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id="toc-Proxy_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proxy_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Proxy war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proxy_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proxy war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proxy_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Militants_seize_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militants_seize_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Militants seize towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militants_seize_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sloviansk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sloviansk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Sloviansk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sloviansk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kramatorsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kramatorsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Kramatorsk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kramatorsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horlivka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horlivka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Horlivka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horlivka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Other settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_counter-offensive:_"the_Anti-Terrorist_Operation"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_counter-offensive:_"the_Anti-Terrorist_Operation""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Government counter-offensive: "the Anti-Terrorist Operation" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_counter-offensive:_"the_Anti-Terrorist_Operation"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_2014:_post-referendum_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_2014:_post-referendum_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 May 2014: post-referendum fighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_2014:_post-referendum_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_battle_and_fighting_in_Luhansk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_battle_and_fighting_in_Luhansk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Airport battle and fighting in Luhansk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_battle_and_fighting_in_Luhansk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation_in_May_and_June_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_in_May_and_June_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Escalation in May and June 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_in_May_and_June_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luhansk_border_post_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luhansk_border_post_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Luhansk border post siege </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luhansk_border_post_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_June_Luhansk_airstrike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_June_Luhansk_airstrike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 2 June Luhansk airstrike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_June_Luhansk_airstrike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Continued fighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_tank_incursion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_tank_incursion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Russian tank incursion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_tank_incursion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilyushin_Il-76_shoot-down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilyushin_Il-76_shoot-down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Ilyushin Il-76 shoot-down </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilyushin_Il-76_shoot-down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Yampil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Yampil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Battle of Yampil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Yampil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_2014:_post-ceasefire_government_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_2014:_post-ceasefire_government_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 July 2014: post-ceasefire government offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_2014:_post-ceasefire_government_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_worsens_in_eastern_Donetsk_Oblast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_worsens_in_eastern_Donetsk_Oblast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fighting worsens in eastern Donetsk Oblast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_worsens_in_eastern_Donetsk_Oblast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downing_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downing_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downing_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_push_into_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_push_into_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Government push into Donetsk and Luhansk cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_push_into_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_war_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_war_between_Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Open war between Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_war_between_Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Open war between Russia and Ukraine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Open_war_between_Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 August 2014 invasion by Russian forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_2014_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2014_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 September 2014 ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2014_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_2014_separatist_elections_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_2014_separatist_elections_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 November 2014 separatist elections and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_2014_separatist_elections_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation_in_January_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_in_January_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Escalation in January 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_in_January_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minsk_II_ceasefire_and_denouement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minsk_II_ceasefire_and_denouement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Minsk II ceasefire and denouement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minsk_II_ceasefire_and_denouement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2017_eruption_of_heavy_fighting_and_failed_ceasefires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2017_eruption_of_heavy_fighting_and_failed_ceasefires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 January 2017 eruption of heavy fighting and failed ceasefires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2017_eruption_of_heavy_fighting_and_failed_ceasefires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2019_Steinmeier_formula_agreement_and_July_2020_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2019_Steinmeier_formula_agreement_and_July_2020_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 October 2019 Steinmeier formula agreement and July 2020 ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2019_Steinmeier_formula_agreement_and_July_2020_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021–2022_escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021–2022_escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2021–2022 escalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021–2022_escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_full-scale_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_full-scale_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_full-scale_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Combatants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combatants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Combatants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 List of combatants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Russian involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_aid_to_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_aid_to_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military aid to Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_aid_to_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ukrainian forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separatist_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separatist_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Separatist forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separatist_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Humanitarian concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humanitarian_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humanitarian concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Displaced_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displaced_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Displaced population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displaced_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ukrainian public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labelling_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labelling_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Labelling of the conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labelling_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">War in Donbas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الحرب في دونباس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب في دونباس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbass_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Donbass müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Donbass müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دوغو اوکراین ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو اوکراین ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দোনবাসের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দোনবাসের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вайна на ўсходзе Украіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна на ўсходзе Украіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Вайна на Данбасе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайна на Данбасе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Война в Донбас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война в Донбас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_an_Donbas" title="Brezel an Donbas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel an Donbas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_al_Donb%C3%A0s" title="Guerra al Donbàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra al Donbàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_na_Donbase" title="Válka na Donbase – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka na Donbase" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Donbass" title="Krigen i Donbass – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigen i Donbass" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_im_Donbass" title="Krieg im Donbass – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krieg im Donbass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5da_Donbassis" title="Sõda Donbassis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõda Donbassis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος στο Ντονμπάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος στο Ντονμπάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Domb%C3%A1s" title="Guerra del Dombás – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Dombás" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbasa_Milito" title="Donbasa Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Donbasa Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbasseko_gerra" title="Donbasseko gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Donbasseko gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جنگ در دونباس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ در دونباس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Donbass" title="Guerre du Donbass – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Donbass" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%88%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="돈바스 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돈바스 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Զինված հակամարտություն Ուկրաինայի արևելքում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զինված հակամարտություն Ուկրաինայի արևելքում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="डोनबास में युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डोनबास में युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_isto%C4%8Dnoj_Ukrajini" title="Rat u istočnoj Ukrajini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat u istočnoj Ukrajini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Donbas" title="Perang di Donbas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang di Donbas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Украинæйы хурыскæсæны хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Украинæйы хурыскæсæны хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Donbass" title="Guerra del Donbass – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Donbass" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1" title="המלחמה בדונבאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה בדונבאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დონბასის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დონბასის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Донбастағы соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Донбастағы соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Donbas%C3%AA" title="Şerê Donbasê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Donbasê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbasa_kar%C5%A1" title="Donbasa karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Donbasa karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_Donbase" title="Karas Donbase – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karas Donbase" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Donbass" title="Guerra del Donbass – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guerra del Donbass" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-ukrajnai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Kelet-ukrajnai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-ukrajnai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_tao_Donbass" title="Ady tao Donbass – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady tao Donbass" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Донбасс дахь дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Донбасс дахь дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_in_Oost-Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oorlog in Oost-Oekraïne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog in Oost-Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ドンバス戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドンバス戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Donbas" title="Krigen i Donbas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigen i Donbas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Donbas" title="Krigen i Donbas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krigen i Donbas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دونباس وچ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دونباس وچ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="په دونباس کې جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په دونباس کې جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Donbasie" title="Wojna w Donbasie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna w Donbasie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_em_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="Guerra em Donbas (2014–2022) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra em Donbas (2014–2022)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictul_armat_din_Donbas" title="Conflictul armat din Donbas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conflictul armat din Donbas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_(2014%E2%80%942022)" title="Война в Донбассе (2014—2022) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война в Донбассе (2014—2022)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_n%C3%AB_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="Lufta në Donbas (2014–2022) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta në Donbas (2014–2022)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_v_Donbasu_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="Vojna v Donbasu (2014–2022) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojna v Donbasu (2014–2022)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شەڕی دۆنباس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی دۆنباس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Рат у Донбасу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Донбасу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Ukrainan_sota" title="Itä-Ukrainan sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Ukrainan sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriget_i_Donbass" title="Kriget i Donbass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kriget i Donbass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan_sa_Donbas" title="Digmaan sa Donbas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaan sa Donbas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Донбасс сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Донбасс сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="สงครามในดอนบัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามในดอนบัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbas_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Donbas Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donbas Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="http://novosti.dn.ua/details/222329/">http://novosti.dn.ua/details/222329/</a> (refs: 74, 112) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316122469">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316122469</a> (refs: 82, 557) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27829773">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27829773</a> (refs: 205, 210) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28363086">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28363086</a> (refs: 267, 270) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28934213">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28934213</a> (refs: 353, 567) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1176994">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1176994</a> (refs: 556, 561, 570, 576, 577) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338.2014.985432">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338.2014.985432</a> (refs: 558, 569, 575) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10746846&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA492538899&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10746846&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA492538899&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs</a> (refs: 560, 579) </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf">https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf</a> (refs: 659, 660, 661, 662) </li></ul></div> It is recommended to use <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS" title="Help:Footnotes">named references</a> to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Donbas (disambiguation)">Battle of Donbas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 20,712 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:War_in_Donbas" title="Talk:War in Donbas">talk page</a>. (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War in Donbas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk,_Eastern_Ukraine,_May_30,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/142px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/213px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/284px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk,_Eastern_Ukraine,_May_26,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg/142px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg/213px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg/284px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_looking_though_firing_port_at_his_position_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_26%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/158px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/237px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/316px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="382" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-04-26-0314_(17283082376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg/126px-2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg/189px-2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg/252px-2015-04-26-0314_%2817283082376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve,_5_February_2015_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg/145px-Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg/218px-Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg/290px-Ukrainian_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Debaltseve%2C_5_February_2015_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="409" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg/139px-Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg/209px-Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg/278px-Battalion_%22Donbas%22_in_Donetsk_region_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Top row: Pro-Russian paramilitaries in Donbas. Middle: Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">Battle of Donetsk Airport</a>; damaged buildings in <a href="/wiki/Spartak,_Donetsk_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartak, Donetsk Raion">Spartak</a>. Bottom: Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/T-64BV" class="mw-redirect" title="T-64BV">T-64BV</a> tank during the Battle of Debaltseve; <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a> soldiers on a <a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a> in the Donbas, August 2014.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 April 2014 (2014-04-12)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6Ynq0-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-yFQjM-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> – 24 February 2022 (2022-02-24)<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:War_in_Donbas#Dubious" title="Talk:War in Donbas">discuss</a>] (7 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">oblasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> Major combat operations phase ended on 20 February 2015. Subsumed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Russian-controlled separatists established two widely unrecognized republics in parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk PR</a><a href="#cite_note-DonetskLuhansk-4">[a]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk PR</a><a href="#cite_note-DonetskLuhansk-4">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> (2019–2022)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> (2014–2019)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> (2014)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a> (2018–2022)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">A. Zakharchenko</a> (2014–2018) <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a> (2014)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> (2014)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Pavel Gubarev</a> (2014)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a> (2017–2022)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Plotnitsky" title="Igor Plotnitsky">Igor Plotnitsky</a> (2014–2017)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bolotov" title="Valery Bolotov">Valery Bolotov</a> (2014) <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Ukrainian_forces" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">(details)</a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukrainian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_defence_battalions_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial defence battalions (Ukraine)">Territorial defence battalions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Internal Affairs Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_volunteer_battalions" title="Ukrainian volunteer battalions">Ukrainian volunteer battalions</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Russia <a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Russian_forces" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">(details)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Foreign_groups" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Foreign volunteers</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Pro-Russian separatists</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_people%27s_militias_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people's militias in Ukraine">(details)</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist forces of the war in Donbas">DPR Armed Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist forces of the war in Donbas">LPR People's Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 64,000 troops<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40,000–45,000 fighters<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></li><li>9,000–12,000 Russian soldiers<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4,647 killed<a href="#cite_note-memory-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-memory1-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-othercasualties-17">[15]</a></li><li>70 missing<a href="#cite_note-70missing-18">[16]</a></li><li>13,800–14,200 wounded<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>6,500 killed<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_killed">[*]</a><a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a></li><li>15,800–16,200 wounded<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3,404 civilians killed (365 in 2016–2021)<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a></li><li>14,200–14,400 killed; 51,000–54,000 wounded overall<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a></li><li>1.6 million Ukrainians internally displaced; over 1 million fled abroad as of March 2016<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR232-20">[18]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">* Includes 400–500 Russian servicemen (per the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, March 2015)<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Ukrainian_War_(outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Background</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Munich_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin">2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Major topics</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare" title="Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">cyberattacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Belarusian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Foreign aid (<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">humanitarian</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimean crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Timeline</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymnash" title="Krymnash">Krymnash</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Crimean_Parliament" title="Capture of the Crimean Parliament">Crimean Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belbek_Airport" title="Capture of Belbek Airport">Belbek Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Southern_Naval_Base" title="Capture of Southern Naval Base">Southern Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Simferopol_incident" title="2014 Simferopol incident">2014 Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 Russian protests</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">Timeline</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Donetsk_(2014)" title="Capture of Donetsk (2014)">Capture of Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kramatorsk" title="Battle of Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemivsk" title="Battle of Artemivsk">Artemivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mariupol_(2014)" title="Battle of Mariupol (2014)">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2014)" title="Battles of Sievierodonetsk (2014)">Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_Air_Force_Il-76_shootdown" title="2014 Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown">Il-76 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenopillia_rocket_attack" title="Zelenopillia rocket attack">Zelenopillia rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karlivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Karlivka">Karlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="First Battle of Donetsk Airport">1st Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Luhansk_Border_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Luhansk Border Base">Luhansk Border Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnyi_Lyman" title="Battle of Krasnyi Lyman">Krasnyi Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fights_on_the_Ukrainian%E2%80%93Russian_border_(2014)" title="Fights on the Ukrainian–Russian border (2014)">Sector D clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Raid_of_2014" title="Great Raid of 2014">Great Raid of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horlivka" title="Battle of Horlivka">Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yasynuvata" title="Battle of Yasynuvata">Yasynuvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilovaisk" title="Battle of Ilovaisk">Ilovaisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novoazovsk" title="Battle of Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Mariupol_(September_2014)" title="Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)">2nd Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">2nd Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">International recognition</a></li></ul> Post-Minsk II conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2015)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne_standoff" title="Shyrokyne standoff">Shyrokyne (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2015)" title="Battle of Marinka (2015)">Marinka (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2016)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svitlodarsk" title="Battle of Svitlodarsk">Svitlodarsk (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2017)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2017)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2017)">Avdiivka (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2017)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2019)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2020)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2021)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022</a></li></ul> Attacks on civilians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk" title="Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka_refugee_convoy_attack" title="Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack">Novosvitlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_bus_attack" title="Volnovakha bus attack">Volnovakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_bus_station_attack" title="Donetsk bus station attack">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_rocket_attack" title="January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Kramatorsk_rocket_attack" title="February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack">Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Timeline</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to invasion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">Reactions</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Military engagements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine campaign">Northern Ukraine campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">Antonov Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">Sumy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">1st Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Izium" title="Battle of Izium">Izium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">2nd Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022)">Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysychansk" title="Battle of Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar" title="Battle of Soledar">Soledar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Bakhmut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast_campaign" title="Luhansk Oblast campaign">Luhansk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Battle of Marinka (2022–2023)">Marinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">Avdiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk_offensive" title="Pokrovsk offensive">Pokrovsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern Ukraine campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">1st Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mykolaiv" title="Battle of Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">Kherson counteroffensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">2nd Kherson</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Kursk_Oblast_incursion" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion">2024 Kursk offensive</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Effects and aftermath</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Peace negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Protests in occupied Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Government and intergovernmental reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-government_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Non-government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_protests_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)">Russian protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">ICJ case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul> Related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Ukrainian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Belarusian and Russian partisan movement (2022–present)">Belarusian and Russian partisan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Zagreb_Tu-141_crash" title="2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash">Zagreb Tu-141 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mystery_fires_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian mystery fires (2022–present)">Russian mystery fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soloti_military_training_ground_shooting" title="Soloti military training ground shooting">Soloti training ground shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brovary_helicopter_crash" title="2023 Brovary helicopter crash">Brovary helicopter crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_accidental_bombing" title="2023 Belgorod accidental bombing">Belgorod accidental bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bryansk_Oblast_military_aircraft_crashes" title="2023 Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes">Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Wagner_Group_plane_crash" title="2023 Wagner Group plane crash">Wagner Group plane crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_coup_attempt_allegations" title="2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations">Ukrainian coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Soviet_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Soviet_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caucasus</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">2022 clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" title="2001 Kodori crisis">Kodori</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">North Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">guerrilla phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">North Caucasus insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">IS insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_conflict" title="Batken conflict">Batken spillover</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyz revolutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2020">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">South Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes" title="2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes">Dungan–Kazakh clashes</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests" title="2022 Karakalpak protests">Karakalpakstan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Eastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Moscow</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">(outline)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The war in Donbas,<a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a> also known as the Donbas war, was a phase of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The war <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2014)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)">began in April 2014</a>, when a commando unit headed by Russian citizen <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-yFQjM-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The Ukrainian military launched an operation against them.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-6Ynq0-6">[5]</a> The war continued until subsumed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> In March 2014, following Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>, anti-revolution and <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian protests</a> began in Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a>, collectively 'the Donbas'. These began as Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">invaded Crimea</a>. Armed <a href="/wiki/Russian_people%27s_militias_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people's militias in Ukraine">Russian-backed separatists</a> seized Ukrainian government buildings and declared the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a> republics (DPR and LPR) as independent states, leading to conflict with Ukrainian forces.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops and weaponry. It only admitted sending "military specialists",<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> but later acknowledged the separatists as Russian combat <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-veterans-31">[28]</a> In April 2014, Ukraine launched a counter-offensive, called the "Anti-Terrorist Operation"<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> (ATO), later renamed the "Joint Forces Operation" (JFO).<a href="#cite_note-Katchanovski2016-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-eujfa2-34">[31]</a> By August 2014, Ukraine had re-taken most separatist-held territory and nearly regained control of the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">Russia–Ukraine border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de4-35">[32]</a> In response, Russia covertly <a href="#August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces">sent troops, tanks and artillery into the Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The Russian incursion helped pro-Russian forces regain much of the territory they had lost.<a href="#cite_note-Katchanovski2016-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Ukraine, Russia, the DPR and LPR signed a ceasefire agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2908-41">[38]</a> Ceasefire breaches became rife, 29 in all,<a href="#cite_note-tass.com/world/1027270-42">[39]</a> and heavy fighting resumed in January 2015, during which the separatists <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">captured Donetsk Airport</a>. A new ceasefire, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk II</a>, was agreed on 12 February 2015. Immediately after, separatists renewed their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve#After_Minsk_II" title="Battle of Debaltseve">offensive on Debaltseve</a> and forced Ukraine's military to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Skirmishes continued but the front line did not change. Both sides fortified their position by building networks of <a href="/wiki/Trenches" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenches">trenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunkers">bunkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">tunnels</a>, resulting in static <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Stalemate led to the war being called a "<a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen conflict</a>",<a href="#cite_note-REU21JULY2015-46">[43]</a> but Donbas remained a war zone, with dozens killed monthly.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> In 2017, on average a Ukrainian soldier died every three days,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> with an estimated 40,000 separatist and 6,000 Russian troops in the region.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> By the end of 2017, <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> observers had counted around 30,000 people in military gear crossing from Russia at the two border checkpoints it was allowed to <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">monitor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> and documented military convoys crossing from Russia covertly.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> All sides agreed to a roadmap for ending the war in October 2019,<a href="#cite_note-bbc11oct1-53">[50]</a> but it remained unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-zelenskyy-high-chance-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-7265424Donbass-55">[52]</a> During 2021, Ukrainian fatalities rose sharply and <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian forces massed around Ukraine's borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56678665Ukraineconflict-56">[53]</a> Russia <a href="/wiki/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine" title="Address concerning the events in Ukraine">recognized the DPR and LPR</a> as independent states on 21 February 2022 and deployed troops to those territories. On 24 February, Russia began a <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion of Ukraine</a>, subsuming the war in Donbas into it. About 14,000 people were killed in the war: 6,500 Russian and Russian proxy forces, 4,400 Ukrainian forces, and 3,400 civilians on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> Most civilian casualties were in the first year.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></div> Despite being recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">independent country since 1991</a>, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine was perceived by the leadership of Russia as part of its <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. In a 2002 paper <a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Taras Kuzio</a> stated "While accepting Ukrainian independence, Putin has sought to draw Ukraine into a closer relationship. This approach has been acceptable to eastern Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchs</a>, who do not harbour anti-Russian feelings".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Taras Kuzio</a> stated <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The traditional Soviet policy of dividing eastern against western Ukrainians, then "bourgeois nationalists" and now "crazy Galicians," remains in place. This tactic was deliberately employed by the Yanukovych administration is promoting a strategy of regional divide-and-rule through polarization, using May 9–style provocations, to maintain its eastern Ukrainian electorate permanently mobilized.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a></blockquote> Analysts have stated that as of February 2014, Russia was able to:<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <ul><li>Control gas shipments to Ukraine (in the past few years, it had twice turned off the flow of gas to the country to force the hands of Ukrainian leaders);</li> <li>Manipulate the price of gas to Ukraine's fiscal disadvantage;</li> <li>Arbitrarily impose trade restrictions on Ukrainian exports;</li> <li>Flood Ukraine with television propaganda highlighting alleged Western interference in Ukraine's internal affairs;</li> <li>Infiltrate Ukrainian security forces to stage provocations that would discredit the opposition;</li> <li>Stir up secessionist sentiment in Russian-speaking areas such as Crimea and Donetsk.</li></ul> According to the Institute of Modern Russia, the Kremlin also maintained a tight hold on Ukraine's president, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In November 2013, the '<a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>' protests began in response to Yanukovych's decision to abandon a <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Ukraine_Association_Agreement" title="European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement">political association and free trade agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), instead choosing closer ties to Russia. Earlier that year, <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine's parliament</a> had overwhelmingly approved finalizing the agreement with the EU.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The scope of the protests widened, with calls for Yanukovych's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Protesters opposed what they saw as widespread <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine#Political_corruption" title="Corruption in Ukraine">government corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">oligarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The protests culminated in February 2014 with clashes in Kyiv between protesters and <a href="/wiki/Berkut_(special_police_force)" title="Berkut (special police force)">Berkut</a> special riot police, in which <a href="/wiki/Maidan_casualties" title="Maidan casualties">108 protesters were killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Yanukovych and the opposition <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_settlement_of_political_crisis_in_Ukraine" title="Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine">signed an agreement</a> on 21 February, but he secretly fled the city that evening.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The following day, parliament <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity#Removal_of_Yanukovych" title="Revolution of Dignity">voted to remove him from office</a>. This series of events became known as the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>. Immediately following the revolution, unmarked <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian troops occupied</a> the Ukrainian territory of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. After an <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">illegal referendum</a>, Crimea was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_sabotage_activities_in_Ukraine" title="2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine">2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg/220px-2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg/330px-2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg/440px-2014-03-09._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Russian protesters in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, 9 March 2014</figcaption></figure> Following the revolution, <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">counter-revolutionary and pro-Russian protests</a> began in parts of the Donbas. A national survey held in March–April 2014 found that 58% of respondents in the Donbas wanted autonomy within Ukraine, while 31% wanted the region to separate from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Katchanovski-67">[64]</a> Pro-Russian protesters occupied the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Regional_State_Administration_Building" title="Donetsk Regional State Administration Building">Donetsk Regional State Administration Building</a> from 1 to 6 March 2014, before being removed by the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> (SBU).<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Pavel Gubarev</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">neo-Nazi</a> group <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity</a>, was proclaimed "people's governor" of Donetsk Oblast.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> On 6 April, 1,000–2,000 people gathered at a rally in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> to demand a referendum on greater autonomy or joining Russia, similar to the <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">one held in Crimea</a> in March.<a href="#cite_note-BBC100a6414-70">[67]</a> Hundreds of masked men also seized weapons from the SBU building in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> A large crowd then <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Donetsk_(2014)" title="Capture of Donetsk (2014)">stormed and occupied the Donetsk RSA building</a>, raising the Russian flag.<a href="#cite_note-BBC100a6414-70">[67]</a> They demanded the regional council meet by noon the next day and vote for a referendum on joining Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> Otherwise, they vowed to take control of the regional government with a "people's mandate", and dismiss all elected regional councillors and members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> As these demands were not met, the following day the activists held a meeting in the building and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (DPR) as an independent state.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Unrest also began in <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a> on 6 April, when hundreds of protesters attacked and laid siege to the SBU headquarters for six hours, demanding the release of anti-government militants held there.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> They eventually stormed the building, releasing prisoners and seizing weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> In response to the widening unrest, <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">Acting</a> Ukrainian President, <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> announced on 7 April that Ukraine would launch an "anti-terrorist operation".