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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Project Blue Book history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Project_Blue_Book_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Project Blue Book history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Captain_Ruppelt_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Ruppelt_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Captain Ruppelt era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Ruppelt_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robertson_Panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robertson_Panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Robertson Panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robertson_Panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_Robertson_Panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_Robertson_Panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Aftermath of Robertson Panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_Robertson_Panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Hardin_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Hardin_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Captain Hardin era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Hardin_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Gregory_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Gregory_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Captain Gregory era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Gregory_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Friend_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Friend_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Major Friend era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Friend_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Quintanilla_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Quintanilla_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Major Quintanilla era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Quintanilla_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Congressional hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condon_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condon_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Condon Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condon_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USAF_official_statement_on_UFOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USAF_official_statement_on_UFOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>USAF official statement on UFOs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-USAF_official_statement_on_UFOs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle USAF official statement on UFOs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-USAF_official_statement_on_UFOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Blue_Book_U.S.A.F._UFO_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Blue_Book_U.S.A.F._UFO_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-Blue Book U.S.A.F. UFO activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Blue_Book_U.S.A.F._UFO_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Blue_Book_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Project Blue Book in fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Project_Blue_Book_in_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Project Blue Book in fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_UFO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_UFO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Project UFO</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_UFO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_Peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_Peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Twin Peaks</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_Peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactica_1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactica_1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>Galactica 1980</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactica_1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_(2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Blue_Book_(2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span><i>Project Blue Book</i> (2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Blue_Book_(2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Blue Book</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="كتاب المشروع الازرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب المشروع الازرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi_kitab_layih%C9%99si" title="Mavi kitab layihəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mavi kitab layihəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%E2%80%9C" title="Проект „Синя книга“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Проект „Синя книга“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecte_Llibre_Blau" title="Projecte Llibre Blau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Projecte Llibre Blau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Blue_Book" title="Projekt Blue Book – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Projekt Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_Blue_Book" title="Πρόγραμμα Blue Book – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecto_Libro_Azul" title="Proyecto Libro Azul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyecto Libro Azul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="پروژه کتاب آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژه کتاب آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet_Livre_Bleu" title="Projet Livre Bleu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projet Livre Bleu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%B6%81" title="프로젝트 블루북 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로젝트 블루북" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Plava_knjiga" title="Projekt Plava knjiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Projekt Plava knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyek_Buku_Biru" title="Proyek Buku Biru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyek Buku Biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto_Blue_Book" title="Progetto Blue Book – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progetto Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פרויקט הספר הכחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרויקט הספר הכחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Проект «Синяя книга» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проект «Синяя книга»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Blue_Book" title="Projekt Blue Book – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Projekt Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Modra_knjiga" title="Projekt Modra knjiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Projekt Modra knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Project Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi_Kitap_Projesi" title="Mavi Kitap Projesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mavi Kitap Projesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Проєкт «Синя книга» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проєкт «Синя книга»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%B1_%C3%A1n_Blue_Book" title="Dự án Blue Book – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dự án Blue Book" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="藍皮書計劃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藍皮書計劃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the US Air Force study. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)" title="Project Blue Book (TV series)"><i>Project Blue Book</i> (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Blue_Book,_complete_status_reports.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf/page1-220px-Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf/page1-330px-Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf/page1-440px-Project_Blue_Book%2C_complete_status_reports.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Project Blue Book, complete status reports (1 to 12 and 14), including Project Grudge data, and up to May 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_James_Ruppelt_at_Bluebook_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Edward_James_Ruppelt_at_Bluebook_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Edward_James_Ruppelt_at_Bluebook_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Edward_James_Ruppelt_at_Bluebook_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt" title="Edward J. Ruppelt">Edward J. Ruppelt</a> (left), head of Project Blue Book, at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base project office in March 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hector_Quintanilla_who_became_Chief_Of_Ufo_Project_Blue_Book_in_August_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Hector_Quintanilla_who_became_Chief_Of_Ufo_Project_Blue_Book_in_August_1963.jpg/220px-Hector_Quintanilla_who_became_Chief_Of_Ufo_Project_Blue_Book_in_August_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Hector_Quintanilla_who_became_Chief_Of_Ufo_Project_Blue_Book_in_August_1963.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hector_Quintanilla" title="Hector Quintanilla">Hector Quintanilla</a> became chief of Project Blue Book in August 1963</figcaption></figure> <style 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href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration"><img alt="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/180px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/270px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/360px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Notable sightings</a> and hoaxes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold sighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman dogfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C.,_UFO_incident" title="1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident">1952 flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill_incident" title="Barney and Betty Hill incident">Barney and Betty Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">'Swamp gas'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_incident" title="Travis Walton incident">Travis Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calvine_UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calvine UFO">Calvine photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos" title="Pentagon UFO videos">Pentagon UFO videos</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government investigations</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato - Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet - Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN - France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 - Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">History of government investigations - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office" title="All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office">All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Committee - US</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Blue Book - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act - US</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Serpo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc.