.; Parker, Heidi; Geffen, Eli; Pilot, Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Sidorovich, Vadim; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Musiani, Marco; Kays, Roland; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149496">"A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genome_Research" title="Genome Research">Genome Research</a></i>. <b>21</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1294–</span>305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.116301.110">10.1101/gr.116301.110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149496">3149496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566151">21566151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=A+genome-wide+perspective+on+the+evolutionary+history+of+enigmatic+wolf-like+canids&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1294-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21566151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.116301.110&rft.aulast=Vonholdt&rft.aufirst=Bridgett+M.&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Earl%2C+Dent+A.&rft.au=Knowles%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Boyko%2C+Adam+R.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Eli&rft.au=Pilot%2C+Malgorzata&rft.au=Jedrzejewski%2C+Wlodzimierz&rft.au=Jedrzejewska%2C+Bogumila&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+Vadim&rft.au=Greco%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Randi%2C+Ettore&rft.au=Musiani%2C+Marco&rft.au=Kays%2C+Roland&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Ostrander%2C+Elaine+A.&rft.au=Novembre%2C+John&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span> refer Figure 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gruppe-wolf.ch/Rudel/Rudel-Schilt-Karpf.htm">"Rudel-Schilt-Karpf - Gruppe Wolf Schweiz"</a>. <i>www.gruppe-wolf.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gruppe-wolf.ch&rft.atitle=Rudel-Schilt-Karpf+-+Gruppe+Wolf+Schweiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gruppe-wolf.ch%2FRudel%2FRudel-Schilt-Karpf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, T. (2007), <i>Terry Jones' Barbarians: An Alternative Roman History</i>, BBC Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/056353916X" title="Special:BookSources/056353916X">056353916X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impelluso2004-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-impelluso2004_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Impelluso, L. (2004), <i>Nature and its Symbols</i>, Getty Publications, p. 212, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892367725" title="Special:BookSources/0892367725">0892367725</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitani1995_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoitani1995">Boitani 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERissanen2014-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERissanen2014_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERissanen2014_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRissanen2014">Rissanen 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnellAndersenAndersoneBalciauskas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Linnell, J.D.C.; <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidar_Andersen_(biolog)" class="extiw" title="no:Reidar Andersen (biolog)">Andersen, R.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Norwegian]</span>; Andersone, Z.; <a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linas_Bal%C4%8Diauskas" class="extiw" title="lt:Linas Balčiauskas">Balciauskas, L.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Lithuanian]</span>; Blanco, J.C.; <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boitani" title="Luigi Boitani">Boitani, L.</a>; Brainerd, S.; Breitenmoser, U.; Kojola, I.; Liberg, O.; Løe, J.; <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Okarma" title="Henryk Okarma">Okarma, H.</a>; Pedersen, H. C.; Promberger, C.; Sand, H.; Solberg, E. J.; Valdmann, H.; Wabakken, P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205016/http://www.wnmuoutdoors.org/PDF/Linnell2002_Wolves.pdf"><i>The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NINA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-426-1292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-426-1292-2"><bdi>978-82-426-1292-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnmuoutdoors.org/PDF/Linnell2002_Wolves.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Wolves%3A+A+Review+of+Wolf+Attacks+on+Humans&rft.pub=NINA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-82-426-1292-2&rft.aulast=Linnell&rft.aufirst=J.D.C.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+R.&rft.au=Andersone%2C+Z.&rft.au=Balciauskas%2C+L.&rft.au=Blanco%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Boitani%2C+L.&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+S.&rft.au=Breitenmoser%2C+U.&rft.au=Kojola%2C+I.&rft.au=Liberg%2C+O.&rft.au=L%C3%B8e%2C+J.&rft.au=Okarma%2C+H.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Promberger%2C+C.&rft.au=Sand%2C+H.&rft.au=Solberg%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Valdmann%2C+H.&rft.au=Wabakken%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnmuoutdoors.org%2FPDF%2FLinnell2002_Wolves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cagnolaro1992-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cagnolaro1992_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagnolaroCominciniMartinoliOriani1992" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cagnolaro, L.; Comincini, M.; Martinoli, A.; Oriani, A. 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Cecere (a cura di), 1996, Cogecstre Edizioni</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Dati+Storici+sulla+Presenza+e+su+Casi+di+Antropofagia+del+Lupo+nella+Padania+Centrale&rft.place=Parma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Atti+%26+Studi+del+WWF+Italia&rft.date=1992-10-09%2F1992-10-10&rft.aulast=Cagnolaro&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Comincini%2C+M.&rft.au=Martinoli%2C+A.