<a href="#cite_note-news.biharprabha.com-74">[71]</a> On 8 April, he signed a decree to take the Donetsk regional government buildings "under state protection".<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainska_Pravda-75">[72]</a> The Minister of Internal Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a>, said on 9 April that the unrest would be resolved within 48 hours, either through negotiations or the use of force.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-76">[73]</a> On 10 April, President Turchynov offered amnesty to the militants, if they laid down their arms, and also offered to hold referendums on autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-gorlovkafox-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proxy_war">Proxy war</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2014)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)">Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While the initial protests were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government, Russia took advantage of them to launch a coordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a> Russian citizens led the separatist movement in Donetsk from April until August 2014, and were supported by volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-de2-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-20140815-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUeuada-82">[79]</a> As the conflict escalated in May 2014, Russia employed a "<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid</a> approach", deploying a combination of disinformation, irregular fighters, regular Russian troops, and conventional military support to destabilize the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-de3-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fedorov-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-karber2-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militants_seize_towns">Militants seize towns</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg/220px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg/330px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg/440px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Russian paramilitaries <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">occupying Sloviansk</a> city council, 14 April 2014<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 12 April and 14 April, Russian-allied militants took control of government buildings in several towns and cities in Donetsk oblast, including <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenakiieve" title="Yenakiieve">Yenakiieve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druzhkivka" title="Druzhkivka">Druzhkivka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhdanivka" title="Zhdanivka">Zhdanivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gorlovkafox-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-zhdanovka-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">Siege of Sloviansk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg/220px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg/330px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg/440px-2014-04-14_Sloviansk_city_council_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Russian insurgents occupying the Sloviansk city administration building, 14 April 2014</figcaption></figure> On 12 April, the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> was captured by a fifty-strong unit of heavily-armed pro-Russian militants.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> They attacked and occupied the town's administration building, police station, and SBU building, and set up roadblocks with the help of local armed activists.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-kpslov-90">[87]</a> The unit were Russian Armed Forces 'volunteers' under the command of Russian GRU colonel <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> ('Strelkov').<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> They had been sent from Russian-occupied Crimea and <a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">wore no insignia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unnamed_War_Sloviansk-71">[68]</a> Girkin said that this action sparked the Donbas War. He said "I'm the one who pulled the trigger of war. If our unit hadn't crossed the border, everything would have fizzled out, like in Kharkiv, like in Odesa".<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> He explained that "nobody there wanted to fight" until his unit seized Sloviansk.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> After militants took over the city, Sloviansk mayor <a href="/wiki/Nelya_Shtepa" title="Nelya Shtepa">Nelya Shtepa</a> briefly appeared at an occupied police station, and expressed support for the militants.<a href="#cite_note-kpslov-90">[87]</a> Others gathered outside the building and similarly voiced their support for the militants. They told Ukrainian journalists who were reporting on the situation to "go back to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>".<a href="#cite_note-kpslov-90">[87]</a> Shtepa was later detained by the insurgents, and replaced by the self-proclaimed "people's mayor" <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ponomarev_(public_figure)" title="Vyacheslav Ponomarev (public figure)">Vyacheslav Ponomarev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-teleapr12-95">[92]</a> The pro-Russian militants killed a member of Solviansk town council, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Ivanovych_Rybak" title="Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak">Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak</a>, as well as four other Ukrainians, including 25-year-old Yuri Dyakovsky and an unnamed 19-year-old man. Girkin took responsibility for these summary executions in 2020, even though in the preceding years he and other pro-Russian militants had claimed Rybak had been released.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The militants gained control of the city's police weapons cache and seized hundreds of firearms, which prompted the Ukrainian government to launch a "counter-terrorism" operation to retake the city.<a href="#cite_note-teleapr12-95">[92]</a> This government counter-offensive began on the morning of 13 April.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> An entrenched standoff between pro-Russian forces and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> ensued, marking the start of combat in the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kramatorsk" title="Battle of Kramatorsk">Battle of Kramatorsk</a></div> The same day as the capture of Sloviansk, Girkin's men attacked the police station in nearby <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>, resulting in a shootout.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The fighters, claiming to be members of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Donbas People's Militia</a>, later captured the police station. They removed the police station's sign and raised the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic over the building.<a href="#cite_note-militaproof-100">[97]</a> They then issued an ultimatum that stated that if the city's mayor and administration did not swear allegiance to the Republic by the following Monday, they would remove them from office.<a href="#cite_note-militaproof-100">[97]</a> Concurrently, a crowd of demonstrators surrounded the city administration building, captured it, and raised the Donetsk People's Republic flag over it. A representative of the Republic addressed locals outside the occupied police station, but was received negatively and booed.<a href="#cite_note-militaproof-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horlivka">Horlivka</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horlivka" title="Battle of Horlivka">Battle of Horlivka</a></div> Pro-Russian militants attempted to seize the police headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a> on 12 April, but were halted. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> reported that police said that the purpose of the attempted seizure was to gain access to a weapons cache.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> They said that they would use force if needed to defend the building from "criminals and terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> By 14 April militants had captured the building after a tense standoff with the police.<a href="#cite_note-gorlovkafox-78">[75]</a> Some members of the local police unit had defected to the Donetsk People's Republic earlier in the day, whilst the remaining officers were forced to retreat, allowing the insurgents to take control of the building.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The local chief of police was captured and badly beaten by the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> A Horlivka city council deputy, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Ivanovych_Rybak" title="Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak">Volodymyr Rybak</a>, was kidnapped by masked men believed to be pro-Russian militants on 17 April. His body was later found in a river in occupied Sloviansk on 22 April.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> The city administration building was seized on 30 April, solidifying separatist control over Horlivka.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_settlements">Other settlements</h4></div> Other smaller towns, as well as government buildings, were seized by Russian-backed militants in the Donbas. In <a href="/wiki/Artemivsk,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemivsk, Donetsk Oblast">Artemivsk</a> on 12 April, separatists failed to capture the local Ministry of Internal Affairs office, but instead <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemivsk" title="Battle of Artemivsk">captured</a> the city administration building and raised the DPR flag over it.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The city administration buildings in <a href="/wiki/Yenakiieve" title="Yenakiieve">Yenakiieve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druzhkivka" title="Druzhkivka">Druzhkivka</a> were also captured.<a href="#cite_note-20AprilDeparture-108">[105]</a> Police repelled an attack by pro-Russian militants upon an office of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Lyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyi Lyman">Krasnyi Lyman</a> on 12 April, but the building was later captured by the separatists after a skirmish.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Insurgents affiliated with the Donbas People's Militia occupied a regional administration building in <a href="/wiki/Khartsyzk" title="Khartsyzk">Khartsyzk</a> on 13 April, followed by a local administration building in <a href="/wiki/Zhdanivka" title="Zhdanivka">Zhdanivka</a> on 14 April.<a href="#cite_note-zhdanovka-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> On 12 April, unmarked <a href="/wiki/Donbass_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbass separatism">pro-Russian militants</a> seized the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Interior Ministry</a> and two police stations without resistance, while an assault on the general prosecutor's office was repelled.<a href="#cite_note-kpslov-90">[87]</a> Following negotiations between the militants and those in the building, the chief of the office resigned from his post.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> According to anonymous witnesses, some militants wore uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Berkut_(special_police_force)" title="Berkut (special police force)">Berkut</a> special police force, which had been dissolved by the new government following the February revolution.<a href="#cite_note-teleapr12-95">[92]</a> The militants also took over the municipal administration building unopposed on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Demonstrators hoisted the DPR flag over the city administration buildings in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoarmiisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoarmiisk">Krasnoarmiisk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a> on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> The local administration building in <a href="/wiki/Siversk" title="Siversk">Siversk</a> was similarly captured on 18 April. Following the takeover, local police announced that they would co-operate with the activists.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_counter-offensive:_"the_Anti-Terrorist_Operation"">Government counter-offensive: "the Anti-Terrorist Operation"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg/220px-2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg/330px-2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg/440px-2014-04-15._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The barricade outside the Donetsk RSA with a slogan that asks the EU and US to "go home", alluding to claims of a Western intervention</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a>, the Minister of Internal Affairs, said on 9 April that the separatist problem would be resolved within 48 hours through either negotiations or the use of force. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> state news agency, he said: "There are two opposite ways for resolving this conflict – a political dialogue and the heavy-handed approach. We are ready for both." Acting president <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> had already signed a decree which called for the Donetsk regional state administration building, occupied by separatists, to be taken "under state protection".<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainska_Pravda-75">[72]</a> He offered amnesty to any separatists who laid down their arms and surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> By 11 April Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Arseniy Yatsenyuk</a> said that he had been against the use of "law enforcement" at the time, but that "there was a limit" to how much the Ukrainian government would tolerate.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> In response to the spread of separatist control throughout Donetsk Oblast and the separatists' refusal to lay down their arms, Turchynov vowed to launch a military counter-offensive operation, called the "Anti-Terrorist Operation", against insurgents in the region by 15 April.<a href="#cite_note-news.biharprabha.com-74">[71]</a> On 13 April, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defence Council</a> launched an anti-terrorist operation "in the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine".<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> As part of the counter-offensive, Ukrainian troops re-took the airfield in <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a> after a skirmish with members of the Donbas People's Militia. According to Russian media, at least four people died as a result.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> After the Armed Forces of Ukraine re-took the airfield, the commanding general of the unit that had retaken it, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Krutov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasyl Krutov (page does not exist)">Vasyl Krutov</a>, was surrounded by hostile protesters who demanded to know why the Ukrainian troops had fired upon local residents.<a href="#cite_note-krutovguardian-119">[116]</a> Krutov was then dragged back to the airbase along with his unit. They were then blocked by the protesters, who vowed not to let the troops leave the base.<a href="#cite_note-krutovguardian-119">[116]</a> Krutov later told reporters that "if they [the separatists] do not lay down their arms, they will be destroyed".<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Donbas People's Militia insurgents entered <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> on 16 April, along with six <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> they claimed to have obtained from the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/25th_Airborne_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)">25th Airborne Brigade</a>, which had surrendered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Reports say members of the brigade were disarmed after the vehicles were blocked from passing by angry locals.<a href="#cite_note-BBC16Apr14-122">[119]</a> In another incident, several hundred residents of the village of Pchyolkino, south of Sloviansk, surrounded another column of 14 Ukrainian armoured vehicles. Following negotiations, the troops were allowed to drive their vehicles away, but only after agreeing to surrender the magazines from their assault rifles.<a href="#cite_note-BBC16Apr14-122">[119]</a> These incidents led President Turchynov to say he would disband the <a href="/wiki/25th_Airborne_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Airborne Brigade">25th Airborne Brigade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> although this was later cancelled. Three members of the Donbas People's Militia were killed, 11 wounded, and 63 were arrested after they attempted and failed to storm a <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a> base in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> On 20 April, separatists in Yenakiieve left the city administration building there, which they had occupied since 13 April.<a href="#cite_note-20AprilDeparture-108">[105]</a> Despite this, by 27 May the city was still not under Ukrainian government control.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> On 22 April pro-Russian demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Kostiantynivka" title="Kostiantynivka">Kostiantynivka</a> burned down the offices of a newspaper that had been critical of the DPR.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> On 21 April, demonstrators gathered for a 'people's assembly' outside the SBU building in Luhansk and called for a 'people's government', demanding either federalization or joining Russia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> At this assembly, they elected <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bolotov" title="Valery Bolotov">Valery Bolotov</a> as "People's Governor".<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Two referendums were announced, one to be held on 11 May to determine whether Luhansk region should seek greater autonomy, and another scheduled for 18 May to determine whether the region should join Russia, or declare independence.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Turchynov relaunched the stalled counter-offensive against pro-Russian insurgents on 22 April, after two men, one a local politician, were found "tortured to death".<a href="#cite_note-bbc22-130">[127]</a> The politician, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Ivanovych_Rybak" title="Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak">Volodymyr Rybak</a>, was found dead near <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> after having been abducted by pro-Russian insurgents. Turchynov said that "the terrorists who effectively took the whole Donetsk Oblast hostage have now gone too far".<a href="#cite_note-bbc22-130">[127]</a> The Internal Affairs Ministry reported that the city of <a href="/wiki/Sviatohirsk" title="Sviatohirsk">Sviatohirsk</a>, near Sloviansk, was retaken by Ukrainian troops on 23 April.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In addition, the Defence Ministry said it had taken control over all points of strategic importance in the area around <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> On 24 April, 70 to 100 insurgents armed with assault rifles and rocket launchers attacked an armoury in Artemivsk.<a href="#cite_note-depotaz-133">[130]</a> The depot housed around 30 <a href="/wiki/Tank_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank (vehicle)">tanks</a>. Ukrainian troops attempted to fight off the insurgents, but were forced to retreat after many men were wounded by insurgent fire.<a href="#cite_note-depotaz-133">[130]</a> Minister of Internal Affairs <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a> said that the insurgents were led by a man with "an extensive beard".<a href="#cite_note-depotaz-133">[130]</a> Some 30 militants seized the police headquarters in Konstantinovka on 28 April.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg/220px-9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg/330px-9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg/440px-9_May_in_Sloviansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>A pro-separatist rally in Sloviansk, 9 May 2014</figcaption></figure> The Internal Affairs Minister, <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a>, said on 24 April that Ukrainian troops had captured the city administration in Mariupol, after <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariupol standoff">a clash</a> with pro-Russian demonstrators there.<a href="#cite_note-mariupolapril24reuters-135">[132]</a> Despite this, a report by the BBC said that whilst it appeared that Ukrainian troops and the mayor of Mariupol did enter the building in the early morning, Ukrainian troops had abandoned it by the afternoon. Local pro-Russian activists blamed Ukrainian nationalists for the attack upon the building but said that the DPR had regained control. A representative of the Republic, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irina_Voropoyeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irina Voropoyeva (page does not exist)">Irina Voropoyeva</a>, said, "We, the Donetsk People's Republic, still control the building. There was an attempted provocation but now it's over."<a href="#cite_note-mariupolapril24reuters-135">[132]</a> On the same day, Ukrainian government officials said that the Armed Forces had intended to retake the city of Sloviansk, but that an increased threat of "Russian invasion" halted these operations.<a href="#cite_note-kp24-136">[133]</a> Russian forces had mobilised within <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>10 kilometres (6+1⁄4 mi) of the Ukrainian border.<a href="#cite_note-kp24-136">[133]</a> The officials said that seven troops were killed during the day's operations. President Turchynov issued a statement later in the day, and said that the "Anti-Terrorist Operation" would be resumed, citing the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage crisis">hostage crisis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> as a reason.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> By 6 May, 14 Ukrainian troops had died and 66 had been injured in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Insurgents took over the offices of the regional state television network on 27 April.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> After capturing the broadcasting centre, the militants began to broadcast Russian television channels. The <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (LPR) was declared on 27 April.<a href="#cite_note-en.itar-tass.com-140">[137]</a> Representatives of the Republic demanded that the Ukrainian government provide amnesty for all protesters, enshrine Russian as an official language, and hold a referendum on the status of the region.<a href="#cite_note-en.itar-tass.com-140">[137]</a> They issued an ultimatum that stated that if Kyiv did not meet their demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an insurgency in tandem with that of the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-en.itar-tass.com-140">[137]</a> On 29 April, a city administration building in <a href="/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast">Pervomaisk</a> was overrun by <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> insurgents, who then raised their flag over it.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-lugradar.net-142">[139]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Luch" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyi Luch">Krasnyi Luch</a>, the city administration conceded to demands by separatist activists that it support the <a href="/wiki/2014_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_status_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Donetsk and Luhansk status referendums">referendums on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk</a> of 11 May, and followed by raising the Russian flag over the city administration building.<a href="#cite_note-lugradar.net-142">[139]</a> Insurgents occupied the city administration building in <a href="/wiki/Kadiivka" title="Kadiivka">Kadiivka</a> on 1 May. Later in the week, they captured the local police station, business centre, and SBU building.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Activists in <a href="/wiki/Rovenky" title="Rovenky">Rovenky</a> occupied a police building on 5 May, but quickly left it.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> On the same day, the police headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Slovianoserbsk" title="Slovianoserbsk">Slovianoserbsk</a> was seized by members of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_South-East" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the South-East">Army of the South-East</a>, affiliated with the Luhansk People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Antratsyt" title="Antratsyt">Antratsyt</a> was occupied by a number of renegade <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Insurgents went on to seize the prosecutor's office in <a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a> on 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> On the next day, supporters of the Luhansk People's Republic captured government buildings in <a href="/wiki/Starobilsk" title="Starobilsk">Starobilsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> After a government counter-offensive as part of the "Anti-Terrorist Operation" in Donetsk Oblast on 2–3 May, the insurgents were routed from Kramatorsk's occupied <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Regional_State_Administration_Building" title="Donetsk Regional State Administration Building">SBU</a> building.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-141">[138]</a> Despite this, Ukrainian troops quickly withdrew from the city for unknown reasons, and the separatists quickly regained control. Sporadic fighting continued until 5 July, when the insurgents withdrew from Kramatorsk.<a href="#cite_note-BBCkramawith-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol,_9_May_2014_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg/220px-Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg/330px-Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg/440px-Standoff_between_locals_and_Ukrainian_forces_in_Mariupol%2C_9_May_2014_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>A standoff between pro-Russian activists and Ukrainian forces in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, 9 May 2014</figcaption></figure> Early in the morning on 7 May, the National Guard retook the city administration in Mariupol after heavy fighting with insurgents overnight.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Anti-government demonstrators said that government forces had used tear gas during the operation, resulting in injuries when the demonstrators tried to re-occupy the building after the National Guard withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-ada242daw-151">[148]</a> By the morning of 7 May, the flag of the DPR was once again flying over the building.<a href="#cite_note-ada242daw-151">[148]</a> Clashes between government forces and pro-Russian groups escalated in early May when the city administration building was briefly retaken by the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">Ukrainian National Guard</a>. The pro-Russian forces quickly took the building back.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-152">[149]</a> Militants then launched an attack on a local police station, leading the Ukrainian government to send in military forces. Skirmishes between the troops and local demonstrators caused the city administration building to be set on fire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] Government forces were unsuccessful in forcing out the pro-Russians, and only further inflamed tensions in Mariupol.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-152">[149]</a> Ukrainian troops launched another attack on insurgents in Mariupol on 9 May. During an assault on an occupied police building, that building was set alight by government forces, causing the insurgents to flee.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> Arsen Avakov said that 60 insurgents attacked the police building, not Ukrainian troops and that the police and other government forces had managed to repel the insurgents. Between six and twenty militants were killed, along with one police officer.<a href="#cite_note-newsinfo-154">[151]</a> Four militants were captured, and five policemen were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> One armoured personnel carrier was captured by pro-Russian protesters during the fighting. After the clashes, pro-Russian forces built barricades across the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-newsinfo-154">[151]</a> Concurrently, Ukrainian National News said that separatists attempted to disarm Ukrainian troops near Donetsk. The troops resisted by firing warning shots, and arresting 100 of the separatists.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Also, an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> priest attempted to negotiate with separatists near <a href="/wiki/Druzhkivka" title="Druzhkivka">Druzhkivka</a>, but was later killed after being shot eight times.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> This was confirmed by the Church and the Prosecutor's Office.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_2014:_post-referendum_fighting">May 2014: post-referendum fighting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">Novorossiya (confederation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg/220px-Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg/330px-Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg/440px-Karlovka_23_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Church of the Holy Epiphany in Karlivka on 23 May</figcaption></figure> It was reported on 12 May that, following <a href="/wiki/2014_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_status_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Donetsk and Luhansk status referendums">the local autonomy referendum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Donbas_People%27s_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbas People's Militia">Donbas People's Militia</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> declared himself "Supreme Commander" of the Donetsk People's Republic. In his decree, he demanded that all military stationed in the region swear an oath of allegiance to him within 48 hours, and said that all remaining Ukrainian military in the region would be "destroyed on the spot". He then petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> for military support to protect against "the threat of intervention by NATO" and "genocide".<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Pavel Gubarev</a>, president of Donetsk People's Republic, instituted martial law on 15 May, and vowed for "total annihilation" of Ukrainian forces if they did not pull out of the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> by 21:00. Similarly, the president of the Luhansk People's Republic, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bolotov" title="Valery Bolotov">Valery Bolotov</a>, declared martial law on 22 May.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> The Donetsk-based steel magnate <a href="/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov" title="Rinat Akhmetov">Rinat Akhmetov</a> called on his 300,000 employees within the Donetsk region to "rally against separatists" on 20 May. Sirens sounded at noon at his factories to signal the beginning of the rally.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> A so-called "Peace March" was held in the <a href="/wiki/Donbass_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbass Arena">Donbas Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> city, accompanied by cars sounding their horns at noon.<a href="#cite_note-APM20514-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> reported that some vehicles were attacked by separatists, and that gunmen had warned the offices of several city taxi services not to take part.<a href="#cite_note-APM20514-162">[159]</a> On 16 May, <a href="/wiki/Metinvest" title="Metinvest">Metinvest</a> steelworkers, along with local police and security forces, routed the insurgents from the city administration and other occupied government buildings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Most insurgents left the city, and the few who remained were said to be unarmed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] Despite this, the headquarters of the Donetsk People's Republic remained untouched, and pro-Russian demonstrators[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] could still be seen outside the burnt city administration.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> In response to Akhmetov's refusal to pay taxes to the Donetsk People's Republic, on 20 May the chairman of the State Council of the DPR, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a>, announced that the Republic would attempt to nationalise Akhmetov's assets.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> On 25 May, between 2,000 and 5,000 protesters marched to Akhmetov's mansion in Donetsk city, and demanded the nationalisation of Akhmetov's property, while chanting "Akhmetov is an enemy of the people!".<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> 18 soldiers were killed during an insurgent attack upon an army checkpoint near the city of <a href="/wiki/Volnovakha" title="Volnovakha">Volnovakha</a>, on 22 May.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Three armoured personnel carriers and several lorries were destroyed in the attack, whilst one insurgent was killed.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> On the same day, a convoy consisting of 100 soldiers attempted to cross a bridge at <a href="/wiki/Rubizhne" title="Rubizhne">Rubizhne</a>, Luhansk Oblast, and advance into insurgent-held territory.<a href="#cite_note-KyivPost26May14-169">[166]</a> They were ambushed by a group of between 300 and 500 insurgents. After fighting that lasted throughout the day, the soldiers were forced to retreat. Between two and fourteen soldiers and between seven and twenty insurgents were killed during the fighting. Three army infantry combat vehicles and one lorry were destroyed, and another three armoured vehicles were captured by the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-KyivPost26May14-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-170">[167]</a> The Internal Affairs Ministry stated that some insurgents had attempted to enter Luhansk Oblast from Russia, but had been repelled by border guards.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Following a declaration by Pavel Gubarev establishing the "<a href="/wiki/New_Russia_Party" title="New Russia Party">New Russia Party</a>" on 22 May, representatives of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics signed an agreement creating the <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederative</a> state of <a href="/wiki/New_Russia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Russia (state)">New Russia</a>. Separatists planned to incorporate most of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions into the new confederation, including the key cities of <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Dnipropetrovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The declaration signed established the position of Russian Orthodoxy as the state religion and an intention to nationalise key industries.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg/220px-Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg/330px-Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg/440px-Secessionists_barricade_in_Luhansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>A separatist barricade in <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a> city, April 2014</figcaption></figure> A unit of the pro-government <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a> volunteer paramilitary attempted to advance on a separatist checkpoint near the village of <a href="/wiki/Karlivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Karlivka, Donetsk Oblast">Karlivka</a>, northwest of Donetsk city, on 23 May.<a href="#cite_note-battalionambushed-174">[171]</a> They were ambushed by a group of between 150 and 200 separatists, supported by one of the captured armoured personnel carriers. The pro-government paramilitary was surrounded by the separatists, and outnumbered six to one until fighters affiliated with the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Right_Sector" title="Right Sector">Right Sector</a> broke through the separatist lines to allow some members of the group to escape.<a href="#cite_note-battalionambushed-174">[171]</a> Five members of the Donbas Battalion were killed, along with four separatists.<a href="#cite_note-battalionambushed-174">[171]</a> Twenty members of the pro-government paramilitaries were wounded, and at least four were captured. The involvement of Right Sector was disputed by the leadership of the Donbas Battalion.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Pro-Russian leader <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bezler" title="Igor Bezler">Igor Bezler</a> said that he executed all of the captured paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Another separatist leader confirmed four of their fighters were killed, and also said that ten pro-government paramilitaries and two civilians died.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-170">[167]</a> During the same day, two pro-Russian separatists were killed during an assault by the pro-government "Ukraine Battalion" paramilitary on an occupied local government building in <a href="/wiki/Torez" class="mw-redirect" title="Torez">Torez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airport_battle_and_fighting_in_Luhansk">Airport battle and fighting in Luhansk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="First Battle of Donetsk Airport">First Battle of Donetsk Airport</a></div> On the morning of 26 May 200 pro-Russian insurgents, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Vostok_Battalion" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Vostok Battalion</a>, captured the main terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>, erected roadblocks around it, and demanded that government forces withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Soon after these demands were issued, the Ukrainian National Guard issued an ultimatum to the separatists, asking them to surrender. This was subsequently rejected. Government forces then launched an assault on separatist positions at the airport with paratroopers and airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Attack helicopters were used by government forces. They targeted a separatist-operated anti-aircraft gun.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> An estimated 40 insurgents died in the fighting, with some civilians caught in the crossfire.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Between 15 and 35 insurgents were killed in a single friendly-fire incident, when two lorries carrying wounded fighters away from the airport were ambushed by insurgents mistaking them for Ukrainian forces.<a href="#cite_note-de98-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> During the fighting at the airport, <a href="/wiki/Druzhba_Arena" title="Druzhba Arena">Druzhba Arena</a> in Donetsk city was ransacked by pro-Russian insurgents, who looted the building and destroyed surveillance equipment, and set it ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-reut27-184">[181]</a> Concurrently, Donetsk police said the insurgents had killed two policemen in the nearby town of Horlivka. The Moscow Times reported that the two men had been executed for "breaking their oath to the Donetsk People's Republic".<a href="#cite_note-reut27-184">[181]</a> Luhansk People's Republic-affiliated insurgents attacked a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian National Guard">Ukrainian National Guard</a> unit in the early hours of 28 May.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_in_May_and_June_2014">Escalation in May and June 2014</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Koval" title="Mykhailo Koval">Mykhailo Koval</a>, the Minister of Defence, said on 30 May that Ukrainian government forces had "completely cleared" the insurgents from the southern and western parts of Donetsk Oblast and the northern part of Luhansk Oblast.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Meanwhile, an internal coup replaced the leadership of the Donetsk People's Republic, and some bodies of Russian fighters killed in the airport battle were repatriated to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luhansk_border_post_siege">Luhansk border post siege</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Luhansk_Border_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Luhansk Border Base">Siege of the Luhansk Border Base</a></div> Two separatists were killed in a skirmish with Ukrainian border guards on 31 May.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Two days later, five separatists were killed when 500 separatists attacked a border post in Luhansk Oblast. Eleven border guards and eight separatists were wounded during the fighting,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> which also killed one civilian.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2_June_Luhansk_airstrike">2 June Luhansk airstrike</h4></div> On 2 June, eight people were killed and more than 20 wounded by a series of explosions hitting the occupied RSA building in Luhansk city.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2014-06-03-191">[188]</a> Separatists blamed the incident on a government airstrike, while Ukrainian officials denied this, and claimed that the explosions were caused by a stray surface-to-air missile fired by insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) published a report on the next day, stating that based on "limited observation", they believed that the explosion was caused by an airstrike, supporting separatist claims.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> A CNN investigation found clear evidence that the attack came from the air and the pattern of the craters suggested use of standard equipment on the Su-25, a ground-attack fighter, and the Su-27 – both combat aircraft operated by Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2014-06-03-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> also concluded that "Despite Denials, All Evidence For Deadly Explosion Points To Kyiv".<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> CNN said that it was the first time that civilians had been killed in an attack by the Ukrainian air force during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2014-06-03-191">[188]</a> The next day, <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> declared a three-day mourning in the city.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continued_fighting">Continued fighting</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG/220px-2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG/330px-2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG/440px-2014-06-03._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Vostok Battalion members dismantling the barricade at Donetsk RSA on 3 June 2014</figcaption></figure> Government forces destroyed a separatist stronghold in Semenivka, and regained control of <a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Lyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyi Lyman">Krasnyi Lyman</a> on 3 June.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Two soldiers were killed in the fighting, and forty-five were wounded. A spokesman for the Armed Forces of Ukraine said that 300 insurgents were killed during the operation and that 500 were wounded. Insurgents said they lost between 10 and 50 men.<a href="#cite_note-conflicting-197">[194]</a> They said that at least 25 were killed while in hospital at Krasnyi Lyman.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> None of these reports were independently confirmed, and both sides denied the other's accounts of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-conflicting-197">[194]</a> On the next day, insurgents captured the besieged Luhansk border post, as well as a National Guard base near Luhansk city. The fighting in these areas left six insurgents dead, and three government soldiers wounded. Another border post was captured by the insurgents in <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk,_Ukraine" title="Sverdlovsk, Ukraine">Sverdlovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> The National Guard base fell after guardsmen ran out of ammunition. Separatists had earlier seized vast quantities of munitions from the captured border post.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Another border post was attacked on 5 June, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Marynivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Marynivka, Donetsk Oblast">Marynivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Government officials said that between 15 and 16 insurgents were killed and that five soldiers were injured as well.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> A shootout between rival separatist groups in Donetsk city took place on 7 June, near the Donetsk RSA. The vice-president of the Donetsk People's Republic, Maxim Petrukhin, was killed in the fighting, and president <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a> was wounded.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_tank_incursion">Russian tank incursion</h4></div> Ukrainian officials said that Russia had allowed tanks to cross the Russo-Ukrainian border into Donetsk Oblast on 11 June. Internal Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a> said "we have observed columns passing with armoured personnel carriers, other armoured vehicles and artillery pieces, and tanks which, according to our information, came across the border and this morning were in <a href="/wiki/Snizhne" title="Snizhne">Snizhne</a>". He continued by saying Ukrainian forces had destroyed part of the column, and that fighting was still under way. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> correspondents confirmed the presence of three tanks in Donetsk city, and the US <a href="/wiki/State_Department_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department of the United States">State Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> also said that Russia had indeed sent tanks, along with other heavy weapons, to the separatists in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The weapons sent are said to have included: a column of three <a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a> tanks, several <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> multiple rocket launchers, and other military vehicles. "Russia will claim these tanks were taken from Ukrainian forces, but no Ukrainian tank units have been operating in that area," the State Department said in a statement. "We are confident that these tanks came from Russia."<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2014 Ukrainian presidential election">newly elected</a> Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said that it was "unacceptable" for tanks to cross into Ukraine. Russia called the reports "another fake piece of information."<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Nevertheless, the three tanks were later spotted moving through <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torez" class="mw-redirect" title="Torez">Torez</a>, flying the flag of the Russian Federation.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Insurgents confirmed that they had obtained three tanks, but leaders refused to elaborate on how they acquired them; one militant told reporters that they originated "from a military warehouse".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_T6413614-208">[205]</a> The president of the DPR, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a>, stated that the three tanks would be stationed in Donetsk city and that they gave his forces "at least some hope of defending [Donetsk] because heavy weapons are already being used against us."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_T6413614-208">[205]</a> Konstantin Mashovets, a former Ukrainian Defence Ministry official, said the tanks had likely been seized by Russian forces in Crimea before making their way into mainland Ukraine. Anton Heraschenko, an advisor to Arsen Avakov, confirmed at a briefing in Kyiv that the tanks were once in the possession of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, and that they had been transferred by sea to Russia before crossing the border into Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG/220px-2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG/330px-2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG/440px-2014-06-12._War_in_Donbass_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80</a> in Ukrainian service, 12 June 2014</figcaption></figure> On the day after the tank incursion, three soldiers were killed when they were ambushed by insurgents in <a href="/wiki/Stepanivka" title="Stepanivka">Stepanivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Heavy fighting resumed during the morning of 13 June, when the government launched a new attack against insurgents in Mariupol. Ukrainian troops managed to recapture the city, and declared it the "provisional capital" of Donetsk Oblast until the government regains control over Donetsk city.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Ukrainian troops gained control of Mariupol on 13 June with assistance from the National Guard.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> The headquarters of the DPR was captured, and Mariupol was declared the provisional capital of Donetsk Oblast, instead of Donetsk city, which was occupied by separatists.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Meanwhile, an agreement between the Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, and the president of the DPR, Denis Pushilin, meant to create a ceasefire and allow civilians to escape the violence in Sloviansk, failed with both sides blaming each other for launching new attacks.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> During the next morning, a convoy of border guardsmen was attacked by insurgents while passing Mariupol, leaving at least five of the guardsmen dead.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilyushin_Il-76_shoot-down">Ilyushin Il-76 shoot-down</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force_Ilyushin_Il-76_shoot-down" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 shoot-down">Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 shoot-down</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a>MD was shot down by forces aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> on 14 June.