</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">UFO organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings#By_location" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Sightings by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Investigations of UFOs by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Alleged extraterrestrial beings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFO_sidebar" title="Template talk:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Project Blue Book</b> was the code name for the systematic study of <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified flying objects">unidentified flying objects</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> from March 1952 to its termination on December 17, 1969. The project, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, was initially directed by Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt" title="Edward J. Ruppelt">Edward J. Ruppelt</a> and followed projects of a similar nature such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign</a> established in 1947, and <a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge</a> in 1949. Project Blue Book had two goals, namely, to determine if UFOs were a threat to <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientifically analyze</a> UFO-related data. </p><p>Thousands of UFO reports were collected, analyzed, and filed. As a result of the <i><a href="/wiki/Condon_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Condon Report">Condon Report</a></i>, which concluded that the study of UFOs was unlikely to yield major scientific discoveries, and a review of the report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, Project Blue Book was terminated in 1969. The Air Force supplies the following summary of its investigations: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>No UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force was ever an indication of threat to our national security;</li> <li>There was no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represented technological developments or principles beyond the range of modern scientific knowledge; and</li> <li>There was no evidence indicating that sightings categorized as "unidentified" were extraterrestrial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></blockquote> <p>By the time Project Blue Book ended, it had collected 12,618 UFO reports, and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, etc.) or conventional aircraft. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> a number of the reports could be explained by flights of the formerly secret reconnaissance planes <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">A-12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 701 reports were classified as unexplained, even after stringent analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UFO reports were archived and are available under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>, but names and other personal information of all witnesses have been <a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">redacted</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_projects">Previous projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></div> <p>Public USAF UFO studies were first initiated under <a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign</a> at the end of 1947, following many widely publicized UFO reports (see <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold" title="Kenneth Arnold">Kenneth Arnold</a>). Project Sign was initiated specifically at the request of General <a href="/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining">Nathan Twining</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a>. Wright-Patterson was also to be the home of Project Sign and all subsequent official USAF public investigations. </p><p>Project Sign was officially inconclusive regarding the cause of the sightings. However, according to US Air Force Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt" title="Edward J. Ruppelt">Edward J. Ruppelt</a> (the first director of Project Blue Book), Sign's initial intelligence estimate (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a>) written in the late summer of 1948, concluded that the flying saucers were real craft, were not made by either the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and were likely <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> in origin. (See also <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">extraterrestrial hypothesis</a>.) This was subsequently rejected by Gen. <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a>, USAF Chief of Staff, citing a lack of physical proof. Vandenberg subsequently dismantled Project Sign.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppelt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppelt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Project Sign was succeeded at the end of 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge</a>, which was criticized as having a <a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">debunking</a> mandate. Ruppelt referred to the era of Project Grudge as the "dark ages" of early USAF UFO investigation. Grudge concluded that all UFOs were natural phenomena or other misinterpretations, although it also stated that 23 percent of the reports could not be explained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Blue_Book_history">Project Blue Book history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Project Blue Book history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Ruppelt_era">Captain Ruppelt era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Captain Ruppelt era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt" title="Edward J. Ruppelt">Edward J. Ruppelt</a>, by the end of 1951, several high-ranking, very influential USAF generals were so dissatisfied with the state of Air Force UFO investigations that they dismantled Project Grudge and replaced it with Project Blue Book in March 1952. One of these men was Gen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Cabell" title="Charles P. Cabell">Charles P. Cabell</a>. Another important change came when General <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Garland_(Air_Force_Officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Garland (Air Force Officer) (page does not exist)">William Garland</a> joined Cabell's staff; Garland thought the UFO question deserved serious scrutiny because he had witnessed a UFO.<sup id="cite_ref-swords103_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swords103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new name, Project Blue Book, was selected to refer to the blue booklets used for testing at some colleges and universities. The name was inspired, said Ruppelt, by the close attention that high-ranking officers were giving the new project; it felt as if the study of UFOs was as important as a college final exam. Blue Book was also upgraded in status from Project Grudge, with the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_Phenomenon_Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerial Phenomenon Branch (page does not exist)">Aerial Phenomenon Branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruppelt was the first head of the project. He was an experienced airman, having been decorated for his efforts with the Army Air Corps during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and having afterward earned an aeronautics degree. He officially coined the term "Unidentified Flying Object", to replace the many terms ("flying saucer", "flying disk" and so on) the military had previously used; Ruppelt thought that "unidentified flying object" was a more neutral and accurate term. Ruppelt resigned from the Air Force some years later and wrote the book <i>The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects</i>, which described the study of UFOs by the United States Air Force from 1947 to 1955. American scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Swords" title="Michael D. Swords">Michael D. Swords</a> wrote that "Ruppelt would lead the last genuine effort to analyze UFOs".<sup id="cite_ref-swords102_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swords102-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruppelt implemented a number of changes: He streamlined the manner in which UFOs were reported to (and by) military officials, partly in hopes of alleviating the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses. Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire for UFO witnesses, hoping to uncover data that could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a> to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and the computerized data, Battelle then conducted a massive scientific and statistical study of all Air Force UFO cases, completed in 1954 and known as "<a href="#Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14">Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14</a>" (see summary below). </p><p>Knowing that factionalism had harmed the progress of <a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign</a>, Ruppelt did his best to avoid the kinds of open-ended speculation that had led to Sign's personnel being split among advocates and critics of the <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">extraterrestrial hypothesis</a>. As Michael Hall writes, "Ruppelt not only took the job seriously but expected his staff to do so as well. If anyone under him either became too skeptical or too convinced of one particular theory, they soon found themselves off the project".