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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Area+51" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Area+51" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Area_51" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_51"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Area 51</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_51-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groom_Lake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groom_Lake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Groom Lake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groom_Lake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U-2_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-2_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>U-2 program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-2_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OXCART_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OXCART_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>OXCART program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OXCART_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D-21_Tagboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D-21_Tagboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>D-21 Tagboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D-21_Tagboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_technology_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_technology_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Foreign technology evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_technology_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Have_Blue/F-117_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Have_Blue/F-117_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Have Blue/F-117 program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Have_Blue/F-117_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._government's_positions_on_Area_51" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government's_positions_on_Area_51"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>U.S. government's positions on Area 51</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government's_positions_on_Area_51-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Environmental lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_aviation_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_aviation_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Civil aviation identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_aviation_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1974_Skylab_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974_Skylab_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1974 Skylab photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974_Skylab_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_shooting_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_shooting_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2019 shooting incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_shooting_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFO_and_other_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFO_and_other_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>UFO and other conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFO_and_other_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Area 51</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_51" title="المنطقة 51 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنطقة 51" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/51-ci_%C9%99razi" title="51-ci ərazi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="51-ci ərazi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A7" title="এরিয়া ৫১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এরিয়া ৫১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_51" title="Зона 51 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зона 51" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_51" title="Зона 51 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зона 51" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_51" title="Àrea 51 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea 51" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_51" title="Oblast 51 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oblast 51" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardal_51" title="Ardal 51 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ardal 51" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_51" title="Περιοχή 51 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιοχή 51" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_51" title="Área 51 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Área 51" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areo_51" title="Areo 51 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Areo 51" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_eremua" title="51 eremua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="51 eremua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%DB%B5%DB%B1" title="منطقه ۵۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه ۵۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_51" title="Zone 51 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone 51" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE_51" title="એરિયા 51 – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એરિયા 51" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/51%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD" title="51구역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="51구역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB_51" title="Գոտի 51 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոտի 51" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_51" title="एरिया 51 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एरिया 51" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podru%C4%8Dje_51" title="Područje 51 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Područje 51" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_51" title="אזור 51 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור 51" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_51" title="ಏರಿಯಾ 51 – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏರಿಯಾ 51" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/51-%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="51-аймақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="51-аймақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/51._zona" title="51. zona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="51. zona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/51-es_k%C3%B6rzet" title="51-es körzet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="51-es körzet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_51" title="Област 51 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Област 51" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%81%85%E1%81%81" title="ဧရိယာ ၅၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဧရိယာ ၅၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A251" title="エリア51 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリア51" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_51" title="ایریا 51 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایریا 51" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_51" title="Strefa 51 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa 51" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_51" title="Área 51 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Área 51" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_51" title="Zona 51 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zona 51" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_51" title="Зона 51 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зона 51" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_51" title="Zona 51 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zona 51" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_51" title="ඒරියා 51 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒරියා 51" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A5%D9%A1" title="ناوچەی ٥١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی ٥١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_51" title="Област 51 