&rft.au=Oriani%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiadellafauna.it%2Fscaffale%2Ftesti%2Fcagnolaro%2Fantropofagia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwalKivisildRamadeviSingh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.2006.00400.x">"Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoological_Systematics_and_Evolutionary_Research" title="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research">Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2): 163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.2006.00400.x">10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoological+Systematics+and+Evolutionary+Research&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+coding+region+sequences+support+the+phylogenetic+distinction+of+two+Indian+wolf+species&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.2006.00400.x&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+T.&rft.au=Ramadevi%2C+J.&rft.au=Singh%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1439-0469.2006.00400.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltobello1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Altobello, G. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504133849/http://www.storiadellafauna.it/scaffale/testi/alto/Carnivo.htm"><i>Fauna dell'Abruzzo e del Molise. Mammiferi. IV. I Carnivori (Carnivora)</i></a> [<i>Fauna of Abruzzo and Molise. Mammals. IV. Carnivores (Carnivora)</i>] (in Italian). Campobasso: Colitti e Figlio. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiadellafauna.it/scaffale/testi/alto/Carnivo.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fauna+dell%27Abruzzo+e+del+Molise.+Mammiferi.+IV.+I+Carnivori+%28Carnivora%29&rft.place=Campobasso&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Colitti+e+Figlio&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Altobello&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiadellafauna.it%2Fscaffale%2Ftesti%2Falto%2FCarnivo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzideiBulgarelliCatalanoCerilli2012" class="citation journal cs1">Anzidei, Anna Paola; Bulgarelli, Grazia Maria; Catalano, Paola; Cerilli, Eugenio; Gallotti, Rosalia; Lemorini, Cristina; Milli, Salvatore; Palombo, Maria Rita; Pantano, Walter; Santucci, Ernesto (2012). "Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships". <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a></i>. <b>255</b>: <span class="nowrap">171–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.255..171A">2012QuInt.255..171A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.06.005">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Ongoing+research+at+the+late+Middle+Pleistocene+site+of+La+Polledrara+di+Cecanibbio+%28central+Italy%29%2C+with+emphasis+on+human%E2%80%93elephant+relationships&rft.volume=255&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.06.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.255..171A&rft.aulast=Anzidei&rft.aufirst=Anna+Paola&rft.au=Bulgarelli%2C+Grazia+Maria&rft.au=Catalano%2C+Paola&rft.au=Cerilli%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=Gallotti%2C+Rosalia&rft.au=Lemorini%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Milli%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Palombo%2C+Maria+Rita&rft.au=Pantano%2C+Walter&rft.au=Santucci%2C+Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbé2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bobbé, Sophie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/505377/filename/halshs00505377_SophieBobbe_1998.pdf">"Un mode de garde écologiquement correct: le chien de protection"</a> [An ecologically correct way of guarding: the guard dog] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologie_fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnologie française (page does not exist)">Ethnologie française</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Ethnologie française">fr</a>]</span></i> (in French). <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">459–</span>472<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologie+fran%C3%A7aise%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Un+mode+de+garde+%C3%A9cologiquement+correct%3A+le+chien+de+protection&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E472&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bobb%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F505377%2Ffilename%2Fhalshs00505377_SophieBobbe_1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitani1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boitani" title="Luigi Boitani">Boitani, L.</a> (1995). "Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships". In Carbyn, L. N.; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717042350/http://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/B/Boitani_1995_Ecological_and_cultural_diversities_of_wolf_human_relationships.pdf"><i>Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/B/Boitani_1995_Ecological_and_cultural_diversities_of_wolf_human_relationships.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecological+and+cultural+diversities+in+the+evolution+of+wolf-human+relationships&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+conservation+of+wolves+in+a+changing+world&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Canadian+Circumpolar+Institute&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kora.ch%2Fmalme%2F05_library%2F5_1_publications%2FB%2FBoitani_1995_Ecological_and_cultural_diversities_of_wolf_human_relationships.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitaniPhillipsJhala2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.; Jhala, Y. (2023) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3746/247624660">"<i>Canis lupus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T3746A247624660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Canis+lupus&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T3746A247624660&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+M.&rft.au=Jhala%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F3746%2F247624660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span> refer to the "Text Summary" near the bottom of the web page</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelló2018" class="citation book cs1">Castelló, J.R. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23717733">"Was There a Taboo on Killing Wolves in Rome?"</a>. <i>Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica</i> (107): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F229735">10.1400/229735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+Urbinati+di+Cultura+Classica&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+Taboo+on+Killing+Wolves+in+Rome%3F&rft.issue=107&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F229735&rft.aulast=Rissanen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23717733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalariAchinoGattaPetronio2017" class="citation journal cs1">Salari, Leonardo; Achino, Katia F.; Gatta, Maurizio; Petronio, Carmelo; Rolfo, Mario F.; Silvestri, Letizia; Pandolfi, Luca (2017). "The wolf from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Simbruini mountains, Latium) within the evolution of Canis lupus L., 1758 in the Quaternary of Italy". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>476</b>: <span class="nowrap">90–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PPP...476...90S">2017PPP...476...90S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2017.03.023">10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+wolf+from+Grotta+Mora+Cavorso+%28Simbruini+mountains%2C+Latium%29+within+the+evolution+of+Canis+lupus+L.%2C+1758+in+the+Quaternary+of+Italy&rft.volume=476&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2017.03.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PPP...476...90S&rft.aulast=Salari&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Achino%2C+Katia+F.&rft.au=Gatta%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Petronio%2C+Carmelo&rft.au=Rolfo%2C+Mario+F.&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+Letizia&rft.au=Pandolfi%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoglund2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Skoglund" title="Pontus Skoglund">Skoglund, P.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019">"Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1515–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.1515S">2015CBio...25.1515S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019">10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26004765">26004765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+wolf+genome+reveals+an+early+divergence+of+domestic+dog+ancestors+and+admixture+into+high-latitude+breeds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1515-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26004765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.04.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.1515S&rft.aulast=Skoglund&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.04.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValièreFumagalliGiellyMiquel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Valière, Nathaniel; Fumagalli, Luca; Gielly, Ludovic; Miquel, Christian; Lequette, Benoît; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Weber, Jean-Marc; Arlettaz, Raphaël; Taberlet, Pierre (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/halsde-00280559">"Long-distance wolf recolonization of France and Switzerland inferred from non-invasive genetic sampling over a period of 10 years"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Conservation_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal Conservation (journal) (page does not exist)">Animal Conservation</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AnCon...6...83V">2003AnCon...6...83V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1367943003003111">10.1017/S1367943003003111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85815288">85815288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Long-distance+wolf+recolonization+of+France+and+Switzerland+inferred+from+non-invasive+genetic+sampling+over+a+period+of+10+years&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85815288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1367943003003111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AnCon...6...83V&rft.aulast=Vali%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft.au=Fumagalli%2C+Luca&rft.au=Gielly%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Miquel%2C+Christian&rft.au=Lequette%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Poulle%2C+Marie-Lazarine&rft.au=Weber%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Arlettaz%2C+Rapha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Taberlet%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhalsde-00280559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayneLehmanAllardHoneycutt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wayne, Robert K.; Lehman, Niles; Allard, Marc W.; Honeycutt, Rodney L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation on genetic variability". <i><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Biology_(journal)" title="Conservation Biology (journal)">Conservation Biology</a></i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">559–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1992.06040559.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040559.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+variability+of+the+gray+wolf%3A+genetic+consequences+of+population+decline+and+habitat+fragmentation+on+genetic+variability&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1992.06040559.x&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Lehman%2C+Niles&rft.au=Allard%2C+Marc+W.&rft.au=Honeycutt%2C+Rodney+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollonioMattioli2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Apollonio, Marco; Mattioli, Luca (2006). <i>Il Lupo in Provincia di Arezzo</i> [<i>The Wolf in the Province of Arezzo</i>] (in Italian). Editrice Le Balze. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7539-123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7539-123-2"><bdi>978-88-7539-123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Lupo+in+Provincia+di+Arezzo&rft.pub=Editrice+Le+Balze&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-7539-123-2&rft.aulast=Apollonio&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Mattioli%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitani1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boitani" title="Luigi Boitani">Boitani, Luigi</a> (1987). <i>Dalla parte del lupo: la riscoperta scientifica e culturale del mitico predatore</i> [<i>On the side of the wolf: the scientific and cultural rediscovery of the mythical predator</i>] (in Italian). Mondadori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalla+parte+del+lupo%3A+la+riscoperta+scientifica+e+culturale+del+mitico+predatore&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComincini2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comincini, Mario (2002). <i>L'uomo e la "bestia antropofaga": storia del lupo nell'Italia settentrionale dal XV al XIX secolo</i> [<i>Man and the "anthropophagous beast": history of the wolf in northern Italy from the 15th to the 19th century</i>] (in Italian). Unicopoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8840007748" title="Special:BookSources/978-8840007748"><bdi>978-8840007748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27uomo+e+la+%22bestia+antropofaga%22%3A+storia+del+lupo+nell%27Italia+settentrionale+dal+XV+al+XIX+secolo&rft.pub=Unicopoli&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8840007748&rft.aulast=Comincini&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiviaccoCamporaCottalasso2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diviacco, Giovanni; Campora, Massimo; Cottalasso, Renato (2009). <i>Sulle tracce del lupo in Liguria</i> [<i>On the trail of the wolf in Liguria</i>] (in Italian). Centro Stampa Offset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulle+tracce+del+lupo+in+Liguria&rft.pub=Centro+Stampa+Offset&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Diviacco&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Campora%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Cottalasso%2C+Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrari2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Albino_Ferrari" class="extiw" title="it:Marco Albino Ferrari">Ferrari, Marco Albino</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span> (2012). <i>La via del lupo</i> [<i>The way of the wolf</i>] (in Italian). Editori Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788842056003" title="Special:BookSources/9788842056003"><bdi>9788842056003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+via+del+lupo&rft.pub=Editori+Laterza&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788842056003&rft.aulast=Ferrari&rft.aufirst=Marco+Albino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesi2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genovesi, P., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.nina.no/lcie_new/pdf/634989762488267659_Italian%20wolf%20action%20plan%202002.pdf"><i>Piano d'azione nazionale per la conservazione del Lupo (</i>Canis lupus<i>)</i></a> [<i>National action plan for the conservation of the wolf (</i>Canis lupus<i>)</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura, 13, Min. Ambiente - Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+d%27azione+nazionale+per+la+conservazione+del+Lupo+%28Canis+lupus%29&rft.pub=Quaderni+di+Conservazione+della+Natura%2C+13%2C+Min.+Ambiente+-+Istituto+Nazionale+per+la+Fauna+Selvatica&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nina.no%2Flcie_new%2Fpdf%2F634989762488267659_Italian%2520wolf%2520action%2520plan%25202002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarucco2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marucco, Francesca (2014). <i>Il lupo: Biologia e gestione nelle Alpi ed in Europa</i> [<i>The wolf: Biology and management in the Alps and in Europe</i>] (in Italian). Il Piviere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8896348239" title="Special:BookSources/978-8896348239"><bdi>978-8896348239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+lupo%3A+Biologia+e+gestione+nelle+Alpi+ed+in+Europa&rft.pub=Il+Piviere&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8896348239&rft.aulast=Marucco&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarucco2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marucco, Francesca (2015). <i>I lupi delle Alpi Marittime: Storie e curiosità sui branchi che per primi hanno ricolonizzato le Alpi</i> [<i>Wolves of the Maritime Alps: Stories and curiosities about the packs that first re-colonized the Alps</i>] (in Italian). Blu Edizioni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8879042000" title="Special:BookSources/978-8879042000"><bdi>978-8879042000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+lupi+delle+Alpi+Marittime%3A+Storie+e+curiosit%C3%A0+sui+branchi+che+per+primi+hanno+ricolonizzato+le+Alpi&rft.pub=Blu+Edizioni&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8879042000&rft.aulast=Marucco&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeriggiBrangiMatteucciSacchi1996" class="citation journal cs1">Meriggi, Alberto; Brangi, Anna; Matteucci, Carlo; Sacchi, Oreste (1996). "The feeding habits of wolves in relation to large prey availability in northern Italy". <i><a href="/wiki/Ecography" title="Ecography">Ecography</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.1996.tb00238.x">10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00238.