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, Ruppelt reported that he fired three personnel very early in the project because they were either "too pro" or "too con" one hypothesis or another. Ruppelt sought the advice of many scientists and experts, and issued regular <a href="/wiki/Press_releases" class="mw-redirect" title="Press releases">press releases</a> (along with classified monthly reports for military intelligence). </p><p>Each U.S. Air Force Base had a Blue Book officer to collect UFO reports and forward them to Ruppelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Blum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most of Ruppelt's tenure, he and his team were authorized to interview any and all military personnel who witnessed UFOs and were not required to follow the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>. This unprecedented authority underlined the seriousness of Blue Book's investigation. </p><p>Under Ruppelt's direction, Blue Book investigated a number of well-known UFO cases, including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights</a>, and a widely publicized 1952 radar/visual case over <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Vallée">Jacques Vallée</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruppelt started the trend, largely followed by later Blue Book investigations, of not giving serious consideration to numerous reports of UFO landings and/or interaction with purported UFO occupants. </p><p>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a> was the scientific consultant of the project. He had been with Projects Sign and Grudge. He worked for the project up to its termination and initially created the categorization which has been extended and is known today as <a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounters</a>. He was a pronounced skeptic when he started, but said that his feelings changed to a more wavering skepticism during the research, after encountering a minority of UFO reports he thought were unexplainable. </p><p>Ruppelt left Blue Book in February 1953 for a temporary reassignment. He returned a few months later to find his staff reduced from more than ten, to two subordinates. Frustrated, Ruppelt suggested that an Air Defense Command unit (the 4602nd Air Intelligence Service Squadron) be charged with UFO investigations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robertson_Panel">Robertson Panel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Robertson Panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel</a></div> <p>In July 1952, after a build-up of hundreds of sightings over the previous few months, a series of radar detections coincident with visual sightings were observed near the National Airport in Washington, D.C. (see <a href="/wiki/1952_Washington_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington D.C. UFO incident">1952 Washington D.C. UFO incident</a>). </p><p>After much publicity, these sightings led the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> to establish a panel of scientists headed by <a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">H. P. Robertson</a>, a physicist of the California Institute of Technology, which included various physicists, meteorologists, and engineers, and one astronomer (Hynek). The Robertson Panel first met on January 14, 1953 in order to formulate a response to the overwhelming public interest in UFOs. </p><p>Ruppelt, Hynek, and others presented the best evidence, including movie footage, that had been collected by Blue Book. After spending 12 hours reviewing 6 years of data, the Robertson Panel concluded that most UFO reports had prosaic explanations and that all could be explained with further investigation, which they deemed not worth the effort. </p><p>In their final report, they stressed that low-grade, unverifiable UFO reports were overloading intelligence channels, with the risk of missing a genuine conventional threat to the U.S. Therefore, they recommended the Air Force de-emphasize the subject of UFOs and embark on a debunking campaign to lessen public interest. They suggested debunkery through the mass media, including <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Productions</a>, and using psychologists, astronomers, and celebrities to ridicule the phenomenon and put forward prosaic explanations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, civilian UFO groups "should be watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking ... The apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is the conclusion of many researchers<sup id="cite_ref-Blum_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Robertson Panel was recommending controlling public opinion through a program of official propaganda and spying. They also believe these recommendations helped shape Air Force policy regarding UFO study not only immediately afterward, but also into the present day. There is evidence that the Panel's recommendations were being carried out at least two decades after its conclusions were issued (see the main article for details and citations). </p><p>In December 1953, Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Regulation number 146 made it a crime for military personnel to discuss classified UFO reports with unauthorized persons. Violators faced up to two years in prison and/or fines of up to $10,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_of_Robertson_Panel">Aftermath of Robertson Panel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath of Robertson Panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Project_Blue_Book" title="Special:EditPage/Project Blue Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Air_Force_Regulation_200-2,_Unidentified_Flying_Objects_Reporting" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Air Force Regulation 200-2, Unidentified Flying Objects Reporting">Air Force Regulation 200-2, Unidentified Flying Objects Reporting</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In his book (see external links) Ruppelt described the demoralization of the Blue Book staff and the stripping of their investigative duties following the Robertson Panel jurisdiction. </p><p>As an immediate consequence of the Robertson Panel recommendations, in February 1953, the Air Force issued Regulation 200-2, ordering air base officers to publicly discuss UFO incidents only if they were judged to have been solved, and to classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the public eye. </p><p>The same month, investigative duties started to be taken on by the newly formed 4602nd Air Intelligence Squadron (AISS) of the Air Defense Command. The 4602nd AISS was assigned the task of investigating only the most important UFO cases with intelligence or national security implications. These cases were deliberately siphoned away from Blue Book, leaving Blue Book to deal with the more trivial reports. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining">Nathan Twining</a>, who started Project Sign in 1947, was now Air Force Chief of Staff. In August 1954, he was to further codify the responsibilities of the 4602nd AISS by issuing an updated Air Force Regulation 200-2. In addition, UFOs (called "UFOBs") were defined as "any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object." Investigation of UFOs was stated to be for the purposes of national security and to ascertain "technical aspects." AFR 200-2 again stated that Blue Book could discuss UFO cases with the media only if they were regarded as having a conventional explanation. If they were unidentified, the media was to be told only that the situation was being analyzed. Blue Book was also ordered to reduce the number of unidentified to a minimum. </p><p>All this work was done secretly. The public face of Blue Book continued to be the official Air Force investigation of UFOs, but the reality was it had essentially been reduced to doing very few serious investigations and had become almost solely a public relations outfit with a debunking mandate. To cite one example, by the end of 1956, the number of cases listed as unsolved had dipped to barely 0.4 percent, from 20 to 30% only a few years earlier. </p><p>Eventually, Ruppelt requested reassignment; at his departure in August 1953, his staff had been reduced from more than ten (precise numbers of personnel varied) to just two subordinates and himself. His temporary replacement was a <a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncommissioned officer">noncommissioned officer</a>. Most who succeeded him as Blue Book director exhibited either apathy or outright hostility to the subject of UFOs or were hampered by a lack of funding and official support. </p><p>UFO investigators often regard Ruppelt's brief tenure at Blue Book as the high-water mark of public Air Force investigations of UFOs, when UFO investigations were treated seriously and had support at high levels.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Project Blue Book descended into a new "Dark Ages" from which many UFO investigators argue it never emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ruppelt later came to embrace the Blue Book perspective that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs; he even labeled the subject a "Space Age Myth". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Hardin_era">Captain Hardin era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Captain Hardin era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1954, Captain Charles Hardin was appointed the head of Blue Book; however, the 4602nd conducted most UFO investigations, and Hardin did not object. Ruppelt wrote that Hardin "thinks that anyone who is even interested [in UFOs] is crazy. They bore him."<sup id="cite_ref-clark468_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark468-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the Air Force decided that the goal of Blue Book should not be to investigate UFO reports but to minimize the number of unidentified UFO reports. By late 1956, the number of unidentified sightings had dropped from the 20–25% of the Ruppelt era to less than 1%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Gregory_era">Captain Gregory era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Captain Gregory era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain George T. Gregory took over as Blue Book's director in 1956. Clark writes that Gregory led Blue Book "in an even firmer anti-UFO direction than the apathetic Hardin."