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Област 51" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_51" title="Oblast 51 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oblast 51" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Area 51" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_51" title="ஏரியா 51 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏரியா 51" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_51" title="แอเรีย 51 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอเรีย 51" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/51._B%C3%B6lge" title="51. Bölge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="51. Bölge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_51" title="Зона 51 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зона 51" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_51" title="ایریا 51 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایریا 51" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_51" title="Àrea 51 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àrea 51" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_51" title="Khu vực 51 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu vực 51" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/51%E5%8C%BA" title="51区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="51区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/51%E5%8D%80" title="51區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="51區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/51%E5%8C%BA" title="51区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="51区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Area_51" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Area_51"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Area_51&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Area_51&params=37_14_0_N_115_48_30_W_region:US-NV_type:airport"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°14′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">115°48′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.23333°N 115.80833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.23333; -115.80833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Area_51_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Area 51 (disambiguation)">Area 51 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Groom Lake" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Groom_Lake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Groom Lake (disambiguation)">Groom Lake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Homey Airport</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label">Near <a href="/wiki/Rachel,_Lincoln_County,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel, Lincoln County, Nevada">Rachel, Lincoln County, Nevada</a> in United States</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentinel-Homey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite image taken in 2022 captured by Sentinel-2 of ESA showing the base with Groom Lake just to the north-northeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sentinel-Homey.png/250px-Sentinel-Homey.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sentinel-Homey.png/375px-Sentinel-Homey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sentinel-Homey.png/500px-Sentinel-Homey.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1249" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">satellite image</a> taken in 2022 captured by <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> of <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> showing the base with Groom Lake just to the north-northeast</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg/75px-Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg/113px-Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg/150px-Air_Force_Materiel_Command_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homey Airport is located in the United States"><img alt="Homey Airport is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.732%;left:16.234%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Homey Airport"><img alt="Homey Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Homey Airport</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Area_51&params=37_14_0_N_115_48_30_W_region:US-NV_type:airport"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°14′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">115°48′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.23333°N 115.80833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.23333; -115.80833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Development and testing facility</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1955<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1955</span>)</span> (as Paradise Ranch)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">1955–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a> (2019)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Garrison</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Test_Center" title="Air Force Test Center">Air Force Test Center</a> (Detachment 3)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Airfield information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Identifiers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Civil Aviation Organization airport code">ICAO</a>: KXTA, <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#FAA_identifier" title="Location identifier">FAA LID</a>: XTA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">4,494 feet (1,370 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">AMSL</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #ddd"> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 1px 0;">Runways</th> </tr><tr style="background-color: #ddd; text-align: left;"> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; width: 25%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 0;padding:1px 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Runway#Orientation_and_dimensions" title="Runway">Direction</a></th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; width: 75%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 0 0 1px;padding:1px 2px;">Length and surface</th> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">14L/32R<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align: left;">3,657 metres (11,998 ft) <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">12/30<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align: left;">1,652 metres (5,420 ft) paved</td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">09L/27R</td> <td style="text-align: left;">3,470 metres (11,385 ft) <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">09R/27L</td> <td style="text-align: left;">3,470 metres (11,385 ft) dry lake</td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">03L/21R</td> <td style="text-align: left;">3,048 metres (10,000 ft) dry lake</td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">03R/21L</td> <td style="text-align: left;">3,048 metres (10,000 ft) dry lake</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee"><b>Sources:</b> Jeppesen<sup id="cite_ref-Jeppesen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppesen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Area 51</b> is the common name of a highly classified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) facility within the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">Nevada Test and Training Range</a>. A remote detachment administered by <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, the facility is officially called <b>Homey Airport</b> (<a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <b>KXTA</b>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier" title="Location identifier">LID</a>: <b>XTA</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Jeppesen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppesen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Groom Lake</b> (after <a href="/wiki/Groom_Lake_(salt_flat)" title="Groom Lake (salt flat)">the salt flat</a> next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,<sup id="cite_ref-McAndrewsWaPo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrewsWaPo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichJanos199457_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichJanos199457-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McAndrewsWaPo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrewsWaPo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USAF and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> and a central component of <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying object</a> (UFO) folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201211–15,_320–321_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201211–15,_320–321-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lacitis20100327_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacitis20100327-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are <a href="/wiki/Top_Secret/Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information">Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information</a> (TS/SCI).