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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiara_of_Saint_Sylvester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiara_of_Saint_Sylvester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tiara of Saint Sylvester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiara_of_Saint_Sylvester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lappets_(infulae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lappets_(infulae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lappets (<span><i>infulae</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lappets_(infulae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandonment_of_the_tiara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_of_the_tiara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Abandonment of the tiara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_of_the_tiara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coronation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarot_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarot_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tarot cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarot_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal tiara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تاج البابا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاج البابا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папская тыяра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папская тыяра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папская тыяра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папская тыяра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папска тиара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папска тиара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinska_tijara" title="Papinska tijara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papinska tijara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coron_y_pab" title="Coron y pab – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coron y pab" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaara" title="Tiaara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiaara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_papal" title="Tiara papal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiara papal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_tiaro" title="Papa tiaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papa tiaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiare_pontificale" title="Tiare pontificale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tiare pontificale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9%EA%B4%80" title="교황관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Պապական տիարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պապական տիարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijara" title="Tijara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tijara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_kepausan" title="Tiara kepausan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiara kepausan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tiara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="כתר אפיפיורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתר אפיפיורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taji_la_Kipapa" title="Taji la Kipapa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taji la Kipapa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_Paus" title="Tiara Paus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tiara Paus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87%E5%86%A0" title="教皇冠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教皇冠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tiara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_papal" title="Tiara papal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiara papal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_papal%C4%83" title="Tiara papală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tiara papală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папская тиара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папская тиара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Papal tiara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BEstvo)" title="Tiara (pápežstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tiara (pápežstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tiara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavin_tiara" title="Paavin tiara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavin tiara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triregnum" title="Triregnum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Triregnum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="มงกุฎพระสันตะปาปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มงกุฎพระสันตะปาปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal%C4%B1k_tac%C4%B1" title="Papalık tacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papalık tacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тіара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%81u_thi%C3%AAn_Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng" title="Triều thiên Ba tầng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triều thiên Ba tầng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%87%8D%E5%86%95" title="三重冕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三重冕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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href="/wiki/File:Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg/220px-Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg/330px-Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg/440px-Papal_Tiara_with_silver_gems_pearls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption>A papal tiara adorned with <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a> and other gems, at the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vatican_City" title="Category:Vatican City">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><big><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (554–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> (750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (754–1870) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">Annates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Borders" title="Congregation for Borders">Congregation for Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Statute_for_the_Secular_Government_of_the_States_of_the_Church" title="Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church">Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> (1870)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>" (1870–1929) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Vatican_employee_sex_scandal" title="2010 Vatican employee sex scandal">2010 Vatican employee sex scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Papacy">History of the Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Historical_Institutes" title="Roman Historical Institutes">Roman Historical Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_Era_1870%E2%80%931929" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870–1929">Savoyard Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatileaks_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatileaks scandal">Vatileaks scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Vatican Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City during World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Capital punishment in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status of the Holy See</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alperin_v._Vatican_Bank" title="Alperin v. Vatican Bank">Alperin v. Vatican Bank</a></i>)</li> <li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Holy_See" title="Doe v. Holy See">Doe v. Holy See</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal of Vatican City State">Tribunal of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Apostolic Constitution <i>Pastor Bonus</i></a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vatican_City" title="LGBTQ rights in Vatican City">LGBTQ rights in Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics and government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vatican_Lay_Workers" title="Association of Vatican Lay Workers">Association of Vatican Lay Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Commission">Pontifical Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Communications">Secretariat for Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> (Vatican City newspaper)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_della_Domenica" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Osservatore della Domenica">L'Osservatore della Domenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vatican_City" title="List of newspapers in Vatican City">List of newspapers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio_lawsuit" title="Vatican Radio lawsuit">Vatican Radio lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va (Vatican City internet sites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_of_Saint_Peter" title="Fabric of Saint Peter">Fabric of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apocrisiarius" title="Papal apocrisiarius">Papal apocrisiarius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vatican_City" title="Governor of Vatican City">Governor of Vatican City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church"><i>Camerlengo</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chamberlain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for the Vatican City State">Vical General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Vatican City)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals (Vatican City)">Court of Appeals</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: Pio Vito Pinto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunale_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunale of Vatican City">Tribunale</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: G. di Sanguinetto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military in Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a> (Papal elections) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Recent conclaves <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">1978 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Gentleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Gentleman">Papal Gentleman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Pontifical Household">Prefecture of the Pontifical Household</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Status in international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)</a> <dl><dd>Secretary for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a></dd> <dd>Undersecretaries for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Camilleri_(prelate)" title="Antoine Camilleri (prelate)">Antoine Camilleri</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Nuncios</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_and_Holy_See_passports" title="Vatican City and Holy See passports">Vatican City and Holy See passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Vatican_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Vatican citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vatican_City" title="Visa policy of Vatican City">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">The Holy See and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Holy See–Italy relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See–Palestine relations">Holy See–Palestine relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vatican_City" title="Telephone numbers in Vatican City">Telephone numbers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Vatican City">Rail transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy_(Holy_See)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">Financial Information Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See" title="Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See">Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Holy_See" title="Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See">Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">List of Papal flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/00120" class="mw-redirect" title="00120">00120</a> (Vatican <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postcode</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music of Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Women in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Christmas_Tree" title="Vatican Christmas Tree">Vatican Christmas Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vatican_City" title="Sport in Vatican City">Sport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Vatican" title="The Story of the Vatican">The Story of the Vatican</a></i>, 1941 documentary</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Buildings/geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains of St. Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_(monastery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)">Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_Pontifici" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzi Pontifici">Palazzi Pontifici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Apartments">Papal Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template talk:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>papal tiara</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crown</a> that is worn by <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from as early as the 8th century to the mid–20th century. It was last used by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1963, and only at the beginning of his reign. </p><p>The name <i>tiara</i> refers to the entire headpiece, including the various crowns, circlets, and diadems that have adorned it through the ages,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the three-tiered form that it took in the 14th century is also called the <b>triregnum</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>triple crown</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes as the <b>triple tiara</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1143 to 1963, the papal tiara was solemnly placed on the pope's head during a <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronation</a>. The surviving papal tiaras are all in the triple form, the oldest from 1572. A representation of the triregnum combined with two crossed keys of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> is used as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papacy</a> and appears on papal documents, buildings and <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">insignia</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">flag of Vatican City</a>. Actual use of the papal tiara has declined since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, the last pope to have a coronation ceremony. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, popes have also stopped incorporating a papal tiara into their Coat of Arms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Innozenz3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/220px-Innozenz3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/330px-Innozenz3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/440px-Innozenz3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> (1198–1216) in early papal tiara. Fresco at the Benedictine monastery at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacro_Speco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacro Speco (page does not exist)">Sacro Speco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastero_di_San_Benedetto_(Subiaco)" class="extiw" title="it:Monastero di San Benedetto (Subiaco)">it</a>]</span>, about 1219</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_papal_tiara" title="Origins of the papal tiara">Origins of the papal tiara</a></div> <p>The papal tiara originated from a conical <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> or frigium.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Candle_snuffer" title="Candle snuffer">candle-extinguisher</a>, the papal tiara and the episcopal <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a> were identical in their early forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Names used for the papal tiara in the 8th and 9th centuries include <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">camelaucum</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pileus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">phrygium</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pileum phrygium</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowns">Crowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A circlet of linen or cloth of gold at the base of the tiara developed into a metal crown, which by about 1300 became two crowns. The first of these appeared at the base of the traditional white papal headgear in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Noonan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noonan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the popes assumed temporal power in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, the base crown became decorated with jewels to resemble the crowns of princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Noonan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noonan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innocent III is represented with an early tiara in a fresco at Sacro Speco and on a mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old Saint Peter's</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar tiara, conical and with only one crown, is seen worn by pope Clement IV in frescoes from the 13th century in <a href="/wiki/Pernes-les-Fontaines" title="Pernes-les-Fontaines">Pernes-les-Fontaines</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second crown is said to have been added by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> as signifying both his spiritual and temporal power, since he declared that God had set him over kings and kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boniface VIII's tiara is represented with two crowns in his statues and tomb by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of a third crown is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Pope Benedict XI</a> (1303–1304) or <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> (1305–1314), and one such tiara was listed in an inventory of the papal treasury in 1316<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see "Tiara of Saint Sylvester", below). The first years of the 16th century saw the addition of a small orb and cross to top the tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-Storia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_(by_Jacopo_Ligozzi)_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_VIII_Aldobrandini_%28by_Jacopo_Ligozzi%29_-_The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a> mosaic depicting <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a> wearing a tiara with three crowns</figcaption></figure> <p>The third crown was added to the papal tiara during the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378), giving rise to the form called the triregnum.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pope Clement V at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, various versions of the three-crown tiara have been worn by <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> also in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">crowned</a> with one in 1963.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiara_of_Saint_Sylvester">Tiara of Saint Sylvester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tiara of Saint Sylvester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Twining" title="Edward Twining">Lord Twining</a> wrote of a tiara of Pope Boniface VIII that became known as the Tiara of Saint Sylvester: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Boniface_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a> (1294–1303) the hood of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regnum</i></span> was lengthened and the <a href="/wiki/Circlet" title="Circlet">circlet</a> was greatly enriched with precious stones, while toward the end of his papacy a second circlet was added. The increased length had the symbolical meaning of dominion of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">una sancta ecclesia</i></span> over the earth, and demonstrated the meaning of the papal <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unam sanctum</i></span>. In the inventory of 1295, the second year of Boniface's papacy, the head-dress, which is now usually referred to as a tiara, is described as enriched with 48 <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">rubies balas</a>, 72 <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, 45 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praxini</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, numerous little balas rubies and emeralds and 66 large <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>. At the summit was a very large ruby. </p><p>Boniface VIII was succeeded in 1303 by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a>, who took the tiara to <a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>. After his death in 1304 there was a period of eleven months before a new Pope succeeded. The Archbishop of Bordeaux was chosen and took the title of <a href="/wiki/Clement_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement V">Clement V</a>. He removed the papal seat from Rome to Avignon and the tiara was brought to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyons</a> from Perugia for his coronation on 14 November 1305. In the inventory which was taken in 1315–16 Boniface VIII's tiara is again described and can be identified by the mention of the large ruby, which is recorded as missing. It is described as having three circlets <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corona quae vocatur, regnum cum tribus circuitis aureis</i></span>. It therefore must have been between the taking of the two inventories in 1295 and 1315 that the second and third circlets were added to the tiara. It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> was used to decorate the circlets. The tiara was kept in the Papal Treasury at Avignon until <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> took it back to Rome, which he entered on 17 January 1377. In 1378 Robert of Geneva was elected anti-Pope taking the style <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII" title="Antipope Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, and he removed the tiara from Avignon. When the Spaniard, Pedro de Luna, was elected anti-Pope in 1394 styling himself Benedict XIII, he took the tiara from Avignon to Spain, where it remained until Aphonso V of Aragon failed in his attempt to renew the schism, and on his withdrawal of support from the anti-Pope Clement VII in 1419, the tiara was returned to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the 14th century, the tiara of Boniface VIII began to be called the Tiara of <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvester I">St. Sylvester</a>, and became venerated and considered as a relic. This was no doubt suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a>, but it now came to be used only at the coronation of popes, starting with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> in 1370 and his successor <a href="/wiki/Urban_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VI">Urban VI</a> in 1378. It was used at no other ceremonies and was kept in the Lateran Treasury. It was last used at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> (1446–55), and in 1485 it was stolen and no more is heard of it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Twining also notes the various allegorical meanings attributed to the three crowns of the papal tiara, but concludes that "it seems more likely that the symbolism is suggested by the idea that took shape in the 13th and 14th centuries that the Emperor was crowned with three crowns—the silver crown of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, the iron crown of Lombardy at Milan or Monza and the golden imperial crown at Rome and therefore the Pope, too, should wear three crowns."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lappets_(infulae)"><span id="Lappets_.28infulae.29"></span>Lappets (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">infulae</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lappets (infulae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like a bishop's mitre, a papal tiara has attached to it two <a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">lappets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doniger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pair of streamers<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendants">pendants</a> that in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> are called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caudae</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">infulae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are usually attached at the rear of the tiara, again as on a bishop's mitre, although the mosaic of Pope Clement VIII wearing a triregnum shows them placed forward of the ears. All extant tiaras have them placed at the rear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lappets, sometimes called "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fanon" class="extiw" title="wikt:fanon">fanons</a>" according to the 2nd definition of the word, are likely relics of the cord used to secure the original form of linen cap or turban around a bishop's head. </p><p>The 1911 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> describes the lappets on a bishop's mitre as trimmed on the ends with red fringe.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment_of_the_tiara">Abandonment of the tiara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abandonment of the tiara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_(2001%E2%80%932023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a>, which, along with the flag of the Vatican City (below), still incorporates the tiara</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>Coat of arms</i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/263px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg/350px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benedictus_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> that does not include the papal tiara</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/263px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/350px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>, also lacking the papal tiara</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">crowned</a> with a tiara at the papal coronation. As happened sometimes with previous popes, a new tiara was used, donated by the city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">archbishop</a> before his election. It was not covered in jewels and precious gems, and was sharply cone-shaped. It was also distinctly heavier than the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Tiara">Palatine Tiara</a> previously in use.