<sup id="cite_ref-clark468_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark468-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4602nd was dissolved, and the 1066th Air Intelligence Service Squadron was charged with UFO investigations. </p><p>In fact, there was actually little or no investigation of UFO reports; a revised AFR 200-2 issued during Gregory's tenure emphasized that unexplained UFO reports must be reduced to a minimum. </p><p>One way that Gregory reduced the number of unexplained UFOs was by simple reclassification. "Possible cases" became "probable", and "probable" cases were upgraded to certainties. By this logic, a <i>possible</i> <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> became a <i>probable</i> comet, while a probable comet was flatly declared to have been a misidentified comet. Similarly, if a witness reported an observation of an unusual balloon - <i>like</i> object, Blue Book usually classified it as a balloon, with no research and qualification. These procedures became standard for most of Blue Book's later investigations; see Hynek's comments below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_Friend_era">Major Friend era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major Friend era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lt. Col. Robert J. Friend was appointed the head of Blue Book in 1958. Friend made some attempts to reverse the direction Blue Book had taken since 1954. Clark writes that "Friend's efforts to upgrade the files and catalog sightings according to various observed statistics were frustrated by a lack of funding and assistance."<sup id="cite_ref-clark468_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark468-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heartened by Friend's efforts, Hynek organized the first of several meetings between Blue Book staffers and ATIC personnel in 1959. Hynek suggested that some older UFO reports should be reevaluated, with the ostensible aim of moving them from the "unknown" to the "identified" category. Hynek's plans came to naught. </p><p>During Friend's tenure, ATIC contemplated passing the oversight of Blue Book to another Air Force agency, but neither the Air Research and Development Center nor the Office of Information for the Secretary of the Air Force was interested. </p><p>In 1960, there were U.S. Congressional hearings regarding UFOs. Civilian UFO research group <a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">NICAP</a> had publicly charged Blue Book with covering up UFO evidence and had also acquired a few allies in the U.S. Congress. Blue Book was investigated by the Congress and the CIA, with critics - most notably, the civilian UFO group NICAP<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that Blue Book was lacking as a scientific study. In response, ATIC added personnel (increasing the total personnel to three military personnel, plus civilian secretaries) and increased Blue Book's budget. This seemed to mollify some of Blue Book's critics,<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was only temporary. A few years later (see below), the criticism would be even louder. </p><p>By the time he was transferred from Blue Book in 1963, Friend thought that Blue Book was effectively useless and ought to be dissolved, even if it caused an outcry amongst the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_Quintanilla_era">Major Quintanilla era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major Quintanilla era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major <a href="/wiki/Hector_Quintanilla" title="Hector Quintanilla">Hector Quintanilla</a> took over as Blue Book's leader in August 1963. He largely continued the debunking efforts, and it was under his direction that Blue Book received some of its sharpest criticism. UFO researcher Jerome Clark goes so far as to write that, by this time, Blue Book had "lost all credibility."<sup id="cite_ref-clark592_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark592-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicist and UFO researcher <a href="/wiki/James_E._McDonald" title="James E. McDonald">James E. McDonald</a> once flatly declared that Quintanilla was "not competent" from either a scientific or an investigative perspective,<sup id="cite_ref-Druffel63_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druffel63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he also stressed that Quintanilla "shouldn't be held accountable for it," as he was chosen for his position by a superior officer, and was following orders in directing Blue Book.<sup id="cite_ref-Druffel63_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druffel63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue Book's explanations of UFO reports were not universally accepted, however, and critics—including some scientists—suggested that Project Blue Book performed questionable research or, worse, was perpetrating <a href="/wiki/Cover_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover up">cover up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This criticism grew especially strong and widespread in the 1960s. </p><p>Take, for example, the many mostly nighttime UFO reports from the midwestern and southeastern United States in the summer of 1965: Witnesses in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> reported "multicolored lights" and large aerial objects shaped like <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> or diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oklahoma Highway Patrol reported that <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base" title="Tinker Air Force Base">Tinker Air Force Base</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>) had tracked up to four UFOs simultaneously, and that several of them had descended very rapidly: from about 22000 feet to about 4000 feet in just a few seconds,<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an action well beyond the capabilities of conventional aircraft of the era. John Shockley, a <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, reported that, using the state Weather Bureau <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, he tracked a number of odd aerial objects flying at altitudes between about 6000 and 9000 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other reports received wide publicity. </p><p>Project Blue Book officially determined<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the witnesses had mistaken <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> or bright <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>) for something else. </p><p>Blue Book's explanation was widely criticized as inaccurate. Robert Riser, director of the Oklahoma Science and Art Foundation <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a> offered a strongly worded rebuke of Project Blue Book that was widely circulated: "That is as far from the truth as you can get. These stars and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> are on the opposite side of the earth from Oklahoma City at this time of year. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> must have had its star finder upside-down during August".<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A newspaper editorial from the <i>Richmond News Leader</i> opined that "Attempts to dismiss the reported sightings under the rationale as exhibited by Project Bluebook  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] won't solve the mystery ... and serve only to heighten the suspicion that there's something out there that the air force doesn't want us to know about",<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a Wichita-based <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a> reporter noted that "Ordinary radar does not pick up planets and stars".<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another case that Blue Book's critics seized upon was the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portage_County_UFO_Chase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portage County UFO Chase (page does not exist)">Portage County UFO Chase</a>, which began at about 5.00 am, near <a href="/wiki/Ravenna,_Ohio" title="Ravenna, Ohio">Ravenna, Ohio</a> on April 17, 1966. Police officers Dale Spaur and Wilbur Neff spotted what they described as a disc-shaped, silvery object with a bright light emanating from its underside, at about 1000 feet in altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began following the object (which they reported sometimes descended as low as 50 feet), and police from several other jurisdictions were involved in the pursuit. The chase ended about 30 minutes later near <a href="/wiki/Freedom,_Pennsylvania" title="Freedom, Pennsylvania">Freedom, Pennsylvania</a>, some 85 miles away. </p><p>The UFO chase made national news, and the police submitted detailed reports to Blue Book. Five days later, following brief interviews with only one of the police officers (but none of the other ground witnesses), Blue Book's director, Major <a href="/wiki/Hector_Quintanilla" title="Hector Quintanilla">Hector Quintanilla</a>, announced their conclusions: The police (one of them an Air Force gunner during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>) had first chased a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>, then the planet Venus. </p><p>This conclusion was widely derided,<sup id="cite_ref-clark_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and police officers strenuously rejected it. In his dissenting conclusion, Hynek described Blue Book's conclusions as absurd: in their reports, several of the police had unknowingly described the Moon, Venus <i>and</i> the UFO, though they unknowingly described Venus as a bright "star" very near the Moon. Ohio Congressman <a href="/wiki/J._William_Stanton" title="J. William Stanton">William Stanton</a> said that "The Air Force has suffered a great loss of prestige in this community ... Once people entrusted with the public welfare no longer think the people can handle the truth, then the people, in return, will no longer trust the government". </p><p>In September 1968, Hynek received a letter from Colonel Raymond Sleeper of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Technology_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Technology Division">Foreign Technology Division</a>. Sleeper noted that Hynek had publicly accused Blue Book of shoddy science, and further asked Hynek to offer advice on how Blue Book could improve its scientific methods. Hynek was to later declare that Sleeper's letter was "the first time in my 20 year association with the air force as scientific consultant that I had been officially asked for criticism and advice [regarding] ... the UFO problem".