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201265–66,_77–80_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201265–66,_77–80-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA publicly acknowledged the base's existence on 25 June 2013, following a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) request filed in 2005, and declassified documents detailing its history and purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Area 51 is located in the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, 83 miles (134 km) north-northwest of <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. The surrounding area is a popular tourist destination, including the small town of <a href="/wiki/Rachel,_Nevada" title="Rachel, Nevada">Rachel</a> on the "<a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Route_375" title="Nevada State Route 375">Extraterrestrial Highway</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_51">Area 51</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg/220px-Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg/330px-Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg/440px-Area51_Tikaboo_Peak_07.2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Area 51 viewed from distant <a href="/wiki/Tikaboo_Peak" title="Tikaboo Peak">Tikaboo Peak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The original rectangular base of 6 by 10 miles (10 by 16 km) is now part of the so-called "Groom box", a rectangular area, measuring 23 by 25 miles (37 by 40 km), of restricted airspace. The area is connected to the internal <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> (NTS) road network, with paved roads leading south to <a href="/wiki/Mercury,_Nevada" title="Mercury, Nevada">Mercury</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a>. Leading northeast from the lake, the wide and well-maintained Groom Lake Road runs through a pass in the Jumbled Hills. The road formerly led to mines in the Groom basin but has been improved since their closure. Its winding course runs past a security checkpoint, but the restricted area around the base extends farther east. After leaving the restricted area, Groom Lake Road descends eastward to the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Tikaboo_Valley" title="Tikaboo Valley">Tikaboo Valley</a>, passing the dirt-road entrances to several small ranches, before converging with <a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Route_375" title="Nevada State Route 375">State Route 375, the "Extraterrestrial Highway"</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Rachel,_Nevada" title="Rachel, Nevada">Rachel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Area 51 shares a border with the Yucca Flat region of the Nevada Test Site, the location of 739 of the 928 nuclear tests conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> at NTS.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndepmap_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndepmap-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a> is southwest of Groom Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groom_Lake">Groom Lake</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Groom_Lake_(salt_flat)" title="Groom Lake (salt flat)">Groom Lake</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a><sup id="cite_ref-LeibyWaPo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeibyWaPo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Nevada used for runways of the Nellis Bombing Range Test Site airport (XTA/KXTA) on the north of the Area 51 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> military installation. The lake at 4,409 ft (1,344 m) elevation is approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi (6 km) from north to south and 3 mi (5 km) from east to west at its widest point.<sup id="cite_ref-GNIS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located within the namesake Groom Lake Valley portion of the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonopah Basin">Tonopah Basin</a>, the lake is 25 mi (40 km) south of Rachel, Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NevadaTestRange_4808A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NevadaTestRange_4808A.png/220px-NevadaTestRange_4808A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NevadaTestRange_4808A.png/330px-NevadaTestRange_4808A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NevadaTestRange_4808A.png/440px-NevadaTestRange_4808A.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Nevada Test Range topographic chart centered on Groom Lake</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the name "Area 51" is unclear. It is believed to be from an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) numbering grid, although Area 51 is not part of this system; it is adjacent to Area 15. Another explanation is that 51 was used because it was unlikely that the AEC would use the number.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), the correct names for the facility are Homey Airport (XTA/KXTA) and Groom Lake,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the name "Area 51" was used in a CIA document from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_oxcart_kadena_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia_oxcart_kadena-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility has also been referred to as "Dreamland" and "Paradise Ranch",<sup id="cite_ref-rich_groom_1977_p56_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich_groom_1977_p56-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other nicknames, with the former also being the <a href="/wiki/Approach_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Approach Control">approach control</a> <a href="/wiki/Aviation_call_signs" title="Aviation call signs">call sign</a> for the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USAF public relations has referred to the facility as "an operating location near Groom Dry Lake". The <a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">special use airspace</a> around the field is referred to as Restricted Area 4808 North (R-4808N).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lead and silver were discovered in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Groom_Range" title="Groom Range">Groom Range</a> in 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-nevada-bureau_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nevada-bureau-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the English company <i>Groome Lead Mines Limited</i> financed the Conception Mines in the 1870s, giving the district its name (nearby mines included Maria, Willow, and White Lake).<sup id="cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unr-guide-groom-mining-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. B. Osborne and partners acquired the controlling interest in Groom in 1876, and Osborne's son acquired it in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unr-guide-groom-mining-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining continued until 1918, then resumed after World War II until the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unr-guide-groom-mining-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airfield on the Groom Lake site began service in 1942 as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_Air_Force_Auxiliary_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field">Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field</a><sup id="cite_ref-mueller_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mueller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of two unpaved 5,000-foot (1,524 m) runways.