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulVITiara_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulVITiara-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of the third session of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> and ascended to the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the renewed spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold and the money obtained would be given to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiara was purchased by Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-PaulVITiara_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulVITiara-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on permanent display in Memorial Hall along with the <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> that <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> wore at the opening of the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI's abandonment of use of one of the most striking symbols of the papacy was highly controversial with many <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholics</a>, some of whom continue to campaign for its reinstatement.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain voices went so far as to brand Paul VI an <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipope</a>, arguing that no valid pope would surrender the papal tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His immediate successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>, decided against a coronation, replacing it with an "<a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">inauguration</a>". It was officialized in 1996 within the apostolic constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which Benedict XVI and Pope Francis did not have a coronation rite with the Papal Tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After John Paul I's sudden death, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> told the congregation at his inauguration: "This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes."<sup id="cite_ref-JPII_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPII-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI's 1975 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Constitution">Apostolic Constitution</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_Eligendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano Pontifici Eligendo">Romano Pontifici Eligendo</a></i></span> on the manner of electing the Pope, still envisaged that his successors would be crowned.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope John Paul II, in his 1996 Apostolic Constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Universi Dominici gregis</i></span>, removed all mention of a papal coronation, replacing it with a reference to an "inauguration".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Papal Tiara in solemn ceremonies was left by Paul VI.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not currently worn as part of <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">papal regalia</a>, the papal tiara still appears on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">coat of arms of the Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">flag of Vatican City</a>. Later in his reign John Paul II approved depictions of his arms without the tiara, as with the mosaic floor piece towards the entrance of St Peter's Basilica, where an ordinary mitre takes the place of the tiara. Otherwise, until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> the tiara was also the ornament surmounting a Pope's personal coat of arms, as a tasseled hat (under which a 1969 Instruction of the Holy See forbade the placing of a mitre, a second hat)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surmounted those of other prelates. <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI's personal coat of arms</a> replaced the tiara with a <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a> containing three levels reminiscent of the three tiers on the papal tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mitre was retained on <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Coat of arms of Pope Francis">Pope Francis' personal coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated the document <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini initio Romae Episcopi</i></span> that confirmed the choice of Pope John Paul II to refuse the tiara and the incoronation rite.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI received a special tiara by Dieter Philippi,<sup id="cite_ref-tornielli_2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tornielli_2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of a telecommunication company who had commissioned the gift from an artisan workshop located in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year, a large papal tiara is placed on the head of the famous bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> from the vigil of the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Feast of the Cathedra of Saint Peter</a> on 22 February until the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> on 29 June.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This custom was not observed in 2006, but was reintroduced in 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List of papal tiaras in existence</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Papal_tiara" title="Special:EditPage/Papal tiara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Papal+tiara%22">"Papal tiara"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Papal+tiara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Papal+tiara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Papal+tiara%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Papal+tiara%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Papal+tiara%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG/170px-Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG/255px-Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG/340px-Tiara_Benedict_XVI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Tiara presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 by some German Catholics (see <a href="#Origins">above</a>) but not used by him</figcaption></figure> <p>Although often referred to as <em>the</em> Papal Tiara, historically there have been many, and 22 remain in existence. Many of the earlier papal tiaras (most notably the tiaras of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Silvester_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Silvester I">Pope Silvester I</a>) were destroyed, dismantled or seized by invaders (most notably by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Berthier's</a> army in 1798), or by popes themselves; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> had all the tiaras and papal regalia melted down in 1527 to raise the 400,000 ducats ransom demanded by the occupying army of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. Over twenty silver tiaras exist, of which the earliest, the sole survivor of 1798, was made for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> in the 16th century. On 21 March 1800 as Rome was in the hands of the French, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a> was crowned in exile, in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> tiara, for which ladies of Venice gave up their jewels. </p><p>Many tiaras were donated to the papacy by world leaders or heads of states, including Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> (German Emperor), Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a>. The tiara provided by the last was made from elements of former papal tiaras destroyed after the capture of Rome, and was given to Pius VII as a 'wedding gift' to mark Napoleon's own marriage to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Empress Josephine</a> on the eve of his imperial coronation. Others were a gift to a newly elected pope from the See which they had held before their election, or on the occasion of the jubilee of their <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> or election. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vatican_City_(2023%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/340px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The arms on the flag, with a tiara, are the same as the papal arms, except that the positions of the gold and the silver keys are reversed.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some instances, various cities sought to outdo each other in the beauty, value and size of the tiaras they provided to popes from their region. Examples include tiaras given to Popes John XXIII and Paul VI, the former by John's home region, the latter by Paul's previous archiepiscopal see of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on their election to the papacy. </p><p>Popes were not restricted to a particular tiara: for example, photographs show Pope John XXIII, on different occasions, wearing the tiara presented to him in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>'s 1877 tiara, and Pope Pius XI's 1922 tiara. </p><p>Pope Paul VI, whose bullet-shaped tiara is one of the most unusual in design, was the last pope to wear a papal tiara (though any of his successors could, if they wished, revive the custom). Most surviving tiaras are on display in the Vatican, though some were sold off or donated to Catholic bodies. Some of the more popular or historic tiaras, such as the 1871 Belgian tiara, the 1877 tiara and the 1903 golden tiara, have been sent around the world as part of a display of historic Vatican items. Pope Paul VI's "Milan tiara" was donated to and is on display in the crypt church of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_the_Papal_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration of the Papal Tiara">Decoration of the Papal Tiara</a></div> <p>Most of the surviving (three-crown) papal tiaras have the shape of a circular <a href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">beehive</a>, with its central core made of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. Some were sharply conical, others bulbous. Except for that of Pope Paul VI, all were heavily <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">bejewelled</a>. The three crowns are marked by golden decorations, sometimes in the form of crosses, sometimes in the shape of leaves. Most are surmounted by a cross set above a <a href="/wiki/Monde_(crown)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monde (crown)">monde</a> (globe), representing the universal sovereignty of Christ. </p><p>Each tiara had attached to the back two <a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">lappets</a>; highly decorated strips of cloth embroidered with golden thread, bearing the coat of arms or another symbol of the pope to whom the tiara had been given. </p><p>There are two rather unusual tiaras: the <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> tiara made when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> was elected and crowned in exile, and the one made for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1963, which is somewhat bullet-shaped, contains few jewels and, instead of being adorned by three coronets, is marked with three parallel circles and has a double-tiered crown at its base. </p><p>The tiara given to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1877 by the Vatican's <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Guard" title="Palatine Guard">Palatine Honor Guard</a> in honour of his Jubilee is strikingly similar in design to the earlier tiara of Gregory XVI. It remained a particularly popular crown, worn by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>'s 1922 crown, in contrast was much less decorated and much more conical in shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The tiara still appeared in papal arms, even when the tiara ceased to be worn.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg/200px-C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg/300px-C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg/400px-C_o_a_John_Paul_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a> that includes the papal tiara</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/200px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/300px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/400px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, also with the papal tiara</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Except for the <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier-mâché Tiara">papier-mâché tiara</a>, the lightest tiara was that made for Pope John XXIII in 1959. It weighed just over 0.9 kg (2.0 lb), as did the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI. In contrast, the bullet-shaped tiara of Pope Paul VI weighed 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). The heaviest papal tiara in the papal collection is the 1804 tiara donated by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> to celebrate both his marriage to Josephine and his coronation as French emperor. It weighs 8.2 kg (18 lb). However it was never worn, as its width was made, some suspected deliberately, too small for Pope Pius VII to wear.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of popes deliberately had new tiaras made because they found those in the collection either too small, too heavy, or both. Rather than use the papier-mâché tiara, Pope Gregory XVI had a new lightweight tiara made in the 1840s. In the 1870s, Pope Pius IX, then in his eighties, found the other tiaras too heavy to wear and that of his predecessor, Pope Gregory, too small, so he had a lightweight tiara made also. In 1908 Pope Pius X had another lightweight tiara made as he found that the normal tiaras in use were too heavy, while the lightweight ones did not fit comfortably. </p><p>New methods of manufacture in the 20th century enabled the creation of lighter normal tiaras, producing the 900 g (2.0 lb) tiaras of Pius XI and John XXIII. That, combined with the existence of a range of lightweight tiaras from earlier popes, meant that no pope since Pius X in 1908 needed to make his own special lightweight tiara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papal_Beast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Papal_Beast.