<sup id="cite_ref-clark477_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark477-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hynek wrote a detailed response, dated October 7, 1968, suggesting several areas where Blue Book could improve. In part, he wrote: </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-latin"><li>... neither of the two missions of Blue Book [determining if UFOs are a threat to national security and using scientific data gathered by Blue Book] are being adequately executed.</li><li>The staff of Blue Book, both in numbers and in scientific training, is grossly inadequate ...</li><li>Blue Book suffers ... in that it is a closed system ... there is virtually no scientific dialogue between Blue Book and the outside scientific world ...</li><li>The <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> methods employed by Blue Book are nothing less than a travesty.</li><li>There has been a lack of attention to significant UFO cases ... and too much time spent on routine cases ... and on peripheral public relations tasks. Concentration could be on two or three potentially scientific significant cases per month [instead of being] spread thin over 40 to 70 cases per month.</li><li>The information input to Blue Book is grossly inadequate. An impossible load is placed on Blue Book by the almost consistent failure of UFO officers at local air bases to transmit adequate information ...</li><li>The basic attitude and approach within Blue Book is illogical and unscientific ...</li><li>Inadequate use had been made of the Project scientific consultant [Hynek himself]. Only cases that the <i>project monitor</i> deems worthwhile are brought to his attention. His scope of operation ... has been consistently thwarted ... He often learns of interesting cases only a month or two after the receipt of the report at Blue Book.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> <p>Despite Sleeper's request for criticism, none of Hynek's commentary resulted in any substantial changes in Blue Book. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Quintanilla" title="Hector Quintanilla">Quintanilla's</a> own perspective on the project is documented in his manuscript, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062106/http://nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf">UFOs, An Air Force Dilemma</a>." Lt. Col Quintanilla wrote the manuscript in 1975, but it was not published until after his death in 1998. Quintanilla states in the text that he personally believed it arrogant to think human beings were the only intelligent life in the universe. Yet, while he found it highly likely that intelligent life existed beyond earth, he had no hard evidence of any extraterrestrial visitation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_hearing">Congressional hearing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congressional hearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, a string of UFO sightings in Massachusetts and New Hampshire provoked a Congressional Hearing by the House Committee on Armed Services.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to attachments to the hearing, the Air Force had at first stated that the sightings were the result of a training exercise happening in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But NICAP, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, reported that there was no record of a plane flying at the time the sightings occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another report alleged that the UFO was actually a flying billboard advertising gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raymond Fowler (of NICAP) added his own interviews with the locals, who saw Air Force officers confiscating newspapers with the story of UFOs and telling them not to report what they had seen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two police officers who had witnessed the UFOs, Eugene Bertrand and David Hunt, wrote a letter to Major Quintanilla stating that they felt their reputations were destroyed by the Air Force. "It was impossible to mistake what we saw for any kind of military operation, regardless of altitude," the irritated officers wrote, adding that there was no way it could have been a balloon or helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Secretary Harold Brown of the Air Force, Blue Book consisted of three steps: investigation, analysis, and the distribution of information gathered to interested parties.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Brown gave permission, the press were invited into the hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the hearing, Blue Book had identified and explained 95% of the reported UFO sightings. None of these were extraterrestrial or a threat to national security.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown himself proclaimed, "I know of no one of scientific standing or executive standing with a detailed knowledge of this, in our organization who believes that they came from extraterrestrial sources."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a>, a science consultant to Blue Book, suggested in an unedited statement that a "civilian panel of physical and social scientists" be formed "for the express purpose of determining whether a major problem really exist" in regards to UFOs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hynek remarked that he has "not seen any evidence to confirm" extraterrestrials, "nor do I know any competent scientist who has, or who believes that any kind of extraterrestrial intelligence is involved."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condon_Committee">Condon Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Condon Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Committee</a></div> <p>Criticism of Blue Book continued to grow through the mid-1960s. <a href="/wiki/NICAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NICAP">NICAP</a>'s membership ballooned to about 15,000, and the group charged the U.S. Government with a <a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">cover-up</a> of UFO evidence. </p><p>Following U.S. Congressional hearings, the <a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Committee</a> was established in 1966, ostensibly as a neutral scientific research body. However, the Committee became mired in controversy, with some members charging director <a href="/wiki/Edward_U._Condon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward U. Condon">Edward U. Condon</a> with bias, and critics would question the validity and the scientific rigor of the Condon Report. </p><p>In the end, the Condon Committee suggested that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs, and while it left a minority of cases unexplained, the report also argued that further research would not be likely to yield significant results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End">End</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the Condon Committee's conclusions, Secretary of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Seamans,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Seamans, Jr.">Robert C. Seamans, Jr.</a> announced that Blue Book would soon be closed because further funding "cannot be justified either on the grounds of national security or in the interest of science."<sup id="cite_ref-clark480_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark480-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last publicly acknowledged day of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, researcher Brad Sparks,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing research from the May 1970 issue of NICAP's <i>UFO Investigator</i>, reports that the last day of Blue Book activity was actually January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem from overlapping into a fourth decade, and thus altered the date of Blue Book's closure in official files. </p><p>Blue Book's files were sent to the Air Force Archives at <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base" title="Maxwell Air Force Base">Maxwell Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Major David Shea was to later claim that Maxwell was chosen because it was "accessible yet not too inviting."<sup id="cite_ref-clark480_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark480-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, Project Blue Book stated that UFOs sightings were generated as a result of: </p> <ul><li>A mild form of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a>.</li> <li>Individuals who fabricate such reports to perpetrate a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a> or seek publicity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathological">Psychopathological</a> persons.</li> <li>Misidentification of various conventional objects.</li></ul> <p>In April 2003, the USAF publicly indicated that there were no immediate plans to re-establish any official government UFO study programs.<sup id="cite_ref-usaf_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaf-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2017 it was disclosed that a new secret UFO study titled the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program</a> (AATIP) was funded at 22 million dollars from 2007 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171216_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171216-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USAF_official_statement_on_UFOs">USAF official statement on UFOs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: USAF official statement on UFOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the United States Air Force's official statement regarding UFOs, as noted in USAF Fact Sheet 95-03:<sup id="cite_ref-usaf_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaf-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From 1947 to 1969, the Air Force investigated Unidentified Flying Objects under Project Blue Book. The project, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a>, Ohio, was terminated on December 17, 1969. Of a total of 12,618 sightings reported to Project Blue Book, 701 remained "unidentified." </p><p>The decision to discontinue UFO investigations was based on an evaluation of a report prepared by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado</a> entitled, "<a href="/wiki/Condon_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Condon Report">Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects</a>;" a review of the University of Colorado's report by the National Academy of Sciences; previous UFO studies and Air Force experience investigating UFO reports during 1940 to 1969. </p><p>As a result of these investigations, studies and experience gained from investigating UFO reports since 1948, the conclusions of Project Blue Book were: </p> <ol><li>No UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.