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U-2_program">U-2 program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area51WatertownNE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Area51WatertownNE.jpg/220px-Area51WatertownNE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Area51WatertownNE.jpg/330px-Area51WatertownNE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Area51WatertownNE.jpg/440px-Area51WatertownNE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>"The Ranch" with U-2 flight line</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) established the Groom Lake test facility in April 1955 for Project AQUATONE: the development of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> strategic reconnaissance aircraft. Project director <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Richard M. Bissell Jr.</a> understood that the flight test and pilot training programs could not be conducted at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> or Lockheed's Palmdale facility, given the extreme secrecy surrounding the project. He conducted a search for a suitable testing site for the U-2 under the same extreme security as the rest of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> He notified Lockheed, who sent an inspection team out to Groom Lake. According to Lockheed's U-2 designer <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Johnson_(engineer)" title="Kelly Johnson (engineer)">Kelly Johnson</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We flew over it and within thirty seconds, you knew that was the place<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] it was right by a dry lake. Man alive, we looked at that lake, and we all looked at each other. It was another Edwards, so we wheeled around, landed on that lake, taxied up to one end of it. It was a perfect natural landing field<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] as smooth as a billiard table without anything being done to it.</p></blockquote> <p>The lake bed made an ideal strip for testing aircraft, and the Emigrant Valley's mountain ranges and the NTS perimeter protected the site from visitors; it was about 100 mi (160 km) north of Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA asked the AEC to acquire the land, designated "Area 51" on the map, and to add it to the Nevada Test Site.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> </p><p>Johnson named the area "Paradise Ranch" to encourage workers to move to "the new facility in the middle of nowhere", as the CIA later described it, and the name became shortened to "the Ranch".<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> On 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>May 1955, a survey team arrived at Groom Lake and laid out a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) north–south runway on the southwest corner of the lakebed and designated a site for a base support facility. The Ranch initially consisted of little more than a few shelters, workshops, and trailer homes in which to house its small team.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little over three months later, the base consisted of a single paved runway, three hangars, a control tower, and rudimentary accommodations for test personnel. The base's few amenities included a movie theater and volleyball court. There was also a mess hall, several wells, and fuel storage tanks. CIA, Air Force, and Lockheed personnel began arriving by July 1955. The Ranch received its first U-2 delivery on 24 July 1955 from Burbank on a <a href="/wiki/C-124_Globemaster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="C-124 Globemaster II">C-124 Globemaster II</a> cargo plane, accompanied by Lockheed technicians on a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular Military Air Transport Service flights were set up between Area 51 and Lockheed's offices in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank, California</a>. To preserve secrecy, personnel flew to Nevada on Monday mornings and returned to California on Friday evenings.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OXCART_program">OXCART program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For testing of a similar aircraft in December 1964, see <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_51_-_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Area_51_-_diagram.jpg/220px-Area_51_-_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Area_51_-_diagram.jpg/330px-Area_51_-_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Area_51_-_diagram.jpg/440px-Area_51_-_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>A 1966 <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) diagram of Area 51, found in an untitled, declassified paper, showing the runway overrun for OXCART (<a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a>) and the turnaround areas <i>(CIA / CREST RDP90b00184r000100040001-4)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Project OXCART was established in August 1959 for "antiradar studies, aerodynamic structural tests, and engineering designs" and all later work on the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included testing at Groom Lake, which had inadequate facilities consisting of buildings for only 150 people, a 5,000 ft (1,500 m) asphalt runway, and limited fuel, hangar, and shop space.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> Groom Lake had received the name "Area 51"<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when A-12 test facility construction began in September 1960, including a new 8,500 ft (2,600 m) runway to replace the existing runway.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECo) began construction of "Project 51" on 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1960 with double-shift construction schedules. The contractor upgraded base facilities and built a new 10,000 ft (3,000 m) runway (14/32) diagonally across the southwest corner of the lakebed. They marked an <a href="/wiki/Archimedean_spiral" title="Archimedean spiral">Archimedean spiral</a> on the dry lake approximately two miles across so that an A-12 pilot approaching the end of the overrun could abort instead of plunging into the sagebrush. Area 51 pilots called it "The Hook". For crosswind landings, they marked two unpaved airstrips (runways 9/27 and 03/21) on the dry lakebed.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOxcartStory_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOxcartStory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 1961, construction of the essential facilities was complete; three surplus Navy hangars were erected on the base's north side while hangar<span class="nowrap"> </span>7 was new construction. The original U-2 hangars were converted to maintenance and machine shops. Facilities in the main <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a> area included workshops and buildings for storage and administration, a commissary, a control tower, a fire station, and housing. The Navy also contributed more than 130 surplus Babbitt duplex housing units for long-term occupancy facilities. Older buildings were repaired, and additional facilities were constructed as necessary. A reservoir pond surrounded by trees served as a recreational area one mile north of the base. Other recreational facilities included a gymnasium, a movie theater, and a baseball diamond.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOxcartStory_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOxcartStory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A permanent aircraft fuel tank farm was constructed by early 1962 for the special <a href="/wiki/JP-7" title="JP-7">JP-7</a> fuel required by the A-12. Seven tanks were constructed, with a total capacity of 1,320,000 gallons.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-12_Schalk_Flight,_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg/170px-A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg/255px-A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg/340px-A-12_Schalk_Flight%2C_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6724" /></a><figcaption>An A-12 (60-6924) takes off from Groom Lake during one of the first test flights, piloted by Louis Schalk, 26 April 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>Security was enhanced for the arrival of OXCART and the small mine was closed in the Groom basin. In January 1962, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) expanded the restricted airspace in the vicinity of Groom Lake, and the lakebed became the center of a 600-square mile addition to restricted area R-4808N.