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> depicted the papacy as the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's 1522 translation</a> of the New Testament. Under pressure from German rulers, the top two layers representing kings and nobility were removed from some later editions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no certainty about what the three crowns of the tiara symbolise, as is evident from the multitude of interpretations that have been and still are proposed. Some link it to the threefold authority of the "Supreme <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a>: Universal Pastor (top), Universal Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction (middle) and Temporal Power (bottom)".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others interpret the three tiers as meaning "father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">vicar of Christ</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Storia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words that were used when popes were crowned were: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Accipe tiaram tribus coronis ornatam, et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum</i></span> ("Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar on earth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom is honour and glory for ever and ever").<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet others have associated it with the threefold office of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, who is Priest, Prophet and King,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "teacher, lawmaker and judge".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional interpretation was that the three crowns refer to the "Church Militant on earth", the "Church Suffering after death and before heaven", and the "Church Triumphant in eternal reward".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another interpretation suggested by Archbishop Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, who designed Pope Benedict XVI's tiara-less coat of arms, was "order, jurisdiction and magisterium",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a further theory links the three tiers to the "celestial, human and terrestrial worlds," which the pope is supposed to symbolically link.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Twining suggested that just as the Holy Roman Emperors were crowned three times as king of Germany, king of Italy and Roman emperor, so the popes, to stress the equality of their spiritual authority to the temporal authority of the emperor, chose to be crowned with a tiara bearing three crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Papal_tiara" title="Special:EditPage/Papal tiara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Papal+tiara%22">"Papal tiara"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Papal+tiara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Papal+tiara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Papal+tiara%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Papal+tiara%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Papal+tiara%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapalMass1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/PapalMass1.JPG/170px-PapalMass1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/PapalMass1.JPG/255px-PapalMass1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/PapalMass1.JPG/340px-PapalMass1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Solemn Pontifical High Mass celebrated by Pope John XXIII in St. Peter's Basilica in the early 1960s. A mitre and papal tiaras are placed on the altar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The papal tiara was never worn for liturgical celebrations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. At such functions the Pope, like other bishops, wore a mitre. However, a tiara was worn during the solemn entrance and departure processions, and one or more could be placed on the altar during the elaborately ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a>. </p><p>The tiara was thus worn in formal ceremonial processions, and on other occasions when the pope was carried on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i></span>, a portable throne whose use was ended by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> immediately after his election in October 1978. His short-lived predecessor, John Paul I, also chose initially not to use it, but relented when informed that without it the people could not see him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The papal tiara was also worn when a pope gave his traditional Christmas and Easter <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></span> blessing ("to the City and the World") from the balcony of St Peter's – the only religious ceremony at which the tiara was worn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronation">Coronation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coronation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_(1958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/170px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/255px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/340px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>Pope John XXIII blesses the crowds after his coronation in 1958. He is wearing the 1877 tiara.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous occasion when the tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i></span> (portable throne), with attendants fanning the pontiff with <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>-feathered <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Flabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flabella">flabella</a></i></span> to the location of the coronation. Traditionally, coronations took place in St Peter's Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the moment of the coronation, the new pope was crowned with the words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that you are Father of princes and kings, Ruler of the world, Vicar of our Saviour Jesus Christ.</p></blockquote> <p>Pope Paul VI opted for a significantly shorter ceremony. As with all other modern coronations, the ceremony itself was only symbolic, as the person involved became Pope and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> the moment he accepted his <a href="/wiki/Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">canonical election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a>. The two subsequent popes (<a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>) abandoned the monarchial coronation, opting instead for a coronation-less investiture. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> took a step further and removed the tiara from his papal coat of arms, replacing it with a <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_uses">Related uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/170px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/255px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/340px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Veneziano" title="Agostino Veneziano">Agostino Veneziano</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in his <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Venetian helmet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four tiers on the helmet symbolise his imperial power, surpassing the three-tiered papal tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Only one other Catholic see uses the tiara in its coat of arms: the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Patriarchate of Lisbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of Patriarch of Lisbon was created in 1716 and has been held by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Lisbon">archbishop of Lisbon</a> since 1740. The coat of arms of the Holy See combines the tiara with the crossed keys of St. Peter, while that of the Lisbon Patriarchate combines it with a processional cross and a pastoral staff. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Benevento">Archbishop of Benevento</a> also uses the tiara in its coat of arms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 16th-century <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> craftsmen to make <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">a 4-tiered tiara modeled on the papal design</a>, to demonstrate that his power and authority as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliph</a> exceeded that of the Pope. This was a most atypical piece of headgear for an Ottoman sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors. It was crowned with an enormous feather.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, the papal coronation ceremony, in which the Pope was fanned with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Flabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flabella">flabella</a></i></span> (long fans of <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> feathers) and carried on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sedia gestatoria</i></span> (portable throne), was based on the Byzantine imperial ceremonies witnessed in medieval <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarot_cards">Tarot cards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tarot cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot</a> cards included a card showing a woman wearing a papal tiara and known as the <a href="/wiki/La_Papessa" class="mw-redirect" title="La Papessa"><i>Popess or Papess</i></a> or the <i>High Priestess</i>. The meaning and symbolism of the card is uncertain. The crowned woman has variously been identified as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Joan" title="Pope Joan">Pope Joan</a> (who, according to legend, disguised herself as a man and was elected pope; some cards also show a child, and the Pope Joan legend pictured her as found out when she gave birth during a papal procession), as <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, Mother of God</a>, or even as <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>. Cards with a woman wearing a papal tiara, produced during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and apparent images of "Pope Joan" and her child, have been seen as a Protestant attempt to ridicule the office of the papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, the papal tiara disappeared from later depictions of the <i>Popess</i> and showed her wearing more standard medieval female headgear.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All tarot cards also contain a representation of the pope, known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Hierophant" title="The Hierophant">The Hierophant</a>", in some cases crowned with a papal tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_tarot_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Rider–Waite tarot deck">Rider–Waite tarot deck</a>, currently the widest-circulated deck in existence, depicts <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hierophant" title="The Hierophant">The Hierophant</a></i> or pope as wearing a papal tiara and carrying a <a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">papal cross</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List of papal tiaras in existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippi_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippi Collection">The Philippi Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_headgear" title="List of headgear">List of headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Designed by <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Foppa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Foppa">Ambrogio Foppa</a> with a massive cost of 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>, one third of the papacy's annual income, at a time when a <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> was paid 25 ducats a year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To give a comparison in weights, <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Edward's Crown">St. Edward's Crown</a>, with which <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> monarchs are crowned, weighs only 2.15 kg (4 lb 12 oz) (though Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II</a> after her coronation commented how the crown "does get rather heavy"). Similarly King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George</a> said after the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar" title="Delhi Durbar">Delhi Durbar</a> in 1911 how the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_India" title="Imperial Crown of India">Imperial Crown of India</a> "hurt my head as it is rather heavy". Yet both these crowns are lighter than most papal tiaras, and less than a third of the weight of the 1804 tiara given to Pius VII by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Encyclopaedia Americana</i>, article "Tiara",<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the words were <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"...scias te esse patrem, principem et regem..."</i></span> ("know that you are a father, a prince and a king").