</li> <li>There has been no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represent technological developments or principles beyond the range of present-day scientific knowledge.</li> <li>There has been no evidence indicating the sightings categorized as "unidentified" are extraterrestrial vehicles.</li></ol> <p>With the termination of Project Blue Book, the Air Force regulation establishing and controlling the program for investigating and analyzing UFOs was rescinded. Documentation regarding the former Blue Book investigation was permanently transferred to the Modern Military Branch, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> and Records Service, and is available for public review and analysis. </p><p>Since the termination of Project Blue Book, nothing has occurred that would support a resumption of UFO investigations by the Air Force. </p><p> There are a number of universities and professional scientific organizations that have considered UFO phenomena during periodic meetings and seminars. A list of private organizations interested in aerial phenomena may be found in "Encyclopaedia of Associations", published by Gale Research. Interest in and timely review of UFO reports by private groups ensures that sound evidence is not overlooked by the scientific community. Persons wishing to report UFO sightings should be advised to contact local law enforcement agencies.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Blue_Book_U.S.A.F._UFO_activities">Post-Blue Book U.S.A.F. UFO activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Blue Book U.S.A.F. UFO activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Air Force memorandum (released via the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>) dated October 20, 1969, and signed by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> Carroll H. "Rip" Bolender (the Deputy Director of Development and Acquisitions under the Air Force's Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Development) states that even after Blue Book was dissolved, that "reports of UFOs" would still "continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedure designed for this purpose." Furthermore, wrote Bolender, "Reports of unidentified flying objects which could affect national security ... are not part of the Blue Book system."<sup id="cite_ref-Randles179_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randles179-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, these other investigation channels, agencies or groups (and Bolender's involvement therein) are unknown. Upon drafting the memo, Bolender, who assumed his generalship in 1965, had recently completed a detached tour as Program Manager for <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Excursion_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Excursion Module">Lunar Excursion Module</a> Operations in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, likely reporting to fellow detached Air Force officer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a>. He would continue to serve in this position and rank until he retired from the Air Force in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, author Howard Blum reports<sup id="cite_ref-Blum_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> requests show that the U.S. Air Force has continued to catalog and track UFO sightings, particularly a series of dozens of UFO encounters from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s that occurred at U.S. military facilities with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. Blum writes that some of these official documents depart drastically from the normally dry and bureaucratic wording of government paperwork, making obvious the sense of "terror" that these UFO incidents inspired in many U.S.A.F. personnel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14">Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Project_Blue_Book" title="Special:EditPage/Project Blue Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In late December 1951, Ruppelt met with members of the <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a>, a think tank based in Columbus, Ohio. Ruppelt wanted their experts to assist them in making the Air Force UFO study more scientific. It was the Battelle Institute that devised the standardized reporting form. Starting in late March 1952, the Institute started analyzing existing sighting reports and encoding about 30 report characteristics onto <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Punched_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">punched cards</a> for computer analysis. </p><p>Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 was their massive statistical analysis of Blue Book cases to date, some 3200 by the time the report was completed in 1954, after Ruppelt had left Blue Book. Even today, it represents the largest such study ever undertaken. Battelle employed four scientific analysts, who sought to divide cases into "knowns", "unknowns", and a third category of "insufficient information." They also broke down knowns and unknowns into four categories of quality, from excellent to poor. E.g., cases deemed excellent might typically involve experienced witnesses such as airline pilots or trained military personnel, multiple witnesses, corroborating evidence such as radar contact or photographs, etc. In order for a case to be deemed a "known", only two analysts had to independently agree on a solution. However, for a case to be called an "unknown", all four analysts had to agree. Thus the criterion for an "unknown" was quite stringent. </p><p>In addition, sightings were broken down into six different characteristics—color, number, duration of observation, brightness, shape, and speed and then these characteristics were compared between knowns and unknowns to see if there was a statistically significant difference. </p><p>The main results of the statistical analysis were: </p> <ul><li>About 69% of the cases were judged known or identified (38% were considered conclusively identified while 31% were still "doubtfully" explained); about 9% fell into insufficient information. About 22% were deemed "unknown", down from the earlier 28% value of the Air Force studies.</li> <li>In the known category, 86% of the knowns were aircraft, balloons, or had astronomical explanations. Only 1.5% of all cases were judged to be psychological or "<a href="/wiki/Crackpot_(person)" title="Crackpot (person)">crackpot</a>" cases. A "miscellaneous" category comprised 8% of all cases and included possible hoaxes.</li> <li>The higher the quality of the case, the more likely it was to be classified unknown. 35% of the excellent cases were deemed unknowns, as opposed to only 18% of the poorest cases.</li></ul> <p>(More detailed statistics can be found at <a href="/wiki/Identified_flying_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Identified flying object">Identified flying objects</a>.) </p><p>Despite this, the summary section of the Battelle Institute's final report declared it was "highly improbable that any of the reports of unidentified aerial objects ... represent observations of technological developments outside the range of present-day knowledge." A number of researchers, including <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Maccabee" title="Bruce Maccabee">Bruce Maccabee</a>, who extensively reviewed the data, have noted that the conclusions of the analysts were usually at odds with their own statistical results, displayed in 240 charts, tables, graphs and maps. Some conjecture that the analysts may simply have had trouble accepting their own results or may have written the conclusions to satisfy the new political climate within Blue Book following the Robertson Panel. </p><p>When the Air Force finally made Special Report #14 public in October 1955, it was claimed that the report scientifically proved that UFOs did not exist. Critics of this claim note that the report actually proved that the "unknowns" were distinctly different from the "knowns" at a very high <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a> level. The Air Force also incorrectly claimed that only 3% of the cases studied were unknowns, instead of the actual 22%. They further claimed that the residual 3% would probably disappear if more complete data were available. Critics counter that this ignored the fact that the analysts had already thrown such cases into the category of "insufficient information", whereas both "knowns" and "unknowns" were deemed to have sufficient information to make a determination. Also, the "unknowns" tended to represent the higher quality cases, q.e. reports that already had better information and witnesses. </p><p>The result of the monumental BMI study was echoed by a 1979 French <a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEPAN</a> report which stated that about a quarter of over 1,600 closely studied UFO cases defied explanation, stating, in part, "These cases ... pose a real question."<sup id="cite_ref-Randles2202_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randles2202-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When GEPAN's successor <a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">SEPRA</a> closed in 2004, 5800 cases had been analyzed, and the percentage of inexplicable unknowns had dropped to about 14%. The head of SEPRA, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Velasco (page does not exist)">Jean-Jacques Velasco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Velasco" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Jacques Velasco">fr</a>]</span>, found the evidence of extraterrestrial origins so convincing in these remaining unknowns, that he wrote a book about it in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hynek was an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel</a>, which recommended that UFOs needed <a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">debunking</a>. A few years later, however, Hynek claimed that Air Force personnel were indifferent, incompetent, and conducted shoddy research. Hynek notes that during its existence, critics dubbed Blue Book "The Society for the Explanation of the Uninvestigated."