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOxcartStory_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOxcartStory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA facility received eight USAF <a href="/wiki/F-101_Voodoo" class="mw-redirect" title="F-101 Voodoo">F-101 Voodoos</a> for training, two <a href="/wiki/T-33_Shooting_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="T-33 Shooting Star">T-33 Shooting Star</a> trainers for proficiency flying, a <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> for cargo transport, a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_310" title="Cessna 310">U-3A</a> for administrative purposes, a helicopter for search and rescue, and a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_180" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 180">Cessna 180</a> for liaison use, and Lockheed provided an <a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a> for use as a chase plane.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOxcartStory_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOxcartStory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first A-12 test aircraft was covertly trucked from Burbank on 26 February 1962 and arrived at Groom Lake on 28 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> It made its first flight 26 April 1962 when the base had over 1,000 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–62">: 60–62 </span></sup> The closed airspace above Groom Lake was within the <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellis Air Force Range">Nellis Air Force Range</a> airspace, and pilots saw the A-12 20 to 30 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63–64">: 63–64 </span></sup> Groom was also the site of the first <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21" title="Lockheed D-21">Lockheed D-21</a> drone test flight on 22 December 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> By the end of 1963, nine A-12s were at Area 51, assigned to the CIA-operated "1129th Special Activities Squadron".<sup id="cite_ref-1129CIA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1129CIA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D-21_Tagboard">D-21 Tagboard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21" title="Lockheed D-21">Lockheed D-21</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M21Ship2-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M21Ship2-cropped.jpg/220px-M21Ship2-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M21Ship2-cropped.jpg/330px-M21Ship2-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M21Ship2-cropped.jpg/440px-M21Ship2-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The D-21 mounted on the back of the M-21. Note the intake cover on the drone, which was used on early flights.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the loss of <a href="/wiki/Gary_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Powers">Gary Powers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> over the Soviet Union, there were several discussions about using the A-12 OXCART as an unpiloted drone aircraft. Although Kelly Johnson had come to support the idea of drone reconnaissance, he opposed the development of an A-12 drone, contending that the aircraft was too large and complex for such a conversion. However, the Air Force agreed to fund the study of a high-speed, high-altitude drone aircraft in October 1962. The Air Force interest seems to have moved the CIA to take action, the project designated "Q-12". By October 1963, the drone's design had been finalized. At the same time, the Q-12 underwent a name change. To separate it from the other A-12-based projects, it was renamed the "D-21". (The "12" was reversed to "21"). "Tagboard" was the project's code name.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>The first D-21 was completed in the spring of 1964 by Lockheed. After four more months of checkouts and static tests, the aircraft was shipped to Groom Lake and reassembled. It was to be carried by a two-seat derivative of the A-12, designated the "M-21". When the D-21/M-21 reached the launch point, the first step would be to blow off the D-21's inlet and exhaust covers. With the D-21/M-21 at the correct speed and altitude, the LCO would start the ramjet and the other systems of the D-21. "With the D-21's systems activated and running, and the launch aircraft at the correct point, the M-21 would begin a slight pushover, the LCO would push a final button, and the D-21 would come off the pylon".<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p><p>Difficulties were addressed throughout 1964 and 1965 at Groom Lake with various technical issues. Captive flights showed unforeseen aerodynamic difficulties. By late January 1966, more than a year after the first captive flight, everything seemed ready. The first D-21 launch was made on 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1966 with a successful flight, with the D-21 flying 120 miles with limited fuel. A second D-21 flight was successful in April 1966 with the drone flying 1,200 miles, reaching Mach 3.3 and 90,000 feet. An accident on 30 July 1966 with a fully fueled D-21, on a planned checkout flight, suffered from an <a href="/wiki/Unstart" title="Unstart">unstart</a> of the drone after its separation, causing it to collide with the M-21 launch aircraft. The two crewmen ejected and landed in the ocean 150 miles offshore. One crew member was picked up by a helicopter, but the other, having survived the aircraft breakup and ejection, drowned when sea water entered his pressure suit. Kelly Johnson personally cancelled the entire program, having had serious doubts about its feasibility from the start. A number of D-21s had already been produced, and rather than scrapping the whole effort, Johnson again proposed to the Air Force that they be launched from a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52H</a> bomber.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p><p>By late summer of 1967, the modification work to both the D-21 (now designated D-21B) and the B-52Hs was complete. The test program could now resume. The test missions were flown out of Groom Lake, with the actual launches over the Pacific. The first D-21B to be flown was Article 501, the prototype. The first attempt was made on 28 September 1967 and ended in complete failure. As the B-52 was flying toward the launch point, the D-21B fell off the pylon. The B-52H gave a sharp lurch as the drone fell free. The booster fired and was "quite a sight from the ground". The failure was traced to a stripped nut on the forward right attachment point on the pylon. Several more tests were made, none of which met with success. However, the fact is that the resumptions of D-21 tests took place against a changing reconnaissance background. The A-12 had finally been allowed to deploy, and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71</a> was soon to replace it. At the same time, new developments in reconnaissance satellite technology were nearing operation. Up to this point, the limited number of satellites available restricted coverage to the Soviet Union. A new generation of reconnaissance satellites could soon cover targets anywhere in the world. The satellites' resolution would be comparable to that of aircraft but without the slightest political risk. Time was running out for the Tagboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </p><p>Several more test flights, including two over China, were made from <a href="/wiki/Beale_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beale AFB">Beale AFB</a>, California, in 1969 and 1970, to varying degrees of success. On 15 July 1971, Kelly Johnson received a wire canceling the D-21B program. The remaining drones were transferred by a C-5A and placed in dead storage. The tooling used to build the D-21Bs was ordered destroyed. Like the A-12 Oxcart, the D-21B Tagboard drones remained a Black airplane, even in retirement. Their existence was not suspected until August 1976, when the first group was placed in storage at the <a href="/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis-Monthan AFB">Davis-Monthan AFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Storage_and_Disposition_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Storage and Disposition Center">Military Storage and Disposition Center</a>. A second group arrived in 1977. They were labeled "GTD-21Bs" (GT stood for ground training).