<a href="#cite_note-shootdown-216">[213]</a> The aircraft was preparing to land at <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_International_Airport" title="Luhansk International Airport">Luhansk International Airport</a>, and was carrying troops and equipment from an undisclosed location. All 49 people on board died.<a href="#cite_note-shootdown-216">[213]</a> Meanwhile, two T-72 tanks entered Donetsk, and a skirmish erupted at a military checkpoint in Luhansk, lasting two days.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Yampil">Battle of Yampil</h4></div> Late on 19 June, a battle fought with tanks and armoured vehicles broke out in the town of <a href="/wiki/Yampil,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Yampil, Donetsk Oblast">Yampil</a>, near government-held <a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Lyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyi Lyman">Krasnyi Lyman</a>. Up to 4,000 insurgents were present for the fighting, which started, according to the insurgents, after the Armed Forces attempted to capture insurgent-held Yampil,<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> with the goal of breaking through to <a href="/wiki/Siversk" title="Siversk">Siversk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> According to the Armed Forces, it started after insurgents attempted to break through a cordon of government troops around government-held Krasny Lyman. The battle was described as exceeding "in terms of force and scale anything there has been" during the conflict in the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The Armed Forces deployed both air and artillery strikes in their attempts to rout the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-221">[218]</a> The battle continued into the next day. Overnight, between 7 and 12 soldiers were killed and between 25 and 30 were wounded. The Armed Forces said they killed 300 insurgents, but this was not independently verified,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> the separatists confirmed only two deaths and seven wounded on their side.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-221">[218]</a> The insurgents also said they destroyed one tank, several <a href="/wiki/BMD-1" title="BMD-1">BMD-1s</a>, and also shot down a <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a> bomber.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> The Ukrainian military said that they had gained control of Yampil and Siversk on 20 June 20 hours before a unilateral ceasefire by Ukrainian forces, as part of Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko's <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine#Fifteen-point_peace_plan" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">15-point peace plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> They also acknowledged that there was still heavy fighting in the area around Yampil, and the village of Zakitne.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> By this point, the number of soldiers killed in the battle had reached 13.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> During the continued fighting, militants blew up a bridge over a river in the village of Zakitne.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_2014:_post-ceasefire_government_offensive">July 2014: post-ceasefire government offensive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Raid_of_2014" title="Great Raid of 2014">Great Raid of 2014</a></div> After <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine#Fifteen-point_peace_plan" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">a week-long ceasefire</a> unilaterally declared by Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> ended, the Armed Forces renewed their operations against the insurgents on 1 July. Shelling occurred in Kramatorsk and Sloviansk, and government forces retook a border crossing in <a href="/wiki/Dolzhansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolzhansk">Dolzhansk</a>, one of the three major border crossings occupied by the separatists. Government forces also recaptured the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brusivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brusivka (page does not exist)">Brusivka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stary_Karavan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stary Karavan (page does not exist)">Stary Karavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> On the same day, insurgents in Luhansk said that they had taken control of <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_International_Airport" title="Luhansk International Airport">Luhansk International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> On 1 July 2014 in Donetsk a street gunfight broke between rival factions of pro-Russian militants, which resulted in one person being fatally wounded and two others in critical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Internal Affairs Ministry spokesman Zoryan Shkyriakuk said that over 1,000 pro-Russian insurgents were killed in the first day following the resumption of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Liga.net, citing a source involved with the government military operation, reported that over 400 insurgents were killed in action, but that the higher figures reported earlier could not be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Separatists themselves reported only two deaths in fighting at <a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Mykolaivka, Donetsk Oblast">Mykolaivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk,_July_14,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Damaged_apartment_building_in_Donetsk%2C_July_14%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>A damaged block of flats in Donetsk, 14 July 2014</figcaption></figure> Insurgents attacked a border post in <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a> on 2 July. During the attack, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> were fired upon the post, and clashes broke out. One border guard was killed in the fighting, and another eight guardsmen were injured.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Government forces recaptured the town of <a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Mykolaivka, Donetsk Oblast">Mykolaivka</a>, near Sloviansk, on 4 July. A group of DPR-affiliated militants defected as a result, and joined the Ukrainian army.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> In a further blow to the insurgents, government forces retook the stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a> on 5 July.<a href="#cite_note-5BBC7-236">[233]</a> Commander of the DPR insurgents, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a>, took the decision "due to the overwhelming numerical superiority of the enemy", according to DPR prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a>. He said that DPR forces had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>, but <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> reported that they were seen abandoning their checkpoints in Kramatorsk.<a href="#cite_note-5BBC7-236">[233]</a> Later that day, Borodai confirmed that the insurgents had abandoned "the entire northern sector", including Kramatorsk, and had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> city.<a href="#cite_note-BBCkramawith-149">[146]</a> After the retreat of Girkin's forces to Donetsk, he assumed control of the DPR, replacing the previous authorities there in what was described as a "<a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>".<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Subsequently, Ukraine's Armed Forces recaptured <a href="/wiki/Druzhkivka" title="Druzhkivka">Druzhkivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostyantynivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostyantynivka">Kostyantynivka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artemivsk,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemivsk, Donetsk Oblast">Artemivsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Amidst the insurgent retreat, Donetsk city mayor <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Lukyanchenko" title="Oleksandr Lukyanchenko">Oleksandr Lukyanchenko</a> said that at least 30,000 people had left the city since April.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> In a separate development, Ukrainian forces said they spotted two <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial drones</a> in Mariupol, and shot one of them down.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Ahead of a planned government offensive on the insurgent-occupied city of Donetsk, key roads leading into the city were blocked on 7 July.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Insurgents destroyed railway bridges over the roads, causing them to collapse and block the roads. Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Heletey" title="Valeriy Heletey">Valeriy Heletey</a> stated on 8 July that there would be "no more unilateral ceasefires", and said dialogue was only possible if the insurgents laid down their weapons.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> More fighting broke out at <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_International_Airport" title="Luhansk International Airport">Luhansk International Airport</a> on 9 July.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> LPR-affiliated insurgents said that they had captured the airport on 1 July, but the Ukrainian army managed to maintain control over it. More than 10,000 households in Luhansk Oblast were without gas service due to damage to gas lines, according to a statement on the same day by the regional gas supplier.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg/220px-Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg/330px-Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg/440px-Destroyed_house_in_Donbass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed house in the Donbas, July 2014</figcaption></figure> Clashes at the Donetsk International Airport continued on 10 July. Insurgents fired mortars at the airport, and attempted to recapture it, but were repelled by the Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Ukrainian forces also retook the city of <a href="/wiki/Siversk" title="Siversk">Siversk</a>, which was confirmed by the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> On the same day, the Luhansk city administration reported that six civilians had been injured due to ongoing hostilities across the city.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> There were also reports of factionalism among the separatists, with some desertions. According to these reports, the <a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Vostok_Battalion" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Vostok Battalion</a> had rejected the authority of Igor Girkin. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a>, prime minister of the DPR, denied these reports, however, and said that they were lies.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Heavy fighting continued in Luhansk Oblast on 11 July. On that day, an Armed Forces column travelling near <a href="/wiki/Rovenky" title="Rovenky">Rovenky</a> was attacked by an insurgent-operated <a href="/wiki/Grad_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad rocket">Grad rocket</a> lorry.<a href="#cite_note-BBCdth-249">[246]</a> An air strike launched by the Armed Forces eventually managed to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">rocket launcher</a>, but only after 23 soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> In response to the attack, Ukrainian president Poroshenko said that "For every life of our soldiers, the militants will pay with tens and hundreds of their own".<a href="#cite_note-BBCdth-249">[246]</a> On the next day, the Ukrainian Air Force launched air strikes targeting insurgent positions across Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> The Ukrainian government said that 500 insurgents were killed in these strikes, which they said were <a href="/wiki/Retaliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliation">retaliations</a> for the separatist rocket attack on the previous day. Four people were killed at <a href="/wiki/Marinka,_Ukraine" title="Marinka, Ukraine">Marinka</a>, a western suburb of Donetsk city, after rockets struck an insurgent-held area of the city. The Ukrainian government and separatists blamed each other for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_worsens_in_eastern_Donetsk_Oblast">Fighting worsens in eastern Donetsk Oblast</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_in_Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion">Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion</a></div> After a brief lull following the insurgent withdrawal from the northern part of Donetsk Oblast, fighting continued to escalate sharply in the eastern parts of Donetsk Oblast. <a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Donetsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelling of Donetsk, Russia">Shells landed</a> on the border town of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk, Russia">Donetsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a>, a part of Russia, on 13 July.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> One civilian was killed in the shelling. Russian officials blamed the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the shelling, whilst Ukraine denied responsibility and accused insurgents in the Donbas of having staged a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attack.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Russia said it was considering launching <a href="/wiki/Airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes">airstrikes</a> against government targets in Ukraine as retaliation for the shelling.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Ukrainian forces went on to make gains around Luhansk, ending an insurgent blockade of Luhansk International Airport. LPR officials acknowledged that they lost 30 men during fighting in the village of <a href="/wiki/Oleksandrivka" title="Oleksandrivka">Oleksandrivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The insurgent-occupied town of Snizhne was hit by rockets fired from an aeroplane on 15 July, leaving at least 11 people dead, and destroying multiple homes.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> The insurgents blamed the Air Force of Ukraine, but the Ukrainian government denied any involvement in the attack. Clashes broke out between insurgents and the Armed Forces along the border with Russia in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a> on 16 July. Insurgents who had been holed up in the town of <a href="/wiki/Stepanivka" title="Stepanivka">Stepanivka</a> made an attempt to escape encirclement by government forces at 05:00.<a href="#cite_note-REfr-258">[255]</a> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a>, a roadblock near the border village of Marynivka was attacked by the insurgents with tanks, mortar fire, and anti-tank missiles.<a href="#cite_note-IFng-259">[256]</a> The checkpoint was shelled for over an hour, causing significant damage to infrastructure in Marynivka. Guardsmen managed to repel the attack, and forced the insurgents back to Stepanivka, where fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-IFng-259">[256]</a> The battle then moved to the nearby village of Tarany. At least 11 Ukrainian soldiers died in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-REfr-258">[255]</a> Attempts to form a "contact group" between the insurgents and the Ukrainian government, part of President Poroshenko's "<a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine#Fifteen-point_peace_plan" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">15-point peace plan</a>", failed, leaving little hope of a renewed <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-REfr-258">[255]</a> The insurgents later said that they successfully retook Marynivka from the Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downing_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17">Downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a></div> On 17 July 2014, DPR forces shot down a civilian passenger jet, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> over <a href="/wiki/Hrabove,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast">Hrabove</a> (a village in the Donetsk Oblask), killing all 298 people on board. This disaster followed two similar incidents earlier in the week, when two Ukrainian Air Force planes were shot down.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> DPR-affiliated insurgents blamed the Ukrainian government for the disaster, whereas the government, Netherlands, and Australia blamed Russia and the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-:1-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evidence_in_The_Australian-263">[260]</a> The responsibility for investigation was delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Safety_Board" title="Dutch Safety Board">Dutch Safety Board</a> (DSB) and the Dutch-led <a href="#Criminal_investigation">joint investigation team</a> (JIT), who concluded that the airliner was downed by a <a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">Buk</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> launched from pro-Russian <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">separatist-controlled territory</a> in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> According to the JIT, the Buk that was used originated from the <a href="/wiki/53rd_Anti-Aircraft_Missile_Brigade" title="53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade">53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_5.24.18-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> and had been transported from Russia on the day of the crash, fired from a field in a separatist-controlled area, and the launcher returned to Russia after it was used to shoot down MH17.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_5.24.18-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> On the basis of the JIT's conclusions, the governments of the Netherlands and Australia held Russia responsible for the deployment of the Buk installation and took steps to hold Russia formally accountable.<a href="#cite_note-:1-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evidence_in_The_Australian-263">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_push_into_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_cities">Government push into Donetsk and Luhansk cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka_refugee_convoy_attack" title="Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack">Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horlivka" title="Battle of Horlivka">Battle of Horlivka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Meanwhile, fighting in Luhansk resulted in the loss of electrical power and water services across the city.<a href="#cite_note-BBCle-270">[267]</a> Shelling damaged an electrical substation in the Kamennobrodskiy district, causing the power loss. An oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a> was also set alight.<a href="#cite_note-BBCle-270">[267]</a> At least 20 civilians were killed in the shelling of Luhansk, according to a statement by the city administration.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> The statement said that a barrage of rockets hit "virtually every district". The shelling forced OSCE monitors to flee from their office in Luhansk, and move to <a href="/wiki/Starobilsk" title="Starobilsk">Starobilsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Government forces went on to capture the south-eastern section of the city.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Another 16 people died overnight, and at least 60 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> According to a government report, Luhansk airport was secured by government forces amidst the battle.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk,_July_28,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg/170px-Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg/255px-Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg/340px-Burned_apartment_building_in_Lysychansk%2C_July_28%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A damaged tower block in Lysychansk, 28 July 2014</figcaption></figure> Heavy fighting also resumed around Donetsk airport overnight, and explosions were heard in all districts of the city. The city fell quiet by 09:00 on 19 July.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> By 21 July, heavy fighting in Donetsk had begun again.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Donetsk was rocked by explosions, and heavy weapons fire caused smoke to rise over the city. Fighting was concentrated in the northwestern districts of <a href="/wiki/Kyivskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kyivskyi District, Donetsk">Kyivskyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuibyshevskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kuibyshevskyi District, Donetsk">Kuibyshevskyi</a>, and also near the central railway station and airport, leading local residents to seek refuge in bomb shelters, or to flee the city.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> The city's water supply was cut off during the fighting, and all railway and bus service was stopped.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> The streets emptied, and insurgents erected barricades across the city to control traffic.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhynsk,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzerzhynsk, Ukraine">Dzerzhynsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soledar" title="Soledar">Soledar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubizhne" title="Rubizhne">Rubizhne</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> were also recaptured by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> The suburb of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayorsk (page does not exist)">Mayorsk</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a>, in Luhansk Oblast, were recaptured by the Armed Forces on 22 July.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> OSCE monitors visiting Donetsk following the previous day's fighting there said that the city was "practically deserted", and that the fighting had stopped.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> On the same day, DPR prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a> said that he wanted to resume ceasefire talks. DPR commander <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> also said "The time has come when Russia must take a final decision – to really support Donbas's Russians or abandon them forever".<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Also, the pro-Ukrainian paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Popasna" title="Popasna">Popasna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg/220px-Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg/330px-Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg/440px-Blown_up_railway_bridge_in_Donbass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed railway flyover, 25 July 2014</figcaption></figure> After having retaken <a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a>, government forces fought insurgents around the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> An insurgent car bomb killed three soldiers during the fighting there. <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">Grad</a> rocket attacks were launched against government forces garrisoned at <a href="/wiki/Vesela_Hora,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Vesela Hora, Luhansk Oblast">Vesela Hora</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamysheve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamysheve (page does not exist)">Kamysheve</a>, and also Luhansk airport. The press centre for the government military operation said that situation remained "most complex" in the areas around "Donetsk city, Luhansk city, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodon" title="Krasnodon">Krasnodon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popasna" title="Popasna">Popasna</a>".<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Government forces broke through the insurgent blockade around Donetsk airport on 23 July and then advanced into the northwestern corner of Donetsk city.<a href="#cite_note-DHwi-289">[286]</a> Subsequently, the insurgents withdrew from many areas on the outskirts of the city, including <a href="/wiki/Karlivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" title="Karlivka, Donetsk Oblast">Karlivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netailove,_Pokrovsk_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Netailove, Pokrovsk Raion">Netailove, Pokrovsk Raion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pervomaiske_(Yasynuvata_Raion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervomaiske (Yasynuvata Raion)">Pervomaiske</a>, and the area around Donetsk airport.<a href="#cite_note-DHwi-289">[286]</a> Insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that this was done to fortify Donetsk city centre, and also to avoid being encircled by government forces. He also said that he did not expect a government incursion into Donetsk city centre.<a href="#cite_note-DHwi-289">[286]</a> Meanwhile, clashes continued in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a>, along the border with Russia. Amidst the fighting, two Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25</a> fighter jets that had been providing air support to ground forces near <a href="/wiki/Dmytrivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmytrivka, Donetsk Oblast">Dmytrivka</a> were shot down by the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> On July 24 government forces recaptured <a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> On the same day, fighting raged around <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KPadafaf-292">[289]</a> Government forces launched air and artillery strikes on insurgents within the city, and clashes were fought all around it. One important bridge collapsed in the fighting, severing a critical route out of the city. People fled the violence in cars and on foot.<a href="#cite_note-KPadafaf-292">[289]</a> Despite these advances by the Armed Forces, the border with Russia was not secured. <a href="/wiki/Izvaryne" title="Izvaryne">Izvaryne</a> border post in Luhansk Oblast, which is controlled by the Army of the South-East, was reported to be the main entry point for weapons and reinforcements from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-KPadafaf-292">[289]</a> Shelling began again in the <a href="/wiki/Kyivskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kyivskyi District, Donetsk">Kyivskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirovskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kirovskyi District, Donetsk">Kirovskyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_District,_Donetsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovsky District, Donetsk">Petrovskyi</a> districts of Donetsk city. According to Donetsk city administration, 11 houses were damaged in Petrovsky, and at least one man was injured.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> The fighting continued overnight into 26 July, with explosions, shelling, and shooting heard across the city.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> During the third day of the government's offensive on the insurgent-stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a>, between 20 and 30 civilians were killed on 27 July.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Horlivka was virtually abandoned, with electric power and water cut off. Shelling damaged or destroyed many buildings, including a hospital, greengrocer's, and energy company office.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Ukrainian troops also entered the town of <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk" title="Shakhtarsk">Shakhtarsk</a>, fought the insurgents that had been occupying it, and captured it around 14:30.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> This cut off the supply corridor between the territories held by the DPR and LPR, isolating insurgents in Donetsk city.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Skirmishes also broke out in the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Snizhne" title="Snizhne">Snizhne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torez" class="mw-redirect" title="Torez">Torez</a>. The intense combat across <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a> forced a party of Dutch and Australian policemen to call off an attempt to investigate the crash site of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> 41 Ukrainian soldiers deserted their posts and went to the insurgent-controlled <a href="/wiki/Izvaryne" title="Izvaryne">Izvaryne</a> border crossing, where they told insurgents that they refused to fight against their "own people".<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> The insurgents allowed them to flee Ukraine, and cross into Russia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 28 July, the strategic heights of <a href="/wiki/Savur-Mohyla" title="Savur-Mohyla">Savur-Mohyla</a> were under Ukrainian control, along with the town of <a href="/wiki/Debaltseve" title="Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Insurgents had previously used Savur-Mohyla to shell Ukrainian troops around the town of Marynivka.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> By 29 July, a further 17 civilians had been killed in the fighting, along with an additional 43 people injured.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> Shelling continued in the <a href="/wiki/Leninskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Leninskyi District, Donetsk">Leninskyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyivskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kyivskyi District, Donetsk">Kyivskyi</a> districts of Donetsk city. According to the city administration, these districts were heavily damaged.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defence_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine</a>, crossing points on the border with Russia were attacked from Russian territory at least 153 times since 5 June.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> 27 border guardsmen were killed in these attacks, and 185 were injured. Government forces made a further advance on 30 July, when they evicted insurgents from <a href="/wiki/Avdiivka" title="Avdiivka">Avdiivka</a>, near Donetsk airport.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Military operations were paused on 31 July.<a href="#cite_note-BBChalt-307">[304]</a> This was meant to allow international experts to examine the crash site of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a>, where the fiercest battles had been taking place on the previous few days. Monitors were escorted to the site by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-IFpower-308">[305]</a> After fighting severed various transmission lines, Luhansk city lost all access to electrical power.<a href="#cite_note-IFpower-308">[305]</a> Little fuel remained to power emergency generators. Minor skirmishes occurred in Vasylivka and Zhovtneve.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Meanwhile, talks between the separatists, Russia, Ukraine, and the OSCE were held in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBChalt-307">[304]</a> Fighting continued in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk" title="Shakhtarsk">Shakhtarsk</a>. An ambush by the insurgents on government forces there resulted in the deaths of ten soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC19-310">[307]</a> 11 went missing, and 13 were wounded. A government offensive on the city of <a href="/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast">Pervomaisk</a> in Luhansk Oblast continued.<a href="#cite_note-BBC19-310">[307]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_building_in_Snizhne,_August_6,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Damaged_building_in_Snizhne%2C_August_6%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Damaged building in <a href="/wiki/Snizhne" title="Snizhne">Snizhne</a>, 6 August 2014</figcaption></figure> Following a series of military defeats, Igor Girkin, insurgent commander for the DPR, urged Russian military intervention, and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population in Donetsk Oblast had caused the setbacks. He addressed Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, saying that "Losing this war on the territory that President Vladimir Putin personally named New Russia would threaten the Kremlin's power and, personally, the power of the president".<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Beast-311">[308]</a> Government forces closed in on Luhansk and Donetsk cities on 3 August.<a href="#cite_note-BBCfs-312">[309]</a> A number of civilians were killed in fighting in both cities. Luhansk was reported to be "virtually surrounded", with little electrical power or water supply available. The situation in the city of Donetsk was less dire, as trains to Russia were still running, but fighting and shelling did not relent.<a href="#cite_note-BBCfs-312">[309]</a> According to the Armed Forces, three-quarters of the territory once held by the insurgents had been recaptured.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> They also said that they had completely cut off supply lines between the DPR and LPR, after more than a week of fighting in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Shakhtarsk Raion">Shakhtarsk Raion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> After a prolonged battle, the Armed Forces recaptured the vital town of <a href="/wiki/Yasynuvata" title="Yasynuvata">Yasynuvata</a> on 4 August.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> At least five soldiers died in the fighting to capture the town, which is a strategic railway junction on the main road between Donetsk and Luhansk cities. The pro-government paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Azov_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Battalion">Azov</a> and Shakhtarsk battalions said that they had advanced into Donetsk city, and had begun to "liberate" it.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> The Ukrainian government said that all civilians should evacuate from Donetsk, and issued statements asking DPR and LPR forces to help establish "humanitarian corridors" to allow civilians in Donetsk, Luhansk and Horlivka to flee.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> Commenting on the situation in Luhansk, mayor Sergei Kravchenko said "As a result of the blockade and ceaseless rocket attacks, the city is on the verge of a humanitarian catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> As government troops pushed into Donetsk on 5 August, heavy fighting erupted at 17:00 in the Petrovskyi district of the city.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Elsewhere, insurgents recaptured the town of Yasynuvata after a retreat by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> A spokesman from the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defence_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine</a> said that the Armed Forces left the town to avoid harming the "peaceful population", and that the city was being evacuated so that it could be "completely liberated".<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> He also said that the railway station remained under government control, and that all railway traffic had been blocked. Fighting between insurgents and government forces across the Donbas region continued "constantly" over the course of the day.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk,_August_3,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Burning_apartment_building_in_Shahtersk%2C_August_3%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A burning block of flats in <a href="/wiki/Shakhtarsk" title="Shakhtarsk">Shakhtarsk</a>, 3 August 2014</figcaption></figure> Fighting and shelling continued around Donetsk on 8 August, with several civilians killed or injured.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> By 9 August, insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that Donetsk had been "completely encircled" by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-BBC892014-324">[321]</a> This followed the capture of the vital town of <a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Luch" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyi Luch">Krasnyi Luch</a> by the government, after insurgent-aligned Cossacks stationed there fled.<a href="#cite_note-BBC892014-324">[321]</a> Further skirmishes between insurgents and the Armed Forces took place in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnohopillia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnohopillia (page does not exist)">Mnohopillia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepanivka" title="Stepanivka">Stepanivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hryhorivka" title="Hryhorivka">Hryhorivka</a>, Krasny Yar, Pobeda, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shyshkove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shyshkove (page does not exist)">Shyshkove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komyshna" title="Komyshna">Komyshne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novohannivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novohannivka (page does not exist)">Novohannivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasna_Talivka" title="Krasna Talivka">Krasna Talivka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmytrivka,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmytrivka, Donetsk Oblast">Dmytrivka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabivka (page does not exist)">Sabivka</a>, and Luhansk airport.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Overnight and into 10 August, government forces launched an artillery barrage on Donetsk city.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1082014-326">[323]</a> According to a spokesman for the Armed Forces, insurgents began to flee the city during the barrage, and were in a state of "panic and chaos". Hospitals and residential buildings were heavily damaged, and many remaining residents took shelter in basements.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1082014-326">[323]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast">Pervomaisk</a>, Kalynove, Komyshuvakha, in western Luhansk Oblast near <a href="/wiki/Popasna" title="Popasna">Popasna</a>, were captured by government forces on 12 August after heavy fighting.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Heavy shelling of Donetsk continued into 14 August.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> During this artillery barrage, Igor Girkin resigned from his post as commander of the insurgent forces of the Donetsk People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kononov_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Kononov (military)">Vladimir Kononov</a>, who is known by the <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Girkin's resignation, along with the 7 August resignation of DPR prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a> (who was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a>), represented a shift in the nature of the conflict. Given the recent military failings of the DPR and the LPR, Russia decided that it could no longer rely on a patchwork of irregular fighters in the Donbas, and ordered a change in leadership.<a href="#cite_note-de9-331">[328]</a> It abandoned the separatist project, and replaced it with the idea of federalisation of Donbas within Ukraine. To effect this change, it would soon switch gears from hybrid warfare to conventional warfare.<a href="#cite_note-de22-332">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_war_between_Russia_and_Ukraine">Open war between Russia and Ukraine</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">Timeline of the war in Donbas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_2014_invasion_by_Russian_forces">August 2014 invasion by Russian forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilovaisk" title="Battle of Ilovaisk">Battle of Ilovaisk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novoazovsk" title="Battle of Novoazovsk">Battle of Novoazovsk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_in_donbass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/War_in_donbass.svg/300px-War_in_donbass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/War_in_donbass.svg/450px-War_in_donbass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/War_in_donbass.svg/600px-War_in_donbass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A June–August 2014 map of insurgent-held areas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_troops_guard_a_road_in_Donbass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian troops guarding a road in the Donbas, August 2014</figcaption></figure> On 14 August, a convoy of some two dozen armoured personnel carriers and other vehicles with official Russian military plates crossed into Ukraine near the insurgent-controlled <a href="/wiki/Izvaryne" title="Izvaryne">Izvaryne</a> border crossing.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> NATO Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a> confirmed that a "Russian incursion" into Ukraine had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that Ukrainian artillery engaged and destroyed a "significant" portion of the armoured column.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Russian Defence Ministry</a> denied the existence of any such convoy.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Following this incident, the newly appointed prime minister of the DPR <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a> said that his forces included 1,200 Russian-trained combatants.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_building_in_Donetsk,_August_7,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Damaged_building_in_Donetsk%2C_August_7%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>A damaged building in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, 7 August 2014</figcaption></figure> A Ukrainian Air Force <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a> fighter jet was shot down by the insurgents in Luhansk Oblast on 17 August. Ten civilians were killed during continued shelling in Donetsk.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> The insurgent-occupied city of Horlivka was encircled by the Armed Forces on 18 August.<a href="#cite_note-BBC24242-340">[337]</a> Government forces also advanced into the edges of Luhansk city. A convoy of refugees from Luhansk <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_refugee_convoy_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Luhansk refugee convoy attack">was hit by Grad rockets</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Novosvitlivka, Luhansk Oblast">Novosvitlivka</a>. Dozens of civilians died in the attack, which the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine blamed on the insurgents. Insurgents denied attacking any refugee convoys.<a href="#cite_note-BBC24242-340">[337]</a> DPR prime minister <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Zakharchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Zakharchenko">Aleksandr Zakharchenko</a> stated that if the Ukrainian government made "reasonable proposals to lay down arms, close borders, we will talk on equal terms as equal partners".<a href="#cite_note-hardware_that_we_took_from_the_Ukrainian_military-341">[338]</a> He added, however, that the government "must recognise us as a state, now it is already impossible to ask for a certain degree of autonomy".<a href="#cite_note-hardware_that_we_took_from_the_Ukrainian_military-341">[338]</a> After having edged into Luhansk city on 18 August, government forces began to advance through the city "block by block" on 19 August.<a href="#cite_note-BBCalcta-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> Fighting was heard in streets across the city, and shelling of many insurgent-occupied districts continued. There was also fighting <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilovaisk" title="Ilovaisk">Ilovaisk</a>, two cities just outside Donetsk city. A spokesman for the Internal Affairs Ministry said that government forces were "clearing" Ilovaisk of insurgents, and later captured most of the city.<a href="#cite_note-BBCalcta-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> The headquarters of the DPR in Donetsk city were also shelled. Fighting across Donetsk Oblast on 19 August resulted in the deaths of 34 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> By early evening on 20 August, government forces said that they had recaptured "significant parts" of the city of Luhansk, after a series of running battles in streets throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> By 25 August, an insurgent counter-offensive had stalled the government's offensive on Donetsk and Luhansk cities.<a href="#cite_note-Stfore2-347">[344]</a> Insurgents attacked government positions in <a href="/wiki/Shchastia" title="Shchastia">Shchastia</a>, and along the <a href="/wiki/Siverskyi_Donets" class="mw-redirect" title="Siverskyi Donets">Siverskyi Donets</a> River in Luhansk Oblast. As this attack occurred, insurgents in Luhansk received reinforcements. Government forces near <a href="/wiki/Ilovaisk" title="Ilovaisk">Ilovaisk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amvrosiivka" title="Amvrosiivka">Amvrosiivka</a> in Donetsk Oblast became surrounded by insurgents, after their attempt to take Ilovaisk was halted by heavy shelling.<a href="#cite_note-Stfore2-347">[344]</a> The pro-government volunteer <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a>, trapped in the city for days by the insurgents, accused the Ukrainian government and Armed Forces of "abandoning" them.<a href="#cite_note-NYTvoceuk-348">[345]</a> Other volunteer battalions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Battalion">Azov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnipro_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipro Battalion">Dnipro</a>, left Ilovaisk after encountering heavy resistance. Donbas Battalion leader <a href="/wiki/Semen_Semenchenko" title="Semen Semenchenko">Semen Semenchenko</a> said "I think it is profitable for the defence ministry not to send help, but to achieve a situation where volunteer battalions start blaming each other about who helped who".<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> A column of armoured vehicles crossed into Ukraine from Russia near <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a> on 25 August.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcfrmom-350">[347]</a> There had been no insurgent formations within <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">30 kilometres (18+2⁄3 mi) of this area for many weeks.<a href="#cite_note-REU26AUG2014-351">[348]</a> Heavy fighting took place in the village of Markyne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 kilometres (4+1⁄4 mi) from Novoazovsk. Insurgents used the village as a base to shell Novoazovsk.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> A spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defence_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine</a> said that the entrance of the column into Ukraine was an attempt "by the Russian military in the guise of Donbas fighters to open a new area of military confrontation".<a href="#cite_note-BBCcfrmom-350">[347]</a> According to the Mariupol city website, the <a href="/wiki/Dnipro_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipro Battalion">Dnipro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas</a> battalions repelled the attack, and the "invaders" retreated to the border.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> said he had no knowledge of the incident, and suggested that reports of the incident being an incursion by Russian forces were "disinformation."<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> Directly prior to the appearance of the column, the area was heavily shelled. The nearest insurgent artillery positions were beyond the range of this area.<a href="#cite_note-REU26AUG2014-351">[348]</a> Villagers from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolosky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolosky (page does not exist)">Kolosky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Starobesheve_Raion" title="Starobesheve Raion">Starobesheve Raion</a> told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that military men with Russian accents and no identifying insignias had appeared in the village at the weekend of 23–24 August.<a href="#cite_note-REUmigewe-355">[352]</a> They set up a roadblock near the village. The men wore distinctive white armbands.<a href="#cite_note-REUmigewe-355">[352]</a> The villagers referred to them as "<a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">little green men</a>", a term that was used to refer to the irregular Russian forces that took <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Crimean crisis">control of Crimea</a> from February 2014. Following the appearance of these men, ten soldiers in green military uniforms with white armbands were detained by Ukrainian forces at <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalne" title="Dzerkalne">Dzerkalne</a>. This village is north of Novoazovosk, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 kilometres (4+1⁄4 mi) from Kolosky, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Russian border.<a href="#cite_note-REUmigewe-355">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcrtoi-356">[353]</a> The Russian military confirmed that these men were Russian paratroopers and that they had been captured. The Russian Defence Ministry said the men had entered Ukraine "by mistake during an exercise".<a href="#cite_note-REUmigewe-355">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcrtoi-356">[353]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> (SBU) released videos that they said were interviews with the captive Russian soldiers. In one of the videos, a soldier said that their commanders had sent them on a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">70-kilometre (43+1⁄2 mi) march "without explaining its purpose or warning that they would be in Ukrainian territory, where they were apprehended by Ukrainian forces and surrendered without a fight".<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg/220px-2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg/330px-2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg/440px-2014._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_464.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>People queueing for water in Donetsk, 22 August 2014</figcaption></figure> Insurgents pushed into <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a> on 27 August.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC27AUG-358">[355]</a> Whilst the Ukrainian government said they were in "total control" of Novoazovsk, town mayor Oleg Sidorkin confirmed that the insurgents had captured it.