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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Halftone photographic screening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halftone_photographic_screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_halftoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_halftoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditional halftoning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_halftoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional halftoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_halftoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resolution_of_halftone_screens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_of_halftone_screens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Resolution of halftone screens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_of_halftone_screens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_screens_and_color_halftoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_screens_and_color_halftoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Multiple screens and color halftoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_screens_and_color_halftoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dot_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dot_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dot shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dot_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_halftoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_halftoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital halftoning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_halftoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital halftoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_halftoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverse_halftoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverse_halftoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inverse halftoning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inverse_halftoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inverse halftoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inverse_halftoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spatial_and_frequency_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_and_frequency_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Spatial and frequency filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_and_frequency_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimization-based_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimization-based_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Optimization-based filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimization-based_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lookup_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lookup_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lookup table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lookup_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_academic_research_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_academic_research_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Significant academic research groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_academic_research_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Halftone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitons_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Semitons (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Semitons (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polot%C3%B3n" title="Polotón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polotón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druckraster" title="Druckraster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Druckraster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitono_(impresi%C3%B3n)" title="Semitono (impresión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semitono (impresión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi-teinte" title="Demi-teinte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Demi-teinte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ton" title="Medio ton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medio ton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EC%A0%90" title="망점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastro" title="Rastro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rastro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfton" title="Halfton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Halfton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinatura" title="Retinatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Retinatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separuh_ton" title="Separuh ton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Separuh ton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftoon" title="Halftoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Halftoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%82%B9" title="網点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="網点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_(poligrafia)" title="Raster (poligrafia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Raster (poligrafia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meio-tom" title="Meio-tom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meio-tom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Полутоновое изображение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полутоновое изображение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasteri" title="Rasteri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rasteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster" title="Raster – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raster" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasteri" title="Rasteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rasteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterbild" title="Rasterbild – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rasterbild" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Півтонове зображення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Півтонове зображення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%89%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="半色調 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="半色調" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1110021#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the graphic technique. For the musical interval, see <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">Semitone</a>. For the musical note, see <a href="/wiki/Half_note" title="Half note">Half note</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Halftoning_introduction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Halftoning_introduction.svg/260px-Halftoning_introduction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Halftoning_introduction.svg/390px-Halftoning_introduction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Halftoning_introduction.svg/520px-Halftoning_introduction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Left: Halftone dots. Right: Example of how the human eye would see the dots from a sufficient distance.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Halftone</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Reprographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprographic">reprographic</a> technique that simulates <a href="/wiki/Continuous_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous tone">continuous-tone</a> imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size or in spacing, thus generating a gradient-like effect.