<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> </p><p>Davis-Monthan is an open base, with public tours of the storage area at the time, so the odd-looking drones were soon spotted and photos began appearing in magazines. Speculation about the D-21Bs circulated within aviation circles for years, and it was not until 1982 that details of the Tagboard program were released. However, it was not until 1993 that the B-52/D-21B program was made public. That same year, the surviving D-21Bs were released to museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132–133">: 132–133 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_technology_evaluation">Foreign technology evaluation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, one of the missions carried out by the United States was the test and evaluation of captured <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> fighter aircraft. Beginning in the late 1960s, and for several decades, Area 51 played host to an assortment of Soviet-built aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg/220px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg/330px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg/440px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-21_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Have_Doughnut" title="Have Doughnut">HAVE DOUGHNUT</a>, a MiG-21F-13 flown by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a> during its 1968 exploitation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Munir_Redfa" title="Munir Redfa">Munir Redfa</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s defection with a <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21</a> from Iraq for Israel's <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Diamond" title="Operation Diamond">Operation Diamond</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Have_Doughnut" title="Have Doughnut">HAVE DOUGHNUT</a>, <a href="/wiki/HAVE_DRILL" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE DRILL">HAVE DRILL</a> and HAVE FERRY programs. The first MiGs flown in the United States were used to evaluate the aircraft in performance, technical, and operational capabilities, pitting the types against U.S. fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was not a new mission, as testing of foreign technology by the USAF began during World War II. After the war, testing of acquired foreign technology was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Technical_Intelligence_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Technical Intelligence Center">Air Technical Intelligence Center</a> (ATIC, which became very influential during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>), under the direct command of the Air Materiel Control Department. In 1961, ATIC became the Foreign Technology Division (FTD) and was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a>. ATIC personnel were sent anywhere where foreign aircraft could be found. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The focus of <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a> limited the use of the fighter as a tool with which to train the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> tactical fighter pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Force Systems Command recruited its pilots from the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Flight_Test_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Flight Test Center">Air Force Flight Test Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, California, who were usually graduates from various test pilot schools. <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> selected its pilots primarily from the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Weapons_School" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Weapons School">Weapons School</a> graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1966, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> fighter pilot Captain <a href="/wiki/Munir_Redfa" title="Munir Redfa">Munir Redfa</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cold_War_pilot_defections#Iraq" title="List of Cold War pilot defections">defected</a>, flying his <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> to Israel after being ordered to attack Iraqi Kurd villages with napalm. His aircraft was transferred to Groom Lake in late 1967 for study. Israel loaned the MiG-21 to the US Air Force from January 1968 to April 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost/330330_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost/330330-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, the US Air Force and Navy jointly formed a project known as <a href="/wiki/HAVE_DOUGHNUT" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE DOUGHNUT">HAVE DOUGHNUT</a> in which Air Force Systems Command, Tactical Air Command, and the U.S. Navy's Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Four (VX-4) flew this acquired Soviet-made aircraft in simulated air combat training.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As U.S. possession of the Soviet MiG-21 was, itself, secret, it was tested at Groom Lake. A joint Air Force-Navy team was assembled for a series of dogfight tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 219">: 219 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg/220px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg/330px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg/440px-4477th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron_MiG-17F_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>HAVE FERRY, the second of two <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">MiG-17F</a> "Fresco"s loaned to the United States by Israel in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Comparisons between the F-4 and the MiG-21 indicated that, on the surface, they were evenly matched. The HAVE DOUGHNUT tests showed the skill of the man in the cockpit was what made the difference. When the Navy or Air Force pilots flew the MiG-21, the results were a draw; the F-4 would win some fights, the MiG-21 would win others. There were no clear advantages. The problem was not with the planes, but with the pilots flying them. The pilots would not fly either plane to its limits. One of the Navy pilots was Marland W. "Doc" Townsend, then commander of <a href="/wiki/VF-121" title="VF-121">VF-121</a>, the F-4 training squadron at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Miramar" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Miramar">NAS Miramar</a>. He was an engineer and a Korean War veteran and had flown almost every Navy aircraft. When he flew against the MiG-21, he would outmaneuver it every time. The Air Force pilots would not go vertical in the MiG-21. The HAVE DOUGHNUT project officer was Tom Cassidy, a pilot with <a href="/wiki/VX-4" title="VX-4">VX-4</a>, the Navy's Air Development Squadron at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu" title="Naval Air Station Point Mugu">Point Mugu</a>. He had been watching as Townsend "waxed" the Air Force MiG-21 pilots. Cassidy climbed into the MiG-21 and went up against Townsend's F-4. This time the result was far different. Cassidy was willing to fight in the vertical, flying the plane to the point where it was buffeting, just above the stall. Cassidy was able to get on the F-4's tail. After the flight, they realized the MiG-21 turned better than the F-4 at lower speeds. The key was for the F-4 to keep its speed up. An F-4 had defeated the MiG-21; the weakness of the Soviet plane had been found. Further test flights confirmed what was learned. It was also clear that the MiG-21 was a formidable enemy. United States pilots would have to fly much better than they had been to beat it. This would require a special school to teach advanced air combat techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 220–221">: 220–221 </span></sup> </p><p>On 12 August 1968, two Syrian air force lieutenants, Walid Adham and Radfan Rifai, took off in a pair of <a href="/wiki/MiG-17" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-17">MiG-17</a>Fs on a training mission. They lost their way and, believing they were over Lebanon, landed at the <a href="/wiki/Betzet" title="Betzet">Betzet</a> Landing Field in northern Israel. (One version has it that they were led astray by an Arabic-speaking Israeli).