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<html> <head> <title>Luminarium: Encyclopedia Project</title> <meta name="description" content="Luminarium Encyclopedia Project"> <meta name="keywords" content="Luminarium, Encyclopedia, Medieval, Renaissance, History, Literature, England, Royal"> </head><body background="shakeshand3.jpg" bgcolor="#3F3A26" text="#000000" link="#993333" vlink="#993333" alink="#CC3333"><center><table width="1000" border="0" bgcolor="#3F3A26"><tr> <td><table width="100%" border="0" bgcolor="#393420" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr> <td><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" bgcolor="#393420" align="left" width="100%"><tr> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.org/" target="_blank"><img src="encyclopedia.gif" width="492" height="55" border="0" alt="Luminarium: Encyclopedia Project"></a></td> <td valign="middle" height="55"> Encyclopedia Project </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="middle" bgcolor="#7f8e76"><tr> <td><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#7f8e76" align="middle"><tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.org/">Luminarium</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="index.html">Encyclopedia</a> </td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.org/whatsnew/#encyclopedia">What's New</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.org/letter.htm">Letter from the Editor</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.com/index.html">Bookstore</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.com/allposters/index.html">Poster Store</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://forum.luminarium.com/index.html">Discussion Forums</a></td> <td> | </td> <td><a href="http://www.luminarium.org/illuminate.htm">Search</a></td></tr></table> </td></tr></table> <table border="0" width=100% align="LEFT" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#fffde8" background="shakeshand4.jpg"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="180"> <table width="180" height="1800" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#fffde8" background="adside.jpg"> <tr> <td valign="top" align="middle"> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="20">   </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="560"> <img src="encyclopediatit.gif" alt="Luminarium Encyclopedia"> Luminarium Encyclopedia is a project begun in 2001 to provide historical contexts for the people, places, and events featured in <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm">Luminarium</a>. The scope of the project is enormous, and the progress slow, but new entries, as well as new images, are being added almost daily. The intent is to have this encyclopedia become the Who's Who and What's What in Medieval and Renaissance England. Please bear with us while entries are being added, and organization of materials is improved. For more, please see the <a href="http://www.luminarium.org/illuminate.htm">Search</a> and <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/whatsnew/">What's New</a> pages. To request specific entries to be added, please <A HREF="mailto:anniina@luminarium.org">Email the Editor</a>. <table> <tr> <td width=30> </td><td valign="top"> In this Work when it shall be found that    much is omitted, let it not be forgotten    that much likewise is performed. <div align=right>Samuel Johnson</div> </td> </tr> </table>   </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="260"> <table width="200" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="#ede7d0"> <tr> <td> <form action="http://www.google.com/cse" id="cse-search-box" target="_blank"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-6715033876432389:62qn8c48cxk" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="20" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=en"></script> Index of Encyclopedia Entries: <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/medievalcosmology.htm">Medieval Cosmology</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/medprice.htm">Prices of Items in Medieval England <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edward2.htm">Edward II</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/isabellaoffrance.htm">Isabella of France, Queen of England</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gaveston.htm">Piers Gaveston</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasbrotherton.htm">Thomas of Brotherton, E. of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundwoodstock.htm">Edmund of Woodstock, E. of Kent</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasoflancaster.htm">Thomas, Earl of Lancaster</a> <A HREF="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrylancaster.htm">Henry of Lancaster, Earl of Lancaster</a> <A HREF="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrygrosmont.htm">Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rogermortimer.htm">Roger Mortimer, Earl of March</a> <A HREF="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hughledyounger.htm">Hugh le Despenser the Younger</a> <A HREF="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/burghershelder.htm">Bartholomew, Lord Burghersh, elder</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/100years.htm">Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edward3.htm">Edward III</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/queenphilippa.htm">Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/blackprince.htm">Edward, Black Prince of Wales</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johneltham.htm">John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/crecy.htm">The Battle of Crécy, 1346</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/siegeofcalais.htm">The Siege of Calais, 1346-7</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/poitiers.htm">The Battle of Poitiers, 1356</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lionelclarence.htm">Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gaunt.htm">John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundlangley.htm">Edmund of Langley, Duke of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomaswoodstock.htm">Thomas of Woodstock, Gloucester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardcambridge.htm">Richard of York, E. of Cambridge</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel3.htm">Richard Fitzalan, 3. Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rogermortimer2.htm">Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/goodparliament.htm">The Good Parliament, 1376</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richard2.htm">Richard II</a> <A HREF="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/peasantsrevolt1381.htm">The Peasants' Revolt, 1381</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lordsappellant.htm">Lords Appellant, 1388</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel4.htm">Richard Fitzalan, 4. Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/archbishoparundel.htm">Archbishop Thomas Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasbeauchamp.htm">Thomas de Beauchamp, E. Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertdevere.htm">Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ralphneville.htm">Ralph Neville, E. of Westmorland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasmowbray.htm">Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortimer3earl.htm">Edmund Mortimer, 3. Earl of March</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortimer4earl.htm">Roger Mortimer, 4. Earl of March</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/holland1exeter.htm">John Holland, Duke of Exeter</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/delapole1suffolk.htm">Michael de la Pole, E. Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hughstafford.htm">Hugh de Stafford, 2. E. Stafford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henry4.htm">Henry IV</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardyork.htm">Edward, Duke of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortimer5earl.htm">Edmund Mortimer, 5. Earl of March</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy.htm">Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hotspur.htm">Sir Henry Percy, "Harry Hotspur"</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/percyworcester.htm">Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/glendower.htm">Owen Glendower</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/shrewsbury.htm">The Battle of Shrewsbury, 1403</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardscrope.htm">Archbishop Richard Scrope</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasmowbray2.htm">Thomas Mowbray, 3. E. Nottingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnmowbray5.htm">John Mowbray, 2. Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomas5arundel.htm">Thomas Fitzalan, 5. Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henry5.htm">Henry V</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomaslancaster.htm">Thomas, Duke of Clarence</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bedford.htm">John, Duke of Bedford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gloucester.htm">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johntalbot1.htm">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardcambridge.htm">Richard, Earl of Cambridge</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/scrope3masham.htm">Henry, Baron Scrope of Masham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/delapole.htm">William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/montacute.htm">Thomas Montacute, E. Salisbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/beauchamp.htm">Richard Beauchamp, E. of Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrybeauchamp.htm">Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasbeaufort.htm">Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrybeaufort.htm">Cardinal Henry Beaufort</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnbeaufort1.htm">John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fastolf.htm">Sir John Fastolf</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/holland2exeter.htm">John Holland, 2. Duke of Exeter</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnstafford.htm">Archbishop John Stafford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnkemp.htm">Archbishop John Kemp</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/catherinevalois.htm">Catherine of Valois</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/owentudor.htm">Owen Tudor</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel7.htm">John Fitzalan, 7. Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tiptoft1.htm">John, Lord Tiptoft</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles7.htm">Charles VII, King of France</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/joanofarc.htm">Joan of Arc</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/louis11.htm">Louis XI, King of France</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charlesbold.htm">Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/agincourt.htm">The Battle of Agincourt, 1415</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lossofguienne.htm">The Battle of Castillon, 1453</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warsoftheroses.htm">The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/roseswarcauses.htm">Causes of the Wars of the Roses</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/houseoflancaster.htm">The House of Lancaster</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/houseofyork.htm">The House of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/houseofbeaufort.htm">The House of Beaufort</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/houseofneville.htm">The House of Neville</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/albans1.htm">The First Battle of St. Albans, 1455</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bloreheath.htm">The Battle of Blore Heath, 1459</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ludford.htm">The Rout of Ludford, 1459</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northampton.htm">The Battle of Northampton, 1460</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wakefield.htm">The Battle of Wakefield, 1460</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortimerscross.htm">The Battle of Mortimer's Cross, 1461</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/albans2.htm">The 2nd Battle of St. Albans, 1461</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/towton.htm">The Battle of Towton, 1461</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hedgeley.htm">The Battle of Hedgeley Moor, 1464</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hexham.htm">The Battle of Hexham, 1464</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edgecote.htm">The Battle of Edgecote, 1469</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edgecote.htm">The Battle of Losecoat Field, 1470</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/barnet.htm">The Battle of Barnet, 1471</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tewkesbury.htm">The Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/pecquigny.htm">The