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Like the papal tiara, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sedia gestatoria</i></span> could be restored to use at any time. However, when Pope John Paul II's mobility became impaired, he opted not to be carried on men's shoulders, but instead to use a wheeled dais. This was criticized,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> because he could not easily be seen when sitting on it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agostino never saw the Sultan, but probably did see and sketch the helmet in Venice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14714c.htm">Joseph Braun, "Tiara" in <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594839/tiara">"tiara – papal dress"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tiara+%E2%80%93+papal+dress&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F594839%2Ftiara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham/page/310">John-Peter Pham, <i>Heirs of the Fisherman</i> (Oxford University Press 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0">978-0-19-534635-0</a>), p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7fX--w_FCYC&pg=PA96">Meredith P. Lillich, <i>Rainbow Like an Emerald</i> (Penn State Press 1991</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00702-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00702-1">978-0-271-00702-1</a>), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Homily for Inauguration for Pontificate", section 4 name=JPII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyuqCdm4SRsC&pg=PA64">Charles L. Stinger, <i>The Renaissance in Rome</i> (Indiana University Press 1998</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21208-5">978-0-253-21208-5</a>), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lEvllthDy0C&pg=PA31">Clara Erskine Clement Waters, <i>Saints in Art</i> (Nova Publishers 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-037-1">978-1-59033-037-1</a>), p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWxyWgF9Oz4C&pg=PA1">Frank J. Coppa, <i>Politics and the Papacy in the Modern World</i> (ABC-CLIO 2008</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08048-7">978-0-313-08048-7</a>), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Norris+%22cap+or+frigium%22">"Herbert Norris, <i>Church Vestments</i> (Dutton 1950, republished by Dover Publications 2002 ISBN 0-486-42256-9), pp. 108–115"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbert+Norris%2C+Church+Vestments+%28Dutton+1950%2C+republished+by+Dover+Publications+2002+ISBN+0-486-42256-9%29%2C+pp.+108%E2%80%93115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3DNorris%2B%2522cap%2Bor%2Bfrigium%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594839/tiara?anchor=ref118649">"Encyclopædia Britannica, article "tiara (papal dress)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+article+%22tiara+%28papal+dress%29%22&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F594839%2Ftiara%3Fanchor%3Dref118649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noonan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noonan_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noonan_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James-Charles Noonan, <i>The Church Visible</i>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4">0-670-86745-4</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heim" title="Bruno Heim">Bruno Heim</a>, <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church</i>, Humanities: 1978, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00873-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00873-0">0-391-00873-0</a>), p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodiroma.it/it/opera/innocenzo-iii">"Innocenzo III | Museo di Roma"</a>. <i>www.museodiroma.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museodiroma.it&rft.atitle=Innocenzo+III+%7C+Museo+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodiroma.it%2Fit%2Fopera%2Finnocenzo-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_Ferrande_-_Cl%C3%A9ment_IV.JPG">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_Ferrande_-_Cl%C3%A9ment_IV.JPG</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiara"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tiara">"Tiara" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 911–912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=911-912&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambioc._1298" class="citation cs2">Cambio, Arnolfo di (c. 1298), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifatius_VIII_Grabstatue.JPG"><i>Deutsch: Monument Bonifaz VIII von Arnolfo di Cambio für das Grabmal von Bonifaz im Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florenz. Hier taucht die zweifache Tiara auf.Čeština: Socha papeže Bonifáce VIII. od Arnolfa di Cambio; hrobka Bonifáce v Museo dell'Opera del Duomo ve Florencii.</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsch%3A+Monument+Bonifaz+VIII+von+Arnolfo+di+Cambio+f%C3%BCr+das+Grabmal+von+Bonifaz+im+Museo+dell%27Opera+del+Duomo+in+Florenz.+Hier+taucht+die+zweifache+Tiara+auf.%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina%3A+Socha+pape%C5%BEe+Bonif%C3%A1ce+VIII.+od+Arnolfa+di+Cambio%3B+hrobka+Bonif%C3%A1ce+v+Museo+dell%27Opera+del+Duomo+ve+Florencii.&rft.aulast=Cambio&rft.aufirst=Arnolfo+di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABonifatius_VIII_Grabstatue.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storia_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storia_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_storia_it.html">"Sala Stampa della Santa Sede: "Storia della Tiara"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sala+Stampa+della+Santa+Sede%3A+%22Storia+della+Tiara%22&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsp_ss_scv%2Finsigne%2Ftriregno_storia_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M79O_Gw9Gm4C&pg=PA206&">Jane Hayward, Walter Cahn, <i>Radiance and Reflection</i> (Metropolitan Museum of Art 1982</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-298-8">978-0-87099-298-8</a>), p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMassAndVestments">John Walsh, <i>The Mass and Vestments of the Catholic Church</i> (Benzinger Brothers 1916), p. 431</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Twining" title="Edward Twining">Edward Twining</a>. <i>A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe</i>, (London: B. T. Batsford, 1960) pp. 377-378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twining 1960, pp. 378–379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twining 1960, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1632&">Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone (editors), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (Oxford University Press 2005</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), entry "Tiara", p. 1632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMFoRbjakCUC&pg=PA70&">Guido J. Deboeck, <i>Flemish DNA & Ancestry</i> (Dokus Publishing 2007</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9725526-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9725526-7-7">978-0-9725526-7-7</a>), p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXBdNsDxJ_cC&pg=PA267&">Suzanne Lewis, <i>The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora</i> (University of California Press 1987</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04981-9">978-0-520-04981-9</a>), p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA1096&">Wendy Doniger (editor), <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i> (Merriam-Webster 1999</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0">978-0-87779-044-0</a>). entry "Tiara", p. 1096</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Braun, Joseph (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mitre"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mitre">"Mitre" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitre&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesepb.org/symbols-of-a-bishop">Symbols of a Bishop, miter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502081229/http://www.diocesepb.org/symbols-of-a-bishop">Archived</a> 2 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulVITiara-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PaulVITiara_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaulVITiara_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317021701/http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/cro/eu4/vat21.html">"Pope Paul VI Tiara"</a>. 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(14 November 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html">"Pope Paul Donates His Jeweled Tiara To Poor of World"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dailycatholic.org. 29 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditionalist+Catholic+website+criticising+Benedict+XVI%27s+non-use+of+the+papal+tiara&rft.pub=Dailycatholic.org&rft.date=2005-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycatholic.org%2Fissue%2F05Apr%2Fapr29ed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opusdeialert.com/montini_the_marrano.htm">"Anti-Pope Paul VI Smashing the Sacred Papal Tiara"</a>. Opusdeialert.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Pope+Paul+VI+Smashing+the+Sacred+Papal+Tiara&rft.pub=Opusdeialert.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opusdeialert.com%2Fmontini_the_marrano.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827125632/http://www.truecatholic.us/nop/p6tiara.htm">"Take a Step to Your Future Success!"</a>. <i>truecatholic.us</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truecatholic.us/nop/p6tiara.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=truecatholic.us&rft.atitle=Take+a+Step+to+Your+Future+Success%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truecatholic.us%2Fnop%2Fp6tiara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html">"Apostolic constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Apostolic Library</a>. 22 February 1996. <q>the solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the Pontificate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+constitution+%22Universi+Dominici+Gregis%22&rft.pub=Vatican+Apostolic+Library&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span> (at n. 92).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTornielli2016" class="citation news cs1">Tornielli, Andrea (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2016/05/17/news/a-tiara-for-every-pope-br-1.35005458">"A tiara for every Pope"</a>. <i>La Stampa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191205222207/https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2016/05/17/news/a-tiara-for-every-pope-br-1.35005458">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=A+tiara+for+every+Pope&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Tornielli&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fvatican-insider%2Fen%2F2016%2F05%2F17%2Fnews%2Fa-tiara-for-every-pope-br-1.35005458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPII-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPII_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1978/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19781022_inizio-pontificato_en.html">"Homily of His Holiness John Paul II for the inauguration of his pontificate, 4"</a>. Vatican.va. 22 October 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+of+His+Holiness+John+Paul+II+for+the+inauguration+of+his+pontificate%2C+4&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1978-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fhomilies%2F1978%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_19781022_inizio-pontificato_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Romano Pontifici Eligendo</i> (1975), 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Universi Dominici gregis</i> (1996), No. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html">"Tiara"</a>. 3 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20020224155122/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Use of the Tiara, a ritual during solemn ceremonies, was abandoned during the Papacy of Paul VI.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiara&rft.date=2001-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsp_ss_scv%2Finsigne%2Ftriregno_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secretariat of State, instruction "Ut sive sollicite", 28, in <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis</i> 61 (1969) 334-340 (English translation in <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>, 17 April 1969): "The use of the crozier and mitre in the coat-of-arms is suppressed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html">"Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coat+of+Arms+of+His+Holiness+Benedict+XVI&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Felezione%2Fdocuments%2Fstemma-benedict-xvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco.html">"The Coat of Arms of Pope Francis"</a>. Dicastero per la Comunicazione - Libreria Editrice Vaticana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coat+of+Arms+of+Pope+Francis&rft.pub=Dicastero+per+la+Comunicazione+-+Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Felezione%2Fstemma-papa-francesco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conclave.it/leggevigente.php?id=partesecondacap7par92">"La presa di possesso della Basilica Lateranense"</a> (in Italian). <q>L'attuale legislazione ha confermato la scelta di Giovanni Paolo I di rifiutare la tiara e il rito dell'incoronazione.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+presa+di+possesso+della+Basilica+Lateranense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conclave.it%2Fleggevigente.php%3Fid%3Dpartesecondacap7par92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conclave.it/leggevigente.php?id=partesecondacap7par92">"Intervista per L'Osservatore Romano con Gianluca Biccini"</a> (in Italian). 