<sup id="cite_ref-Hynek180_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynek180-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding Ruppelt, Hynek wrote, "In my contacts with him I found him to be honest and seriously puzzled about the whole phenomenon,"<sup id="cite_ref-Hynek175_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynek175-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Friend he wrote, "Of all the officers I worked with in Blue Book, Colonel Friend earned my respect [and] conducted himself with dignity and a total lack of the bombast that characterized several of the other Blue Book heads."<sup id="cite_ref-Hynek187_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynek187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hynek claimed that Quintanilla "disregard[ed] any evidence that was counter to his hypothesis."<sup id="cite_ref-Hynek103_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynek103-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hynek also reported bitter exchanges with Moody, describing Moody as "the master of the possible: possible balloon, possible aircraft, possible birds, which then became, by his own hand (and I argued with him violently at times) the probable." </p><p>Author and columnist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer" title="Robert Sheaffer">Robert Sheaffer</a> has written that Project Blue Book "amassed 12,618 reports, and none of them amounted to anything significant, or added to our knowledge of any subject, even after more than 50 years of investigation."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Blue_Book_in_fiction">Project Blue Book in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Project Blue Book in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_UFO"><i>Project UFO</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Project UFO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webb" title="Jack Webb">Jack Webb</a> produced and narrated <i><a href="/wiki/Project_UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="Project UFO">Project UFO</a></i>, a 1978-79 TV series based on Project Blue Book (though shifting the investigation to the present day rather than its original 1950s-60s era.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No citations at all in new sub-section (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The series followed two Air Force investigators, <a href="/wiki/William_Jordan_(actor)" title="William Jordan (actor)">William Jordan</a> as Major Jake Gatlin (replaced in the second season by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(actor)" title="Edward Winter (actor)">Edward Winter</a> as Major Ben Ryan), and <a href="/wiki/Caskey_Swaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Caskey Swaim">Caskey Swaim</a> as Staff Sergeant (later Technical Sergeant) Harry Fitz, covering a wide variety of UFO incidents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No citations at all in new sub-section (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A former Project Blue Book officer served as the technical advisor for the series. Each episode ended with the statement "The United States Air Force, after twenty-two years of investigations, concluded that none of the unidentified flying objects reported and evaluated posed a threat to our national security." superimposed over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USAF_seal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USAF seal (page does not exist)">USAF seal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No citations at all in new sub-section (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_Peaks"><i>Twin Peaks</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Twin Peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project Blue Book played a major role in the second season of the 1990–1991 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Major_Garland_Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Garland Briggs">Major Garland Briggs</a>, an Air Force officer who worked on the program, approaches protagonist <a href="/wiki/Dale_Cooper" title="Dale Cooper">Dale Cooper</a> and reveals that Cooper's name turned up in an otherwise nonsensical radio transmission intercepted by the Air Force, which inexplicably originated from the woods surrounding the town of Twin Peaks. As the season progresses, it is revealed that the source of the transmission is the transdimensional realm of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Lodge">Black Lodge</a>, inhabited by beings which feed on the human emotions of pain and suffering; it eventually comes out that Briggs worked with Cooper's rival, corrupt FBI agent <a href="/wiki/Windom_Earle" class="mw-redirect" title="Windom Earle">Windom Earle</a>, on Project Blue Book, and that the two men apparently uncovered evidence of the Lodge during the course of their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galactica_1980"><i>Galactica 1980</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Galactica 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every episode of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> spin-off series <i><a href="/wiki/Galactica_1980" title="Galactica 1980">Galactica 1980</a></i> ended with a short statement about the U.S. Air Force's 1969 Project Blue Book findings that UFOs are not proven to exist and "are not a threat to national security". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Blue_Book_(2019)"><span id="Project_Blue_Book_.282019.29"></span><i>Project Blue Book</i> (2019)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Project Blue Book (2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project Blue Book is the inspiration for the drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_(TV_series)" title="Project Blue Book (TV series)">Project Blue Book</a></i>, which began airing on the <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a> in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-History_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aviation_Threat_Identification_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO conspiracy theory">UFO conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719123429/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=188&page=1">"Unidentified Flying Objects and Air Force Project Blue Book"</a> URL accessed February 21, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nro.gov/foia/NRO_RRG_redacted.PDF">"National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide: Appendix C – Glossary of Code Words and Terms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Reconnaissance Office. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Reconnaissance+Office+Review+and+Redaction+Guide%3A+Appendix+C+%E2%80%93+Glossary+of+Code+Words+and+Terms&rft.pub=National+Reconnaissance+Office&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnro.gov%2Ffoia%2FNRO_RRG_redacted.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104590/unidentified-flying-objects-and-air-force-project-blue-book/">"Unidentified Flying Objects and Air Force Project Blue Book"</a>. <i>U.S. Air Force</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Air+Force&rft.atitle=Unidentified+Flying+Objects+and+Air+Force+Project+Blue+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FAbout-Us%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F104590%2Funidentified-flying-objects-and-air-force-project-blue-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruppelt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruppelt_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppelt1960" class="citation book cs1">Ruppelt, Edward J (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17346/pg17346-images.html"><i>The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects</i></a> (2nd ed.). Doubleday & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report+on+Unidentified+Flying+Objects&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ruppelt&rft.aufirst=Edward+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F17346%2Fpg17346-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swords103-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swords103_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Swords; "UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era", pp. 82–121 in "UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge" David M. Jacobs, editor; 2000, University Press of Kansas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700610324" title="Special:BookSources/0700610324">0700610324</a>; p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Clark, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swords102-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swords102_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Swords; "UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era", p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209172010/http://www.nicap.dabsol.co.uk/51-69.htm">"Project Blue Book 1951–1969"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicap.dabsol.co.uk/51-69.htm">the original</a> on December 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Blue+Book+1951%E2%80%931969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicap.dabsol.co.uk%2F51-69.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blum_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blum_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blum_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, Howard, <i>Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Vallee, <i>Passport to Magonia: On UFOs, Folklore and Parallel Worlds</i> (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2010" class="citation book cs1">Pilkington, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ&q=%22walt+disney%22+ufo*+alien*+1955"><i>Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 193–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849012409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849012409"><bdi>978-1849012409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirage+Men%3A+A+Journey+into+Disinformation%2C+Paranoia+and+UFOs.