Treaty of Pecquigny, 1475</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bosworth.htm">The Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/stoke.htm">The Battle of Stoke Field, 1487</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henry6.htm">Henry VI</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/margaretanjou.htm">Margaret of Anjou</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardyork.htm">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edward4.htm">Edward IV</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/woodville.htm">Elizabeth Woodville</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardwoodville.htm">Richard Woodville, 1. Earl Rivers</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/anthonywoodville.htm">Anthony Woodville, 2. Earl Rivers</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/janeshore.htm">Jane Shore</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edward5.htm">Edward V</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richard3.htm">Richard III</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/clarence.htm">George, Duke of Clarence</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ralphneville2.htm">Ralph Neville, 2. Earl of Westmorland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/neville.htm">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warwick.htm">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bergavenny1.htm">Edward Neville, Baron Bergavenny</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fauconberg.htm">William Neville, Lord Fauconberg</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertneville.htm">Robert Neville, Bishop of Salisbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/montagu.htm">John Neville, Marquis of Montagu</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/georgeneville.htm">George Neville, Archbishop of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnbeaufort.htm">John Beaufort, 1. Duke Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundbeaufort.htm">Edmund Beaufort, 2. Duke Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrybeaufort2.htm">Henry Beaufort, 3. Duke of Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundbeaufort4.htm">Edmund Beaufort, 4. Duke Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/margaretbeaufort.htm">Margaret Beaufort</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundtudor.htm">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/jaspertudor.htm">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/humphreystafford1.htm">Humphrey Stafford, D. Buckingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrystafford.htm">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/humphreystafforddevon.htm">Humphrey Stafford, E. of Devon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/stanley.htm">Thomas, Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/williamstanley.htm">Sir William Stanley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bourchier.htm">Archbishop Thomas Bourchier</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrybourchier1.htm">Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnmowbray3.htm">John Mowbray, 3. Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnmowbray4.htm">John Mowbray, 4. Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnhoward.htm">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy2.htm">Henry Percy, 2. E. Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy3.htm">Henry Percy, 3. E. Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy4.htm">Henry Percy, 4. E. Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hastings.htm">William, Lord Hastings</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/exeter.htm">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel9.htm">William Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/williamherbert.htm">William Herbert, 1. Earl of Pembroke</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndevere12.htm">John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndevere.htm">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/clifford1.htm">Thomas de Clifford, 8. Baron Clifford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/clifford2.htm">John de Clifford, 9. Baron Clifford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tiptoft.htm">John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasgrey1.htm">Thomas Grey, 1. Marquis Dorset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/trollop.htm">Sir Andrew Trollop</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortonjohn.htm">Archbishop John Morton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardplantagenet.htm">Edward Plantagenet, E. of Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johntalbot2.htm">John Talbot, 2. E. Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johntalbot3.htm">John Talbot, 3. E. Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndelapolesuffolk.htm">John de la Pole, 2. Duke of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndelapole.htm">John de la Pole, E. of Lincoln</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmunddelapole.htm">Edmund de la Pole, E. of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richarddelapole.htm">Richard de la Pole</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnsuttondedudley.htm">John Sutton, Baron Dudley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/jamesbutler5earl.htm">James Butler, 5. Earl of Ormonde</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tyrell.htm">Sir James Tyrell</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edmundgrey.htm">Edmund Grey, first Earl of Kent</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/georgegrey2earl.htm">George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/john5scrope.htm">John, 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/audley7.htm">James Touchet, 7th Baron Audley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mountjoy1.htm">Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hungerford.htm">Robert Hungerford, Lord Moleyns</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/scales.htm">Thomas, Lord Scales</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lovel.htm">John, Lord Lovel and Holand</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francislovell.htm">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardratcliffe.htm">Sir Richard Ratcliffe</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/catesby.htm">William Catesby</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ralphcromwell.htm">Ralph, 4th Lord