22 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intervista+per+L%27Osservatore+Romano+con+Gianluca+Biccini&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conclave.it%2Fleggevigente.php%3Fid%3Dpartesecondacap7par92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tornielli_2016-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tornielli_2016_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTornielli2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tornielli, Andrea (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2016/05/17/news/a-ogni-papa-la-sua-tiara-1.35005177">"A ogni Papa la sua tiara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a></i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191205224515/https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2016/05/17/news/a-ogni-papa-la-sua-tiara-1.35005177">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=A+ogni+Papa+la+sua+tiara&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Tornielli&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fvatican-insider%2Fit%2F2016%2F05%2F17%2Fnews%2Fa-ogni-papa-la-sua-tiara-1.35005177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liturgix.org/catalog/more/downloads/news1/article61.pdf">"Una Tiara per Benedetto XVI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>lastampa.it</i> (in Italian). 26 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718202152/https://www.liturgix.org/catalog/more/downloads/news1/article61.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lastampa.it&rft.atitle=Una+Tiara+per+Benedetto+XVI&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgix.org%2Fcatalog%2Fmore%2Fdownloads%2Fnews1%2Farticle61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html">"Image of this tiara provided by the Holy See Press Office"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+of+this+tiara+provided+by+the+Holy+See+Press+Office&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsp_ss_scv%2Finsigne%2Ftriregno_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyles Brandreth, <i>Philip & Elizabeth</i> (Century, 2004) p.311. and "The Crown Jewels" published by the Tower of London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0TEmFebyuQC&pg=PA69">Propaganda and Persuasion</a> by Garth Jowett and Victoria and O'Donnell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226124025/http://www.ewtn.com/jp2/papal3/tiara.htm">"Tu Es Petrus"</a>. Ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/jp2/papal3/tiara.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tu+Es+Petrus&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fjp2%2Fpapal3%2Ftiara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Henrick+%22receive+the+tiara%22">"Francis Patrick Henrick, <i>The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated</i> (Baltimore, London and Pittsburgh 1857), p. 252"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francis+Patrick+Henrick%2C+The+Primacy+of+the+Apostolic+See+Vindicated+%28Baltimore%2C+London+and+Pittsburgh+1857%29%2C+p.+252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3DHenrick%2B%2522receive%2Bthe%2Btiara%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Encyclopaedia+Americana+%22accipe+tiaram%22&btnG="><i>Encyclopaedia Americana</i>, article "Tiara"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725015900/http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/Interregnum/terms.asp">"The Holy See"</a>. Ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/Interregnum/terms.asp">the original</a> on 25 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+See&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fholysee%2FInterregnum%2Fterms.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155737/http://memorare.com/puzzles/vestmentanswers.html">"Website on pre-Vatican II liturgical and ecclesiastical vestments and symbols"</a>. Memorare.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorare.com/puzzles/vestmentanswers.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+on+pre-Vatican+II+liturgical+and+ecclesiastical+vestments+and+symbols&rft.pub=Memorare.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorare.com%2Fpuzzles%2Fvestmentanswers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electapope.com/index.php?page=The_Coronation">"The Coronation"</a>. ElectAPope.Com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coronation&rft.pub=ElectAPope.Com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electapope.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DThe_Coronation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050428044808/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0502625.htm">"CNS STORY: Pope drops papal crown from coat of arms, adds miter, pallium"</a>. Catholicnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0502625.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNS+STORY%3A+Pope+drops+papal+crown+from+coat+of+arms%2C+adds+miter%2C+pallium&rft.pub=Catholicnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0502625.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604184203/http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag_file/vaten.htm">"Vatican flag: redirect to the right page"</a>. Users.skynet.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag_file/vaten.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+flag%3A+redirect+to+the+right+page&rft.pub=Users.skynet.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Flotus%2Fflag_file%2Fvaten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twining, Lord Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, England.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22lives+of+the+popes%22+%22if+Nicholas+was+crowned%22">"Horace Kinder Mann, Johannes Hollnsteiner, <i>The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages</i> (K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1906), vol. 3, p. 12"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Kinder+Mann%2C+Johannes+Hollnsteiner%2C+The+Lives+of+the+Popes+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+%28K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner%2C+1906%29%2C+vol.+3%2C+p.+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3D%2522lives%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpopes%2522%2B%2522if%2BNicholas%2Bwas%2Bcrowned%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1968. "Turquerie." <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>, New Series 26 (5): pp. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heim" title="Bruno Heim">Bruno Heim</a>, <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church</i>, Humanities: 1978, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00873-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00873-0">0-391-00873-0</a>), p.52, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levey" title="Michael Levey">Levey, Michael</a>; <i>The World of Ottoman Art</i>, p.65, 1975, Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27065-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27065-1">0-500-27065-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Robert O'Neill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarot.com/about-tarot/library/boneill/papess"><i>Iconography of the early papess cards</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarot.com/about-tarot/library/boneill/pope">"Iconography of the pope cards"</a>. Tarot.com. 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+the+pope+cards&rft.pub=Tarot.com&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarot.com%2Fabout-tarot%2Flibrary%2Fboneill%2Fpope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein,_CarlPoliti,_Marco1996" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Carl; Politi, Marco (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hisholinessjohnp00bern"><i>His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of our Time</i></a></span>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-40538-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-40538-3"><bdi>0-385-40538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Holiness%3A+John+Paul+II+and+the+Hidden+History+of+our+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-385-40538-3&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Carl&rft.au=Politi%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhisholinessjohnp00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell,_John1999" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerspope00john"><i>Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII</i></a></span>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-87620-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-87620-8"><bdi>0-670-87620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Pope%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-670-87620-8&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerspope00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell,_John1989" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thiefinnightth00corn"><i>A Thief in the Night: The Death of Pope John Paul I</i></a>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82387-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-82387-2"><bdi>0-670-82387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thief+in+the+Night%3A+The+Death+of+Pope+John+Paul+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-670-82387-2&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthiefinnightth00corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Cesare,_Raffaele1909" class="citation book cs1">de Cesare, Raffaele (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft"><i>The Last Days of Papal Rome 1850–1870</i></a>. London: A. Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Papal+Rome+1850%E2%80%931870&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1909&rft.au=de+Cesare%2C+Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelastdaysofpap00cesauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Raymond2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Raymond, ed. (2000). <i>The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-545-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-545-7"><bdi>0-85323-545-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Pontiffs+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85323-545-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy,_Eamon1997" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff"><i>Saint & Sinners: A History of the Popes</i></a>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1"><bdi>0-300-07332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+%26+Sinners%3A+A+History+of+the+Popes&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07332-1&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales,_E.E.Y._(Edward_Elton_Young)1954" class="citation book cs1">Hales, E.E.Y. (Edward Elton Young) (1954). <i>Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century</i>. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pio+Nono%3A+A+Study+in+European+Politics+and+Religion+in+the+Nineteenth+Century.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Hales%2C+E.E.Y.+%28Edward+Elton+Young%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite,_Peter1978" class="citation book cs1">Hebblethwaite, Peter (1978). <i>The Year of Three Popes</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-215047-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-215047-6"><bdi>0-00-215047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+Three+Popes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-00-215047-6&rft.au=Hebblethwaite%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite,_Peter1993" class="citation book cs1">Hebblethwaite, Peter (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulvifirstmoder0000hebb"><i>Paul VI : The First Modern Pope</i></a></span>. New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-0461-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-0461-X"><bdi>0-8091-0461-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+VI+%3A+The+First+Modern+Pope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8091-0461-X&rft.au=Hebblethwaite%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulvifirstmoder0000hebb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite,_Peter2000" class="citation book cs1">Hebblethwaite, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnxxiiipopeof00hebb"><i>John XXIII: Pope of the Century</i></a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4995-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4995-6"><bdi>0-8264-4995-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+XXIII%3A+Pope+of+the+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8264-4995-6&rft.au=Hebblethwaite%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnxxiiipopeof00hebb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeim,_Bruno1978" class="citation book cs1">Heim, Bruno (1978). <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws</i>. Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905715-05-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-905715-05-5"><bdi>0-905715-05-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry+in+the+Catholic+Church%3A+Its+Origins%2C+Customs+and+Laws&rft.place=Gerrards+Cross%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Van+Duren&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-905715-05-5&rft.au=Heim%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsworth,_Dean1884" class="citation book cs1">Hobsworth, Dean (1884). <i>From True Cross to True Crown: Papalism and Its Evils</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+True+Cross+to+True+Crown%3A+Papalism+and+Its+Evils&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Hobsworth%2C+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevillain,_Philippe2002" class="citation book cs1">Levillain, Philippe, ed. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/papacy00phil_1"><i>The Papacy: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92228-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92228-3"><bdi>0-415-92228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-92228-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpapacy00phil_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen,_Fredrik_Kristian1906" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Fredrik Kristian (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypapacyin00nielgoog"><i>The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century</i></a>. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Papacy+in+the+XIXth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Fredrik+Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorypapacyin00nielgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan,_James-Charles.1996" class="citation book cs1">Noonan, James-Charles. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon"><i>The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church</i></a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4"><bdi>0-670-86745-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Visible%3A+The+Ceremonial+Life+and+Protocol+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-670-86745-4&rft.au=Noonan%2C+James-Charles.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchvisiblecer0000noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudé,_George_F._E.2000" class="citation book cs1">Rudé, George F. E. (2000). <i>Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22189-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22189-1"><bdi>0-631-22189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Europe%2C+1783%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-631-22189-1&rft.au=Rud%C3%A9%2C+George+F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Uriah1881" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Uriah (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtscritica02smitgoog"><i>Thoughts, Critical and Practical on the Book of Revelation</i></a>. Battle Creek, Mich.: Seventh-day Adventist Publ. Assoc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8370-5309-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8370-5309-9"><bdi>0-8370-5309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts%2C+Critical+and+Practical+on+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.place=Battle+Creek%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Seventh-day+Adventist+Publ.+Assoc.&rft.date=1881&rft.isbn=0-8370-5309-9&rft.au=Smith%2C+Uriah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoughtscritica02smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithe,_Jefferson1902" class="citation book cs1">Smithe, Jefferson (1902). <i>Roman Catholic Ritual</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholic+Ritual&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Smithe%2C+Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley,_David1992" class="citation book cs1">Willey, David (1992). <i>God's Politician: John Paul at the Vatican</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-16180-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-16180-4"><bdi>0-571-16180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Politician%3A+John+Paul+at+the+Vatican&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-571-16180-4&rft.au=Willey%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYallop,_David_A.1984" class="citation book cs1">Yallop, David A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingodsnameinvest00yallrich"><i>In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I</i></a>. Toronto: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-05073-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-05073-7"><bdi>0-553-05073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God%27s+Name%3A+An+Investigation+into+the+Murder+of+Pope+John+Paul+I&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-553-05073-7&rft.au=Yallop%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fingodsnameinvest00yallrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_tiara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papal_tiaras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Papal tiaras">Papal tiaras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Braun, Joseph (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tiara"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Tiara">"Tiara" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiara&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+tiara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Novaes+%22sedi+et+alii+minores%22&btnG=">Giuseppe de Novaes, <i>Introduzione alle vite de' Sommi Pontefici</i>, vol. II, Dissertazione V, pp. 74–189</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html">Holy See Press Office information on the papal tiara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-magazin.de/collection/tiara-papst.htm">Images of several papal tiaras</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#F0DC82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_crowns" title="Template:Types of crowns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_crowns" title="Template talk:Types of crowns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_crowns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of crowns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DC82;;width:1%">By rank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_crown" title="Imperial crown">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_crowns" title="List of royal crowns">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_crown" title="Consort crown">Consort</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_(2D).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic crown of the Commonwealth"><img alt="Heraldic crown of the Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/60px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/90px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/120px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DC82;;width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_crown" title="Coronation crown">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crown" title="State crown">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DC82;;width:1%">By form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_crown" title="Astral crown">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_crown" title="Celestial crown">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circlet" title="Circlet">Circlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)" title="Corolla (headgear)">Corolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet" title="Coronet">Coronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_crown" title="Eastern crown">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_crown" title="Hoop crown">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiate_crown" title="Radiate crown">Radiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">military decorations</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Camp_crown" title="Camp crown">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Crown" title="Grass Crown">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_crown" title="Naval crown">Naval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DC82;;width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-arch_(crown)" title="Half-arch (crown)">Half-arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_crown" title="Hoop crown">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monde" title="Monde">Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_(crown)" title="Cap (crown)">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_(crown)" title="Cross (crown)">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e#Use_in_crowns" title="Cross pattée">Cross pattée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">Lappet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0DC82;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wreath_(attire)" title="Wreath (attire)">Wreath</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crowns" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crowns" title="Template:Crowns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crowns" title="Template talk:Crowns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crowns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crowns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Helmet of Skanderbeg</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat" title="Archducal hat">Archducal hat of Austria</a> (Klosterneuburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brilliant_Crown_of_Empress_Elisabeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (page does not exist)">Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillantkrone_der_Kaiserin_Elisabeth_von_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="de:Brillantkrone der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich">de</a>) (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Tyrol" title="Archducal hat of Tyrol">Archducal hat of Tyrol</a> (Mariastein)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Styria" title="Ducal hat of Styria">Ducal hat of Styria</a> (Graz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Joseph_II" title="Archducal hat of Joseph II">Archducal hat of Joseph II</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Saint_Wenceslas" title="Crown of Saint Wenceslas">Crown of Saint Wenceslas</a> (Prague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Treasure" title="Środa Treasure">Crown of the Środa Treasure</a> (Środa Śląska)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Pedro_I" title="Crown of Pedro I">Crown of Pedro I</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Crown of Brazil">Imperial Crown of Brazil</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_the_Imperial_Prince_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil (page does not exist)">Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_Laurels_of_Princess_Isabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel (page does not exist)">Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Princess_Blanche" title="Crown of Princess Blanche">Crown of Princess Blanche</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York#Crown_of_Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Crown of Margaret of York</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> (Edinburgh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_Mary_of_Modena" title="State Crown of Mary of Modena">State Crown of Mary of Modena</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_George_I" title="State Crown of George I">State Crown of George I</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Crown_of_George_IV" title="Coronation Crown of George IV">Coronation Crown of George IV</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Diadem" title="Diamond Diadem">Diamond Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Adelaide" title="Crown of Queen Adelaide">Crown of Queen Adelaide</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria">Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Alexandra" title="Crown of Queen Alexandra">Crown of Queen Alexandra</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_George,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of George, Prince of Wales">Coronet of George, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Mary" title="Crown of Queen Mary">Crown of Queen Mary</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_India" title="Imperial Crown of India">Imperial Crown of India</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Crown_of_Bulgaria" title="Diamond Crown of Bulgaria">Diamond Crown of Bulgaria</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yishanguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yishanguan (page does not exist)">Yishanguan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Tongtianguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianguan" title="Mianguan">Mianguan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Andes" title="Crown of the Andes">Crown of the Andes</a> (New York City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a> (Bogotá)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Crown of José María Córdova">Crown of José María Córdova</a> (Rionegro)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown of Zvonimir</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_IV" title="Crown of Christian IV">Crown of Christian IV</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_V" title="Crown of Christian V">Crown of Christian V</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Crown_Regalia#The_queen's_crown" title="Danish Crown Regalia">Crown of the Queen</a> (Copenhagen)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Charlemagne" title="Crown of Charlemagne">Crown of Charlemagne</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Saint_Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Saint Louis (page does not exist)">Crown of Saint Louis</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Henry_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Henry IV (page does not exist)">Crown of Henry IV</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Louis_XV_of_France" title="Crown of Louis XV of France">Crown of Louis XV</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon" title="Crown of Napoleon">Crown of Napoleon I</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon_III" title="Crown of Napoleon III">Crown of Napoleon III</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" title="Crown of Empress Eugénie">Crown of Empress Eugénie</a> (Paris)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Crown" title="German State Crown">German State Crown</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baden" title="Crown of Baden">Grand Ducal Crown of Baden</a> (Karlsruhe)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bavaria" title="Crown of Bavaria">Royal Crown of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Queen_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Queen of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of the Queen of