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Halftone" can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where continuous-tone imagery contains an infinite range of <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">greys</a>, the halftone process reduces visual reproductions to an image that is printed with only one color of ink, in dots of differing size (<a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a>) or spacing (<a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>) or both. This reproduction relies on a basic <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusion</a>: when the halftone dots are small, the human eye interprets the patterned areas as if they were smooth tones. At a microscopic level, developed black-and-white photographic film also consists of only two colors, and not an infinite range of continuous tones. For details, see <a href="/wiki/Film_grain" title="Film grain">film grain</a>. </p><p>Just as <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color photography</a> evolved with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">filters</a> and film layers, color printing is made possible by repeating the halftone process for each <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> – most commonly using what is called the "<a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-mccue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semi-opaque property of <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> allows halftone dots of different colors to create another optical effect: full-color imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the location of the individual dots cannot be determined exactly, the dots partially overlap leading to a combination of additive and subtractive color mixing called <i>autotypical color mixing</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The cover of The Canadian Illustrated News with a halftone photograph of Prince Arthur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/170px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/255px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/340px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>The first printed photo using a halftone in a Canadian periodical, October 30, 1869</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_(24207693358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg/170px-Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg/255px-Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg/340px-Julemotiv_tegnet_av_Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m_%2824207693358%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="8350" /></a><figcaption>A multicolor postcard by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Nystr%C3%B8m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Nystrøm (page does not exist)">Jenny Nystrøm</a> (1899) printed from hand-made halftone plates</figcaption></figure> <p>While there were earlier mechanical printing processes that could imitate the tone and subtle details of a photograph, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Woodburytype" title="Woodburytype">Woodburytype</a>, expense and practicality prohibited their being used in mass commercial printing that used relief printing. </p><p>Previously most newspaper pictures were woodcuts or wood-engravings made from hand-carved blocks of wood that, while they were often copied from photographs, resembled hand drawn sketches. Commercial printers wanted a practical way to realistically reproduce photographs onto the printed page, but most common mechanical printing processes can only print areas of ink or leave blank areas on the paper and not a photographic range of tones; only black (or coloured) ink, or nothing. The half-tone process overcame these limitations and became the staple of the book, newspaper and other periodical industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fox Talbot">William Fox Talbot</a> is credited with the idea of halftone printing. In an 1852 patent he suggested using "photographic screens or veils" in connection with a photographic <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twyman1970_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twyman1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several different kinds of screens were proposed during the following decades. One of the first attempts was by <a href="/wiki/William_Leggo" title="William Leggo">William Leggo</a> with his leggotype while working for the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Illustrated_News" title="Canadian Illustrated News">Canadian Illustrated News</a></i>. The first printed halftone photograph was an image of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a> published on October 30, 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>New York Daily Graphic</i> would later publish "the first reproduction of a photograph with a full tonal range in a newspaper" on March 4, 1880 (entitled "A Scene in Shantytown") with a crude halftone screen.<sup id="cite_ref-meggspage141_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggspage141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first truly successful commercial method was patented by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Ives</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-twyman1970_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twyman1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meggspage141_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggspage141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he found a way of breaking up the image into dots of varying sizes, he did not make use of a screen. In 1882, the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Meisenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Meisenbach (page does not exist)">Georg Meisenbach</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Meisenbach" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Meisenbach">de</a>]</span> patented a halftone process in Germany which he named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotype_(printing_technique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autotype (printing technique) (page does not exist)">autotype</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotypie" class="extiw" title="de:Autotypie">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His invention was based on the previous ideas of Berchtold and Swan. He used single lined screens which were turned during exposure to produce cross-lined effects. He was the first to achieve any commercial success with <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief</a> halftones.<sup id="cite_ref-twyman1970_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twyman1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, Ives, this time in collaboration with Louis and Max Levy, improved the process further with the invention and commercial production of quality cross-lined screens.<sup id="cite_ref-twyman1970_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twyman1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief</a> halftone process proved almost immediately to be a success. The use of halftone blocks in popular journals became regular during the early 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-twyman1970_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twyman1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of halftone printing methods for <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> appears to have followed a largely independent path. In the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/A._Hoen_%26_Co." title="A. Hoen & Co.">A. Hoen & Co.</a> focused on methods allowing artists to manipulate the tones of hand-worked printing stones.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1880s, Hoen was working on halftone methods that could be used in conjunction with either hand-worked or photolithographic stones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Halftone_photographic_screening">Halftone photographic screening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Halftone photographic screening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to digitised images, special photographic techniques were developed to break grayscale images down into discrete points. The earliest of these was "screening" where a coarse-woven fabric screen was suspended before the camera plate to be exposed, breaking the incoming light into a pattern of dots via a combination of interruption and <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> effects. The photographic plate could then be developed using photo-etching techniques to create a printing plate. </p><p>Other techniques used a "screen" consisting of parallel bars (a <a href="/wiki/Ronchi_ruling" title="Ronchi ruling">Ronchi ruling</a>), which was then combined with a second exposure with the same screen oriented at another angle. Another method was to expose through a screen-plate with crossing lines etched into the surface. Later, either