&rft.pages=193-194&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1849012409&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ3BBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522walt%2Bdisney%2522%2Bufo%2A%2Balien%2A%2B1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, 1998; Detroit: Visible Ink Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1578590299" title="Special:BookSources/1578590299">1578590299</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark468-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark468_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark468_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark468_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, p. 468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark592-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark592_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, p. 592</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druffel63-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Druffel63_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druffel63_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Druffel; <i>Firestorm: Dr. James E. McDonald's Fight for UFO Science</i>; 2003, Wild Flower Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0926524585" title="Special:BookSources/0926524585">0926524585</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark477-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark477_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, p. 477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, 1998; Detroit: Visible Ink Press, pp. 478–479; emphasis as in original</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf">http://www.nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062106/http://nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | Quintanilla, H. (1974). UFOs, An Air Force Dilemma.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Unidentified Flying Objects." (No. 55) Electronic Record. Hearing Committee of Armed Services of the House of Representatives. 89th Congress, Second Session. 5 April 1966. (50-066 O) U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/result/pqpresultpage.gispdfhitspanel.pdflink/http%3A$2f$2fprod.cosmos.dc4.bowker-dmz.com$2fapp-bin$2fgis-hearing$2fb$2f3$2f6$2fd$2fhrg-1966-ash-0008_from_1_to_87.pdf/entitlementkeys=1234%7Capp-gis%7Chearing%7Chrg-1966-ash-0008">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pentagon Doesn't Believe UFO Exeter Sightings." Excerpt from <i>italic</i> Haverhill Gazette <i>italic</i>. 25 October 1965. in Fowler, Raymond E. Addendum IIA. NICAP Massachusetts Subcommittee. In "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Raymond E. Addendum IV, UFO Report, 3 Sept. 1965. NICAP Massachusetts Subcommittee. In "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6015–6016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"UFO Identified as Ad Gimmick." <i>italics</i> Amesbury News <i>italics</i>. 6 October 1965. In Fowler, Raymond E. Addendum IV, UFO Report, 3 September 1965. 6016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Raymond. "UFO Summary Sheet. (UFO Reports – Sept. 3, 1966). In Addendum IV, UFO Report, 3 Sept. 1965. 6020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand, Eugene, and Hunt, David. Letter to Major Hector Quintanilla, Jr. 2 Dec. 1965. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH. In "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6039–6040.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Harold. "Unidentified Flying Objects." 5992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, Mendel. "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Harold. "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hynek, J. Allen. "Unidentified Flying Objects." 6008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hynek."Unidentified Flying Objects. 6046.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark480-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark480_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark480_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Clark, <i>The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial</i>, p. 480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project1947.com/shg/proceedings/shgproceed1.pdf">Proceedings of the Sign Historical Group UFO History Workshop</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usaf-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usaf_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usaf_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030624053806/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=188">USAF Fact Sheet 95-03</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20171216-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20171216_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperBlumenthalKean2017" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene; Blumenthal, Ralph; Kean, Lesie (December 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html">"Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Glowing+Auras+and+%27Black+Money%27%3A+The+Pentagon%27s+Mysterious+U.F.O.+Program&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Kean%2C+Lesie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fpentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randles179-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randles179_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Randles" title="Jenny Randles">Jenny Randles</a> and Peter Houghe; <i>The Complete Book of UFOs: An Investigation into Alien Contact and Encounters</i>; Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806981326" title="Special:BookSources/0806981326">0806981326</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19950807-1995-08-07-9508070124-story.html">"Daily Press: Hampton Roads News, Virginia News & Videos"</a>. August 7, 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Press%3A+Hampton+Roads+News%2C+Virginia+News+%26+Videos&rft.date=1995-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2Fnews%2Fdp-xpm-19950807-1995-08-07-9508070124-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randles2202-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randles2202_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Randles" title="Jenny Randles">Jenny Randles</a> and Peter Houghe; <i>The Complete Book of UFOs: An Investigation into Alien Contact and Encounters</i>; Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806981326" title="Special:BookSources/0806981326">0806981326</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynek180-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynek180_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Allen Hynek; <i>The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry</i>; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynek175-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynek175_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Allen Hynek; <i>The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry</i>; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynek187-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynek187_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Allen Hynek; <i>The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry</i>; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynek103-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynek103_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Allen Hynek; <i>The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry</i>; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaeffer" class="citation web cs1">Shaeffer, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://badufos.blogspot.com/">"Do Pilots Make 'Relatively Poor' Witnesses?"</a>. <i>Bad UFOs: Skepticism, UFOs, and The Universe</i>. Robert Sheaffer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bad+UFOs%3A+Skepticism%2C+UFOs%2C+and+The+Universe&rft.atitle=Do+Pilots+Make+%27Relatively+Poor%27+Witnesses%3F&rft.aulast=Shaeffer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbadufos.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Blue+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/shows/project-blue-book/about">Project Blue Book – About</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Blue_Book&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt9wI2xZEXA"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Gen. John Samford Announces Project Blue Book Findings</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011185942/http://bluebookarchive.org/">Project Blue Book Archive</a> Online version of USAF Project Blue Book microfilm</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicap.org/rufo/contents.htm"><i>The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects</i> – Edward J. Ruppelt</a> The book on-line</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Project%20Blue%20Book%20(UFO)%20">Project Blue Book in FBI's FOIA reading room</a> A summary of the project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fold3.com/title/461/project-blue-book-ufo-investigations">Fold3 Project Blue Book Archive</a> View the unclassified Project Blue Book documents from the National Archives (NARA) from their microfilm collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212031053/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=188">Official U.S. Air Force factsheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133437/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/ufo/index.html">Informal Dept of Defense collection of references on the web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluebook">10,000 collected Project Blue Book reports</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurityarchive?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Project%20Blue%20Book%22">Individual Project Blue Book reports</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Project%20Blue%20Book%20%28UFO%29%20">FBI Records: The Vault – Project Blue Book (UFO)</a> at vault.fbi.gov</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> US military projects investigating the UFO phenomenon </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UFOs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFOs" title="Template:UFOs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs" title="Template talk:UFOs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UFOs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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