<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the end of 1968 these MiG-17s were transferred from Israeli stocks and added to the Area 51 test fleet. The aircraft were given USAF designations and fake serial numbers so that they could be identified in DOD standard flight logs. As in the earlier program, a small group of Air Force and Navy pilots conducted mock dogfights with the MiG-17s. Selected instructors from the Navy's Top Gun school at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Miramar" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Miramar">NAS Miramar</a>, California, were chosen to fly against the MiGs for familiarization purposes. Very soon, the MiG-17's shortcomings became clear. It had an extremely simple, even crude, control system that lacked the power-boosted controls of American aircraft. The F-4's twin engines were so powerful it could accelerate out of range of the MiG-17's guns in thirty seconds. It was important for the F-4 to keep its distance from the MiG-17. As long as the F-4 was one and a half miles from the MiG-17, it was outside the reach of the Soviet fighter's guns, but the MiG was within reach of the F-4's missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222–225">: 222–225 </span></sup> </p><p>The data from the HAVE DOUGHNUT and HAVE DRILL tests were provided to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Fighter_Weapons_School" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Navy Fighter Weapons School">Top Gun</a> school at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Miramar" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Miramar">NAS Miramar</a>. By 1970, the HAVE DRILL program was expanded; a few selected fleet F-4 crews were given the chance to fight the MiGs. The most important result of Project HAVE DRILL is that no Navy pilot who flew in the project defeated the MiG-17 Fresco in the first engagement. The HAVE DRILL dogfights were by invitation only. The other pilots based at Nellis Air Force Base were not to know about the U.S.-operated MiGs. To prevent any sightings, the airspace above the Groom Lake range was closed. On aeronautical maps, the exercise area was marked in red ink. The forbidden zone became known as "Red Square".<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> </p><p>During the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the Navy kill ratio climbed to 8.33 to 1. In contrast, the Air Force rate improved only slightly to 2.83 to 1. The reason for this difference was Top Gun. The Navy had revitalized its air combat training, while the Air Force had stayed stagnant. Most of the Navy MiG kills were by Top Gun graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> </p><p>In May 1973, Project HAVE IDEA was formed, which took over from the older HAVE DOUGHNUT, HAVE FERRY and HAVE DRILL projects, and the project was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a>. At Tonopah, testing of foreign technology aircraft continued and expanded throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Area 51 also hosted another foreign materiel evaluation program called HAVE GLIB. This involved testing Soviet tracking and missile control radar systems. A complex of actual and replica Soviet-type threat systems began to grow around "Slater Lake", a mile northwest of the main base, along with an acquired Soviet "Barlock" search radar placed at <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Station" title="Tonopah Air Force Station">Tonopah Air Force Station</a>. They were arranged to simulate a Soviet-style air defense complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Air Force began funding improvements to Area 51 in 1977 under project SCORE EVENT. In 1979, the CIA transferred jurisdiction of the Area 51 site to the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB, California. Sam Mitchell, the last CIA commander of Area 51, relinquished command to USAF Lt. Col. Larry D. McClain.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Eagles_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Eagles-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a USAF aircraft crashed at the site, killing the pilot, Lt. Colonel Eric "Doc" Schultz. The USAF refused to release further information regarding the crash. In 2022, unconfirmed reports emerged that the crash involved an <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">SU-27</a> that was part of the classified Foreign Materials Exploitation program. The reports claimed that the aircraft suffered a technical issue that resulted in both crew members ejecting from the aircraft, resulting in the death of Schultz.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Have_Blue/F-117_program"><span id="Have_Blue.2FF-117_program"></span>Have Blue/F-117 program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a> prototype stealth fighter (a smaller proof-of-concept model of the <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a>) first flew at Groom in December 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichJanos199456–60_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichJanos199456–60-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg/220px-Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg/330px-Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg/440px-Have_Blue_bottom_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Underside view of <i>Have Blue</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, the Air Force awarded a full-scale development contract for the F-117 to Lockheed Corporation's Advanced Development Projects. On 17 January 1981 the Lockheed test team at Area 51 accepted delivery of the first full-scale development (FSD) prototype <i>79–780</i>, designated YF-117A. At 6:05 am on 18 June 1981 Lockheed Skunk Works test pilot Hal Farley lifted the nose of YF-117A <i>79–780</i> off the runway of Area 51.<sup id="cite_ref-F117hist_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F117hist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (TAC) decided to set up a group-level organization to guide the F-117A to an initial operating capability. That organization became the 4450th Tactical Group (Initially designated "A Unit"), which officially activated on 15 October 1979 at <a href="/wiki/Nellis_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellis AFB">Nellis AFB</a>, Nevada, although the group was physically located at Area 51. The 4450th TG also operated the A-7D Corsair II as a surrogate trainer for the F-117A, and these operations continued until 15 October 1982 under the guise of an avionics test mission.<sup id="cite_ref-F117hist_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F117hist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flying squadrons of the 4450th TG were the 4450th Tactical Squadron (Initially designated "I Unit") activated on 11 June 1981, and 4451st Tactical Squadron (Initially designated "P Unit") on 15 January 1983. The 4450th TS, stationed at Area 51, was the first F-117A squadron, while the 4451st TS was stationed at Nellis AFB and was equipped with <a href="/wiki/A-7D_Corsair_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-7D Corsair II">A-7D Corsair IIs</a> painted in a dark motif, tail coded "LV". Lockheed test pilots put the YF-117 through its early paces. A-7Ds were used for pilot training before any F-117As had been delivered by Lockheed to Area 51, later the A-7D's were used for F-117A chase testing and other weapon tests at the Nellis Range. On 15 October 1982, Major Alton C. Whitley Jr. became the first USAF 4450th TG pilot to fly the F-117A.<sup id="cite_ref-F117hist_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F117hist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although ideal for testing, Area 51 was not a suitable location for an operational group, so a new covert base had to be established for F-117 operations.