Cromwell</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/jackcade.htm">Jack Cade's Rebellion, 1450</a> Tudor Period <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henry7.htm">King Henry VII</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/elizabethyork.htm">Queen Elizabeth of York</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arthurtudor.htm">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lambertsimnel.htm">Lambert Simnel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/perkinwarbeck.htm">Perkin Warbeck</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/blackheath.htm">The Battle of Blackheath, 1497</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ferdinandaragon.htm">King Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/queenisabella.htm">Queen Isabella of Castile</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/emperormaximilian.htm">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/tudor.htm">King Henry VIII</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/catherinearagon.htm">Queen Catherine of Aragon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/anneboleyn.htm">Queen Anne Boleyn</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/janeseymour.htm">Queen Jane Seymour</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/anneofcleves.htm">Queen Anne of Cleves</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/catherinehoward.htm">Queen Catherine Howard</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/katherineparr.htm">Queen Katherine Parr</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/kingedward.htm">King Edward VI</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/queenmary.htm">Queen Mary I</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/eliza.htm">Queen Elizabeth I</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fitzroy.htm">Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/margarettudor.htm">Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/james4.htm">James IV, King of Scotland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/floddenfield.htm">The Battle of Flodden Field, 1513</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/james5.htm">James V, King of Scotland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/maryguise.htm">Mary of Guise, Queen of Scotland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/marytudor.htm">Mary Tudor, Queen of France</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/louis12.htm">Louis XII, King of France</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francis1.htm">Francis I, King of France</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/battleofspurs.htm">The Battle of the Spurs, 1513</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/clothofgold.htm">Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles5.htm">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/chapuys.htm">Eustace Chapuys, Imperial Ambassador</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/boulogne.htm">The Siege of Boulogne, 1544</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wolseybio.htm">Cardinal Thomas Wolsey</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/cranmer.htm">Archbishop Thomas Cranmer</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cromwell.htm">Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/audley.htm">Thomas, Lord Audley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wriothesley.htm">Thomas Wriothesley, E. Southampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardrich.htm">Sir Richard Rich</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardstafford.htm">Edward Stafford, D. of Buckingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomashoward1.htm">Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomashoward2.htm">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northumberland.htm">John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/suffolk.htm">Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasboleyn.htm">Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/georgeboleyn.htm">George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johnrussell.htm">John Russell, Earl of Bedford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasgrey2.htm">Thomas Grey, 2. Marquis of Dorset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/dorset.htm">Henry Grey, D. of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charlessomerset.htm">Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/talbot4shrewsbury.htm">George Talbot, 4. E. Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/talbot5shrewsbury.htm">Francis Talbot, 5. E. Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy5.htm">Henry Algernon Percy,</a>      <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy5.htm">5th Earl of Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy5.htm">Henry Algernon Percy,</a>      <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypercy6.htm">6th Earl of Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westmorland4.htm">Ralph Neville, 4. E. Westmorland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westmorland5.htm">Henry Neville, 5. E. Westmorland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/williampaulet1.htm">William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sirfrancisbryan.htm">Sir Francis Bryan</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/carew.htm">Sir Nicholas Carew</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndevere15.htm">John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndevere16.htm">John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasseymour.htm">Thomas Seymour, Lord Admiral</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardseymour.htm">Edward Seymour, Protector Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/margaretpole.htm">Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrypole.htm">Henry Pole, Lord Montague</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/geoffreypole.htm">Sir Geoffrey Pole</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland1.htm">Thomas Manners, Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland2.htm">Henry Manners, Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrybourchier2.htm">Henry Bourchier, 2. Earl of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/radcliffe1sussex.htm">Robert Radcliffe, 1. Earl of Sussex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/radcliffe2sussex.htm">Henry Radcliffe, 2. Earl of Sussex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/georgehastings.htm">George Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrycourtenay.htm">Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/georgeneville3.htm">George