<a href="#cite_note-BBC27AUG-358">[355]</a> He also said that "dozens" of tanks and armoured vehicles had been used by the insurgents in their assault on the town. At least four civilians were injured by insurgent shelling. To the north, close to <a href="/wiki/Starobesheve" title="Starobesheve">Starobesheve</a>, Ukrainian forces said that they spotted a column of 100 armoured vehicles, tanks, and Grad rocket lorries that was heading south, toward Novoazovsk.<a href="#cite_note-BBC27AUG-358">[355]</a> They said these vehicles were marked with "white circles or triangles", similar to the white armbands seen on the captured Russian paratroopers earlier in the week. Amidst pressure on this new third front, government forces retreated westward toward <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a> They evacuated the town of <a href="/wiki/Starobesheve" title="Starobesheve">Starobesheve</a>, among other areas in the 75-kilometre (47 mi) stretch of borderland from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> to the existing insurgent-held territories.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> A report by The New York Times described the retreating soldiers as "exhausted, filthy and dismayed".<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a> Western officials described the new insurgent actions as a "stealth invasion" by the Russian Federation, with tanks, artillery and infantry said to have crossed into Ukraine from Russian territory. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a> said that "these incursions indicate a Russian-directed counteroffensive is likely underway", and Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said "An invasion of Russian forces has taken place".<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUuars-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pgov31102-361">[358]</a> A statement by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defence_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine</a> (NSDC) later said that Novoazovsk had been captured by "Russian troops", despite earlier denials by the Ukrainian government.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> According to the NSDC, Ukrainian troops withdrew from Novoazovsk to save lives, and were instead preparing defences in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>. Meanwhile, fighting continued in and around Donetsk city. Shells fell on the <a href="/wiki/Kalininskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kalininskyi District, Donetsk">Kalininskyi district</a> of Donetsk, and the <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a> continued to fight against the insurgents that had trapped them in <a href="/wiki/Ilovaisk" title="Ilovaisk">Ilovaisk</a> for days.<a href="#cite_note-NYTvoceuk-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUuars-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> NATO commander Brig. Gen. Nico Tak said on 28 August that "well over" 1,000 Russian soldiers were operating in the Donbas conflict zone.<a href="#cite_note-NY28Aug2014-364">[361]</a> Amidst what The New York Times described as "chaos" in the conflict zone, the insurgents re-captured <a href="/wiki/Savur-Mohyla" title="Savur-Mohyla">Savur-Mohyla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a> Despite these advances by pro-Russian forces, the National Guard of Ukraine temporarily retook the city of <a href="/wiki/Komsomolske,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Komsomolske, Donetsk Oblast">Komsomolske</a> in <a href="/wiki/Starobesheve_Raion" title="Starobesheve Raion">Starobesheve Raion</a> of Donetsk Oblast on 29 August.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> However, two days later, Ukrainian forces retreated from the city, and Komsomolske was once again taken by the DPR forces.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Elsewhere, Ukrainian forces retreated from <a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka,_Luhansk_Oblast" title="Novosvitlivka, Luhansk Oblast">Novosvitlivka</a> after being attacked by what they said were "Russian tanks". They said that every house in the village was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> The trapped <a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas Battalion</a> withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Ilovaisk" title="Ilovaisk">Ilovaisk</a> on 30 August after negotiating an agreement with pro-Russian forces. According to some of the troops who withdrew from Ilovaisk, DPR forces violated the agreement and fired on them whilst they retreated under <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flags</a>, killing as many as several dozen.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg/220px-Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg/330px-Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg/440px-Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_awarding_wounded_volunteers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Arseniy Yatsenyuk</a> awarding Donbas Battalion volunteers, 1 September 2014</figcaption></figure> A Ukrainian patrol boat in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> was hit by shore-based artillery fire on 31 August.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> Eight sailors were rescued from the sinking boat, whilst two crew-members were missing. Former insurgent commander <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a> said that the insurgents had "dealt the enemy their first naval defeat". Government forces withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_International_Airport" title="Luhansk International Airport">Luhansk International Airport</a> on 1 September, despite having held the airport from insurgent attacks for weeks prior.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1SEPT-370">[367]</a> The airport saw fierce fighting on the night before the withdrawal, and Ukrainian officials said that their forces at the airport had been attacked by a column of Russian tanks.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> Clashes also continued at <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1SEPT-370">[367]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg/220px-Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg/330px-Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg/440px-Victims_of_War_in_Ukraine_-_Kyiv_Hospital_-_Exhibition_by_Still_Miracle_Photography_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Victims of War in Ukraine - Kyiv Hospital - Exhibition by Still Miracle Photography 02</figcaption></figure> Heavy fighting was observed by OSCE monitors near the villages of <a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne" title="Shyrokyne">Shyrokyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bezimenne,_Novoazovsk_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezimenne, Novoazovsk Raion">Bezimenne</a> on 4 September.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE4SEPT-372">[369]</a> Respectively, these villages are 24 kilometres (15 mi) and 34 kilometres (21 mi) east of Mariupol. Ukrainian officials in Mariupol said that the situation there "was worsening by the hour", and that there was an imminent danger of an attack on the city.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE4SEPT-372">[369]</a> DPR forces came within 5 kilometres (3 mi) of the city on 4 September, but their advance was repulsed by an overnight counter-attack launched by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Battalion">Azov Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GUA2424255-373">[370]</a> They were driven back about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">20 kilometres (12+1⁄2 mi) east of the city. Constant shelling was heard on the outskirts of Mariupol.<a href="#cite_note-GUA2424255-373">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_2014_ceasefire">September 2014 ceasefire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">Second Battle of Donetsk Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg/220px-Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg/330px-Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg/440px-Yurkevych-Andriy-pohoron-5452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>A funeral service for a Ukrainian soldier, 11 September 2014</figcaption></figure> After days of peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), Ukraine, Russia, the DPR, and the LPR <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">agreed to a ceasefire</a> on 5 September.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2908-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE monitors</a> said they would observe the ceasefire, and assist the Ukrainian government in implementing it.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the agreement was an "almost verbatim" replication of Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a>'s failed June "<a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine#Fifteen-point_peace_plan" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">15-point peace plan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NYT23425-375">[372]</a> It was agreed that there would be an <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchange</a> of all prisoners taken by both sides, and that heavy weaponry should be removed from the combat zone.<a href="#cite_note-NYT23425-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP7SEPT2014-376">[373]</a> Humanitarian corridors were meant to be maintained so that civilians could leave affected areas. President Poroshenko said that Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts would be granted "special status", and that use of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> in these areas would be protected by law.<a href="#cite_note-NYT23425-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP7SEPT2014-376">[373]</a> Russia started a more robust train and equip operation to strengthen separatists forces.<a href="#cite_note-de4-35">[32]</a> DPR and LPR leaders said that they retained their desire for full independence from Ukraine, despite these concessions. Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Ukrainian president Poroshenko discussed the ceasefire on 6 September.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> Both parties said that they were satisfied with the ceasefire, and that it was generally holding. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luhansk_International_Airport,_September_4,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Luhansk_International_Airport%2C_September_4%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed terminal at Luhansk airport, 4 September 2014</figcaption></figure> The ceasefire was broken multiple times on the night of 6–7 September, and into the day on 7 September.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC7SEPT2014-379">[376]</a> These violations resulted in the deaths of four Ukrainian soldiers, whilst 29 were injured.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> Heavy shelling by the insurgents was reported on the eastern outskirts of Mariupol, and OSCE monitors said that the Ukrainian government had fired rockets from <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>. The OSCE said that these breaches of the agreement would not cause the ceasefire to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-BBC7SEPT2014-379">[376]</a> Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said on 10 September that "70% of Russian troops have been moved back across the border", and also added that this action gave him "hope that the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Agreement_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Agreement (2014)">peace initiatives</a> have good prospects".<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> Ceasefire violations continued, however. In line with the Minsk Protocol, OSCE monitors said that they observed a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a> near <a href="/wiki/Avdiivka" title="Avdiivka">Avdiivka</a> at 03:40 on 12 September.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> Ukrainian forces released 31 DPR insurgents, whilst DPR forces released 37 Ukrainian soldiers. OSCE monitors documented violations of the Minsk Protocol in numerous areas of Donetsk Oblast from 13 to 15 September.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE15SEPT-384">[381]</a> These areas included <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a>, Telmanove, <a href="/wiki/Debaltseve" title="Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrovske" title="Petrovske">Petrovske</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasynuvata" title="Yasynuvata">Yasynuvata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>, all of which saw intense fighting. Two of the armoured vehicles that the monitors were travelling in were struck by shrapnel, rendering one of the vehicles inoperable and forcing the monitors to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE15SEPT-384">[381]</a> According to the monitors, troop and equipment movements were being carried out by both DPR and Ukrainian forces. They also said that there were "command and control issues" amongst both parties to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE15SEPT-384">[381]</a> A visit by the monitors to <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_International_Airport" title="Luhansk International Airport">Luhansk International Airport</a> took place on 20 September.<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> They said that the airport was "completely destroyed", and entirely unusable. Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said on 21 September that the Armed Forces of Ukraine lost between 60% and 65% of its total active equipment over the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg/220px-2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg/330px-2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg/440px-2014-09-20._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_370.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A DPR policemen in Donetsk, 20 September 2014</figcaption></figure> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group</a> and the DPR took part in a video conference on 25 September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE26SEPT-387">[384]</a> According to a statement released by the OSCE on the day after the conference, all parties agreed that the fighting had "subsided in recent days", and that the "situation along 70%" of the buffer zone was "calm". They also said that they would "spare no efforts" to strengthen the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE26SEPT-387">[384]</a> Scattered violations of the ceasefire continued.<a href="#cite_note-BBC29SEPT-388">[385]</a> In the most significant incident since the start of the ceasefire, seven Ukrainian soldiers died on 29 September when a tank shell struck the armoured personnel carrier that they were travelling in near Donetsk International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-BBC29SEPT-388">[385]</a> A skirmish ensued, leaving many soldiers wounded. Over the next few days, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">fighting continued</a> around Donetsk International Airport, whilst Donetsk city itself came under heavy shelling.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> Amidst this renewed violence, OSCE chairman <a href="/wiki/Didier_Burkhalter" title="Didier Burkhalter">Didier Burkhalter</a> issued a statement that "urged all sides to immediately stop fighting", and also said that putting the ceasefire at risk of collapse would be "irresponsible and deplorable".<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> According to a report released by the UN <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) on 8 October, the ceasefire implemented by the Minsk Protocol was becoming "increasingly fragile".<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> The statement that announced the release of the report said that at least 331 people had been killed since the start of ceasefire, and that the most fierce fighting took place around <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debaltseve" title="Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shchastia" title="Shchastia">Shchastia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> The report said that the majority of civilian deaths were caused by both insurgent and Ukrainian shelling.<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> Several hundred <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a> troops protested outside the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_Building_(Kyiv)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Administration Building (Kyiv)">presidential administration building</a> in Kyiv on 13 October.<a href="#cite_note-KP14OCT2014-395">[392]</a> They demanded the end of conscription, and their own demobilisation.<a href="#cite_note-KP14OCT2014-395">[392]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>, many of the protesters stated that they had clashed with <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protesters, and that they were not in favour of that movement.<a href="#cite_note-KP14OCT2014-395">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_2014_separatist_elections_and_aftermath">November 2014 separatist elections and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_general_elections" title="2014 Donbas general elections">2014 Donbas general elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg/220px-Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg/330px-Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg/440px-Donetsk_suburb_after_shelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A Donetsk suburb after shelling, 7 November 2014</figcaption></figure> Heavy fighting continued across the Donbas through October, despite the ceasefire. In violation of the procedure agreed to as part of the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, DPR and LPR authorities <a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_general_elections" title="2014 Donbas general elections">held parliamentary and executive elections</a> on 2 November.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a> In response to the elections, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko asked parliament to revoke the "special status" that was granted to DPR and LPR-controlled areas as part of the Minsk Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-398">[395]</a> DPR deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Purgin" title="Andrei Purgin">Andrei Purgin</a> said that Ukrainian forces had launched "all-out war" against the DPR and LPR on 6 November.<a href="#cite_note-RE6NOV2014-399">[396]</a> Ukrainian officials denied any offensive and said that they would adhere to the Minsk Protocol. Despite this, battles continued across the Donbas, leaving many soldiers dead. Concurrently, separatist representatives requested a redraughting of the Minsk Protocol, as a result of recurrent violations.<a href="#cite_note-RE6NOV2014-399">[396]</a> Intermittent shelling of Donetsk renewed on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-BBC9NOV-400">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE monitors</a> reported on 8 November that there were large movements of unmarked heavy equipment in separatist-held territory.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE8NOV-401">[398]</a> These movements included armoured personnel carriers, lorries, petrol tankers, and tanks, which were being manned and escorted by men in dark green uniforms without insignias.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE8NOV-401">[398]</a> Ukrainian government spokesmen said that these were movements of Russian troops, but this could not be independently verified.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> Overnight into 9 November, intense shelling from both government and insurgent positions rocked Donetsk.<a href="#cite_note-BBC9NOV-400">[397]</a> OSCE chairman <a href="/wiki/Didier_Burkhalter" title="Didier Burkhalter">Didier Burkhalter</a> said that he was "very concerned" about the "resurgence of violence", and stressed the importance of adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a> OSCE monitors observed more munitions convoys in separatist-held territory on 9 November.<a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> These included 17 unmarked green <a href="/wiki/ZiL" title="ZiL">ZiL</a> lorries loaded with ammunition at <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk,_Ukraine" title="Sverdlovsk, Ukraine">Sverdlovsk</a>, and 17 similar <a href="/wiki/Kamaz" title="Kamaz">Kamaz</a> lorries towing howitzers at <a href="/wiki/Zuhres" title="Zuhres">Zuhres</a>. Another convoy of 43 green military lories, some towing howitzers and rocket launchers, was observed by OSCE monitors in Donetsk on 11 November.<a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove,_Donetsk_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg/220px-Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg/330px-Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg/440px-Damaged_building_in_Kurakhove%2C_Donetsk_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Damaged building in <a href="/wiki/Kurakhove" title="Kurakhove">Kurakhove</a>, 26 November 2014</figcaption></figure> Following the reports of these troop and equipment movements, NATO <a href="/wiki/Philip_Breedlove" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Breedlove">General Philip Breedlove</a> said on 12 November that he could confirm that Russian troops and heavy equipment had crossed into Ukraine during the preceding week.<a href="#cite_note-BBC12NOV-406">[403]</a> In response, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that it was preparing for a renewed offensive by pro-Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a> Russian Defence Ministry spokesman Major General <a href="/wiki/Igor_Konashenkov" title="Igor Konashenkov">Igor Konashenkov</a> said "there was and is no evidence" to support NATO's statement.<a href="#cite_note-BBC12NOV-406">[403]</a> By 2 December, at least 1,000 people had died during fighting in the Donbas, since the signing of the Minsk Protocol in early September.<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a> A BBC report said that the ceasefire had been "a fiction". In light of this continued fighting, Ukrainian and separatist forces agreed to cease all military operations for a "Day of Silence" on 9 December.<a href="#cite_note-409">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a> Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that he hoped that the "Day of Silence" would encourage the signing of a new peace deal. Whilst no new peace talks took place following the "Day of Silence", fighting between Ukrainian and separatist forces lessened significantly over the course of December.<a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a> A report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> stated that the late 2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian financial crisis">financial crisis in Russia</a>, in tandem with <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2013%E2%80%9315_Ukrainian_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian Crisis">American and European economic sanctions</a>, deterred further advances by pro-Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a> The report also raised concerns about the potential for "humanitarian catastrophe" in separatist-controlled Donbas during the cold winter months, saying that the separatists were unable "to provide basic services for the population". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of Donetsk International Airport, December 2014. The control tower has since been completely destroyed.</figcaption></figure> In line with the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, more prisoner exchanges took place during the week of 21–27 December.<a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a> More OSCE-organised talks were held in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> during that week, but they reached no result. In a press conference on 29 December, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said that the Minsk Protocol was becoming effective "point by point", and also said that "progress" was being made.<a href="#cite_note-KP29DEC-416">[413]</a> Since the signing of the Protocol, over 1,500 people held by the separatists had been released as part of the prisoner exchanges. Whereas Ukrainian forces had been losing about 100 men per day prior to the Protocol, only about 200 had been killed in the four months since its signing. Poroshenko also said that he believed that conflict would only end if Russian troops were to leave Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-KP29DEC-416">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_in_January_2015">Escalation in January 2015</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_bus_attack" title="Volnovakha bus attack">Volnovakha bus attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">Second Battle of Donetsk Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Battle of Debaltseve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2015 Mariupol attack">January 2015 Mariupol attack</a></div> OSCE monitors reported a "rise in tensions" following New Year's Day.<a href="#cite_note-417">[414]</a> Numerous ceasefire violations were recorded, with most occurring near <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>. Infighting amongst insurgent groups broke out in Luhansk Oblast.<a href="#cite_note-NYT5JAN2015-418">[415]</a> In one incident, LPR militants said that they had killed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bednov" title="Alexander Bednov">Alexander Bednov</a>, the leader of the pro-Russian "Batman Battalion", on 2 January 2015. LPR officials said that Bednov had been running an "illegal prison", and that he had engaged in torturing prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-419">[416]</a> In another incident, the leader of an <a href="/wiki/Antratsyt" title="Antratsyt">Antratsyt</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cossack">Don Cossack</a> militant group, Nikolai Kozitsyn, said that the territory controlled by his group, claimed by the Luhansk People's Republic, had become part of the "Russian empire", and that Russian president Vladimir Putin was its "emperor".<a href="#cite_note-NYT5JAN2015-418">[415]</a> An intercity bus stopped at a government checkpoint in Buhas <a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_bus_attack" title="Volnovakha bus attack">was hit</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Grad_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad rocket">Grad rocket</a> on 13 January, killing 12 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a> Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko declared a day of national mourning.<a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> Buhas is 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of Donetsk city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG/220px-2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG/330px-2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG/440px-2014-12-25._%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>DPR <a href="/wiki/Sparta_Battalion" title="Sparta Battalion">Sparta Battalion</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Arsen_Pavlov" title="Arsen Pavlov">Arseny Pavlov</a>, Donetsk, 25 December 2014</figcaption></figure> The new terminal building at <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_International_Airport" title="Donetsk International Airport">Donetsk International Airport</a>, which had been a site of fighting between Ukrainian and separatist troops since May 2014, was captured by the DPR forces on 15 January.<a href="#cite_note-15JANGUARD-423">[420]</a> In the days prior to the capturing, the airport was heavily barraged by separatist rocket fire.<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a> DPR leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a> stated that the capture of the airport was the first step toward regaining territory lost to Ukrainian forces during the middle of 2014. He said "Let our countrymen hear this: We will not just give up our land. We will either take it back peacefully, or like that", referring to the capture of the airport.<a href="#cite_note-15JANGUARD-423">[420]</a> Such an offensive by separatist forces would signal the complete breakdown of the frequently ignored <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, which established a buffer zone between Ukrainian-controlled and separatist-controlled territories.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> Ukrainian forces said that there had been "no order to retreat" from the airport, and DPR parliament chairman <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Purgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Purgin">Andrey Purgin</a> said that while DPR forces had gained control of the terminal buildings, fighting was ongoing because "the Ukrainians have lots of places to hide".<a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a> Concurrently, a new round of Minsk talks, scheduled for 16 January by the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a>, was called off after DPR and LPR leaders <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Plotnitsky" title="Igor Plotnitsky">Igor Plotnitsky</a> refused to attend.<a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> A government military operation at the weekend of 17–18 January resulted in Ukrainian forces recapturing most of Donetsk International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-REU18JAN-429">[426]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">Ukrainian NSDC</a> representative Andriy Lysenko, the operation restored the lines of control established by the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, and therefore did not constitute a violation of it. The operation caused fighting to move toward Donetsk proper, resulting in heavy shelling of residential areas of the city that border the airport.<a href="#cite_note-REU18JAN-429">[426]</a> DPR authorities said that they halted government forces at Putylivskiy bridge, which connects the airport and the city proper.<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a> The bridge, which is strategically important, was destroyed during the fighting. OSCE monitors reported that shelling had caused heavy damage in the Donetsk residential districts of <a href="/wiki/Kyivskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kyivskyi District, Donetsk">Kyivskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirovskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Kirovskyi District, Donetsk">Kirovskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_District,_Donetsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovsky District, Donetsk">Petrovskyi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voroshylovskyi_District,_Donetsk" title="Voroshylovskyi District, Donetsk">Voroshilovskyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[428]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_for_Donetsk_airport,_16_January_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg/250px-Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg/375px-Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg/500px-Battle_for_Donetsk_airport%2C_16_January_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>DPR Somalia Battalion in the new terminal building of Donetsk Airport on 16 January 2015</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said on 21 January that Russia had deployed more than 9,000 soldiers and 500 tanks, artillery units, and armoured personnel carriers in the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> An article that appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> said that deployment appeared to be "a response to Kyiv's success" in retaining control of Donetsk International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> On the same day, Ukrainian forces attempted to surround the airport in an attempt to push back the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-KP22JAN-434">[431]</a> As Ukrainian and DPR forces fought away from the airport, a group of insurgents stormed the first and third floors of the new terminal building. Ukrainian troops held out on the second floor of the building until the ceiling collapsed, killing several soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-KP22JAN-434">[431]</a> The remaining Ukrainian forces were either captured, killed, or were forced to withdraw from the airport, allowing DPR forces to overrun it. According to one volunteer, 37 Ukrainian troops died.<a href="#cite_note-KP22JAN-434">[431]</a> The Daily Telegraph called the Ukrainian defeat at the airport "devastating".<a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter,_6_January_2015_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg/220px-Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg/330px-Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg/440px-Ded_Moroz_visits_children_in_Donetsk_bomb_shelter%2C_6_January_2015_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Donetsk civilians living in bomb shelter, January 2015</figcaption></figure> Following this victory, separatist forces began to attack Ukrainian forces along the line of control in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> Particularly heavy fighting broke out along the <a href="/wiki/Siverskyi_Donets_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siverskyi Donets River">Siverskyi Donets River</a>, to the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a> city. Separatist forces captured a Ukrainian checkpoint at Krymske, attacked other checkpoints in the area, and shelled villages near <a href="/wiki/Shchastia" title="Shchastia">Shchastia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> Separatist forces began <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">an assault</a> on the government-controlled town of <a href="/wiki/Debaltseve" title="Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a> in north-eastern Donetsk Oblast, barraging it with artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a> The DPR launched <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2015 Mariupol attack">an attack</a> on Mariupol from <a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne" title="Shyrokyne">Shyrokyne</a> during the morning of 24 January. A hail of Grad rockets killed at least 30 people, and wounded another 83.<a href="#cite_note-439">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> Heavy fighting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve#Closing_the_"kettle"" title="Battle of Debaltseve">continued in Debaltseve</a> over the next week, resulting in many civilian and combatant casualties.<a href="#cite_note-441">[438]</a> French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> and German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> put forth a new peace plan on 7 February. The Franco-German plan, drawn up after talks with Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko and Russian president Vladimir Putin, was seen as a revival of the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>. President Hollande said that the plan was the "last chance" for resolution of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-7FEB2052-442">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a> The plan was put forth in response to American proposals to send armaments to the Ukrainian government, something that Chancellor Merkel said would only result in a worsening of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-7FEB2052-442">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[441]</a> Fighting worsened in the run-up to the scheduled 11 February talks to discuss the Franco-German peace plan. DPR forces shelled the city of <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a> on 10 February, which had last seen fighting in July 2014. The shelling targeted the city's Armed Forces headquarters, but also hit a nearby residential area. Seven people were killed, while 26 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-BBC10FEB-445">[442]</a> The pro-government <a href="/wiki/Azov_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Battalion">Azov Battalion</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne_standoff_(February%E2%80%93July_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyrokyne standoff (February–July 2015)">an offensive</a> to recapture separatist-controlled areas on the outskirts of Mariupol, centred on the village of Shyrokyne. Battalion commander <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Biletsky (politician)">Andriy Biletsky</a> said his forces were moving toward <a href="/wiki/Novoazovsk" title="Novoazovsk">Novoazovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC10FEB-445">[442]</a> In October 2015 a member of the monitoring mission Maksim Udovichenko, delegated to OSCE by Russia, was suspended for "misbehavior" involving alcohol while in Severodonetsk and admitted he is actually a GRU officer.<a href="#cite_note-446">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minsk_II_ceasefire_and_denouement">Minsk II ceasefire and denouement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donbas_(2015%E2%80%932022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg/500px-Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg/750px-Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg/1000px-Donbas_%282015%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Map of separatist-held areas from the conclusion of the Battle of Debaltseve in 2015 until the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16544235410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg/330px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg/440px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>The withdrawal of Ukrainian heavy weaponry, March 2015</figcaption></figure> The scheduled summit at <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> on 11 February 2015 resulted in the signing of a new package of peacemaking measures, called <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk II</a>, on 12 February.<a href="#cite_note-BBC12FEB-447">[444]</a> The plan, similar in content to the failed <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, called for an unconditional ceasefire, to begin on 15 February, amongst many other measures.<a href="#cite_note-BBC12FEB-447">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[445]</a> Despite the signing of Minsk II, fighting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">continued around Debaltseve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[446]</a> DPR forces said that ceasefire did not apply to Debaltseve, and continued their offensive. Ukrainian forces were forced to withdraw from the Debaltseve area on 18 February, leaving separatist forces in control of it.<a href="#cite_note-450">[447]</a> In the week after the fall of Debaltseve to pro-Russian forces, fighting in the conflict zone abated.<a href="#cite_note-REU26FEBY-451">[448]</a> DPR and LPR forces began to withdraw artillery from the front lines as specified by Minsk II on 24 February, and Ukraine did so on 26 February. Ukraine reported that it had suffered no casualties during 24–26 February, something that had not occurred since early January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-REU26FEBY-451">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[449]</a> Minor skirmishes continued into March, but the ceasefire was largely observed across the combat zone. Ukrainian and separatist forces had withdrawn most of the heavy weaponry specified in Minsk II by 10 March.<a href="#cite_note-453">[450]</a> Minor violations of the ceasefire continued throughout March and into April, though it continued to hold, and the numbers of casualties reported by both sides were greatly reduced.<a href="#cite_note-454">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[453]</a> Fighting flared up on 3 June 2015, when <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2015)" title="Battle of Marinka (2015)">DPR insurgents launched an attack</a> on government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Marinka,_Ukraine" title="Marinka, Ukraine">Marinka</a>. Artillery and tanks were utilised in the battle there, which was described as the heaviest fighting since the signing of Minsk II.<a href="#cite_note-457">[454]</a> An anti-war protest took place in Donetsk city on 15 June.<a href="#cite_note-UN15JUNE-458">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[456]</a> The protest, the first of its kind in pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory, called for an end to the fighting in the Donbas. About 500 people, who had gathered outside the RSA building, shouted, "Stop the war!", "Give us back our houses, our homes are broken!", and "Get out of here!" Specifically, protesters demanded that the separatists cease firing rocket attacks from residential areas on the outskirts of Donetsk.<a href="#cite_note-UN15JUNE-458">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[457]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk,_Eastern_Ukraine,_May_30,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/220px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/330px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg/440px-A_Russia-backed_rebel_armored_fighting_vehicles_convoy_near_Donetsk%2C_Eastern_Ukraine%2C_May_30%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>DPR armoured vehicles near Donetsk, May 2015</figcaption></figure> Whilst all parties to the conflict continued to support implementation of the measures specified by Minsk II, minor skirmishes continued on a daily basis through June and July 2015. Ukrainian troops suffered losses on a daily basis, and the ceasefire was labelled "unworkable" and "impossible to implement". Despite constant fighting and shelling along the line of contact, no territorial changes occurred.<a href="#cite_note-461">[458]</a> This state of stalemate led the war to be labelled a "<a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen conflict</a>".<a href="#cite_note-REU21JULY2015-46">[43]</a> Following months of ceasefire violations, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Ukrainian government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">DPR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">LPR</a> jointly agreed to halt all fighting, starting on 1 September 2015. This agreement coincided with the start of the school year in Ukraine, and was intended to allow for another attempt at implementing the points of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[459]</a> By 12 September, German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> said that the ceasefire had been holding, and that the parties to the conflict were "very close" to reaching an agreement to withdraw heavy weaponry from the line of contact, as specified by Minsk II. The area around Mariupol, including <a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne" title="Shyrokyne">Shyrokyne</a>, saw no fighting. According to Ukrainian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Poltorak" title="Stepan Poltorak">Stepan Poltorak</a>, violence in the Donbas had reached its lowest level since the start of the war.<a href="#cite_note-463">[460]</a> Whilst the ceasefire continued to hold into November, no final settlement to the conflict was agreed. The New York Times described this result as part of "a common arc of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">post-Soviet conflict</a>, visible in the Georgian enclaves of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> in Azerbaijan and in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>", and said that separatist-controlled areas had become a "frozen zone", where people "live in ruins, amid a ruined ideology, in the ruins of the old empire."<a href="#cite_note-464">[461]</a> This state of affairs continued into 2016, with a 15 April report by the BBC labelling the conflict as "Europe's forgotten war".<a href="#cite_note-BBC15APR16-465">[462]</a> Minor outbreaks of fighting continued along the line of contact, though no major territorial changes occurred.<a href="#cite_note-BBC15APR16-465">[462]</a> A new ceasefire came into effect on 1 September 2016, described at the time by BBC correspondent <a href="/wiki/Tom_Burridge" title="Tom Burridge">Tom Burridge</a> as "the first time there has been a true halt to fighting in 11 months", and in 2018 described by TASS as the most successful ceasefire over the course of the conflict, due to it lasting six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-466">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-tass.com/world/1027270-42">[39]</a> Within days both sides accused each other of breaching the ceasefire, although they also stated that the ceasefire was widely observed.<a href="#cite_note-467">[464]</a> Nevertheless, on 6 September (2016), Ukrainian authorities reported the death of yet another soldier.<a href="#cite_note-468">[465]</a> On 24 December 2016, the tenth indefinite ceasefire since the start of the conflict came into effect; according to the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the Ukrainian government, and the separatists, the ceasefire was not observed.<a href="#cite_note-469">[466]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2017_eruption_of_heavy_fighting_and_failed_ceasefires">January 2017 eruption of heavy fighting and failed ceasefires</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>A view from a Ukrainian Armed Forces support point near <a href="/wiki/Pisky,_Yasynuvata_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisky, Yasynuvata Raion">Pisky</a>, January 2017</figcaption></figure> 2016 was the first full calendar year of the conflict in which Ukraine lost no territories to pro-Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-HrWD169117-470">[467]</a> In addition, both the Ukrainian Armed Forces (211 combat losses and 256 non-combat losses) and the local populace (13 in Ukrainian government-controlled areas) suffered significantly less casualties than in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-HrWD169117-470">[467]</a> The new year, however, brought a new eruption of heavy fighting, starting on 29 January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2017)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2017)">centred on the Ukrainian-controlled city of Avdiivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[468]</a> On 18 February 2017, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed a decree whereby the Russian authorities would recognise personal and vehicle-registration documents issued by the DPR and LPR.<a href="#cite_note-472">[469]</a> The presidential decree referred to "permanent residents of certain areas of Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts", without any mention of the self-proclaimed People's Republics.<a href="#cite_note-473">[470]</a> Ukrainian authorities decried the decree as being directly contradictory to the Minsk II agreement and that it "legally recognised the quasi-state terrorist groups which cover Russia's occupation of part of <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>."<a href="#cite_note-474">[471]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">Secretary General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) <a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Zannier" title="Lamberto Zannier">Lamberto Zannier</a> stated on 19 February the decree "implies...recognition of those who issue the documents, of course" and that it would make it more difficult to hold a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-475">[472]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg/220px-Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg/330px-Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg/440px-Ukranian_army_trench_in_Donbass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>A Ukrainian soldier inside a <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench</a>. Extensive trench networks were built at the frontlines and the conflict turned into <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>.</figcaption></figure> Russian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, after meeting with his Ukrainian, German and French counterparts in Munich on 18 February, said that a ceasefire between Ukraine and the separatists had been agreed effective from 20 February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-476">[473]</a> But according to a Ukrainian Armed Forces spokesman on 20 February 2017 separatists attacks continued, although he did state there was a "significant reduction in military activity."<a href="#cite_note-477">[474]</a> On 21 February OSCE's Secretary General Zannier stated there were still a significant number of violations of the cease-fire and "no evidence of the withdrawal of weapons".<a href="#cite_note-478">[475]</a> According to both parties to the conflict, the fourth truce attempt of 2017 collapsed within a few hours on 24 June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-479">[476]</a> A "back to school ceasefire" to begin on 25 August 2017 also immediately collapsed when, on that very day, both combatants claimed that the other side had violated it.<a href="#cite_note-480">[477]</a> A further "Christmas ceasefire" that was to be upheld starting 00:00 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">Eastern European Time</a>) on 23 December 2017 was immediately broken by DPR and LPR forces according to the Ukrainian Armed Forces (reporting nine violations including the death of a Ukrainian soldier killed by an enemy sniper and claiming the Ukrainians had not fired back<a href="#cite_note-481">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[479]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-483">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-TASS982709-484">[481]</a> In turn, the DPR stated that the Ukrainian Armed Forces had broken the truce, while the LPR Luganskinformcenter news agency said the same, but also that, the "ceasefire is generally observed."<a href="#cite_note-TASS982709-484">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[482]</a> On 27 December 2017, as part of the Minsk deal, a prisoner swap was conducted with 73 Ukrainian soldiers exchanged for over 200 separatists.<a href="#cite_note-486">[483]</a> On 18 January 2018, the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to regain control over separatist-held areas. The bill was adopted with support from 280 lawmakers in the 450-seat Verkhovna Rada<a href="#cite_note-487">[484]</a> (due to the war in the Donbas and the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 Russian annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, only 423 of the parliament's 450 seats were elected in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election">previous election</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[487]</a>). The Russian government denounced the bill, calling it "preparations for a new war",<a href="#cite_note-491">[488]</a> and accused the Ukrainian government of violating the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk agreement</a>. The law on the reintegration of Donbas labeled the republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as "<a href="/wiki/Temporarily_occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine">temporarily-occupied territories</a>", while Russia was labeled as an "aggressor". The legislation granted President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Poroshenko</a> "the right to use military force inside the country, without consent from the Ukrainian parliament", which would include the reclaiming of Donbas. The bill supports a ban on trade and a transport blockade of the east that has been in place since 2017. Under the legislation, the only separatist-issued documents that Ukraine would recognize are birth and death certificates. A new ceasefire agreed by all parties to the conflict went into force on 5 March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-cfDonbasMarch18-492">[489]</a> By 9 March, the Ukrainian military claimed it was not being observed by the DPR and LPR forces, who in turn claimed the same of the Ukrainian military.