photographic contact screens were used, or sometimes no screen at all, exposing directly on a lithographic (extremely high <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>) film with a pre-exposed halftone pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_halftoning">Traditional halftoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional halftoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_of_halftone_screens">Resolution of halftone screens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resolution of halftone screens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="floatright" align="right" cellpadding="1" style="border:1px solid black"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:navy; color:white">Typical halftone resolutions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Screen printing </td> <td>45–65 lpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laser printer (300dpi) </td> <td>65 lpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laser printer (600dpi) </td> <td>85–105 lpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offset press (newsprint paper) </td> <td>85 lpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offset press (coated paper) </td> <td>85–185 lpi </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The resolution of a halftone screen is measured in <a href="/wiki/Lines_per_inch" title="Lines per inch">lines per inch</a> (lpi). This is the number of lines of dots in one inch, measured parallel with the screen's angle. Known as the screen ruling, the resolution of a screen is written either with the suffix lpi or a hash mark; for example, "150 lpi" or "150#". </p><p>The higher the pixel resolution of a source file, the greater the detail that can be reproduced. However, such increase also requires a corresponding increase in screen ruling or the output will suffer from <a href="/wiki/Posterization" title="Posterization">posterization</a>. Therefore, file resolution is matched to the output resolution. The dots cannot easily be seen by the naked eye, but can be discerned through a microscope or a magnifying glass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_screens_and_color_halftoning">Multiple screens and color halftoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multiple screens and color halftoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Halftoningcolor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/408px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="408" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/612px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/816px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Three examples of modern color halftoning with CMYK separations. From left to right: The cyan separation, the magenta separation, the yellow separation, the black separation, the combined halftone pattern, and finally how the human eye would observe the combined halftone pattern from a sufficient distance.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_raster_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/CMYK_raster_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>This close-up of a halftone print shows that magenta on top of yellow appears as orange/red, and cyan on top of yellow appears as green.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_screen_angles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CMYK_screen_angles.svg/220px-CMYK_screen_angles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CMYK_screen_angles.svg/330px-CMYK_screen_angles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CMYK_screen_angles.svg/440px-CMYK_screen_angles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Examples of typical <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> halftone <a href="/wiki/Screen_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen angle">screen angles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg/330px-Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg/500px-Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg/960px-Screens._Halftone_process_in_printing._img_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8669" data-file-height="5143" /></a><figcaption>Purple screens used in <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a>: Angles 90°, 105°, 165°</figcaption></figure> <p>When different screens are combined, a number of distracting visual effects can occur, including the edges being overly emphasized, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern" title="Moiré pattern">moiré pattern</a>. This problem can be reduced by rotating the screens in relation to each other. This <i>screen angle</i> is another common measurement used in printing, measured in degrees clockwise from a line running to the left (9 o'clock is zero degrees). These angles are optimized to avoid patterns and reduce overlap, which can cause colors to look dimmer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Halftoning is also commonly used for printing color pictures. The general idea is the same, by varying the density of the four secondary printing colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (abbreviation <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a>), any particular shade can be reproduced.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this case there is an additional problem that can occur. In the simple case, one could create a halftone using the same techniques used for printing shades of grey, but in this case the different printing colors have to remain physically close to each other to fool the eye into thinking they are a single color. To do this the industry has standardized on a set of known angles, which result in the dots forming into small circles or rosettes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dot_shapes">Dot shapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dot shapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though round dots are the most commonly used, many dot types are available, each having its own characteristics. They can be used simultaneously to avoid the moiré effect. Generally, the preferred dot shape is also dependent on the printing method or the printing plate. </p> <ul><li>Round dots: most common, suitable for light images, especially for skin tones. They meet at a tonal value of 70%.</li> <li>Elliptical dots: appropriate for images with many objects. Elliptical dots meet at the tonal values 40% (pointed ends) and 60% (long side), so there is a risk of a pattern.</li> <li>Square dots: best for detailed images, not recommended for skin tones. The corners meet at a tonal value of 50%. The transition between the square dots can sometimes be visible to the human eye.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_halftoning">Digital halftoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Digital halftoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital halftoning has been replacing photographic halftoning since the 1970s when "electronic dot generators" were developed for the film recorder units linked to color drum scanners made by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Crosfield_Electronics" title="Crosfield Electronics">Crosfield Electronics</a>, Hell, and <a href="/wiki/Mergenthaler_Linotype_Company" title="Mergenthaler Linotype Company">Linotype-Paul</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_Logo_Halftone_Effect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>An image which has undergone digital halftoning</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s, halftoning became available in the new generation of <a href="/wiki/Imagesetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagesetter">imagesetter</a> film and paper recorders that had been developed from earlier "laser typesetters". Unlike pure scanners or pure typesetters, imagesetters could generate all the elements in a page including type, photographs, and other graphic objects. Early examples were the widely used <a href="/wiki/Mergenthaler_Linotype_Company" title="Mergenthaler Linotype Company">Linotype</a> <a href="/wiki/Linotronic" title="Linotronic">Linotronic</a> 300 and 100 introduced in 1984, which were also the first to offer <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> <a href="/wiki/Raster_image_processor" title="Raster image processor">RIPs</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printers</a> from the late 1970s onward could