Neville, Baron Bergavenny</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardneville.htm">Sir Edward Neville</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/paget.htm">William, Lord Paget</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sandys.htm">William Sandys, Baron Sandys</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fitzwilliam.htm">William Fitzwilliam, E. Southampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/browne.htm">Sir Anthony Browne</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wriothesley1.htm">Sir Thomas Wriothesley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/kingston.htm">Sir William Kingston</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cobham.htm">George Brooke, Lord Cobham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardsouthwell.htm">Sir Richard Southwell</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasfiennes.htm">Thomas Fiennes, 9th Lord Dacre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/weston.htm">Sir Francis Weston</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/norris.htm">Henry Norris</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ladyjanegrey.htm">Lady Jane Grey</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasarundell.htm">Sir Thomas Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sackvillerichard.htm">Sir Richard Sackville</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/petre.htm">Sir William Petre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cheke.htm">Sir John Cheke</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/haddon.htm">Walter Haddon, L.L.D</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/petercarew.htm">Sir Peter Carew</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mason.htm">Sir John Mason</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wottonnicholas.htm">Nicholas Wotton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/taylor.htm">John Taylor</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wyattyounger.htm">Sir Thomas Wyatt, the Younger</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/campeggio.htm">Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cardinalpole.htm">Cardinal Reginald Pole</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gardiner.htm">Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bishopbonner.htm">Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ridley.htm">Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hooper.htm">John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/aylmer.htm">John Aylmer, Bishop of London</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/linacre.htm">Thomas Linacre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/grocyn.htm">William Grocyn</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warham.htm">Archbishop William Warham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tunstall.htm">Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Durham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richardfox.htm">Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardfox.htm">Edward Fox, Bishop of Hereford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/julius2.htm">Pope Julius II</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/leo10.htm">Pope Leo X</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/clement7.htm">Pope Clement VII</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/paul3.htm">Pope Paul III</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/pius5.htm">Pope Pius V</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/pico.htm">Pico della Mirandola</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/erasmus.htm">Desiderius Erasmus</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bucer.htm">Martin Bucer</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/pace.htm">Richard Pace</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/stgerman.htm">Christopher Saint-German</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomastallis.htm">Thomas Tallis</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/nunofkent.htm">Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/holbein.htm">Hans Holbein, the Younger</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sweatingsickness.htm">The Sweating Sickness</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/dissolution.htm">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/pilgrimagegrace.htm">Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/aske.htm">Robert Aske</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/aske.htm">Anne Askew</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomasdarcy.htm">Lord Thomas Darcy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertconstable.htm">Sir Robert Constable</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/supremacy.htm">Oath of Supremacy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/actsupremacy.htm">The Act of Supremacy, 1534</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/firstsuccession.htm">The First Act of Succession, 1534</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thirdsuccession.htm">The Third Act of Succession, 1544</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tenarticles.htm">The Ten Articles, 1536</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sixarticles.htm">The Six Articles, 1539</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/statuterepeal2.htm">The Second Statute of Repeal, 1555</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/actsupremacyeliza.htm">The Act of Supremacy, 1559</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/articles1583.htm">Articles Touching Preachers, 1583</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/eliza.htm">Queen Elizabeth I</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/burghley.htm">William Cecil, Lord Burghley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cecil.htm">Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/walsingham.htm">Sir Francis Walsingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/nicholasbacon.htm">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bromley.htm">Sir Thomas Bromley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/leicester.htm">Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ambrosedudley.htm">Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hunsdon1.htm">Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/egerton.htm">Sir Thomas Egerton, Viscount Brackley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francisknollys.htm">Sir Francis Knollys</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/katashley.htm">Katherine "Kat" Ashley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/letticeknollys.htm">Lettice Knollys, Countess of Leicester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/talbot6shrewsbury.htm">George Talbot, 6. E. of Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bessofhardwick.htm">Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/talbot7shrewsbury.htm">Gilbert Talbot, 7. E. of Shrewsbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henrysidney.htm">Sir Henry Sidney</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertsidney.htm">Sir Robert Sidney</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/matthewparker.htm">Archbishop Matthew Parker</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/walterdevereux.htm">Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/essex.htm">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/peneloperich.htm">Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hatton.htm">Sir Christopher Hatton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edwardcourtenay.htm">Edward Courtenay, E. Devonshire</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland3.htm">Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/radclyffe.htm">Thomas Radcliffe, 3. Earl of Sussex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henryradcliffe.htm">Henry Radcliffe, 4. Earl of Sussex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/radcliffe5.htm">Robert Radcliffe, 5. Earl of Sussex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/williamparr.htm">William Parr, Marquis of Northampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wriothesley2.htm">Henry Wriothesley, 2. Southampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wriothesley3.htm">Henry Wriothesley, 3. Southampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westmorland6.htm">Charles Neville, 6. E. Westmorland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northumberland7.htm">Thomas Percy, 7. E. Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northumberland8.htm">Henry Percy, 8. E. Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northumberland9.htm">Henry Percy, 9. E. Nothumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/williamherbert2.htm">William Herbert, 1. Earl of Pembroke</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/effingham.htm">Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/norfolk4.htm">Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northampton1.htm">Henry Howard, 1. Earl of Northampton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/howardsuffolk.htm">Thomas Howard, 1. Earl of Suffolk</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/huntingdon3.htm">Henry Hastings, 3. E. of Huntingdon</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland3.htm">Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland5.htm">Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rutland6.htm">Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel12.htm">Henry FitzAlan, 12. Earl of Arundel</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundellwardour1.htm">Thomas, Earl Arundell of Wardour</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/somersetworcester.htm">Edward Somerset, E. of Worcester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/davison.htm">William Davison</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mildmay.htm">Sir Walter Mildmay</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sadler.htm">Sir Ralph Sadler</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/paulet.htm">Sir Amyas Paulet</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gifford.htm">Gilbert Gifford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/viscountmontagu.htm">Anthony Browne, Viscount Montague</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/alencon.htm">François, Duke of Alençon & Anjou</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/maryqueenofscots.htm">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/darnley.htm">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bothwell.htm">James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/babington.htm">Anthony Babington and the Babington Plot</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/knox.htm">John Knox</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/philip2.htm">Philip II of Spain</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/armada.htm">The Spanish Armada, 1588</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/drake.htm">Sir Francis Drake</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hawkyns.htm">Sir John Hawkins</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/camden.htm">William Camden</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/whitgift.htm">Archbishop Whitgift</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/marprelate.htm">Martin Marprelate Controversy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/penry.htm">John Penry (Martin Marprelate)</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bancroft.htm">Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/johndee.htm">John Dee, Alchemist</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henslowe.htm">Philip Henslowe</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/alleyn.htm">Edward Alleyn</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/blackfriars.htm">The Blackfriars Theatre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fortune.htm">The Fortune Theatre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rose.htm">The Rose Theatre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/swan.htm">The Swan Theatre</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/childcomp.htm">Children's Companies</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/admiralsmen.htm">The Admiral's Men</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/chamberlainsmen.htm">The Lord Chamberlain's Men</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/citizencom.htm">Citizen Comedy</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/isleofdogs.htm">The Isle of Dogs, 1597</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/commonlaw.htm">Common Law</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/commonpleas.htm">Court of Common Pleas</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/kingsbench.htm">Court of King's Bench</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/starchamber.htm">Court of Star Chamber</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/councilofnorth.htm">Council of the North</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fleetprison.htm">Fleet