<a href="#cite_note-cfDonbasMarch18-492">[489]</a> On 26 March 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a> agreed on a "comprehensive, sustainable and unlimited ceasefire" that was to start on 30 March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-cfDonbasMarch30-493">[490]</a> It collapsed on its first day.<a href="#cite_note-cfDonbasMarch30-493">[490]</a> Ukraine officially ended the "Anti-Terrorist Operation" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(April%E2%80%93June_2014)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (April–June 2014) (page does not exist)">ATO</a>), and replaced it with "Joint Forces Operation" (JFO) on 30 April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-494">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[496]</a> According to Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Serhii_Naiev" title="Serhii Naiev">Serhii Naiev</a>, the commander of the Joint Forces Operation, the renaming was intended to signify that Ukraine was not fighting against indigenous "terrorists" or "separatist militants" in the Donbas, but against the Russian military.<a href="#cite_note-eujfa2-34">[31]</a> On the same day, the United States confirmed that it had delivered <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">Javelin</a> anti-tank missiles to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-500">[497]</a> According to The Washington Post, the missiles will be kept away from the front line, and would be used only in the case of an all-out separatist assault.<a href="#cite_note-501">[498]</a> On 28 June 2018, a new "harvest" "comprehensive and indefinite ceasefire regime" was agreed set to start on 1 July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-502">[499]</a> Within hours after its start both pro-Russian and Ukrainian sides accused each other of violating this truce.<a href="#cite_note-503">[500]</a> The 29 August 2018 ceasefire also failed.<a href="#cite_note-www.unian.info/war/10278909-504">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-tass.com/world/1027270-42">[39]</a> On 31 August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">DPR</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a> was killed in an explosion at a restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-505">[502]</a> As reported on 27 December 2018, Yuriy Biriukov, an advisor to Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, claimed that almost the entire "grey zone" between the warring sides had been liberated from Russian-led forces without breaching the Minsk peace agreements, and came under the control of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-506">[503]</a> This was confirmed the following day by <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Ukraine)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Ukraine)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Muzhenko" title="Viktor Muzhenko">Viktor Muzhenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-507">[504]</a> On the same day, a new (and the 22nd<a href="#cite_note-508">[505]</a> attempt at an) indefinite truce starting midnight 29 December was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-509">[506]</a> Both the Ukrainians and the separatists accused each other of violating the ceasefire on the day it came into effect.<a href="#cite_note-510">[507]</a> On 7 March 2019, the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine agreed on a new truce to start on 8 March 2019.<a href="#cite_note-511">[508]</a> Although Ukraine claimed that "Russian proxies" (the separatists) had violated it on the same day, fighting did die down, with the Ukrainian side stating that the ceasefire was fully observed from 10 March 2019.<a href="#cite_note-512">[509]</a> In June, Russia began distributing Russian passports to Ukrainians living in the regions of Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-513">[510]</a> Which was considered by Ukrainian government as a step towards annexation of the region.<a href="#cite_note-514">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[512]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2019_Steinmeier_formula_agreement_and_July_2020_ceasefire">October 2019 Steinmeier formula agreement and July 2020 ceasefire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelensky,_Merkel,_Macron,_Putin,_(2019-12-10)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg/220px-Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg/330px-Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg/440px-Zelensky%2C_Merkel%2C_Macron%2C_Putin%2C_%282019-12-10%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Zelenskyy, Merkel, Macron and Putin in Paris, France, December 2019</figcaption></figure> Following extensive negotiations, Ukraine, Russia, the DPR, LPR, and the OSCE signed an agreement to try to end the conflict in the Donbas on 1 October 2019. Called the "Steinmeier formula", after its proposer, German President <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a>, the agreement envisages free elections in DPR and LPR territories, observed and verified by the OSCE, and the subsequent reintegration of those territories into Ukraine with special status. Russia demanded the agreement's signing before any continuation of the "<a href="/wiki/Normandy_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy format">Normandy format</a>" peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-bbc11oct1-53">[50]</a> A survey of public opinion in DPR and LPR-controlled Donbas conducted by the Centre for East European and International Studies in March 2019 found that 55% of those polled favoured reintegration with Ukraine. 24% of those in favour of reintegration supported a return to the pre-war administrative system for Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, while 33% percent supported special status for the region.<a href="#cite_note-516">[513]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_(49718977138).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_IMG_2022_%2849718977138%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian National Guard">Ukrainian National Guard</a> soldier in a <a href="/wiki/Security_checkpoint" title="Security checkpoint">security checkpoint</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">JFO zone</a>, 2019.</figcaption></figure> In line with the Steinmeier formula, Ukrainian and separatist troops began withdrawing from the town of <a href="/wiki/Zolote" title="Zolote">Zolote</a> on 29 October. Attempts to withdraw earlier in the month had been prevented by protests from Ukrainian war veterans.<a href="#cite_note-517">[514]</a> A further withdrawal was successfully completed in <a href="/wiki/Petrovske" title="Petrovske">Petrovske</a> during November. Following the withdrawals, and a successful Russian–Ukrainian prisoner swap, Russian president Vladimir Putin, Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>, French president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> and German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> met in Paris on 9 December 2019 in a resumption of the Normandy format talks.<a href="#cite_note-518">[515]</a> The two sides agreed to exchange all remaining prisoners of war by the end of 2019, work toward new elections in the Donbas, and schedule further talks.<a href="#cite_note-519">[516]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> deteriorated the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas#Living_conditions_in_the_conflict_zone" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">living conditions in the conflict zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-da2-520">[517]</a> Particularly, quarantine measures imposed by Ukraine, the DPR, and the LPR prevented those in the occupied territories from crossing the line of contact, negating access to critical resources.<a href="#cite_note-521">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-da2-520">[517]</a> Fighting increased in March 2020, with nineteen civilians killed, more than in the previous five months combined.<a href="#cite_note-da2-520">[517]</a> While some crossings opened to small numbers of people in June 2020, the DPR introduced new regulations, ostensibly to prevent the spread of coronavirus, which made it nigh impossible for most people to cross the line of contact. In contrast, the Russian border completely reopened.<a href="#cite_note-522">[519]</a> The 29th attempt<a href="#cite_note-7265424Donbass-55">[52]</a> at a "full and comprehensive" ceasefire came into effect on 27 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-523">[520]</a> During his 24 August 2020 <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_of_Ukraine" title="Independence Day of Ukraine">Ukrainian Independence Day</a> speech, President Zelenskyy announced the ceasefire had held, leading to 29 days without combat losses.<a href="#cite_note-524">[521]</a> Zelenskyy also admitted, however, that despite the prisoner exchange and de-mining operations that had taken place, the peace process did not move as fast as he had expected when he signed the 9 December 2019 summit.<a href="#cite_note-zelenskyy-high-chance-54">[51]</a> On 6 September 2020, the Ukrainian Armed Forces reported its first combat loss since the 27 July 2020 truce, when a soldier was killed by shelling.<a href="#cite_note-525">[522]</a> Despite this, President Zelenskyy stated on 7 November 2020 that since the July 2020 ceasefire was established, deaths of Ukrainian soldiers in combat had decreased tenfold, and the number of attacks on soldiers decreased by five-and-a-half-fold.<a href="#cite_note-3131969ukrinform-526">[523]</a> From 27 July 2020 until 7 November 2020, only three Ukrainian soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-3131969ukrinform-526">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021–2022_escalation">2021–2022 escalation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> According to Ukrainian authorities, in the first three months of 2021, 25 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in the conflict zone, compared to a total of 50 that had died in all of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-56678665Ukraineconflict-56">[53]</a> According to the Ombudsman of the DPR, 85 soldiers and 30 civilians were killed in January–October 2021 as a consequence of military action.<a href="#cite_note-527">[524]</a> In late March–early April 2021, the Russian military moved large quantities of arms and equipment from western and central Russia, and as far away as Siberia, into occupied Crimea and the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov</a> oblasts of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-528">[525]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Janes</a> intelligence specialist identified fourteen Russian military units from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a> that had moved into the vicinity of the Russo-Ukrainian border, and called it the largest unannounced military movement since the 2014 invasion of Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-529">[526]</a> Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khomchak" title="Ruslan Khomchak">Ruslan Khomchak</a> said that Russia had stationed twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/Battalion_tactical_group" title="Battalion tactical group">battalion tactical groups</a> along the border, and that it was expected that twenty-five more were to be brought in,<a href="#cite_note-530">[527]</a> including in <a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a> and Voronezh oblasts in Russia's <a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western Military District</a>. The following day, Russian state news agency <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> reported that fifty of its <a href="/wiki/Battalion_tactical_group" title="Battalion tactical group">BTGs</a> consisting of 15,000 soldiers were massed for drills in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a>, which includes occupied Crimea and also borders the Donbas conflict zone.<a href="#cite_note-531">[528]</a> By April 9, the head of the <a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">Ukrainian border guard</a> estimated that 85,000 Russian soldiers were already in Crimea or within 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the Ukrainian border.<a href="#cite_note-532">[529]</a> A Russian government spokesman said that the Russian military movements posed no threat,<a href="#cite_note-533">[530]</a> but Russian official <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kozak" title="Dmitry Kozak">Dmitry Kozak</a> warned that Russian forces could act to "defend" Russian citizens in Ukraine, and any escalation of the Donbas conflict would mean "the beginning of the end of Ukraine" – "not a shot in the leg, but in the face".<a href="#cite_note-534">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[532]</a> By this time, some half a million people in the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> had been issued <a href="/wiki/Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Russian passports</a> since fighting broke out in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-536">[533]</a> Russia refused to participate when Ukraine requested a <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Document" title="Vienna Document">Vienna Document</a> meeting with France, Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-537">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[535]</a> German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> telephoned Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to demand a reversal of the buildup.<a href="#cite_note-539">[536]</a> United States White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a> announced in early April 2021 that a buildup of Russian troops on Ukrainian border was the largest since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-540">[537]</a> In April 2021, Ukraine performed the first operational rollout of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a>-made <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> military drones in the region.<a href="#cite_note-541">[538]</a> In November, a Bayraktar drone on the Ukrainian-government-controlled side of the line of contact was used to destroy a separatist artillery piece on the other side, which was conducting a strike that levelled homes and wounded and killed Ukrainian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-542">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[540]</a> In November, DNR leader Denis Pushilin said Ukrainian troops regained control of the village of <a href="/wiki/Staromarivka" title="Staromarivka">Staromarivka</a> in the grey zone.<a href="#cite_note-544">[541]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The use of Ukrainian and Russian drones was criticised by France and Germany, while the United States pointed out that the Russia-led side has repeatedly violated agreements by the use of drones and howitzer artillery.<a href="#cite_note-545">[542]</a> Russian agencies reported unease from the development, warning that further usage of the Bayraktar TB2 in the Donbas could "destabilize the situation" in the region.<a href="#cite_note-546">[543]</a> In December 2021, Ukrainian authorities said that Russia was sending snipers and tanks to the region.<a href="#cite_note-547">[544]</a> On 21 January 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Duma" title="Chairman of the State Duma">Chairman of the Russian State Duma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a>, called for a discussion in the parliamentary body to recognize the independence of the Donbas region and its separation from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-548">[545]</a> By February 2022, fighting had escalated.<a href="#cite_note-:3-549">[546]</a> There was a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, which was considered by Ukraine and its allies to be an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army or create a pretext for invasion.<a href="#cite_note-550">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-552">[549]</a> For example, the Ukrainian military reported enduring 60 attacks along the line of contact on 17 February alone, including "one shell that struck a kindergarten near the front line, injuring three staff. There were two to five attacks per day over the first six weeks of this year".<a href="#cite_note-:3-549">[546]</a> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">Amid increased tensions between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022</a>, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced on 21 February that Russia would recognise the <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sds235s-553">[550]</a> This announcement was followed by an order to deploy Russian troops to the Donbas as "peacekeepers".<a href="#cite_note-sds235s-553">[550]</a> A number of western countries, including the US, UK, and the EU, announced that they would impose new sanctions on Russian-connected organisations in response.<a href="#cite_note-554">[551]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_full-scale_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine campaign</a></div> On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a new, full-scale <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-555">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[553]</a> The DPR and LPR joined the offensive; the separatists stated that <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">an operation</a> to capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast had begun.<a href="#cite_note-557">[554]</a> By 25 March 2022, Russian forces claimed control over 93 percent of Luhansk oblast and 54 percent of Donetsk oblast.<a href="#cite_note-mfy579-558">[555]</a> Having encountered heavy resistance to its operations in other parts of Ukraine, Russia announced on the same day that it would shift its focus to the complete "liberation" of the Donbas, and launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022)">a campaign</a> that would last through much of mid-2022.<a href="#cite_note-mfy579-558">[555]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants">Combatants</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_combatants">List of combatants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Combatants of the war in Donbas</a></div> Diverse forces of both foreign and domestic origin participated in the war in the Donbas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_involvement">Russian involvement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg/220px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg/330px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg/440px-2016-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Rebel-held Donetsk in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> can be seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> Russian involvement in the Donbas war has taken a variety of forms since the beginning of the conflict in 2014. The initial protests across southern and eastern Ukraine were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government.<a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a> Russian involvement at this stage was limited to voicing support for the demonstrations, and the emergence of the separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk began as a small fringe group of the protesters, independent of Russian control.<a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[556]</a> Russia would go on to take advantage of this, however, to launch a co-ordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine, as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[557]</a> including several information campaigns and sporadic cyber attacks that started before Yanukovych's ouster in February.<a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a>: 50  Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> gave legitimacy to the nascent separatist movement when he described the Donbas as part of the historic "<a href="/wiki/New_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Russia">New Russia</a>" (Novorossiya) region, and said he did not understand how the region had ever become part of Ukraine in 1922, when the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-561">[558]</a> When the Ukrainian authorities cracked down on the pro-Russian protests and arrested local separatist leaders in early March, these were replaced by people with ties to the Russian security services and interests in Russian businesses, probably by order of Russian intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-562">[559]</a> By April 2014, Russians citizens had taken control of the separatist movement, and were supported by volunteers and materiel from Russia, including Chechen and Cossack militants.<a href="#cite_note-de2-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-20140815-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUeuada-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[560]</a> According to DPR insurgent commander <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a>, without this support in April, the movement would have fizzled out, as in it did in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-564">[561]</a> As conflict between the separatists and the Ukrainian government escalated in May 2014, Russia began to employ a "<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid</a> approach", deploying a combination of disinformation tactics, irregular fighters, regular Russian troops, and conventional military support to support the separatists and destabilise the Donbas region.<a href="#cite_note-de3-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fedorov-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-karber2-85">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="First Battle of Donetsk Airport">First Battle of Donetsk Airport</a> in late May 2014 marked a turning point in conflict; it was the first battle between the separatists and the Ukrainian government that involved large amounts of Russian volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-de98-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[562]</a>: 15  According to the Ukrainian government, at the height of the conflict in the summer of 2014, Russian paramilitaries were reported to make up between 15% and 80% of the combatants.<a href="#cite_note-REUeuada-82">[79]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, "Russia has armed, trained, and led the separatist forces. But even by Kyiv's own <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.slovoidilo.ua/2021/11/12/novost/obshhestvo/vsu-nazvali-kolichestvo-voennyx-rf-okkupirovannoj-chasti-donbassa">estimates</a>, the vast majority of rebel forces consist of locals—not soldiers of the regular Russian military."<a href="#cite_note-566">[563]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve,_July_25,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Destroyed_building_in_Debaltseve%2C_July_25%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Damaged building July 25, 2014</figcaption></figure> By August 2014, the Ukrainian "Anti-Terrorist Operation" was able to vastly shrink the territory under the control of the pro-Russian forces, and came close to regaining control of the Russo-Ukrainian border.<a href="#cite_note-de4-35">[32]</a> Igor Girkin urged Russian military intervention, and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population in Donetsk Oblast had caused the setbacks. He addressed Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, saying that: "Losing this war on the territory that President Vladimir Putin personally named New Russia would threaten the Kremlin's power and, personally, the power of the president".<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Beast-311">[308]</a> In response to the deteriorating situation in the Donbas, Russia abandoned its hybrid approach, and began a conventional invasion of the region.<a href="#cite_note-de4-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[564]</a> The first sign of this invasion was the 25 August 2014 capture of a group of Russian paratroopers on active service in Ukrainian territory by the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Ukrainian security service</a> (SBU).<a href="#cite_note-568">[565]</a> The SBU released photographs of them, and their names.<a href="#cite_note-569">[566]</a> On the following day, the Russian Defence Ministry said these soldiers had crossed the border "by accident".<a href="#cite_note-570">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-571">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[569]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Mitrokhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Mitrokhin (page does not exist)">Nikolai Mitrokhin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Mitrokhine" class="extiw" title="fr:Nikolaï Mitrokhine">fr</a>]'s estimates, by mid-August 2014 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilovaisk" title="Battle of Ilovaisk">Battle of Ilovaisk</a>, there were between 20,000 and 25,000 troops fighting in the Donbas on the separatist side, and only between 40% and 45% were "locals".<a href="#cite_note-wil2-573">[570]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (right) and his long-time confidant Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a>.</figcaption></figure> Beginning on 27 August 2014, vast amounts of military equipment and troops crossed the border from Russia into southern Donetsk Oblast, an area previously controlled by the Ukrainian government. Western officials described this new offensive as a "stealth invasion" by the Russian Federation. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a> said that "these incursions indicate a Russian-directed counteroffensive is likely underway", and Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said "An invasion of Russian forces has taken place".<a href="#cite_note-NYT2782014-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUuars-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pgov31102-361">[358]</a> NATO commander Brig. Gen. Nico Tak said on 28 August 2014 that "well over" 1,000 Russian soldiers were operating in the Donbas conflict zone.<a href="#cite_note-NY28Aug2014-364">[361]</a> During the week prior to the invasion, Russia shelled Ukrainian units from across the border.<a href="#cite_note-574">[571]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_cross-border_artillery_shelling_of_Ukraine_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian cross-border artillery shelling of Ukraine (2014)">Cross-border shelling from Russia</a> had been reported for six weeks from mid-July, during which the Russians launched 53 strikes at 40 different locations, severely impacting the Ukrainian military operation.<a href="#cite_note-575">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-karber2-85">[82]</a> At the time, Russian government spokesmen denied Russian intervention in the Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-577">[574]</a> These denials have been viewed as implausible, to the point where it seemed that the Russian government no longer cared about the appearance of propriety.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman-578">[575]</a> There was limited support for separatism in the Donbas before the outbreak of the war, and little evidence of support for an armed uprising.<a href="#cite_note-579">[576]</a> Only Russian intervention prevented an immediate Ukrainian resolution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Freedman-578">[575]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-myk22-581">[578]</a> As a result, in the run up to the August 2014 invasion, Russia had also decided to replace many of the hardline leaders of the separatist movement, including Igor Girkin and DPR prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a>. These replacements, taken together with the subsequent invasion, represented another turning point in the nature of the conflict. Given the recent military failings of the DPR and the LPR, Russia decided that it could no longer rely on a patchwork of irregular fighters in the Donbas, and ordered a change in leadership.<a href="#cite_note-de9-331">[328]</a> It abandoned the hardline Russian citizen-led separatist project, which it had been unable to fully control, and replaced it with the idea of special status for Donbas within Ukraine, and a more obedient local-based DPR/LPR command.<a href="#cite_note-de22-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-583">[580]</a> This represented a Russian attempt at "indigenisation" of the conflict, using the militarily insignificant local pro-Russian political activists as political cover for the advancement of Russian interests in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-wil2-573">[570]</a> Russian forces and equipment participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">Second Battle of Donetsk Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Battle of Debaltseve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-584">[581]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[582]</a> A report released by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> in March 2015 said that "the presence of large numbers of Russian troops on Ukrainian sovereign territory" had become a "permanent feature" of the war in the Donbas since the August 2014 invasion.<a href="#cite_note-586">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-RUSIma2015-587">[584]</a> Following the Ukrainian defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Debaltseve</a>, the parties to the conflict signed the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk II</a> agreement to end the fighting on 15 February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-de456-588">[585]</a> These terms were highly favourable to Russia, in that they required Ukraine to grant "special status" to the separatist-held areas, and reintegrate them into Ukraine, similar to the federalisation espoused by pro-Russian protesters in early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-de456-588">[585]</a> This would establish a Russian "strategic hook" within Ukraine that could be used to prevent future integration of that country with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de456-588">[585]</a> In a press conference on 17 December 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin acknowledged for the first time that there had been a Russian military presence in the Donbas region, though he said that this did not mean that there were "Russian troops" there.<a href="#cite_note-589">[586]</a> By September 2015, the separatist units, at the battalion level and up, were acting under direct command of officers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-590">[587]</a> Ukraine, the United States, and some analysts consider them to be under the command of Russia's <a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army_(Russia)" title="8th Guards Combined Arms Army (Russia)">8th Combined Arms Army</a>, which was re-formed within the Russian <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a> for this specific task in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-591">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[589]</a> As of February 2018, the number of separatist forces were estimated at 31,000 out of which 80% (25,000) were Donbas residents, 15% (≈5,000) were military contractors from Russia and other countries and 3% (900–1,000) were regular Russian armed forces personnel.<a href="#cite_note-593">[590]</a> On 24 April 2019, President Putin issued an executive order fast-tracking the process for obtaining Russian citizenship for residents of the territories held by the DPR and the LPR. This "<a href="/wiki/Passportisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Passportisation">passportisation</a>" is similar to what Russia has done in other pro-Russian protectorates established following post-Soviet conflicts, including in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myk22-581">[578]</a> Russia recognised the DPR and LPR as independent states on 21 February 2022, and subsequently ordered Russian troops into the Donbas conflict zone as "peacekeepers".<a href="#cite_note-sds235s-553">[550]</a> This was followed by the launch of <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">a full-scale invasion of Ukraine</a>. In April 2023, Russia granted <a href="/wiki/Combat_veteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat veteran">combat veteran</a> status to separatist militants who had fought in the Donbas war since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-veterans-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_aid_to_Ukraine">Military aid to Ukraine</h3></div> In December 2017, the United States provided Ukraine with lethal aid for the first time, in the form of <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">Javelin antitank missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-594">[591]</a> Initially, these were to be kept away from the front, but after a second delivery of similar weapon systems they were cleared for use anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-595">[592]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[593]</a> In September 2021, Kyiv commanded military forces drill in a common exercise with US and NATO partners.<a href="#cite_note-597">[594]</a> The use of Javelins on the front line was reported in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-598">[595]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> The estimated number of fatalities in the Donbas war was 14,200–14,400 by the end of December 2021, including non-combat military deaths. According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, 6,500 were pro-Russian separatist forces, 4,400 were Ukrainian forces, and 3,404 were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> The vast majority of deaths were in the first two years of the war (2014 and 2015).<a href="#cite_note-599">[596]</a> In 2011, Ukrainian Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts had a combined population of 6,1mln. As a result of Russian military aggression in 2014, 2 million had to leave the region as refugees. After full-scale Russian invasion in 2022, under the false pretext of "genocide of Russian speakers", another approx. 3 mln. either fled or were killed, resulting in total in 80% decrease of Donbas population. According to political scientist Taras Kuzio, this amounts to "destruction, depopulation, and genocide".<a href="#cite_note-600">[597]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilians">Civilians</h3></div> According to the United Nations, 3,404 civilians were killed in the war and more than 7,000 were injured. The vast majority of civilian deaths were in the first two years of the war, while 365 civilians were killed in the six years from 2016 to 2021. In the year before Russia's full-scale invasion, 25 civilians were killed, over half of them from mines and <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> Of the civilian deaths, at least 312 were foreigners: 298 passengers and crew of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> 11 Russian journalists,<a href="#cite_note-601">[598]</a> an Italian journalist,<a href="#cite_note-602">[599]</a> a Lithuanian diplomat,<a href="#cite_note-603">[600]</a> and one Russian civilian killed in <a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Donetsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelling of Donetsk, Russia">cross-border shelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-604">[601]</a> Of the 3,106 conflict-related civilian deaths, not counting the fatalities from the shoot down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17: 1,852 were men, 1,072 women, 102 boys, 50 girls and 30 adults whose sex is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_forces">Ukrainian forces</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine,_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._(52437349696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg/220px-On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg/330px-On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg/440px-On_the_Day_of_Defenders_of_Ukraine%2C_the_President_honored_the_memory_of_the_fallen_warriors._%2852437349696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>A mural of Ukrainian soldiers who died during the war in Donbas in 2014</figcaption></figure> Ukraine reported that 4,647 of its servicemen had been killed by late February 2022, including 262 foreign-born Ukrainian citizens or foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-memory-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-memory1-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-othercasualties-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[d]</a> Another 70 Ukrainian soldiers were missing.<a href="#cite_note-70missing-18">[16]</a> Pro-Russian sources claimed Ukrainian forces had 10,000 killed, 20,000 wounded and 13,500 deserted or missing, by late June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-606">[602]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separatist_forces">Separatist forces</h3></div> The separatists reported that they had lost 1,400 men at most by February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-607">[603]</a> The UN estimated 6,500 separatists were killed by the end of December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-19">[17]</a> Ukraine claimed 7,577<a href="#cite_note-608">[604]</a><a href="#cite_note-609">[605]</a> separatists had been killed and 12,000 were missing<a href="#cite_note-610">[606]</a> by early 2015. They claimed an additional 103 Russian servicemen were killed between January and April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-611">[607]</a> An image of a reported separatist graveyard in Donetsk in late February 2015,<a href="#cite_note-612">[608]</a> showed numbers running up to at least 2,213.<a href="#cite_note-613">[609]</a> In late August 2015, according to a reported leak by a Russian news site, Business Life (Delovaya Zhizn), 2,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in Ukraine by February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-614">[610]</a><a href="#cite_note-615">[611]</a> The US Department of State reported that 400–500 Russian soldiers had been killed by March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-616">[612]</a> Between January 2017 and late February 2022, DPR separatist authorities reported that a total of 677 separatist fighters had been killed in DPR-controlled territory.<a href="#cite_note-617">[613]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luhansk_Media_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luhansk Media Centre (page does not exist)">Luhansk Media Centre</a> reported four more LPR military deaths and four more civilian deaths in January-February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-618">[614]</a> DNR reported 13 military and 8 civilian deaths in this period, leading to a total of 5,059 since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-619">[615]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_concerns">Humanitarian concerns</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysychansk_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lysychansk_16.jpg/220px-Lysychansk_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lysychansk_16.jpg/330px-Lysychansk_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lysychansk_16.jpg/440px-Lysychansk_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A damaged building in <a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a>, 4 August 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> observed in May 2014 an "alarming deterioration" in human rights in territory held by insurgents affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-620">[616]</a> The UN reported growing lawlessness in the region, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction, primarily carried out by the forces of the Donetsk People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-un-621">[617]</a> The UN also reported threats against, attacks on, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity.<a href="#cite_note-un-621">[617]</a> Russia criticised these reports, and said that they were "politically motivated".<a href="#cite_note-622">[618]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> in 2014 said "Anti-Kyiv forces in eastern Ukraine are abducting, attacking, and harassing people they suspect of supporting the Ukrainian government or consider undesirable...anti-Kyiv insurgents are using beatings and kidnappings to send the message that anyone who doesn't support them had better shut up or leave".<a href="#cite_note-623">[619]</a> There were also multiple instances of beatings, abductions, and possible executions of local residents by Ukrainian troops,<a href="#cite_note-624">[620]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Lyashko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleh Lyashko">Oleh Lyashko</a>'s militia and the <a href="/wiki/Aidar_Battalion" title="Aidar Battalion">Aidar</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_defence_battalion_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial defence battalion (Ukraine)">territorial defence battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-625">[621]</a> In August, Igor Druz, a senior advisor to pro-Russian insurgent commander <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a>, said that "On several occasions, in a state of emergency, we have carried out executions by shooting to prevent chaos. As a result, our troops, the ones who have pulled out of Sloviansk, are highly disciplined".<a href="#cite_note-626">[622]</a> By the end of 2015, there were 79 places in the combined DPR and LPR territory where abducted civilians and prisoners of war were held.<a href="#cite_note-627">[623]</a> After the first Minsk Protocol ceasefire, <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlords</a> took control of districts on the separatist side.<a href="#cite_note-628">[624]</a> A report by the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) released on 28 July 2014 said that at least 750 million US dollars worth of damage has been done to property and infrastructure in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-629">[625]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[626]</a> Human Rights Watch said that Ukrainian government forces, pro-government paramilitaries, and the insurgents had used unguided <a href="/wiki/Grad_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad rocket">Grad</a> rockets in attacks on civilian areas, stating that "The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes".<a href="#cite_note-631">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[628]</a> The New York Times reported that the high rate of civilian deaths had "left the population in eastern Ukraine embittered toward Ukraine's pro-Western government", and that this sentiment helped to "spur recruitment" for the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-633">[629]</a> As consequence of the conflict, large swathes of the Donbas region, on both sides of the "contact line", have become contaminated with landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW).<a href="#cite_note-634">[630]</a> According to the UN <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Coordinator" title="Humanitarian Coordinator">Humanitarian Coordinator</a> in Ukraine, in 2020 Ukraine was one of the most mine-affected countries in the world, with nearly 1,200 mine/ERW casualties since the beginning of the conflict in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-635">[631]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> released in December 2019 said that 172 children had been injured or killed due to landmines and other explosives, over 750 educational facilities had been damaged or destroyed, and 430,000 children lived with psychological traumas associated with war.<a href="#cite_note-636">[632]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[633]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displaced_population">Displaced population</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Remains_of_an_Eastern_Orthodox_church_after_shelling_near_Donetsk_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Iversky_Monastery_(Donetsk)" title="Iversky Monastery (Donetsk)">Iversky Monastery</a> near Donetsk airport, May 2015</figcaption></figure> By early August 2014, at least 730,000 had fled fighting in the Donbas and left for Russia.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr-refugees-638">[634]</a> This number, much larger than earlier estimates, was given by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR). The number of internal refugees rose to 117,000.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr-refugees-638">[634]</a> By the start of September, after a sharp escalation over the course of August, the number of people displaced from Donbas within Ukraine more than doubled to 260,000.<a href="#cite_note-639">[635]</a> The number of temporary asylum seekers and refugee applicants from Ukraine in Russia rose to 121,000.<a href="#cite_note-640">[636]</a> Despite two months of a shaky ceasefire established by the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Protocol">Minsk Protocol</a>, the number of refugees displaced from Donbas in Ukraine escalated sharply to 466,829 in mid November.<a href="#cite_note-641">[637]</a> By April 2015, the war had caused at least 1.3 million people to become <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a> within Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-642">[638]</a> In addition, more than 800,000 Ukrainians had sought asylum, residence permits, or other forms of legal stay in neighbouring countries, with over 659,143 in Russia, 81,100 in Belarus, and thousands more elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-643">[639]</a><a href="#cite_note-644">[640]</a> According to another report by the UN OHCHR, over three million people continued to live in the Donbas conflict zone as of March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR232-20">[18]</a> This was said to include 2.7 million who lived in DPR and LPR-controlled areas, and 200,000 in Ukrainian-controlled areas adjacent to the line of contact. In addition, the Ukrainian government was said to have registered a total of 1.6 million internally displaced people within Ukraine who had fled the conflict. Over one million were reported to have sought asylum elsewhere, with most having gone to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR232-20">[18]</a> The report also said that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing "complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms".<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR232-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-645">[641]</a> By November 2017, the UN had identified 1.8 million internally displaced and conflict-affected persons in Ukraine, while another 427,240 who had sought asylum or refugee status in the Russian Federation, plus 11,230 in Italy, 10,495 in Germany, 8,380 in Spain, and 4,595 in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-646">[642]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_public_opinion">Ukrainian public opinion</h3></div> A national survey held in March-April 2014 by the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a> found that 31% of respondents in the Donbas wanted the region to separate from Ukraine, while 58% wanted autonomy within Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Katchanovski-67">[64]</a> A September 2014 <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a> poll of the Ukrainian public (excluding those in Russian-annexed <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>) had 89% of respondents opposing <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">Russian intervention in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRI14OCT-647">[643]</a> As broken down by region, 78% of those polled from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a>) opposed the intervention, along with 89% in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>, 93% in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a>, and 99% in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRI14OCT-647">[643]</a> As broken down by native language, 79% of Russian speakers and 95% of Ukrainian speakers opposed the intervention. 80% of those polled said that Ukraine should remain a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-IRI14OCT-647">[643]</a> 56% of those polled said that Russia should pay for the reconstruction of the Donbas, whereas 32% said Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts should pay. 59% of those polled said that they supported the government military operation in the Donbas, whereas 33% said that they opposed it. 73% of respondents said that the war in the Donbas was one of the three most important issues facing Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-IRI14OCT-647">[643]</a> A poll conducted by the same institute in 2017 showed that 80% of Ukrainians nationally and 73% of people from the Ukrainian-controlled areas of Donbas believed the separatist republics should remain as part of Ukraine. Around 60% of the people polled did not believe Ukraine was doing enough to regain the lost territories because of the Minsk agreements.<a href="#cite_note-648">[644]</a> A joint poll done by <a href="/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a> from September to October 2020 found that in the breakaway regions controlled by the DPR/LPR, over half of the respondents wanted to join Russia (either with or without some autonomous status) while less than one-tenth wanted independence and 12% wanted reintegration into Ukraine. It contrasted with respondents in Kyiv-controlled Donbas, where a vast majority felt the separatist regions should be returned to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-649">[645]</a> According to results from Levada in January 2022, roughly 70% of those in the breakaway regions said their territories should become part of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-650">[646]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>March for the peace and freedom in Moscow was one of the anti-war protests in Russia.