Bavaria</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_bayerischen_K%C3%B6nigin" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der bayerischen Königin">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Therese_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Brandenburg (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Brandenburg</a> (Berlin)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducal_Crown_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg (page does not exist)">Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Hanover (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Hanover</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crown" title="Wendish Crown">Wendish Crown</a> (heraldic)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Crown of Frederick I of Prussia">Crown of Frederick I</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sophia_Charlotte_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (page does not exist)">Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Wilhelm_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Wilhelm I (page does not exist)">Crown of Wilhelm I</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Augusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Augusta (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Augusta</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Crown of Wilhelm II">Crown of Wilhelm II</a> (Hohenzollern Castle)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Saxony (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Saxony</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Crown Jewels of Württemberg">Royal Crown of Württemberg</a> (Stuttgart)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Crown of Greece</a> (Athens)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Faustin_I" title="Crown of Faustin I">Crown of Faustin I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Hawaii" title="Crown of Hawaii">Crown of King Kalākaua</a> (Honolulu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Kapi%CA%BBolani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani</a> (Honolulu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Crown of Rudolf II</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crowns_of_Charles_VII" title="Imperial Crowns of Charles VII">Imperial Crowns of Charles VII</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen_Crown" title="Essen Crown">Essen Crown</a> (Essen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_John_the_Baptist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Charlemagne" title="Bust of Charlemagne">Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_Kaiserin_Kunigunde" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der Kaiserin Kunigunde">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lily_Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliquary_Crown_of_Henry_II" title="Reliquary Crown of Henry II">Reliquary Crown of Henry II</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salian_Funeral_Crowns_of_Spires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires (page does not exist)">Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires</a> (Speyer)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_Otto_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of Otto II (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of Otto II</a> (Halle (Saale))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papal tiaras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papier-mâché Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Napoleon Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846)</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Spanish Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX</a> (Notre Dame, Indiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Palatine Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope John XXIII</a> (Bergamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Paul VI</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> (Budapest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">Sasanian crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress%27s_Crown" title="Empress's Crown">Empress's Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiani_Crown" title="Kiani Crown">Kiani Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Crown" title="Pahlavi Crown">Pahlavi Crown</a> (Tehran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Savoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Savoy (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Savoy</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Italia#XXI_secolo" class="extiw" title="it:Corona d'Italia">it</a>) (Turin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Theodelinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Theodelinda (page does not exist)">Crown of Theodelinda</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_di_Teodolinda" class="extiw" title="it:Corona di Teodolinda">it</a>) (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Crown_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany">Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Crown of Constance of Sicily</a> (Palermo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan_of_Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei Variant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)" title="Kanmuri (headwear)">Kanmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baekje" title="Crown of Baekje">Crown of Baekje</a> (Gongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Gaya" title="Crown of Gaya">Crown of Gaya</a> (Yongin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Crowns of Silla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Cheonmachong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Silver Crown</a> (Gyeongju)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Liechtenstein" title="Ducal hat of Liechtenstein">Ducal hat of Liechtenstein</a> (missing; replica: Vaduz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madagascar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Crown of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ranavalona_III" title="Crown of Ranavalona III">Crown of Ranavalona III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#First_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (First Mexican Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (Second Mexican Empire)</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Funerary crown of Maximilian I</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Netherlands" title="Crown of the Netherlands">Crown of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crown_Prince%27s_Coronet" title="Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet">Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Norway" title="Crown of Norway">Crown of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Norway%27s_Crown" title="Queen of Norway's Crown">Crown of the Queen of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Crown of Bolesław I the Brave">Crown of Bolesław I the Brave</a> (destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Crown" title="Swedish Crown">Swedish Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Crown" title="Muscovy Crown">Muscovy Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Crown" title="Hungarian Crown">Hungarian Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homagial_Crown" title="Homagial Crown">Homagial Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Crown" title="Funeral Crown">Funeral Crown</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Crown" title="Queen's Crown">Queen's Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Crown of Augustus III of Poland">Crown of Augustus III</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Maria_Josepha" title="Crown of Queen Maria Josepha">Crown of Maria Josepha</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Diadem" title="Płock Diadem">Płock Diadem</a> (Płock)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI" title="Crown of João VI">Crown of João VI</a> (Lisbon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadem_of_the_Stars" title="Diadem of the Stars">Diadem of the Stars</a> (Lisbon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Elisabeta</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Maria</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Crown_of_Romania" title="Steel Crown of Romania">Steel Crown of Romania</a> (Bucharest)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">"Cap of Monomakh"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Kazan_Tzardom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Kazan Tzardom (page does not exist)">Crown of Kazan Tzardom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tsar_Michael_Fyodorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich (page does not exist)">Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_of_Monomakh_of_the_second_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap of Monomakh of the second set (page does not exist)">Cap of Monomakh of the second set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Peter_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Ivan_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altabas_crown_of_the_third_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altabas crown of the third set (page does not exist)">Altabas crown of the third set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Catherine_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Catherine I (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Anna_Ivanovna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia" title="Imperial crown of Russia">Great Imperial Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltese Crown (page does not exist)">Maltese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_Imperial_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Imperial Crown (page does not exist)">Small Imperial Crown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Karađorđević_Crown" title="Regalia of Serbia">Karađorđević Crown</a> (Belgrade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Nemanjić Crowns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Crown of Stefan Uroš III</a> (Cetinje)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown)</a> (Madrid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sancho_IV" title="Crown of Sancho IV">Crown of Sancho IV</a> (Toledo)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Isabella_I_of_Castile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Isabella I of Castile (page does not exist)">Crown of Isabella I of Castile</a> (Granada)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Crowned_Virgin_of_the_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings (page does not exist)">Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings</a> (Seville)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Tabernacle_of_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo (page does not exist)">Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo</a> (Toledo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Eric_XIV" title="Crown of Eric XIV">Crown of Eric XIV</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown,_scepter_and_orb_of_the_queen_consort" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Queen</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_of_Queen_Christina" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of Queen Christina</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_Prince_coronet" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Heir Apparent</a> (Stockholm)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tahiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tahiti (page does not exist)">Crown of Tahiti</a> (Punaauia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Tonga" title="Crown of Tonga">Crown of Tonga</a> (Nukuʻalofa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Rus" title="Crown of Rus">Crown of Rus</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Africa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Crown_of_Emperor_Tewodros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (page does not exist)">Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros</a> (Ethiopia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Asia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Crown" title="Raven Crown">Raven Crown</a> (Bhutan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripech" title="Shripech">Shripech</a> (Nepal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (page does not exist)">Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">Great Crown of Victory</a> (Thailand)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_jewels" title="Crown jewels">Crown jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papacy" title="Template:Papacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papacy" title="Template talk:Papacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_See(Full_communion)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Papal household">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_assistant_to_the_Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince assistant to the Papal throne">Prince assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">for Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Orders of chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities_in_Rome" title="Pontifical universities in Rome">in Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Pontifical colleges in Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Major Seminary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Canonised popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country" title="List of popes by country">Popes by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">Sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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