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecography&rft.atitle=The+feeding+habits+of+wolves+in+relation+to+large+prey+availability+in+northern+Italy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.1996.tb00238.x&rft.aulast=Meriggi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Brangi%2C+Anna&rft.au=Matteucci%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Sacchi%2C+Oreste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRissanen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rissanen, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2177407">"The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy"</a>. <i>Acta Philologica Fennica</i>. <b>XLVI</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Philologica+Fennica&rft.atitle=The+Hirpi+Sorani+and+the+Wolf+Cults+of+Central+Italy&rft.volume=XLVI&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rissanen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2177407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+wolf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_wolf&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis lupus italicus">Canis lupus italicus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Template talk:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grey_wolf_subspecies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grey wolf subspecies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_gray_wolf_subspecies287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">gray wolf</a> <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></li> <li>Genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></li> <li>Species: <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf"><i>lupus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World<br />subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_wolf" title="Tundra wolf">Tundra wolf (<i>C. l. albus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf (<i>C. l. arabs</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_wolf" title="Steppe wolf">Steppe wolf (<i>C. l. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wolf" title="Mongolian wolf">Mongolian wolf (<i>C. l. chanco</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_wolf" title="Himalayan wolf">Himalayan wolf (<i>C. l. chanco</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo" title="Canis lupus dingo">Dingo (<i>C. l. dingo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. l. familiaris</i> or <i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf (<i>C. l. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf (<i>C. l. pallipes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World<br />subspecies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf (<i>C. l. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf (<i>C. l. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_wolf" title="British Columbia wolf">British Columbian wolf (<i>C. l. columbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Sea_wolf" title="Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf">Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (<i>C. l. crassodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_wolf" title="Hudson Bay wolf">Hudson Bay wolf (<i>C. l. hudsonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_wolf" title="Northern Rocky Mountain wolf">Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (<i>C. l. irremotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_wolf" title="Labrador wolf">Labrador wolf (<i>C. l. labradorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago_wolf" title="Alexander Archipelago wolf">Alexander Archipelago wolf (<i>C. l. ligoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. l. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_wolf" title="Mackenzie River wolf">Mackenzie River wolf (<i>C. l. mackenzii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_wolf" title="Baffin Island wolf">Baffin Island wolf (<i>C. l. manningi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_wolf" title="Northwestern wolf">Northwestern wolf (<i>C. l. occidentalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_wolf" title="Greenland wolf">Greenland wolf (<i>C. l. orion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Alaskan_wolf" title="Interior Alaskan wolf">Alaskan Interior wolf (<i>C. l. pambasileus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. l. rufus</i>)</a> (taxonomy disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_tundra_wolf" title="Alaskan tundra wolf">Alaskan tundra wolf (<i>C. l. tundrarum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Italy113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Template:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Template talk:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Italy113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_and_artistic_works_of_the_Vittoriano" title="Architectural and artistic works of the Vittoriano">Architectural and artistic works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Vittoriano" title="History of the Vittoriano">History of the Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Emblem of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Flags of Napoleonic Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">List of Italian flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_del_Tricolore" title="Sala del Tricolore">Sala del Tricolore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scudetto" title="Scudetto">Scudetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori" title="Frecce Tricolori">Frecce Tricolori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Goddess Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_sparrow" title="Italian sparrow">Italian sparrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">National colours of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Italy" title="Presidential standard of Italy">Presidential standard of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosso_corsa" title="Rosso corsa">Rosso corsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_blue" title="Savoy blue">Savoy blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_d%27Italia" title="Stella d'Italia">Stella d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">Strawberry tree</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/90px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a 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Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a 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left;"><i>Canis lupus italicus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188023" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1188023">Q1188023</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_italicus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis lupus italicus">Canis lupus italicus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/333549">333549</a></span></span></li></ul> 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