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">series of anti-war demonstrations</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 2014. Protesters held two protest rallies on 2 and 15 March 2014. The latter, known as the March of Peace (Russian: Марш Мира, Marsh Mira), took place in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> a day before the <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Crimean referendum">Crimean referendum</a>. The protests were the largest in Russia since the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_Russian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–13 Russian protests">2011–13 Russian protests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov" title="Boris Nemtsov">Boris Nemtsov</a> said that the public opinion was being manipulated by means of agitation and propaganda, with those who opposed the government's policy denied access to the media.<a href="#cite_note-651">[647]</a><a href="#cite_note-652">[648]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions to the war in Donbas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_(14950820747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Joins_President_Obama_for_Meeting_With_Ukrainian_President_Poroshenko_Before_NATO_Summit_in_Wales_%2814950820747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Poroshenko</a> speaks with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and other Western leaders during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Wales_summit" title="2014 Wales summit">NATO Summit in Newport</a>, 4 September 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labelling_of_the_conflict">Labelling of the conflict</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg/220px-Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg/330px-Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg/440px-Displaced_persons_from_the_occupied_Kharkiv_and_Luhansk_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Displaced people from the occupied territories of Kharkiv and Luhansk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in Donbas</figcaption></figure> The understanding of the nature of the conflict in the Donbas has evolved over time. <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada" title="Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada">Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> said in June 2014 that he considered the conflict a direct war with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-653">[649]</a> According to Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a>, the war will be known in history of Ukraine as the "Patriotic War".<a href="#cite_note-654">[650]</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> said in July 2014 that it considered the conflict a war with Russian <a href="/wiki/Irregular_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular troops">irregulars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-655">[651]</a> and others considered it to be a war between Russian proxies and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-656">[652]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> described the events in the Donbas region as a "non-international armed conflict" in July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-657">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-658">[654]</a> Some news agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Information_Telegraph_Agency_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Telegraph Agency of Russia">Information Telegraph Agency of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, interpreted this statement as meaning that Ukraine was in a state of "<a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>".<a href="#cite_note-659">[655]</a> Following the August 2014 invasion by Russian forces, in early September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> said that it considered the war to be "international", as opposed to "non-international".<a href="#cite_note-AI7SEPT-660">[656]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/VTSIOM" class="mw-redirect" title="VTSIOM">VTSIOM</a> survey taken in August 2014, 59% of the Russian citizens polled viewed the war in the Donbas as a civil war. Most of those polled said that direct war with Ukraine was either "absolutely impossible" or "extremely unlikely". 28% said that such a conflict could happen in the future.<a href="#cite_note-661">[657]</a> Secretary General of Amnesty International <a href="/wiki/Salil_Shetty" title="Salil Shetty">Salil Shetty</a> said that "satellite images, coupled with reports of Russian troops captured inside Ukraine and eyewitness accounts of Russian troops and military vehicles rolling across the border leave no doubt that this is now an international armed conflict".<a href="#cite_note-AI7SEPT-660">[656]</a> The conflict has also been classified as part of a "<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid war</a>" waged by Russia against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-662">[658]</a> Until early 2015, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> tended to label the participants of the conflict as "foreign armed formations" or Russian-supported separatists. After the delivery of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=EU_Intelligence_and_Situation_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EU Intelligence and Situation Centre (page does not exist)">IntCen</a> classified report in January 2015, the official EU documents acknowledged the presence of the Russian military in the area and started openly referring to "Russian troops in Ukraine".<a href="#cite_note-663">[659]</a> A 2015 paper released by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> and a 2017 report by the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> document how the conflict evolved from a localised proxy conflict in its early stages to a hybrid war between Russian and Ukraine, and then to a limited conventional war with the August 2014 direct invasion by Russian troops.<a href="#cite_note-RUSIma2015-587">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-de-79">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court">Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court</a> issued a report in November 2016 as part of <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine#Preliminary_examination" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">its preliminary examination</a>. The report stated that by 30 April 2014, it seemed that the high intensity of military conflict had triggered the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Armed_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Armed Conflict">law of armed conflict</a> with the "DPR" and "LPR" as parties.<a href="#cite_note-664">[660]</a> It further stated that engagements between Ukrainian and Russian armed forces in eastern Ukraine suggested the existence of a parallel international armed conflict by 14 July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-665">[661]</a> It observed that, if it were determined that Russia had exercised overall control over the militant groups, this would comprise only a single international armed conflict that would trigger application of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-666">[662]</a> <a href="#cite_note-668">[e]</a> The day following the release of the report, Russia announced its intention to withdraw from joining the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC).<a href="#cite_note-669">[664]</a><a href="#cite_note-671">[f]</a> In December 2021, the French newspaper Le Monde analyzed a shift in the Russian diplomatic label on the conflict. It was no longer about Ukraine membership in NATO, but about NATO expansion in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-672">[666]</a> The District Court of The Hague delivered a judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a> murder trial on 17 November 2022, including the conclusion that Russia exercised overall control over the DPR from mid-May 2014 onwards, and that therefore an international armed conflict was taking place (although the DPR defendants lacked combatant immunity due to their and Russia's denials of membership in the Russian Armed Forces).<a href="#cite_note-673">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-674">[668]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled on 25 January 2023 that from 11 May 2014 and at least up to 26 January 2022, separatist-controlled areas in eastern Ukraine were under the "spatial jurisdiction" of Russia, because it had effective control over these areas through its presence, and through its influence on the "DPR" and "LPR".<a href="#cite_note-675">[669]</a><a href="#cite_note-676">[670]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_cyberattacks_on_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine">2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2015_Ukraine_power_grid_cyberattack" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack">December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DonetskLuhansk-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DonetskLuhansk_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DonetskLuhansk_4-1">b</a> The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, which were Russian-controlled puppet states, declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. Amid the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia formally announced the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation of both entities</a> on September 30, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Major combat operations phase ended on 20 February 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Війна на Донбасі, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Viina na Donbasi <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Война в Донбассе, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Voyna v Donbasse </li> <li id="cite_note-605"><a href="#cite_ref-605">^</a> The number of Ukrainian soldiers killed includes the deaths of two servicemen during the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-668"><a href="#cite_ref-668">^</a> The report stated that its ongoing investigation would focus on determining whether or not it could assert that an international armed conflict existed between Ukraine and Russia in eastern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-667">[663]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-671"><a href="#cite_ref-671">^</a> While Russia was a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>, this had not been <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a>, i.e. Russian laws had not been amended to acknowledge the authority of the statute. Russia formally notified the UN of its withdrawal on 30 November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-670">[665]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10092899-pace-officially-recognizes-russia-s-occupation-of-donbas.html">"PACE officially recognizes occupied areas in Donbas as 'effectively controlled' by Russia"</a>. Unian.info. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PACE+officially+recognizes+occupied+areas+in+Donbas+as+%27effectively+controlled%27+by+Russia&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10092899-pace-officially-recognizes-russia-s-occupation-of-donbas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.hromadske.ua/posts/ukraine-vs-russia-the-icjs-court-decision-examined">"Ukraine vs Russia: The ICJ's Court Decision, Examined"</a>. en.hromadske.ua. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+vs+Russia%3A+The+ICJ%27s+Court+Decision%2C+Examined&rft.pub=en.hromadske.ua&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.hromadske.ua%2Fposts%2Fukraine-vs-russia-the-icjs-court-decision-examined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur50/1683/2015/en/">"Ukraine: Breaking Bodies: Torture and Summary Killings in Eastern Ukraine"</a>. Amnesty International. 22 May 2015. p. 10. Retrieved 20 May 2018. <q>Sustained fighting erupted in eastern Ukraine that summer, amidst compelling evidence of Russian military involvement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Breaking+Bodies%3A+Torture+and+Summary+Killings+in+Eastern+Ukraine&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Feur50%2F1683%2F2015%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleottiHook2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galeotti" title="Mark Galeotti">Galeotti, Mark</a>; Hook, Adam (2019). Windrow, Martin (ed.). Armies of Russia's war in Ukraine. Elite. Oxford New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3345-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-3345-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+Russia%27s+war+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.series=Elite&rft.pages=14-16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3345-7&rft.aulast=Galeotti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hook%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6Ynq0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6Ynq0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6Ynq0_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrokhin2021" class="citation book cs1">Mitrokhin, Nikolay (2021). 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Retrieved 26 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Why+a+Russian+Is+Fighting+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.au=Nolan+Peterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhy-russian-fighting-ukraine-320723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/19/ukraines-abandoned-soldiers-russian-belarusian-volunteers/">"They Came to Fight for Ukraine. Now They're Stuck in No Man's Land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 19 October 2015. 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Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Probability+of+full-scale+Russian+invasion+remains+high+%E2%80%93+Ukrainian+army+general&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F24today.net%2Fopen%2F484721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-09/ukrainian-rebels-have-army-the-size-of-small-european-state/6530828">"Pro-Russian rebels have 40,000-strong army, sufficient for 'mid-sized European state': Ukraine defence minister"</a>. ABC AU. 9 June 2015. 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Herman Shapovalenko, Yevhen Vorokh, Yuriy Hirchenko (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herman+Shapovalenko%2C+Yevhen+Vorokh%2C+Yuriy+Hirchenko&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemorybook.org.ua%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-memory1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memory1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memory1_16-1">b</a> The Museum of Military History also lists separately 138 currently unidentified soldiers who were killed: 65 at Krasnopolye cemetery,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://memorybook.org.ua/units/krasnopol.htm">[1]</a> 63 at Kushugum cemetery <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://memorybook.org.ua/units/kushugum.htm">[2]</a> and 10 at Starobilsk cemetery.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://memorybook.org.ua/units/starobilsk.htm">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-othercasualties-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-othercasualties_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-othercasualties_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/02/23/Ukraine-soldier-dies-in-shelling-attack-Armed-forces">"Ukraine soldier dies in shelling attack: Armed forces"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Armed+pro-Russian+insurgents+in+Luhansk+say+they+are+ready+for+police+raid&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.aulast=Grytsenko&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Farmed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The Interpreter quoted what Putin said during a live call-in session on 12 October 2016: "When we were forced, I want to stress, forced to defend the Russian-speaking population in the Donbas, forced to respond to the desire of the people living in Crimea to return to being part of the Russian Federation, they instantly began to whip up anti-Russian policies and the imposition of sanctions." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpretermag.com/day-968/#15291">"Putin Claims Russia Was 'Forced To Defend Russian-Speaking Population in Donbass'"</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/12054164/Vladimir-Putins-annual-press-conference-2015-live.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. 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Der Spiegel. Retrieved 27 August 2015. <q>But his big moment would only come later. In April 2014, Strelkov, joined by armed irregulars from Russia, marched from Crimea to the provincial city of Sloviansk, which is strategically located between the population centers of Donetsk and Kharkiv. "In the beginning, nobody there wanted to fight," Strelkov recalls. He and his men attacked a police station in Sloviansk and created facts on the ground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Russian+Far-Right+Idol%3A+The+Man+Who+Started+the+War+in+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Bidder&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fthe-ukraine-war-from-perspective-of-russian-nationalists-a-1023801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teleapr12-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teleapr12_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teleapr12_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teleapr12_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant2014" class="citation news cs1">Oliphant, Roland (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10763008/Fears-of-full-scale-Russian-invasion-as-eastern-Ukraine-cities-toppled.html">"Fears of full-scale Russian invasion as eastern Ukraine cities toppled"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10763008/Fears-of-full-scale-Russian-invasion-as-eastern-Ukraine-cities-toppled.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fears+of+full-scale+Russian+invasion+as+eastern+Ukraine+cities+toppled&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fukraine%2F10763008%2FFears-of-full-scale-Russian-invasion-as-eastern-Ukraine-cities-toppled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2020/07/17/86300-besslavnye-gibridy">"Бесславные гибриды"</a>. Новая газета – Novayagazeta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+Novayagazeta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovayagazeta.ru%2Farticles%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2F86300-besslavnye-gibridy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem2014" class="citation web cs1">Salem, Harriet (10 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160613/https://news.vice.com/article/sloviansks-peoples-mayor-rumored-to-be-detained-by-own-forces-in-ukraine">"Sloviansk's 'People's Mayor' Rumored to Be Detained By Own Forces in Ukraine"</a>. News.vice.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/sloviansks-peoples-mayor-rumored-to-be-detained-by-own-forces-in-ukraine">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sloviansk%27s+%27People%27s+Mayor%27+Rumored+to+Be+Detained+By+Own+Forces+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=News.vice.com&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fsloviansks-peoples-mayor-rumored-to-be-detained-by-own-forces-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30518054">"The Russians fighting a 'holy war' in Ukraine"</a>. BBC News. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Russians+fighting+a+%27holy+war%27+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30518054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/12/7022218/"><bdi lang="uk">На Донбасі сепаратисти і міліція влаштували перестрілку</bdi></a> [Separatists and police engaged in a gunfight in Kramatorsk]. Ukrainian Pravda (in Ukrainian). 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F12%2F7022218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-militaproof-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-militaproof_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-militaproof_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-militaproof_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/12/7022227/">"Приїжджі загарбники в Краматорську назвалися "народним ополченням""</a>. Ukrainska Pravda. 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F+%22%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%22&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F12%2F7022227%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/04/12/7022226/"><bdi lang="uk">У Горлівці міліція відбила атаку сепаратистів на "зброю МВС"</bdi></a> [Horlivka police repelled a separatist attack on "Ministry of Internal Affairs weapons"] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Pravda. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A3+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%A1%22&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F12%2F7022226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722094612/http://novosti.dn.ua/details/222549/"><bdi lang="ru">Горловские милиционеры во всеоружии и готовы обороняться</bdi></a> [Horlivka militiamen fully armed and ready to defend] (in Russian). Novosti.dn. 12 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novosti.dn.ua/details/222549/">the original</a> on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F&rft.date=2014-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovosti.dn.ua%2Fdetails%2F222549%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/04/14/live-ukraine-pro-russian-attack-police-hq-in-horlivka/">"Pro-Russian attack police HQ in Horlivka as Kyiv's deadline expires"</a>. 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Ukrainian Pravda. 14 April 2014. 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Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Fighting+Pauses%2C+Briefly%2C+for+Big+Prisoner+Exchange&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-prisoner-exchange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-parliament-passes-donbas-reintegration-bill/28982677.html">"Ukraine Passes Bill To Restore Control Over Separatist-Held Areas"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Passes+Bill+To+Restore+Control+Over+Separatist-Held+Areas&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukrainian-parliament-passes-donbas-reintegration-bill%2F28982677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/230595.html">Parliamentary elections not to be held at nine constituencies in Donetsk region and six constituencies in Luhansk region – CEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (25 October 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28931054">Ukraine crisis: President calls snap vote amid fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (25 August 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527092109/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989">"Ukraine elections: Runners and risks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27518989">the original</a> on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+elections%3A+Runners+and+risks&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-27518989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/2353903-mfa-russia-hysterical-about-ukraines-new-donbas-de-occupation-law-says-kyiv-preparing-for-new-war.html">"Russia hysterical about Ukraine's Donbas law, says Kyiv "preparing for new war""</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+hysterical+about+Ukraine%27s+Donbas+law%2C+says+Kyiv+%22preparing+for+new+war%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F2353903-mfa-russia-hysterical-about-ukraines-new-donbas-de-occupation-law-says-kyiv-preparing-for-new-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfDonbasMarch18-492">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfDonbasMarch18_492-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfDonbasMarch18_492-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/war/10036760-ceasefire-in-donbas-1-kia-1wia-amid-two-attacks-on-march-9.html">""Ceasefire" in Donbas: 1 KIA, 1WIA amid two attacks on March 9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a>. 9 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ceasefire%22+in+Donbas%3A+1+KIA%2C+1WIA+amid+two+attacks+on+March+9&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fm%2Fwar%2F10036760-ceasefire-in-donbas-1-kia-1wia-amid-two-attacks-on-march-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/world/993119">"Ukrainian military observes ceasefire for 24 hours for first time in 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TASS_news_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="TASS news agency">TASS news agency</a>. 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+military+observes+ceasefire+for+24+hours+for+first+time+in+2018&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F993119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfDonbasMarch30-493">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfDonbasMarch30_493-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfDonbasMarch30_493-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/war/10062323-easter-ceasefire-in-donbas-fails-on-its-first-day-with-attacks-on-ukrainian-positions.html">"Easter ceasefire" in Donbas fails on its first day with attacks on Ukrainian positions</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a> (30 March 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/war/10045583-poroshenko-ato-over-joint-forces-operation-starting.html">"Poroshenko: ATO over, Joint Forces Operation starting"</a>. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poroshenko%3A+ATO+over%2C+Joint+Forces+Operation+starting&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fwar%2F10045583-poroshenko-ato-over-joint-forces-operation-starting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.censor.net.ua/news/3059787/poroshenko_pledges_antiterrorist_operation_in_ukraines_east_to_end_in_may">"Poroshenko pledges anti-terrorist operation in Ukraine's east to end in May"</a>. Censor.NET. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poroshenko+pledges+anti-terrorist+operation+in+Ukraine%27s+east+to+end+in+May&rft.pub=Censor.NET&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.censor.net.ua%2Fnews%2F3059787%2Fporoshenko_pledges_antiterrorist_operation_in_ukraines_east_to_end_in_may&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/502349.html">"Poroshenko states completion of ATO, launch of joint forces operation in Donetsk and Luhansk regions"</a>. Interfax-Ukraine. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poroshenko+states+completion+of+ATO%2C+launch+of+joint+forces+operation+in+Donetsk+and+Luhansk+regions&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F502349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10070066-anti-terrorist-operation-in-donbas-to-end-in-may-poroshenko.html">"Anti-Terrorist Operation in Donbas to end in May – Poroshenko | The operation will gain a military format under the leadership of General Serhiy Nayev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">UNIAN</a>. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Terrorist+Operation+in+Donbas+to+end+in+May+%E2%80%93+Poroshenko+%7C+The+operation+will+gain+a+military+format+under+the+leadership+of+General+Serhiy+Nayev&rft.pub=UNIAN&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10070066-anti-terrorist-operation-in-donbas-to-end-in-may-poroshenko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.gov.ua/en/news/2018/04/30/president-signed-a-decree-the-joint-forces-operation-on-deflection-and-deterrence-of-russias-armed-aggression-in-the-donbas-began-on-april-30-2018/">"President signed a Decree: The Joint Forces Operation on deflection and deterrence of Russia's armed aggression in the Donbas began on April 30, 2018"</a>. Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)">MoD</a>. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=President+signed+a+Decree%3A+The+Joint+Forces+Operation+on+deflection+and+deterrence+of+Russia%27s+armed+aggression+in+the+Donbas+began+on+April+30%2C+2018&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F30%2Fpresident-signed-a-decree-the-joint-forces-operation-on-deflection-and-deterrence-of-russias-armed-aggression-in-the-donbas-began-on-april-30-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/war/10099772-joint-forces-operation-kicks-off-in-donbas.html">Joint Forces Operation kicks off in Donbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (30 April 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Christopher (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/javelin-missile-delivery-ukraine-us-confirmed/29200588.html">"U.S. Confirms Delivery of Javelin Antitank Missiles To Ukraine"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Confirms+Delivery+of+Javelin+Antitank+Missiles+To+Ukraine&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fjavelin-missile-delivery-ukraine-us-confirmed%2F29200588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/war-in-eastern-ukraine-now-seems-a-distant-storm-to-kiev/2018/06/26/5390e326-73ff-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html?noredirect=on&noredirect=on">War in eastern Ukraine now seems a distant storm to Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (26 June 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/514792.html">"TCG, ORDLO confirm their commitment to comprehensive, timeless ceasefire regime beginning from July 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TCG%2C+ORDLO+confirm+their+commitment+to+comprehensive%2C+timeless+ceasefire+regime+beginning+from+July+1&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F514792.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/514874.html">"Donbas conflicting parties promise to observe truce from July 1 – Sajdik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donbas+conflicting+parties+promise+to+observe+truce+from+July+1+%E2%80%93+Sajdik&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F514874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/war/10170890-new-truce-in-donbas-fails-as-russian-controlled-troops-mount-two-attacks-on-ukrainian-army.html">New truce in Donbas fails as Russian-controlled troops mount two attacks on Ukrainian army</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a> (1 July 2018) (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5338536">ДНР has accused the Ukrainian siloviki of violating the "grain ceasefire"</a>, <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> (1 July 2018) (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5338710">In ЛНР have declared, that the Kyiv siloviki have thrown to a contact line tanks and mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> (1 July 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/war/10171364-jfo-ukraine-reports-25-enemy-attacks-in-last-day.html">JFO: Ukraine reports 25 enemy attacks in last day</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a> (2 July 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-www.unian.info/war/10278909-504"><a href="#cite_ref-www.unian.info/war/10278909_504-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/war/10278909-osce-s-apakan-political-will-needed-for-long-term-sustainable-solution-to-conflict-in-eastern-ukraine.html">OSCE's Apakan: Political will needed for long-term sustainable solution to conflict in eastern Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (28 September 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/pro-russian-rebel-leader-killed-in-eastern-ukraine-blast/2018/08/31/12a18336-ad37-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html">"Pro-Russian rebel leader killed in eastern Ukraine blast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 31 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pro-Russian+rebel+leader+killed+in+eastern+Ukraine+blast&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpro-russian-rebel-leader-killed-in-eastern-ukraine-blast%2F2018%2F08%2F31%2F12a18336-ad37-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/war/10391709-almost-entire-gray-zone-in-donbas-liberated-by-ukraine-without-minsk-deal-breach-adviser.html">"Almost entire 'gray' zone in Donbas liberated by Ukraine without Minsk deal breach – adviser"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Almost+entire+%27gray%27+zone+in+Donbas+liberated+by+Ukraine+without+Minsk+deal+breach+%E2%80%93+adviser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fwar%2F10391709-almost-entire-gray-zone-in-donbas-liberated-by-ukraine-without-minsk-deal-breach-adviser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (27 December 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/556172.html">Ukraine tightens control over several towns in the Donbas in accordance to Minsk agreements – Muzhenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (28 December 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a 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Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+100+Russian+servicemen+killed+in+Donbas+warzone+since+start+of+2016&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuatoday.tv%2Fpolitics%2Fover-100-russian-servicemen-killed-in-donbas-warzone-since-start-of-2016-627063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-612"><a href="#cite_ref-612">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.censor.net.ua/photo_news/325478/giant_cemetery_of_unidentified_russian_mercenaries_found_by_russian_blogger_in_donetsk_photo">"Giant cemetery of unidentified Russian mercenaries found by Russian blogger in Donetsk"</a>. Censor.net. 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Censor.net&rft.atitle=Giant+cemetery+of+unidentified+Russian+mercenaries+found+by+Russian+blogger+in+Donetsk&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.censor.net.ua%2Fphoto_news%2F325478%2Fgiant_cemetery_of_unidentified_russian_mercenaries_found_by_russian_blogger_in_donetsk_photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Antonova2015" class="citation news cs1">Maria Antonova (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521024231/http://news.yahoo.com/russian-activists-fresh-graves-soldiers-killed-ukraine-114424034.html">"Russian activists say find fresh graves of soldiers killed in Ukraine"</a>. Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/russian-activists-fresh-graves-soldiers-killed-ukraine-114424034.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+activists+say+find+fresh+graves+of+soldiers+killed+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.au=Maria+Antonova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Frussian-activists-fresh-graves-soldiers-killed-ukraine-114424034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-614"><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoble" class="citation news cs1">Goble, Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826002407/http://ukrainianpolicy.com/over-2000-russian-troops-killed-during-ukraine-invasion/">"Over 2,000 Russian troops killed during Ukraine invasion"</a>. Ukrainian Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianpolicy.com/over-2000-russian-troops-killed-during-ukraine-invasion/">the original</a> on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. <q>As of February 1, 2015, Moscow had already paid monetary compensation "for more than 2,000 families of soldiers who had been killed and for 3,200 soldiers who were seriously wounded and recognized as invalids."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+2%2C000+Russian+troops+killed+during+Ukraine+invasion&rft.aulast=Goble&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrainianpolicy.com%2Fover-2000-russian-troops-killed-during-ukraine-invasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-615"><a href="#cite_ref-615">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegalov2015" class="citation news cs1">Segalov, Michael (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923170558/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-number-of-russian-troops-killed-or-injured-fighting-in-ukraine-seems-to-have-been-accidentally-10472603.html">"The number of Russian troops killed or injured fighting in Ukraine seems to have been accidentally published"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-number-of-russian-troops-killed-or-injured-fighting-in-ukraine-seems-to-have-been-accidentally-10472603.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+number+of+Russian+troops+killed+or+injured+fighting+in+Ukraine+seems+to+have+been+accidentally+published&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Segalov&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fthe-number-of-russian-troops-killed-or-injured-fighting-in-ukraine-seems-to-have-been-accidentally-10472603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/world/1053938-nuland-at-least-400-500-russian-soldiers-killed-in-ukraine.html">"Nuland: At least 400–500 Russian soldiers killed in Ukraine"</a>. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuland%3A+At+least+400%E2%80%93500+Russian+soldiers+killed+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fworld%2F1053938-nuland-at-least-400-500-russian-soldiers-killed-in-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> 247 killed (2017),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-within-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-between-december-30-2017-and-january-12-2018/">[4]</a> 143 killed (2018),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-within-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-people-s-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-between-29-december-2018-and-11-january-2019/">[5]</a> 157 killed (2019),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-between-14-and-20-december-2019/">[6]</a> 47 killed (2020),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-between-19-and-25-december-2020/">[7]</a> 70 killed (2021),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-between-25-and-30-december-2021/">[8]</a> 13 killed (2022),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-from-19-and-25-february-2022/">[9]</a> total of 677 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-618"><a href="#cite_ref-618">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lug-info.com/en/news/lpr-service-member-killed-in-ukrainian-attack-on-donetskiy-2">LPR service member killed in Ukrainian attack on Donetskiy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lug-info.com/en/news/three-lpr-militiamen-four-civilians-killed-in-ukrainian-army-strikes-over-week-jccc">Three LPR militiamen, four civilians killed in Ukrainian army strikes over week - JCCC</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-619"><a href="#cite_ref-619">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-from-19-and-25-february-2022/">"The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022 – Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+overview+of+the+current+social+and+humanitarian+situation+in+the+territory+of+the+Donetsk+People%27s+Republic+as+a+result+of+hostilities+in+the+period+from+19+and+25+February+2022+%E2%80%93+Human+rights+Ombudsman+in+the+Donetsk+People%27s+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.ombudsman-dnr.ru%2Fthe-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-from-19-and-25-february-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-620"><a href="#cite_ref-620">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27438422">"Ukraine crisis: UN sounds alarm on human rights in east"</a>. BBC News. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis%3A+UN+sounds+alarm+on+human+rights+in+east&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-27438422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-621">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_621-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_621-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/HRMMUReport15May2014.pdf">Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine</a> (PDF). 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International Criminal Court. ¶ 184 see also 170. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Criminal+Court&rft.atitle=Report+on+Preliminary+Examination+Activities+%282016%29&rft.pages=%C2%B6+184+see+also+170&rft.au=Office+of+the+Prosecutor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ficcdocs%2Fotp%2F161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-669"><a href="#cite_ref-669">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38005282">"Russia withdraws from International Criminal Court treaty"</a>. BBC. 16 November 2016. 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Le Monde.fr. 6 December 2021 – via Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Les+options+limit%C3%A9es+des+Etats-Unis+face+aux+man%C5%93uvres+de+la+Russie+%C3%A0+la+fronti%C3%A8re+avec+l%27Ukraine&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2021%2F12%2F06%2Fles-options-limitees-de-washington-face-aux-man-uvres-de-la-russie-au-seuil-de-l-ukraine_6104848_3210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-673"><a href="#cite_ref-673">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtmh17.com/en/en/news/2022/transcript-of-the-mh17-judgment-hearing.html">"Transcript of the MH17 judgment hearing Kharchenko Dubinskiy Girkin Pulatov"</a>. www.courtmh17.com. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.courtmh17.com&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+the+MH17+judgment+hearing+Kharchenko+Dubinskiy+Girkin+Pulatov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtmh17.com%2Fen%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2022%2Ftranscript-of-the-mh17-judgment-hearing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-674"><a href="#cite_ref-674">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoon2022" class="citation web cs1">Hoon, Marieke de (19 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84456/dutch-court-in-life-sentences-russia-had-overall-control-of-forces-in-eastern-ukraine-downing-of-flight-mh17/">"Dutch Court, in Life Sentences: Russia Had "Overall Control" of Forces in Eastern Ukraine Downing of Flight MH17"</a>. Just Security. 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ABC News. AP. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+court+rules+Ukraine+cases+against+Russia+admissible&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Corder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Feuropean-court-rules-ukraine-cases-russia-admissible-96661080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-676"><a href="#cite_ref-676">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7550165-10372782">"Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible"</a> (Press release). Strasbourg: European Court of Human Rights. 25 January 2023. 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"Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1413550">10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2390">0140-2390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158522112">158522112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Coercive+Diplomacy+and+the+Donbas%3A+Explaining+Russian+Strategy+in+Eastern+Ukraine&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=312-343&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158522112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0140-2390&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1413550&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Donbas" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ivanov, O. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.macewan.ca/shcsjournal/article/view/278">Social Background of the Military Conflict in Ukraine: Regional cleavages and geopolitical orientations</a>. Social, Health, and Communication Studies Journal, 2(1), 52–73. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> War in Donbas at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Donbas" class="extiw" title="c:Category:War in Donbas">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Donbas" class="extiw" title="n:Category:War in Donbas">News</a> from Wikinews</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/118476?download=true">12 May 2014 report on human rights and minority rights situation in Ukraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/Ukraine_Report_15July2014.pdf">15 July 2014 Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/28/ukraine-rebel-forces-detain-torture-civilians">28 August 2014 report on claims of war crimes by the insurgents</a> in Donbas by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/OHCHR_seventh_reportUkraine20.11.14.pdf">15 November 2014 Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/9thOHCHRreportUkraine.pdf#sthash.HFQs2pv2.dpuf">1 December 2014 to 15 February 2015 Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_in_Donbas_(2014–2022)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_in_Donbas" title="Template:War in Donbas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_in_Donbas" title="Template talk:War in Donbas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_in_Donbas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War in Donbas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Donbas_(2014–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li>Followed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">Humanitarian situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctioned people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_volunteer_movement_helping_Ukrainian_forces_in_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Civil volunteer movement helping Ukrainian forces in the war in Donbas">Civil volunteer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">Anti-terrorist Operation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_administrations_(Ukraine)" title="Civil–military administrations (Ukraine)">Civil–military administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2014)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2015)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2016)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2017)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2018)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2019)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2020)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2021)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemivsk" title="Battle of Artemivsk">Battle of Artemivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">Siege of Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kramatorsk" title="Battle of Kramatorsk">Battle of Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mariupol_(2014)" title="Battle of Mariupol (2014)">Battle of Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2014)" title="Battles of Sievierodonetsk (2014)">Battles of Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karlivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Karlivka">Battle of Karlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="First Battle of Donetsk Airport">1st Battle of Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Luhansk_Border_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Luhansk Border Base">Siege of the Luhansk Border Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnyi_Lyman" title="Battle of Krasnyi Lyman">Battle of Krasnyi Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenopillia_rocket_attack" title="Zelenopillia rocket attack">Zelenopillia rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_Shakhtarsk_Raion" title="Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion">Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horlivka" title="Battle of Horlivka">Battle of Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilovaisk" title="Battle of Ilovaisk">Battle of Ilovaisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosvitlivka_refugee_convoy_attack" title="Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack">Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novoazovsk" title="Battle of Novoazovsk">Battle of Novoazovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Mariupol_(September_2014)" title="Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)">Mariupol offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport" title="Second Battle of Donetsk Airport">2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Battle of Debaltseve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyrokyne_standoff" title="Shyrokyne standoff">Shyrokyne standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2015)" title="Battle of Marinka (2015)">Battle of Marinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svitlodarsk" title="Battle of Svitlodarsk">Battle of Svitlodarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2017)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2017)">Battle of Avdiivka (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_status_referendums" title="2014 Donbas status referendums">Donbas status referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_Air_Force_Il-76_shootdown" title="2014 Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown">Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Donetsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelling of Donetsk, Russia">Shelling of Donetsk, Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_cross-border_shelling_of_Ukraine" title="2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine">2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 shoot-down</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17_shootdown" title="International reactions to the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shootdown">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2166" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2166">UNSC Resolution 2166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wales_summit" title="2014 Wales summit">NATO summit in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements#Minsk_Protocol" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Donbas_general_elections" title="2014 Donbas general elections">Donbas general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_G20_Brisbane_summit" title="2014 G20 Brisbane summit">2014 G20 Brisbane summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_bus_attack" title="Volnovakha bus attack">Volnovakha bus attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_rocket_attack" title="January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack">Mariupol rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Kramatorsk_rocket_attack" title="February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack">Kramatorsk rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements#Minsk_II" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk II ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kharkiv_bombing" title="2015 Kharkiv bombing">Kharkiv bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko#Death" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Donbas_general_elections" title="2018 Donbas general elections">Donbas general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_to_capitulation!" title="No to capitulation!">No to capitulation!