Prison</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/assize.htm">Assize</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/attainder.htm">Attainder</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/firstfruits.htm">First Fruits & Tenths</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/maintenance.htm">Livery and Maintenance</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/oyerandterminer.htm">Oyer and terminer</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/praemunire.htm">Praemunire</a> The Stuarts <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/james/index.html">King James I of England</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/annedenmark.htm">Anne of Denmark</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/princehenry.htm">Henry, Prince of Wales</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/gunpowderplot.htm">The Gunpowder Plot, 1605</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/villiers1.htm">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/carr.htm">Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arabellastuart.htm">Arabella Stuart, Lady Lennox</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/alabaster.htm">William Alabaster</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hall.htm">Bishop Hall</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mortonthomas.htm">Bishop Thomas Morton</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/laud.htm">Archbishop William Laud</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/selden.htm">John Selden</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lucyharington.htm">Lucy Harington, Countess of Bedford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/lawes.htm">Henry Lawes</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/kingcharles.htm">King Charles I</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/henriettamaria.htm">Queen Henrietta Maria</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/longparliament.htm">Long Parliament</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/rumpparliament.htm">Rump Parliament</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/kentishpetition1642.htm">Kentish Petition, 1642</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/wentworth.htm">Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bristol1.htm">John Digby, Earl of Bristol</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bristol2.htm">George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/fairfax.htm">Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/essex3.htm">Robert Devereux, 3rd E. of Essex</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertsidney2.htm">Robert Sidney, 2. E. of Leicester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/northumberland10.htm">Algernon Percy, E. of Northumberland</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/manchester1.htm">Henry Montagu, Earl of Manchester</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/manchester2.htm">Edward Montagu, 2. Earl of Manchester</a> The Restoration <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles2.htm">King Charles II</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/james2.htm">King James II</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/testact.htm">Test Acts</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/greenwichpalace.htm">Greenwich Palace</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/hatfieldhouse.htm">Hatfield House</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/richmondpalace.htm">Richmond Palace</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/windsor.htm">Windsor Palace</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/woodstock.htm">Woodstock Manor</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/cinqueports.htm">The Cinque Ports</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/mermaid.htm">Mermaid Tavern</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/malmsey.htm">Malmsey Wine</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/greatfire.htm">Great Fire of London, 1666</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/merchanttaylorschool.htm">Merchant Taylors' School</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminsterschool.htm">Westminster School</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminstersanctuary.htm">The Sanctuary at Westminster</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/sanctuary.htm">"Sanctuary"</a> Images: <A HREF="englishsuccessionlarge.gif">Chart of the English Succession from William I through Henry VII</a> <A HREF="medplaypics.htm">Medieval English Drama</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/londonhenry7large.jpg">London c1480, MS Royal 16</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/london1510.gif">London, 1510, the earliest view in print</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/england1579large.gif">Map of England from Saxton's Descriptio Angliae, 1579</a> <A HREF="londonhoefnagel.jpg">London in late 16th century</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/elizlondon.jpg">Location Map of Elizabethan London</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bankside.jpg">Plan of the Bankside, Southwark, in Shakespeare's time</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/norden1593.jpg">Detail of Norden's Map of the Bankside, 1593</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/bullandbear.jpg">Bull and Bear Baiting Rings from the Agas Map (1569-1590, pub. 1631)</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/swansketch.htm" target="_New">Sketch of the Swan Theatre, c. 1596</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminster.jpg">Westminster in the Seventeenth Century, by Hollar</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/visscher.htm" target="_New">Visscher's View of London, 1616</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/visscher-sections.jpg" target="_New">Larger Visscher's View in Sections</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/londonc1690.gif">c. 1690. View of London Churches, after the Great Fire</a> <A HREF="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/tabard.jpg">The Yard of the Tabard Inn from Thornbury, Old and New London</a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#333333" align="left" width="1000"> <tr> <td width="1000"> <center> Site copyright ©1996-2023 <a href="mailto:anniina@luminarium.org">Anniina Jokinen</a>. All Rights Reserved. </center> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </center> <script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> _uacct = "UA-983702-1"; urchinTracker(); </script> </body> </html>