also generate halftones but their original 300 dpi resolution limited the screen ruling to about 65 lpi. This was improved as higher resolutions of 600 dpi and above, and <a href="/wiki/Dither" title="Dither">dithering</a> techniques, were introduced. </p><p>All halftoning uses a high-frequency/low-frequency dichotomy. In photographic halftoning, the low-frequency attribute is a local area of the output image designated a halftone cell. Each equal-sized cell relates to a corresponding area (size and location) of the continuous-tone input image. Within each cell, the high-frequency attribute is a centered variable-sized halftone dot composed of ink or toner. The ratio of the inked area to the non-inked area of the output cell corresponds to the luminance or graylevel of the input cell. From a suitable distance, the human eye averages both the high-frequency apparent gray level approximated by the ratio within the cell and the low-frequency apparent changes in gray level between adjacent equally spaced cells and centered dots. </p><p>Digital halftoning uses a <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a> image or bitmap within which each monochrome picture element or <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> may be on or off, ink or no ink. Consequently, to emulate the photographic halftone cell, the digital halftone cell must contain groups of monochrome pixels within the same-sized cell area. The fixed location and size of these monochrome pixels compromises the high-frequency/low-frequency dichotomy of the photographic halftone method. Clustered multi-pixel dots cannot "grow" incrementally but in jumps of one whole pixel. In addition, the placement of that pixel is slightly off-center. To minimize this compromise, the digital halftone monochrome pixels must be quite small, numbering from 600 to 2,540, or more, pixels per inch. However, digital image processing has also enabled more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Dither#Dithering_algorithms" title="Dither">dithering algorithms</a> to decide which pixels to turn black or white, some of which yield better results than digital halftoning. Digital halftoning based on some modern image processing tools such as nonlinear diffusion and stochastic flipping has also been proposed recently.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modulation">Modulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common method of creating screens, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a>, produces a regular grid of dots that vary in size. The other method of creating screens, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>, is used in a process also known as <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_screening" title="Stochastic screening">stochastic screening</a>. Both modulation methods are named by analogy with the use of the terms in telecommunications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inverse_halftoning">Inverse halftoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inverse halftoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grayscale_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Original image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grayscale_Cat.jpg/238px-Grayscale_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grayscale_Cat.jpg/357px-Grayscale_Cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Grayscale_Cat.jpg/476px-Grayscale_Cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Original image</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dithered_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dithered image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dithered_Cat.jpg/250px-Dithered_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dithered_Cat.jpg/500px-Dithered_Cat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dithered image</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Descreened_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Descreened image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Descreened_Cat.jpg/238px-Descreened_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Descreened_Cat.jpg/357px-Descreened_Cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Descreened_Cat.jpg/476px-Descreened_Cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Descreened image</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Inverse halftoning or descreening is the process of reconstructing high-quality continuous-tone images from the halftone version. Inverse halftoning is an ill-posed problem because different source images can produce the same halftone image. Consequently, one halftone image has multiple plausible reconstructions. Additionally, information like tones and details are discarded during halftoning and thus irrecoverably lost. Due to the variety of different halftone patterns, it is not always obvious which algorithm to use for the best quality. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risingstar_test_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Risingstar_test_crop.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Dots in the sky due to spatial <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> caused by halftone resized to a lower resolution</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many situations where reconstruction is desired. For artists, it is a challenging task to edit halftone images. Even simple modifications like altering the brightness usually work by changing the color tones. In halftone images, this additionally requires preservation of the regular pattern. The same applies to more complex tools like retouching. Many other image processing techniques are designed to operate on continuous-tone images. For example, image compression algorithms are more efficient for those images.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason is the visual aspect since halftoning degrades the quality of an image. Sudden tone changes of the original image are removed due to the limited tone variations in halftoned images. It can also introduce distortions and visual effects like <a href="/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern" title="Moiré pattern">moiré patterns</a>. Especially when printed on newspaper, the halftone pattern becomes more visible due to the paper properties. By scanning and reprinting these images moiré patterns are emphasized. Thus, reconstructing them before reprinting is important to provide a reasonable quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_and_frequency_filtering">Spatial and frequency filtering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spatial and frequency filtering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main steps of the procedure are the removal of halftone patterns and reconstruction of tone changes. In the end, it may be necessary to recover details to improve image quality. There are many halftoning algorithms which can be mostly classified into the categories <a href="/wiki/Ordered_dithering" title="Ordered dithering">ordered dithering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Error_diffusion" title="Error diffusion">error diffusion</a>, and optimization-based methods. It is important to choose a proper descreening strategy since they generate different patterns and most of the inverse halftoning algorithms are designed for a particular type of pattern. Time is another selection criteria because many algorithms are iterative and therefore rather slow. </p><p>The most straightforward way to remove the halftone patterns is the application of a <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a> either in spatial or frequency domain. A simple example is a <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_filter" title="Gaussian filter">Gaussian filter</a>. It discards the high-frequency information which blurs the image and simultaneously reduces the halftone pattern. This is similar to the blurring effect of our eyes when viewing a halftone image. In any case, it is important to pick a proper <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>. A too-limited bandwidth blurs edges out, while a high bandwidth produces a noisy image because it does not remove the pattern completely. Due to this trade-off, it is not able to reconstruct reasonable edge information. </p><p>Further improvements can be achieved with edge enhancement. Decomposing the halftone image into its <a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">wavelet representation</a> allows to pick information from different frequency bands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edges are usually consisting of highpass energy. By using the extracted highpass information, it is possible to treat areas around edges differently to emphasize them while keeping lowpass information among smooth regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimization-based_filtering">Optimization-based filtering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Optimization-based filtering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another possibility for inverse halftoning is the usage of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms based on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These learning-based approaches can find the descreening technique that gets as close as possible to the perfect one. The idea is to use different strategies depending on the actual halftone image. Even for different content within the same image, the strategy should be varied. <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural networks</a> are well-suited for tasks like <a href="/wiki/Object_detection" title="Object detection">object detection</a> which allows a category based descreening. Additionally, they can do edge detection to enhance the details around edge areas. The results can be further improved by <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">generative adversarial networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of network can artificially generate content and recover lost details. However, these methods are limited by the quality and completeness of the used training data. Unseen halftoning patterns which were not represented in the training data are rather hard to remove. Additionally, the learning process can take some time. By contrast, computing the inverse halftoning image is fast compared to other iterative methods because it requires only a single computational step. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lookup_table">Lookup table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lookup table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other approaches, the <a href="/wiki/Lookup_table" title="Lookup table">lookup table</a> method does not involve any filtering.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by computing a distribution of the neighborhood for every pixel in the halftone image. The lookup table provides a continuous-tone value for a given pixel and its distribution. The corresponding lookup table is obtained before using histograms of halftone images and their corresponding originals. The histograms provide the distribution before and after halftoning and make it possible to approximate the continuous-tone value for a specific distribution in the halftone image. For this approach, the halftoning strategy has to be known in advance for choosing a proper lookup table. Additionally, the table needs to be recomputed for every new halftoning pattern. Generating the descreened image is fast compared to iterative methods because it requires a lookup per pixel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Day_dots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Day dots">Ben Day dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">Dot matrix printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_gain" title="Dot gain">Dot gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duotone" title="Duotone">Duotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_diffusion" title="Error diffusion">Error diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">Stippling</a> (in engraving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a> (in engraving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dither" title="Dither">Dither</a> (in digital images)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversampled_binary_image_sensor" title="Oversampled binary image sensor">Oversampled binary image sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">Pulse-width modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_image_processor" title="Raster image processor">Raster image processor</a> (RIP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screentone" title="Screentone">Screentone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_academic_research_groups">Significant academic research groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Significant academic research groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/Research/ARS/ARS2005/Labs/ElectronicImagingSystemsLaboratory.pdf">Electronic Imaging Systems Laboratory at Purdue University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/projects/halftoning/">Embedded Signal Processing Laboratory at UT Austin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-campbell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Alastair. <i>The Designer's Lexicon</i>. ©2000 Chronicle, San Francisco.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccue-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccue_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCue, Claudia. <i>Real World Print Production</i>. ©2007, Peachpit Berkeley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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"Deep context-aware descreening and rescreening of halftone images". <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3197517.3201377">10.1145/3197517.3201377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0730-0301">0730-0301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51881126">51881126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics&rft.atitle=Deep+context-aware+descreening+and+rescreening+of+halftone+images&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51881126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0730-0301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3197517.3201377&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Tae-Hoon&rft.au=Park%2C+Sang+Il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalftone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurat.2001" class="citation book cs1">Murat., Mese (October 1, 2001). <i>Look-up table (LUT) method for inverse halftoning</i>. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc-IEEE. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926171988">926171988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look-up+table+%28LUT%29+method+for+inverse+halftoning.&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc-IEEE&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F926171988&rft.aulast=Murat.&rft.aufirst=Mese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalftone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halftone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halftone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Halftone">Halftone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918123740/http://www.engr.uky.edu/%7edllau/Halftone/index.html">Daniel Lau's Website about halftoning</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rasterbator.net/">"The Rasterbator": Software that allows creation of large halftone type posters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/projects/halftoning/toolbox/">Image Halftoning Toolbox for MATLAB by V. Monga, N. Damera-Venkata and B. L. Evans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/HalfToneScreens/">Halftone screens at the Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melissaevans.com/tutorials/pop-art-inspired-by-lichtenstein">Creating halftone shading with Adobe Photoshop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620095402/http://www.digitalartform.com/archives/2009/06/custom_halftone.html">An Easy Method for Making Custom Halftones in Adobe Photoshop</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.photographer.org.uk/photoscience_halftones.htm">A visual guide to traditional halftones and their creation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psd-dude.com/tutorials/resources/halftone-photoshop-tutorials.aspx">Photoshop tutorials about how to create and use halftone patterns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activiotic.com/products/raster-pro/">Javascript plugin for generating halftone images</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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