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (April 2014 – September 2022)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (April 2014 – September 2022)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/23px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/35px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg/45px-War_flag_of_Novorussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">Novorossiya</a> (May 2014 – May 2015) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pro-) Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Separatist forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_used_by_Russian_separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of equipment used by Russian separatist forces of the war in Donbas">List of equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas#Luhansk_People's_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">Army of the South-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Army" title="Russian Orthodox Army">Russian Orthodox Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_war_in_Donbas#Vostok_Battalion" title="Combatants of the war in Donbas">Vostok Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmius_Brigade" title="Kalmius Brigade">Kalmius Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_Battalion" title="Sparta Battalion">Sparta Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Battalion" title="Somalia Battalion">Somalia Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizrak_Brigade" title="Prizrak Brigade">Prizrak Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Political parties and movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Republic_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk Republic (political party)">Donetsk Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Russia_Party" title="New Russia Party">New Russia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic">Communist Party of DPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_to_Luhanshchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace to Luhanshchina">Peace to Luhanshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borotba" title="Borotba">Borotba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Committee_of_Ukraine" title="Antifascist Committee of Ukraine">Antifascist Committee of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Choice" title="Ukrainian Choice">Ukrainian Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Youth_Union" title="Eurasian Youth Union">Eurasian Youth Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Wolves" title="Night Wolves">Night Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lead figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Crimean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Aksyonov" title="Sergey Aksyonov">Sergey Aksyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Konstantinov_(politician)" title="Vladimir Konstantinov (politician)">Vladimir Konstantinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Poklonskaya" title="Natalia Poklonskaya">Natalia Poklonskaya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Donetsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antyufeyev" title="Vladimir Antyufeyev">Vladimir Antyufeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Basurin" title="Eduard Basurin">Eduard Basurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Berezin" title="Fyodor Berezin">Fyodor Berezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Bezler" title="Igor Bezler">Igor Bezler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodai" title="Alexander Borodai">Alexander Borodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chumachenko" title="Mikhail Chumachenko">Mikhail Chumachenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Pavel Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Gubareva" title="Ekaterina Gubareva">Ekaterina Gubareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Khakimzyanov" title="Igor Khakimzyanov">Igor Khakimzyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khodakovsky" title="Alexander Khodakovsky">Alexander Khodakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kononov_(Donetsk_People%27s_Republic)" title="Vladimir Kononov (Donetsk People's Republic)">Vladimir Kononov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Pavlov" title="Arsen Pavlov">Arsen Pavlov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ponomarev_(public_figure)" title="Vyacheslav Ponomarev (public figure)">Vyacheslav Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Purgin" title="Andrei Purgin">Andrei Purgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tolstykh" title="Mikhail Tolstykh">Mikhail Tolstykh</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zakharchenko" title="Alexander Zakharchenko">Alexander Zakharchenko</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Zhurikov" title="Sergei Zhurikov">Sergei Zhurikov</a></li></ul></li> <li>Luhansk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bednov" title="Alexander Bednov">Alexander Bednov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Bolotov" title="Valery Bolotov">Valery Bolotov</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Karyakin" title="Aleksey Karyakin">Aleksey Karyakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kharitonov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Kharitonov (politician)">Aleksandr Kharitonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Klinchaev" title="Arsen Klinchaev">Arsen Klinchaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kozlov_(politician)" title="Sergey Kozlov (politician)">Sergey Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Mozgovoy" title="Aleksey Mozgovoy">Aleksey Mozgovoy</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Plotnitsky" title="Igor Plotnitsky">Igor Plotnitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Tsypkalov" title="Gennadiy Tsypkalov">Gennadiy Tsypkalov</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>Kharkiv <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Zhylin" title="Yevhen Zhylin">Yevhen Zhylin</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelya_Shtepa" title="Nelya Shtepa">Nelya Shtepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tsaryov" title="Oleg Tsaryov">Oleg Tsaryov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government of Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Yatsenyuk_government" title="First Yatsenyuk government">1st Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yatsenyuk_Government" title="Second Yatsenyuk Government">2nd Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groysman_Government" title="Groysman Government">Groysman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine">National Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_Battalion" title="Donbas Battalion">Donbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tasks_Patrol_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Tasks Patrol Police">Patrol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro-1_Regiment" title="Dnipro-1 Regiment">Dnipro-1</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukrainian Ground Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_territorial_defence_battalions" title="Ukrainian territorial defence battalions">Territorial defense battalions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidar_Battalion" title="Aidar Battalion">Aidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="39th Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Dnipro-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="40th Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Kryvbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Motorized_Infantry_Battalion_(Ukraine)" title="42nd Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)">Rukh Oporu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Assault_Forces" title="Ukrainian Air Assault Forces">Ukrainian Air Assault Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group_(Ukraine)" title="Alpha Group (Ukraine)">Alpha Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan_Press" title="Euromaidan Press">Euromaidan Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">State Border Guard Service of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_volunteer_battalions" title="Ukrainian volunteer battalions">Volunteer battalions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Sector" title="Right Sector">Right Sector</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lead figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Arseniy Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman" title="Volodymyr Groysman">Volodymyr Groysman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Parubiy" title="Andriy Parubiy">Andriy Parubiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Avakov" title="Arsen Avakov">Arsen Avakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Oleh Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Lutsenko" title="Yuriy Lutsenko">Yuriy Lutsenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentyn_Nalyvaichenko" title="Valentyn Nalyvaichenko">Valentyn Nalyvaichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Heletey" title="Valeriy Heletey">Valeriy Heletey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Poltorak" title="Stepan Poltorak">Stepan Poltorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Koval" title="Mykhailo Koval">Mykhailo Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Kutsyn" title="Mykhailo Kutsyn">Mykhailo Kutsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Makhnitskyi" title="Oleh Makhnitskyi">Oleh Makhnitskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Muzhenko" title="Viktor Muzhenko">Viktor Muzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Yarema" title="Vitaly Yarema">Vitaly Yarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Liashko" title="Oleh Liashko">Oleh Liashko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Yarosh" title="Dmytro Yarosh">Dmytro Yarosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov" title="Rinat Akhmetov">Rinat Akhmetov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kolomoyskyi" title="Ihor Kolomoyskyi">Ihor Kolomoyskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Taruta" title="Serhiy Taruta">Serhiy Taruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Baluta" title="Ihor Baluta">Ihor Baluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Semenchenko" title="Semen Semenchenko">Semen Semenchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennadiy_Moskal" title="Hennadiy Moskal">Hennadiy Moskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiya_Savchenko" title="Nadiya Savchenko">Nadiya Savchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tuka" title="George Tuka">George Tuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Zhebrivskyi" title="Pavlo Zhebrivskyi">Pavlo Zhebrivskyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template talk:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet_dispute" title="Black Sea Fleet dispute">Black Sea Fleet dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Munich_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin">2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Main events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odesa_clashes" title="2014 Odesa clashes">2014 Odesa clashes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_units_which_invaded_the_territory_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine">List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnergate" title="Wagnergate">Wagnergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 Russian annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctioned people and organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_for_the_Sovereignty,_Integrity,_Democracy,_and_Economic_Stability_of_Ukraine_Act_of_2014" title="Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014">Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)">ICJ case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">ORDLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions to the war in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 Crimean status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">2021–2023 global supply chain crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Eurointegration of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_imagery_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Soviet imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Lend-Lease (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_arrest_warrants_for_Vladimir_Putin_and_Maria_Lvova-Belova" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova">ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="LGBT people in the Russo-Ukrainian War">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil oil transit dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_energy_crisis" title="Ukrainian energy crisis">Ukrainian energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare" title="Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">2015 Ukraine power grid hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kyiv_cyberattack" title="2016 Kyiv cyberattack">2016 Kyiv cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">2016 Surkov leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">2022 Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_cyberattacks_against_Russia" title="2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia">2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Social media in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Media portrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the 2022 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russo-Ukrainian_War_films" title="List of Russo-Ukrainian War films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 anti-war protests in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Control of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_electronic_warfare" title="Ukraine and electronic warfare">Ukraine and electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_conscription_crisis" title="Ukrainian conscription crisis">Ukrainian conscription crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Category:Russo-Ukrainian War">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mariupol_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mariupol_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template:Mariupol in the Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mariupol_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template talk:Mariupol in the Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mariupol_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mariupol in the Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mariupol_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a> (2014–2022)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mariupol_(2014)" title="Battle of Mariupol (2014)">2014 battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Mariupol_(September_2014)" title="Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)">September 2014 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mariupol_rocket_attack" title="January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack">January 2015 rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Freedom._Mariupol_After_DNR" title="Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR">Year of Freedom. Mariupol After DNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_the_Heroes" title="The City of the Heroes">The City of the Heroes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a> (2022)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_hospital_airstrike" title="Mariupol hospital airstrike">Hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_theatre_airstrike" title="Mariupol theatre airstrike">Theatre airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azovstal_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Azovstal Iron and Steel Works">Azovstal Iron and Steel Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Ivashchenko" title="Konstantin Ivashchenko">Konstantin Ivashchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kolesnikov_(general)" title="Andrei Kolesnikov (general)">Andrei Kolesnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Mityaev_(general)" title="Oleg Mityaev (general)">Oleg Mityaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Paliy" title="Andrei Paliy">Andrei Paliy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Apukhtin" title="Dmytro Apukhtin">Dmytro Apukhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Baraniuk" title="Volodymyr Baraniuk">Volodymyr Baraniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadym_Boychenko" title="Vadym Boychenko">Vadym Boychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Dashko" title="Ihor Dashko">Ihor Dashko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksym_Kagal" title="Maksym Kagal">Maksym Kagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Kozatskyi" title="Dmytro Kozatskyi">Dmytro Kozatskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krotevych" title="Bohdan Krotevych">Bohdan Krotevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Palamar" title="Sviatoslav Palamar">Sviatoslav Palamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Prebeg" title="Vjekoslav Prebeg">Vjekoslav Prebeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Prokopenko" title="Denys Prokopenko">Denys Prokopenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Volynskyi" title="Serhii Volynskyi">Serhii Volynskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksii_Yanin" title="Oleksii Yanin">Oleksii Yanin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Ukrainian volunteers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiden_Aslin" title="Aiden Aslin">Aiden Aslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Pinner" title="Shaun Pinner">Shaun Pinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Saadoune" title="Brahim Saadoune">Brahim Saadoune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern Ukraine campaign</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Category:Siege of Mariupol">Category:Siege of Mariupol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albanian Civil War (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Ukraine_footer" title="Template:Politics of Ukraine footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Ukraine_footer" title="Template talk:Politics of Ukraine footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Ukraine_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Ukraine footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vice_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine">First Vice Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine">Vice Prime Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budget_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budget of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Verkhovna_Rada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factions in the Verkhovna Rada (page does not exist)">Parliament factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government of Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fokin_government" title="Fokin government">Fokin government</a> (1990–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchma_government" title="Kuchma government">Kuchma government</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Masol_government" title="Second Masol government">Second Masol government</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchuk_government" title="Marchuk government">Marchuk government</a> (1995–96)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazarenko_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazarenko government (page does not exist)">Lazarenko government</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pustovoitenko_government" title="Pustovoitenko government">Pustovoitenko government</a> (1997–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushchenko_government" title="Yushchenko government">Yushchenko government</a> (1999–01)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinakh_government" title="Kinakh government">Kinakh government</a> (2001–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yanukovych_government" title="First Yanukovych government">First Yanukovych government</a> (2002–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Tymoshenko_government" title="First Tymoshenko government">First Tymoshenko government</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekhanurov_government" title="Yekhanurov government">Yekhanurov government</a> (2005–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yanukovych_government" title="Second Yanukovych government">Second Yanukovych government</a> (2006–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Tymoshenko_government" title="Second Tymoshenko government">Second Tymoshenko government</a> (2007–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Azarov_government" title="First Azarov government">First Azarov government</a> (2010–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Azarov_government" title="Second Azarov government">Second Azarov government</a> (2012–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yatsenyuk_government" title="First Yatsenyuk government">First Yatsenyuk government</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yatsenyuk_Government" title="Second Yatsenyuk Government">Second Yatsenyuk Government</a> (2014–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groysman_Government" title="Groysman Government">Groysman Government</a> (2016–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honcharuk_Government" title="Honcharuk Government">Honcharuk Government</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmyhal_Government" title="Shmyhal Government">Shmyhal Government</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Declaration of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_without_Kuchma" title="Ukraine without Kuchma">Ukraine without Kuchma</a> (2000–01)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine#2004_and_2010_amendments" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitutional amendments</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ukrainian_political_crisis" title="2006 Ukrainian political crisis">Political crisis</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Ukrainian_political_crisis" title="2007 Ukrainian political crisis">Political crisis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Ukrainian_political_crisis" title="2008 Ukrainian political crisis">Political crisis</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Pact" title="Kharkiv Pact">Kharkiv Pact</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_cases_against_Yulia_Tymoshenko_since_2010" title="Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010">Cases against Yulia Tymoshenko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_cases_against_supporters_of_Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Criminal cases against supporters of Yulia Tymoshenko">against supporters</a> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_Resistance_Committee" title="Dictatorship Resistance Committee">Dictatorship Resistance Committee</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Law on languages</a> (2012)</li> <li>2013–14 <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_(legislation)" title="Law of Ukraine (legislation)">Law of Ukraine (legislation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Russia&#124;alt=Russia_Russia–Ukraine_relations_23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Ukraine&#124;alt=Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Template:Russia–Ukraine relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–Ukraine relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia–Ukraine relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Russia&#124;alt=Russia_Russia–Ukraine_relations_23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Ukraine&#124;alt=Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Kyiv" title="Embassy of Russia, Kyiv">Embassy of Russia, Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Ukraine,_Moscow" title="Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow">Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Ukraine_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia">Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massandra_Accords" title="Massandra Accords">Massandra Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum_on_Security_Assurances" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances">Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_Treaty_on_the_Status_and_Conditions_of_the_Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet">Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Ukrainian_Friendship_Treaty" title="Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty">Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_the_Russian_Federation_and_Ukraine_on_Cooperation_in_the_Use_of_the_Sea_of_Azov_and_the_Kerch_Strait" title="Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait">Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Pact" title="Kharkiv Pact">Kharkiv Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_December_2013_Russian%E2%80%93Ukrainian_action_plan" title="17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan">17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_sabotage_activities_in_Ukraine" title="2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine">2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin">Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territories of Ukraine">Occupied territories of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories">Russian-occupied territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putin._War" title="Putin. War">Putin. War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Contact_Group_on_Ukraine" title="Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine">Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_Format" title="Normandy Format">Normandy Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapad_2017_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapad 2017 exercise">Zapad 2017 exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_peace_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations">peace negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">disinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_sanctions_against_Ukraine" title="Russian sanctions against Ukraine">Russian sanctions against Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_book_ban_in_Ukraine" title="Russian book ban in Ukraine">Russian book ban in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods" title="Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods">Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Russian information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare" title="Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare">Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">Black Sea Grain Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Russia_Should_Do_with_Ukraine" title="What Russia Should Do with Ukraine">What Russia Should Do with Ukraine</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine" title="Decommunization in Ukraine">Decommunization in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Derussification in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_Airlines_Flight_1812" title="Siberia Airlines Flight 1812">Siberia Airlines Flight 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remember_about_the_Gas_%E2%80%93_Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!">Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">Russia–Ukraine border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest">Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline" title="Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fiber-Optic_Cable_System" title="Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System">Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITUR" title="ITUR">ITUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="On the Independence of Ukraine">On the Independence of Ukraine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartak_Moscow%E2%80%93Dynamo_Kyiv_rivalry" title="Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry">Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Wars between Russia and Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Category:Russia–Ukraine relations">Category:Russia–Ukraine relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(24_February_%E2%80%93_7_April_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)">Feb – Apr 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_April_%E2%80%93_28_August_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)">Apr – Aug 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(29_August_%E2%80%93_11_November_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)">Aug – Nov 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(12_November_2022_%E2%80%93_7_June_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)">Nov 2022 – Jun 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_June_2023_%E2%80%93_31_August_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023)">Jun – Aug 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_September_%E2%80%93_30_November_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023)">Sep – Nov 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_December_2023_%E2%80%93_31_March_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024)">Dec 2023 – Mar 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_April_2024_%E2%80%93_31_July_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April 2024 – 31 July 2024)">Apr – Jul 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_2024_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)">Aug 2024 – present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Aerial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_defense_lines_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian defense lines during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Defense lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Naval warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Peace negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Peace_Formula" title="Ukraine's Peace Formula">Ukraine's Peace Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Position_on_the_Political_Settlement_of_the_Ukrainian_Crisis" title="China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukrainian Crisis">China peace proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Ukraine_peace_summit" title="June 2024 Ukraine peace summit">June 2024 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_no-fly_zone_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Proposed no-fly zone in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Proposed no-fly zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Red lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_from_Russia_after_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Territorial control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Russia–United States summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">Belarus–European Union border crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Platform" title="Crimea Platform">Crimea Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapad_2021" title="Zapad 2021">Zapad 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2021_Russian_ultimatum_to_NATO" title="December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO">December 2021 ultimatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">2022 Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zametil_2022" title="Zametil 2022">Zametil 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Resolve_2022" title="Union Resolve 2022">Union Resolve 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_trilateral_pact" title="British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact">British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_evacuation_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 evacuation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_mobilization_in_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 mobilization in the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine" title="Address concerning the events in Ukraine">Address concerning the events in Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">On conducting a special military operation</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022 timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">humanitarian situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Belarus–Ukraine relations">Belarus–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">enlargement of NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_in_Russia_regarding_the_legitimacy_of_eastward_NATO_expansion" title="Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion">eastward expansion controversy in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">open door policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Military engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_campaign" title="Snake Island campaign">Snake Island campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">Battle of Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Melitopol">Battle of Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mykolaiv" title="Battle of Mykolaiv">Battle of Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Enerhodar" title="Battle of Enerhodar">Battle of Enerhodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voznesensk" title="Battle of Voznesensk">Battle of Voznesensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huliaipole" title="Battle of Huliaipole">Battle of Huliaipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Davydiv_Brid" title="Battle of Davydiv Brid">Battle of Davydiv Brid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">Kherson counteroffensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">Liberation of Kherson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Dnieper campaign (2022–present)">Dnieper campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volnovakha" title="Battle of Volnovakha">Battle of Volnovakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">Battle of Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Izium" title="Battle of Izium">Battle of Izium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rubizhne" title="Battle of Rubizhne">Battle of Rubizhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Popasna" title="Battle of Popasna">Battle of Popasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Battle of Marinka (2022–2023)">Battle of Marinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022)">Battle of Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Siverskyi_Donets" title="Battle of the Siverskyi Donets">Battle of the Siverskyi Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">Battle of Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysychansk" title="Battle of Lysychansk">Battle of Lysychansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pisky" title="Battle of Pisky">Battle of Pisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar" title="Battle of Soledar">Battle of Soledar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">Battle of Vuhledar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">Kharkiv counteroffensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyman_(September%E2%80%93October_2022)" title="Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)">Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast_campaign" title="Luhansk Oblast campaign">Luhansk Oblast campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">Battle of Avdiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chasiv_Yar" title="Battle of Chasiv Yar">Battle of Chasiv Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnohorivka" title="Battle of Krasnohorivka">Battle of Krasnohorivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheretyne" title="Battle of Ocheretyne">Battle of Ocheretyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toretsk" title="Battle of Toretsk">Battle of Toretsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk_offensive" title="Pokrovsk offensive">Pokrovsk offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurakhove" title="Battle of Kurakhove">Battle of Kurakhove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine campaign">Northern Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">Battle of Antonov Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">Capture of Chernobyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Battle of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hostomel" title="Battle of Hostomel">Battle of Hostomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasylkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vasylkiv">Battle of Vasylkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucha" title="Battle of Bucha">Battle of Bucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irpin" title="Battle of Irpin">Battle of Irpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makariv" title="Battle of Makariv">Battle of Makariv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Kyiv_convoy" title="Russian Kyiv convoy">Russian Kyiv convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moshchun" title="Battle of Moshchun">Battle of Moshchun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kozarovytska_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kozarovytska Dam">Destruction of the Kozarovytska Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brovary" title="Battle of Brovary">Battle of Brovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slavutych" title="Battle of Slavutych">Battle of Slavutych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">Battle of Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">Siege of Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lebedyn" title="Battle of Lebedyn">Battle of Lebedyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ukraine%E2%80%93Russia_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Ukraine–Russia border skirmishes">Northeastern border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bryansk_Oblast_raid" title="2023 Bryansk Oblast raid">Bryansk Oblast raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_drone_attack" title="Kremlin drone attack">Kremlin drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_May_2023_Moscow_drone_strikes" title="30 May 2023 Moscow drone strikes">Moscow drone strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_December_2023_Belgorod_shelling" title="30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling">30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_Belgorod_missile_strike" title="February 2024 Belgorod missile strike">February 2024 Belgorod missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Belgorod_missile_strike" title="May 2024 Belgorod missile strike">May 2024 Belgorod missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2024_western_Russia_incursion" title="March 2024 western Russia incursion">March 2024 western Russia incursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kursk_offensive" title="2024 Kursk offensive">2024 Kursk offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_occupation_of_Kursk_Oblast" title="Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast">occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets_depot_explosions" title="Toropets depot explosions">Toropets depot explosions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Chernihiv strikes (2022–present)">Chernihiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Dnipro strikes (2022–present)">Dnipro strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Ivano-Frankivsk strikes (2022–present)">Ivano-Frankivsk strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kharkiv strikes (2022–present)">Kharkiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kherson strikes (2022–present)">Kherson strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Khmelnytskyi strikes (2022–present)">Khmelnytskyi strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kryvyi Rih strikes (2022–present)">Kryvyi Rih strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kyiv strikes (2022–present)">Kyiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Lviv strikes (2022–present)">Lviv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Mykolaiv strikes (2022–present)">Mykolaiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Odesa strikes (2022–present)">Odesa strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rivne strikes (2022–present)">Rivne strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Vinnytsia strikes (2022–present)">Vinnytsia strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Zaporizhzhia strikes (2022–present)">Zaporizhzhia strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Zhytomyr attacks (2022–present)">Zhytomyr strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes on military targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuhuiv_air_base_attack" title="Chuhuiv air base attack">Chuhuiv air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerovo_air_base_attack" title="Millerovo air base attack">Millerovo air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Chornobaivka_attacks" title="2022 Chornobaivka attacks">Chornobaivka attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_March_2022_Mykolaiv_military_barracks_attack" title="7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack">7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavoriv_military_base_attack" title="Yavoriv military base attack">Yavoriv military base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_March_2022_Mykolaiv_military_quarters_attack" title="18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack">18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Berdiansk_port_attack" title="2022 Berdiansk port attack">Berdiansk port attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Moskva" title="Sinking of the Moskva">Sinking of the Moskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desna_barracks_airstrike" title="Desna barracks airstrike">Desna barracks airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_attack_on_Nova_Kakhovka" title="2022 attack on Nova Kakhovka">Attack on Nova Kakhovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Crimea attacks (2022–present)">Crimea attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Novofedorivka_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Novofedorivka explosions">Novofedorivka explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_drone_attack_on_the_Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="2022 drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base">Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_strike_on_the_Black_Sea_Fleet_headquarters" title="Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters">Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyagilevo_and_Engels_air_bases_attacks" title="Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks">Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka_military_quarters_shelling" title="Makiivka military quarters shelling">Makiivka military quarters shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machulishchy_air_base_attack" title="Machulishchy air base attack">Machulishchy air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarichne_barracks_airstrike" title="Zarichne barracks airstrike">Zarichne barracks airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian resistance during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_Ukraine" title="Popular Resistance of Ukraine">Popular Resistance of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdiansk_Partisan_Army" title="Berdiansk Partisan Army">Berdiansk Partisan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon_(movement)" title="Yellow Ribbon (movement)">Yellow Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atesh" title="Atesh">Atesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Belarusian and Russian partisan movement (2022–present)">Belarus and Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Vladlen_Tatarsky" title="Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky">Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Council_(Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine)" title="Civic Council (Armed Forces of Ukraine)">Civic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpin_Declaration" title="Irpin Declaration">Irpin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina#Killing" title="Darya Dugina">Killing of Darya Dugina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army_(Russia)" title="National Republican Army (Russia)">National Republican Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_commissariats_attacks" title="Russian military commissariats attacks">Military commissariats arsons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ust-Ilimsk_military_commissariat_shooting" title="Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting">Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bridge_(Russia)" title="Black Bridge (Russia)">Black Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Russia (2022–present)">Rail war in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Wagons" title="Stop the Wagons">Stop the Wagons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_Anarcho-Communists" title="Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists">Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Belarus_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Belarus (2022–present)">Rail war in Belarus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busly_liacia%C4%87" title="Busly liaciać">Busly liaciać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYPOL" title="BYPOL">BYPOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Railway_Workers_of_Belarus" title="Community of Railway Workers of Belarus">Community of Railway Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Partisans" title="Cyber Partisans">Cyber Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_used_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_elections_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2023 elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_campaign" title="Snake Island campaign">Odesa Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Sumy_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr Oblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mystery_fires_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian mystery fires (2022–present)">Mystery fires in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Transnistria_attacks" title="2022 Transnistria attacks">Transnistria attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Zagreb_Tu-141_crash" title="2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash">Zagreb Tu-141 crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2022 Crimean Bridge explosion">2022 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2023 Crimean Bridge explosion">2023 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#2022_Ukrainian_coup_d'etat_attempt" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridges_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_drone" title="Dragon drone">Dragon drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violations_of_non-combatant_airspaces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Violations of non-combatant airspaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland" title="2022 missile explosion in Poland">Missile explosion in Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Synytsia" title="Operation Synytsia">Operation Synytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_electronic_warfare" title="Ukraine and electronic warfare">Ukraine and electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_long-range_weapons_by_Ukraine_in_Russia" title="Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia">Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_cyberattacks_against_Russia" title="2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia">2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusations of genocide in Donbas">Accusations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War">child abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian strikes on hospitals during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_cluster_munitions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Use of cluster munitions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Cluster munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_incendiary_weapons_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Use of incendiary weapons in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Incendiary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmines_in_Ukraine" title="Landmines in Ukraine">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">Russian filtration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_usage_of_mobile_crematoriums_in_Ukraine" title="Russian usage of mobile crematoriums in Ukraine">Russian mobile crematoriums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_theft_of_Ukrainian_grain" title="2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain">Russian theft of Ukrainian grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_torture_chambers_in_Ukraine" title="Russian torture chambers in Ukraine">Russian torture chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_by_Russian_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Looting by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Mistreatment of prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on civilians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_government_building_airstrike" title="Kharkiv government building airstrike">Kharkiv government building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_March_2022_Chernihiv_bombing" title="3 March 2022 Chernihiv bombing">3 March Chernihiv bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpin_refugee_column_shelling" title="Irpin refugee column shelling">Irpin refugee column shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_hospital_airstrike" title="Mariupol hospital airstrike">Mariupol hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Krasnianka_care_house_attack" title="Stara Krasnianka care house attack">Stara Krasnianka care house attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_cluster_bombing" title="Mykolaiv cluster bombing">Mykolaiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="March 2022 Donetsk attack">March 2022 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Borodianka" title="Bombing of Borodianka">2022 Borodianka airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_March_2022_Chernihiv_breadline_attack" title="16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack">Chernihiv breadline attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_theatre_airstrike" title="Mariupol theatre airstrike">Mariupol theatre airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_shopping_centre_bombing" title="Kyiv shopping centre bombing">Kyiv shopping centre bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumykhimprom_ammonia_leak" title="Sumykhimprom ammonia leak">Sumykhimprom ammonia leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_government_building_missile_strike" title="Mykolaiv government building missile strike">Mykolaiv government building missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack" title="Kramatorsk railway station attack">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohorivka_school_bombing" title="Bilohorivka school bombing">Bilohorivka school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Andrii_Bohomaz" title="Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz">Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisky_Market_attack" title="Maisky Market attack">Maisky Market attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk_shopping_mall_attack" title="Kremenchuk shopping mall attack">Kremenchuk shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiivka_missile_strike" title="Serhiivka missile strike">Serhiivka missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasiv_Yar_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasiv Yar missile strike">Chasiv Yar missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenivka_prison_massacre" title="Olenivka prison massacre">Olenivka prison massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_dormitories_missile_strike" title="Kharkiv dormitories missile strike">Kharkiv dormitories missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplyne_railway_station_attack" title="Chaplyne railway station attack">Chaplyne railway station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izium_mass_graves" title="Izium mass graves">Izium mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="September 2022 Donetsk attack">September 2022 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_civilian_convoy_attack" title="Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack">Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiansk_civilian_convoy_shelling" title="Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling">Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" title="2022 Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dnipro_residential_building_airstrike" title="2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike">2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2023_Sloviansk_airstrike" title="April 2023 Sloviansk airstrike">Sloviansk airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Uman_missile_strike" title="2023 Uman missile strike">Uman missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kramatorsk_restaurant_missile_strike" title="2023 Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike">Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_cluster_bombing" title="Lyman cluster bombing">Lyman cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pokrovsk_missile_strike" title="2023 Pokrovsk missile strike">2023 Pokrovsk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2023_Chernihiv_missile_strike" title="August 2023 Chernihiv missile strike">Chernihiv missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2023_Kostiantynivka_missile_strike" title="September 2023 Kostiantynivka missile strike">Kostiantynivka missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hroza_missile_attack" title="Hroza missile attack">Hroza missile attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_massacre" title="Volnovakha massacre">Volnovakha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_December_2023_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine">December 2023 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pokrovsk_missile_strike" title="2024 Pokrovsk missile strike">2024 Pokrovsk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Donetsk_attack" title="2024 Donetsk attack">2024 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lysychansk_missile_strike" title="2024 Lysychansk missile strike">Lysychansk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2024_Odesa_strike" title="6 March 2024 Odesa strike">6 March 2024 Odesa strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_March_2024_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine">March 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_May_2024_Kharkiv_missile_strikes" title="25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes">May 2024 Kharkiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_children%27s_hospital_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv children's hospital airstrike">8 July 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kostiantynivka_supermarket_missile_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack">2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_August_2024_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="26 August 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine">26 August 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Poltava_strike" title="September 2024 Poltava strike">September 2024 Poltava strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes against soldiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_of_Russian_soldiers_in_Mala_Rohan" title="Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan">Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_and_castration_of_a_Ukrainian_POW_in_Pryvillia" title="Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia">Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_soldiers_by_Kadyrovites" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites">Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yevgeny_Nuzhin" title="Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin">Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka_surrender_incident" title="Makiivka surrender incident">Makiivka surrender incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Oleksandr_Matsievskyi" title="Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi">Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_prisoner_of_war_beheading" title="2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading">2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">ICC investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">ICJ court case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_on_Accountability_for_Crimes_Committed_in_Ukraine" title="Task Force on Accountability for Crimes Committed in Ukraine">Task Force on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction_investigations_of_war_crimes_in_Ukraine" title="Universal jurisdiction investigations of war crimes in Ukraine">Universal jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_international_tribunal_for_the_crime_of_aggression_(Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine)" title="Special international tribunal for the crime of aggression (Russian invasion of Ukraine)">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li>Criminal proceedings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Vadim_Shishimarin" title="Trial of Vadim Shishimarin">Vadim Shishimarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Alexander_Bobikin_and_Alexander_Ivanov" title="Trial of Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov">Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anton_Cherednik" title="Trial of Anton Cherednik">Anton Cherednik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reactions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Reactions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">States and official entities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">people and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_transit_to_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast">restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Assistance_Mission_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine">European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bayraktar" title="People's Bayraktar">People's Bayraktar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signmyrocket.com" title="Signmyrocket.com">Signmyrocket.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachts_impacted_by_international_sanctions_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Yachts impacted by international sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctioned yachts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Relations with Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Application to NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_Brave_Like_Ukraine" title="Be Brave Like Ukraine">Be Brave Like Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave1" title="Brave1">Brave1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_the_Protection_of_the_Constitutional_Order_in_the_Field_of_Activities_of_Religious_Organizations%22" title="Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Field of Activities of Religious Organizations""> Ban on Russia-associated religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_Headquarters_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners_of_War" title="Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War">Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Condemnation_and_Prohibition_of_Propaganda_of_Russian_Imperial_Policy_in_Ukraine_and_the_Decolonization_of_Toponymy" title="On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy">Decolonization and derussification law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(situational_awareness_system)" title="Delta (situational awareness system)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyed_Russian_military_equipment_exhibition" title="Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition">Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Courage_and_Bravery_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)">For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_From_Ukraine_program" title="Grain From Ukraine program">Grain From Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Supreme_Commander-in-Chief" title="Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief">Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_of_Ukraine" title="Hero City of Ukraine">Hero City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live_(hotline)" title="I Want to Live (hotline)">I Want to Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)" title="International Legion (Ukraine)">International Legion</a> and other foreign units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Belarusian Volunteer Corps">Belarusian Volunteer Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Battalion" title="Terror Battalion">Terror Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Maple_Company" title="Black Maple Company">Black Maple Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian-Ukrainian_Brigade" title="Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade">Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Russia_Legion" title="Freedom of Russia Legion">Freedom of Russia Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Volunteer_Corps" title="German Volunteer Corps">German Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_National_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian National Battalion">Karelian National Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastu%C5%9B_Kalino%C5%ADski_Regiment" title="Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment">Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Brigade" title="Norman Brigade">Norman Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahonia_Regiment" title="Pahonia Regiment">Pahonia Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Volunteer_Corps" title="Polish Volunteer Corps">Polish Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Battlegroup_Getica" title="Romanian Battlegroup Getica">Romanian Battlegroup Getica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Russian Volunteer Corps">Russian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_Special_Purpose_Battalion" title="Separate Special Purpose Battalion">Separate Special Purpose Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibir_Battalion" title="Sibir Battalion">Sibir Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_Battalion" title="Turan Battalion">Turan Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sponsors_of_War" title="International Sponsors of War">International Sponsors of War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_on_forced_confiscation_of_Russian_property_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law on forced confiscation of Russian property in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Forced confiscation law of Russian property</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="ru:Украинский закон о принудительном изъятии имущества резидентов РФ">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="uk:Український закон про примусове вилучення майна резидентів РФ">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_for_Your_Own" title="Look for Your Own">Look for Your Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine#2022_martial_law" title="Martial law in Ukraine">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization_in_Ukraine#2022" title="Mobilization in Ukraine">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Center_Ukraine" title="Media Center Ukraine">Media Center Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_the_Recovery_of_Ukraine_from_the_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War (page does not exist)">National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Національна рада з відновлення України від наслідків війни">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Multi-Subject_Test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Multi-Subject Test (page does not exist)">National Multi-Subject Test</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Національний мультипредметний тест">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">North Korea–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Points_of_Invincibility" title="Points of Invincibility">Points of Invincibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_recognition_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Ukrainian recognition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Recognition of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuer_City" title="Rescuer City">Rescuer City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Save_Ukrainian_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Save Ukrainian Culture (page does not exist)">Save Ukrainian Culture</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Збережіть українську культуру">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Syria–Ukraine relations">Syria–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Freedom_Orchestra" title="Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra">Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United24" title="United24">United24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_News_(telethon)" title="United News (telethon)">United News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>highways in the annexed territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A290_highway_(Russia)" title="A290 highway (Russia)">A290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavrida_Highway" title="Tavrida Highway">A291 "Tavrida"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R260_highway_(Russia)" title="R260 highway (Russia)">R260</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R280_highway_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R280 highway (Russia) (page does not exist)">R280 "Novorossiya"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_rally" title="2022 Moscow rally">2022 Moscow rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_rally" title="2023 Moscow rally">2023 Moscow rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly" title="2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly">2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_blockade_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian blockade of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Blockade of Ukraine</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская блокада украинских портов">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion">Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Censorship in Russia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Цензура в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Chechnya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_volunteers_on_the_side_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen volunteers on the side of Ukraine">Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conmemorative_Medal_%22Participant_of_a_Special_Military_Operation%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" (page does not exist)">Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Памятная медаль «Участнику специальной военной операции»">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_about_Important_Things" title="Conversations about Important Things">Conversations about Important Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasovsky_case" title="Krasovsky case">Krasovsky case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalization_of_parallel_imports_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalization of parallel imports in Russia (page does not exist)">Legalization of parallel imports</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Легализация параллельного импорта в России">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_South_Russian_People%27s_Council" title="Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council">Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_martial_law" title="2022 Russian martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masha_Moskalyova_case" title="Masha Moskalyova case">Masha Moskalyova case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Crimea" title="Metropolis of Crimea">Metropolis of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Simonov_case" title="Mikhail Simonov case">Mikhail Simonov case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_irregular_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian irregular forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Recruitment of irregular forces</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B,_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Нерегулярные вооружённые силы, участвующие во вторжении России на Украину">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)" title="Doppelganger (disinformation campaign)">Operation Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Opinion polling</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Социологические опросы в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_Christmas_truce_proposal" title="2023 Russian Christmas truce proposal">Orthodox Christmas truce proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group%E2%80%93Ministry_of_Defense_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict">Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_the_Clergy_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_for_Reconciliation_and_an_End_to_War" title="Appeal of the Clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church for Reconciliation and an End to War">Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Committee_for_Peace_and_Order" title="Salvation Committee for Peace and Order">Salvation Committee for Peace and Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Coordinating_Council_for_Security_Enhancement" title="Special Coordinating Council for Security Enhancement">Special Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list" title="Unfriendly countries list">Unfriendly countries list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">War censorship laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Together._Sports" title="We Are Together. Sports">We Are Together. Sports</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Russia_Should_Do_with_Ukraine" title="What Russia Should Do with Ukraine">What Russia Should Do with Ukraine</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw">2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address">2022 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_Governance_Board" title="Disinformation Governance Board">Disinformation Governance Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group" title="Ukraine Defense Contact Group">Ukraine Defense Contact Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Security_Assistance_Initiative" title="Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative">Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Belarus</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_authorization_for_emergency_travel" title="Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel">Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Closer ties with Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Position_on_the_Political_Settlement_of_the_Ukrainian_Crisis" title="China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukrainian Crisis">Chinese peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Hong Kong and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War_on_Croatia" title="Influence of the Russo-Ukrainian War on Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_European_Union_opt-out_referendum" title="2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum">Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federated States of Micronesia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российско-микронезийские отношения">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Aigle" title="Mission Aigle">Mission Aigle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Georgia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Georgia</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Taurus_controversy" title="German Taurus controversy">German Taurus controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Taurus_leak" title="German Taurus leak">Taurus leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitenwende_speech" title="Zeitenwende speech">Zeitenwende speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Hungary and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Hungary</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ganga" title="Operation Ganga">Operation Ganga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Closer ties with Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Israel_Guarantees" title="Operation Israel Guarantees">Operation Israel Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Lithuania and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Sanctions_Act_2022" title="Russia Sanctions Act 2022">Russia Sanctions Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korea</a></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_border_crisis" title="Poland–Ukraine border crisis">border crisis with Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Syria</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Сирия и вторжение России на Украину">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Taiwan and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Taiwan</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Crime_(Transparency_and_Enforcement)_Act_2022" title="Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022">Economic Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homes_for_Ukraine" title="Homes for Ukraine">Homes for Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Interflex" title="Operation Interflex">Operation Interflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">Emergency special session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">Resolution ES-11/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/2" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/2">Resolution ES-11/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/3" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3">Resolution ES-11/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/4" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4">Resolution ES-11/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/5" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/5">Resolution ES-11/5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/6" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/6">Resolution ES-11/6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2623" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623">Security Council Resolution 2623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_A/RES/77/229" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/77/229">Resolution A/RES/77/229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_truce" title="Easter truce">Easter truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Accession of Moldova to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Accession of Ukraine to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_summit" title="2022 Brussels summit">Brussels summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="1st European Political Community Summit">1st summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="2nd European Political Community Summit">2nd summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="3rd European Political Community Summit">3rd summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Madrid_summit" title="2022 Madrid summit">Madrid summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_NATO_virtual_summit" title="2022 NATO virtual summit">NATO virtual summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oscar" title="Operation Oscar">Operation Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ramstein_Air_Base_meeting" title="2022 Ramstein Air Base meeting">Ramstein Air Base meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_EU%E2%80%93Ukraine_Summit" title="2023 EU–Ukraine Summit">EU–Ukraine Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REPowerEU" title="REPowerEU">REPowerEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadfast_Defender_2024" title="Steadfast Defender 2024">Steadfast Defender 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Recovery_Conference" title="Ukraine Recovery Conference">Ukraine Recovery Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_declaration" title="Versailles declaration">Versailles declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Vilnius_summit" title="2023 Vilnius summit">2023 Vilnius summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Washington_summit" title="2024 Washington summit">2024 Washington summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary#21st_century" title="Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Consecration of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-16_training_coalition" title="F-16 training coalition">F-16 training coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Finland–Russia border barrier">Finland–Russia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia#2022_proposal" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#2022" title="Terrorism in Russia">Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of monuments and memorials removed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Removal of monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_renamed_due_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of streets renamed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Streets renamed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Square,_Oslo" title="Ukraine Square, Oslo">Ukraine Square, Oslo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_heads_of_state_and_government_that_have_visited_Ukraine_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Sweden–NATO relations">Sweden–NATO relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swedish_anti-terrorism_bill" title="2023 Swedish anti-terrorism bill">Swedish anti-terrorism bill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-government_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine">demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmWomenNow" title="ArmWomenNow">ArmWomenNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Artistic_Front" title="Ukrainian Artistic Front">Ukrainian Artistic Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_protests_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)">In Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_patriots" title="Angry patriots">Angry patriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_of_Angry_Patriots" title="Club of Angry Patriots">Club of Angry Patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-War_Committee_of_Russia" title="Anti-War Committee of Russia">Anti-War Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_deaths_of_Russian_businesspeople_(2022%E2%80%932024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)">Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_(Russia,_2022)" title="Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Mothers_and_Wives" title="Council of Mothers and Wives">Council of Mothers and Wives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Anti-War_Resistance" title="Feminist Anti-War Resistance">Feminist Anti-War Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_protests" title="Flower protests">Flower protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Ovsyannikova" title="Marina Ovsyannikova">Marina Ovsyannikova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Action_Committee" title="Russian Action Committee">Russian Action Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Caucasian_protests" title="2022 North Caucasian protests">North Caucasian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Far_East_protests" title="2022 Russian Far East protests">2022 Russian Far East protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_initiative_for_charging_Vladimir_Putin_of_high_treason" title="Municipal initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason">State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-blue-white_flag" title="White-blue-white flag">White-blue-white flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Belarusian_opposition_to_the_invasion" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">In Belarus</a></li> <li>In China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Translation_Movement" title="Great Translation Movement">Great Translation Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>In Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_First!" title="Czech Republic First!">Czech Republic First!</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_responses_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Corporate responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_address_of_the_Russian_Union_of_Rectors" title="2022 address of the Russian Union of Rectors">Address of the Russian Union of Rectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" title="Boycott of Russia and Belarus">Boycott of Russia and Belarus</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Do not buy Russian goods!">Do not buy Russian goods!</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.N.O.T._Corp." title="E.N.O.T. Corp.">E.N.O.T. Corp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Mangushev" title="Igor Mangushev">Igor Mangushev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_in_Russia" title="McDonald's in Russia">McDonald's in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vkusno_i_tochka" title="Vkusno i tochka">Vkusno i tochka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NashStore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NashStore (page does not exist)">NashStore</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NashStore" class="extiw" title="ru:NashStore">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Satellite" title="People's Satellite">People's Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Starlink satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Bloody_Energy" title="Stop Bloody Energy">Stop Bloody Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_activities_in_Ukraine" title="Wagner Group activities in Ukraine">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Aleksandrovich_Medvedev" title="Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev">Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nemes_Tarimo" title="Death of Nemes Tarimo">Death of Nemes Tarimo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_CELI_List_of_Companies" title="Yale CELI List of Companies">Yale CELI List of Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Anonymous and the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alerts.in.ua" title="Alerts.in.ua">alerts.in.ua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_DDoS_attacks_on_Romania" title="2022 DDoS attacks on Romania">DDoS attacks on Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepStateMap.Live" title="DeepStateMap.Live">DeepStateMap.Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killnet" title="Killnet">Killnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveuamap" title="Liveuamap">Liveuamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Open-source intelligence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Open-source intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacenotwar" title="Peacenotwar">peacenotwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Asset_Tracker" title="Russian Asset Tracker">Russian Asset Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squad303&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squad303 (page does not exist)">Squad303</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad303" class="extiw" title="pl:Squad303">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Siren_Alerts" title="Ukraine Siren Alerts">Ukraine Siren Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_Wikipedia_in_Russia#2022_threat_to_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocking of Wikipedia in Russia">threat to block in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Mark_Bernstein" title="Detention of Mark Bernstein">detention of Mark Bernstein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Azovstal_Defenders%27_Families" title="Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families">Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">Black Sea Grain Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Collaboration with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Together_with_Russia" title="We Are Together with Russia">We Are Together with Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_for_Ukraine" title="Concert for Ukraine">Concert for Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Buryatia_Foundation" title="Free Buryatia Foundation">Free Buryatia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Nations_of_Post-Russia_Forum" title="Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum">Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game4Ukraine" title="Game4Ukraine">Game4Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Lost_(organisation)" title="Get Lost (organisation)">Get Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tour_for_Peace" title="Global Tour for Peace">Global Tour for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_by_the_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Go by the Forest">Go by the Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Free_World" title="Guide to the Free World">Guide to the Free World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_Group" title="Mozart Group">Mozart Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olena_Zelenska_Foundation" title="Olena Zelenska Foundation">Olena Zelenska Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_open_letter_from_Nobel_laureates_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="2022 open letter from Nobel laureates in support of Ukraine">Open letter from Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov_Battalion" title="Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion">Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubikus.HelpUA" title="Rubikus.HelpUA">Rubikus.HelpUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Shostak_Charitable_Foundation" title="Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation">Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_War_Crimes_House" title="Russia's War Crimes House">Russia's War Crimes House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Ukrainian_Cultural_Heritage_Online" title="Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online">Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Prytula_Charity_Foundation" title="Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation">Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Spain_letter_bomb_attacks" title="2022 Spain letter bomb attacks">Spain letter bomb attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak-McFaul_Expert_Group_on_Russian_Sanctions" title="Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions">Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Filatyev" title="Pavel Filatyev">Pavel Filatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Russia" title="True Russia">True Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volos_Declaration" title="Volos Declaration">Volos Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_ban_on_Russian_and_Belarusian_players" title="Wimbledon ban on Russian and Belarusian players">Wimbledon ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of Russian generals killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian generals killed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 inflation">Inflation surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Moldovan_energy_crisis" title="2022–2023 Moldovan energy crisis">Moldovan energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Moldovan protests (2022–2023)">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">Russia–EU gas dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Russian debt default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">2022 Russian oil price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022-2024 German economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_oil_products_sanctions_and_price_cap" title="2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap">2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_natural_gas_price_cap" title="EU natural gas price cap">EU natural gas price cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine#During_the_2022_Russian_invasion" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_War" title="Whisky War">End of the Whisky War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Eurovision Song Contest 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2023">Eurovision Song Contest 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 food crises">Food crises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Impact on theatre</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Театр часів Російсько-української війни">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_deaths_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">List of notable deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil oil transit dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_on_nuclear_power_plants" title="Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on nuclear power plants">Nuclear power plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Religion and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_(organisation)" title="Ark (organisation)">The Ark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cultural_heritage_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion">Ukrainian cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_by_Russia_during_the_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Art theft and looting by Russia during the invasion of Ukraine">art theft and looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">damaged cultural sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Trauma in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline_explosion" title="2022 Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_energy_crisis" title="Ukrainian energy crisis">Ukrainian energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violations_of_non-combatant_airspaces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Violations of non-combatant airspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Humanitarian impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Humanitarian impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sobieskiego_100" title="Sobieskiego 100">Sobieskiego 100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Ukraine" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine">UN Commission of Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Mission_in_Ukraine" title="United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine">UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_now_I_will_show_you_where_the_attack_on_Belarus_was_prepared_from" title="And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from">And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons_(slur)" title="Anglo-Saxons (slur)">Anglo-Saxons</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bavovna" title="Bavovna">Bavovna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grandpa_in_his_bunker" title="Grandpa in his bunker">Grandpa in his bunker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Evening_(Where_Are_You_From%3F)" title="Good Evening (Where Are You From?)">Good evening, we are from Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putin_khuylo!#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Putin khuylo!">Putin khuylo!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Khuy_Voyne!#Russo-Ukrainian_war" title="Khuy Voyne!">Khuy Voyne!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia_is_here_forever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russia is here forever (page does not exist)">Russia is here forever</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Росія тут назавжди">uk</a>]"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Russian_warship,_go_fuck_yourself" title="Russian warship, go fuck yourself">Russian warship, go fuck yourself</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slava_Ukraini#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Slava Ukraini">Slava Ukraini!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">Special military operation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_bomb_Voronezh" title="To bomb Voronezh">To bomb Voronezh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strength_is_in_truth" title="Strength is in truth">Strength is in truth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Westsplaining" title="Westsplaining">Westsplaining</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_have_you_been_for_eight_years%3F" title="Where have you been for eight years?">Where have you been for eight years?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Without_you_(speech)" title="Without you (speech)">Without you</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/12_(song)" title="12 (song)">12</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bakhmut_Fortress" title="Bakhmut Fortress">Bakhmut Fortress</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_(song)" title="Bayraktar (song)">Bayraktar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bilia_topoli" title="Bilia topoli">Bilia topoli</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/City_of_Mary_(song)" title="City of Mary (song)">City of Mary</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_Minefields" title="Flowers of Minefields">Flowers of Minefields</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Generation_Cancellation" title="Generation Cancellation">Generation Cancellation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_(song)" title="Generation Z (song)">Generation Z</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Russian_(song)" title="I'm Russian (song)">I'm Russian</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oyda_(song)" title="Oyda (song)">Oyda</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Hey,_Rise_Up!" title="Hey, Hey, Rise Up!">Hey, Hey, Rise Up!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mama_%C5%A0%C4%8C!" title="Mama ŠČ!">Mama ŠČ!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oi_u_luzi_chervona_kalyna" title="Oi u luzi chervona kalyna">Oi u luzi chervona kalyna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slava_Ukraini!_(song)" title="Slava Ukraini! (song)">Slava Ukraini!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stefania_(song)" title="Stefania (song)">Stefania</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ukraine_(song)" title="Ukraine (song)">Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crushed_(Imagine_Dragons_song)" title="Crushed (Imagine Dragons song)">Crushed</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Rising_Fury" title="A Rising Fury">A Rising Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_Me_(documentary)" title="Follow Me (documentary)">Follow Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercepted_(film)" title="Intercepted (film)">Intercepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_at_War" title="Russians at War">Russians at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_in_the_Wound" title="Turn in the Wound">Turn in the Wound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine_on_Fire_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine on Fire 2 (page does not exist)">Ukraine on Fire 2</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96_2" class="extiw" title="uk:Україна в огні 2">uk</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon%2713" title="Babylon'13">Babylon'13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Cold_War" title="Back to the Cold War">Back to the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borodianka_cat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borodianka cat (page does not exist)">Borodianka cat</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Кішка з Бородянки">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_watermelon" title="Kherson watermelon">Kherson watermelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovec_Region" title="Královec Region">Královec Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Kyiv" title="Madonna of Kyiv">Madonna of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAFO_(group)" title="NAFO (group)">North Atlantic Fella Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspeak_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspeak in Russia (page does not exist)">Newspeak in Russia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Новояз в России">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" class="extiw" title="uk:Новомова в Росії">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_(dog)" title="Patron (dog)">Patron</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putler#After_2014" title="Putler">Putler</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putinversteher" title="Putinversteher">Putinversteher</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_of_Kherson" title="Raccoon of Kherson">Raccoon of Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Javelin" title="Saint Javelin">Saint Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Mariuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Mariuburg (page does not exist)">Saint Mariuburg</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="ru:Санкт-Мариубург">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="uk:Санкт-Маріубург">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasylkiv_maiolica_rooster" title="Vasylkiv maiolica rooster">Vasylkiv maiolica rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin%27s_meeting_table" title="Vladimir Putin's meeting table">Vladimir Putin's meeting table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_of_the_Brave" title="Walk of the Brave">Walk of the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">"Z" military symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Key_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key people</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Speeches by Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">speeches during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States" title="2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States">visit to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="2023 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United Kingdom">visit to the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_European_visits_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="May 2023 European visits by Volodymyr Zelenskyy">visits to Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Andriy Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Kireyev" title="Denys Kireyev">Denys Kireyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Monastyrsky" title="Denys Monastyrsky">Denys Monastyrsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Prokopenko" title="Denys Prokopenko">Denys Prokopenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iryna_Venediktova" title="Iryna Venediktova">Iryna Venediktova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrylo_Budanov" title="Kyrylo Budanov">Kyrylo Budanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Oleschuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykola Oleschuk">Mykola Oleschuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Pavlyuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Pavlyuk">Oleksandr Pavlyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov" title="Oleksii Reznikov">Oleksii Reznikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Danilov" title="Oleksiy Danilov">Oleksiy Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Neizhpapa" title="Oleksiy Neizhpapa">Oleksiy Neizhpapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khomchak" title="Ruslan Khomchak">Ruslan Khomchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustem_Umerov" title="Rustem Umerov">Rustem Umerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiy_Kyslytsya" title="Sergiy Kyslytsya">Sergiy Kyslytsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Shaptala" title="Serhiy Shaptala">Serhiy Shaptala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Sternenko" title="Serhii Sternenko">Serhii Sternenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Moisiuk" title="Yevhen Moisiuk">Yevhen Moisiuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dvornikov" title="Aleksandr Dvornikov">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Dyumin" title="Aleksey Dyumin">Aleksey Dyumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nagin" title="Aleksey Nagin">Aleksey Nagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kolesnikov_(general)" title="Andrei Kolesnikov (general)">Andrei Kolesnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sychevoi" title="Andrei Sychevoi">Andrei Sychevoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Andrey Belousov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vorobyov" title="Andrey Vorobyov">Andrey Vorobyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zhidko" title="Gennady Zhidko">Gennady Zhidko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kastyukevich" title="Igor Kastyukevich">Igor Kastyukevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_Popov" title="Ivan Ivanovich Popov">Ivan Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tsokov" title="Oleg Tsokov">Oleg Tsokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Berdnikov" title="Roman Berdnikov">Roman Berdnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Naryshkin" title="Sergey Naryshkin">Sergey Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Ivanov" title="Timur Ivanov">Timur Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zolotov" title="Viktor Zolotov">Viktor Zolotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Gerasimov" title="Vitaly Gerasimov">Vitaly Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Gladkov" title="Vyacheslav Gladkov">Vyacheslav Gladkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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