<sup id="cite_ref-F117Area51_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F117Area51-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a> was selected for operations of the first USAF F-117 unit, the <a href="/wiki/4450th_Tactical_Group" title="4450th Tactical Group">4450th Tactical Group</a> (TG).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 1979, the Tonopah Airport base was reconstructed and expanded. The 6,000-foot runway was lengthened to 10,000 feet. Taxiways, a concrete apron, a large maintenance hangar, and a propane storage tank were added.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1982, four more YF-117As were operating at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162">: 162 </span></sup> After finding a large scorpion in their offices, the testing team (Designated "R Unit") adopted it as their mascot and dubbed themselves the "Baja Scorpions".<sup id="cite_ref-BScorpions_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BScorpions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing of a series of ultra-secret prototypes continued at Area 51 until mid-1981 when testing transitioned to the initial production of F-117 stealth fighters. The F-117s were moved to and from Area 51 by C-5 during darkness to maintain security. The aircraft were defueled, disassembled, cradled, and then loaded aboard the C-5 at night, flown to Lockheed, and unloaded at night before reassembly and flight testing. Groom performed radar profiling, F-117 weapons testing, and training of the first group of frontline USAF F-117 pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p><p>While the "Baja Scorpions" were working on the F-117, there was also another group at work in secrecy, known as "the Whalers" working on Tacit Blue. A <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> technology demonstration aircraft with curved surfaces and composite material, to evade radar, was a prototype, and never went into production. Nevertheless, this strange-looking aircraft was responsible for many of the <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth technology</a> advances that were used on several other aircraft designs, and had a direct influence on the B-2; with the first flight of <a href="/wiki/Tacit_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacit Blue">Tacit Blue</a> being performed on 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 1982, by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Corporation">Northrop Grumman</a> test pilot, <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Thomas" title="Richard G. Thomas">Richard G. Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peebles_31-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249–250">: 249–250 </span></sup> </p><p>Production FSD airframes from Lockheed were shipped to Area 51 for acceptance testing. As the Baja Scorpions tested the aircraft with functional check flights and L.O. verification, the operational airplanes were then transferred to the 4450th TG.<sup id="cite_ref-BScorpions_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BScorpions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/220px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/330px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/440px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>F-117 flying over mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 May 1982, the move of the 4450th TG from Groom Lake to Tonopah was initiated, with the final components of the move completed in early 1983. Production FSD airframes from Lockheed were shipped to Area 51 for acceptance testing. As the Baja Scorpions tested the aircraft with functional check flights and L.O. verification, the operational airplanes were then transferred to the 4450th TG at Tonopah.<sup id="cite_ref-BScorpions_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BScorpions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The R-Unit was inactivated on 30 May 1989. Upon inactivation, the unit was reformed as Detachment 1, <a href="/wiki/57th_Fighter_Weapons_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="57th Fighter Weapons Wing">57th Fighter Weapons Wing</a> (FWW). In 1990, the last F-117A (<i>843</i>) was delivered from Lockheed. After completion of acceptance flights at Area 51 of this last new F-117A aircraft, the flight test squadron continued flight test duties of refurbished aircraft after modifications by Lockheed. In February/March 1992 the test unit moved from Area 51 to the USAF Palmdale <a href="/wiki/Plant_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant 42">Plant 42</a> and was integrated with the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a> <a href="/wiki/6510th_Test_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="6510th Test Squadron">6510th Test Squadron</a>. Some testing, especially RCS verification and other classified activity was still conducted at Area 51 throughout the operational lifetime of the F-117. The recently inactivated (2008) <a href="/wiki/410th_Flight_Test_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="410th Flight Test Squadron">410th Flight Test Squadron</a> traces its roots, if not its formal lineage to the 4450th TG R-unit.<sup id="cite_ref-BScorpions_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BScorpions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_operations">Later operations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F22_Area51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/F22_Area51.jpg/220px-F22_Area51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/F22_Area51.jpg/330px-F22_Area51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/F22_Area51.jpg/440px-F22_Area51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>F-22 during a <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Flag exercise">Red Flag exercise</a> with Groom Lake in the background (March 2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the F-117 became operational in 1983, operations at Groom Lake have continued. The base and its associated runway system were expanded, including the expansion of housing and support facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space_com_expand_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_com_expand-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the federal government expanded the exclusionary area around the base to include nearby mountains that had hitherto afforded the only decent overlook of the base, prohibiting access to 3,972 acres (16.07 km<sup>2</sup>) of land formerly administered by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government's_positions_on_Area_51"><span id="U.S._government.27s_positions_on_Area_51"></span>U.S. government's positions on Area 51</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usaf_on_area51.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usaf_on_area51.png/170px-Usaf_on_area51.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usaf_on_area51.png/255px-Usaf_on_area51.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usaf_on_area51.png/340px-Usaf_on_area51.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A 1998 letter from the USAF replying to a query about Area 51</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif/170px-CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif/255px-CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif/340px-CIA_BYE2369-67_page17.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>CIA document from 1967 referring to Area 51</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States government has provided minimal information regarding Area 51. The area surrounding the lake is permanently off-limits to both civilian and normal military air traffic. Security clearances are checked regularly; cameras and weaponry are not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-lacitis20100327_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacitis20100327-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even military pilots training in the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">NAFR</a> risk disciplinary action if they stray into the exclusionary "box" surrounding Groom's airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-lacitis20100327_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacitis20100327-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveillance is supplemented using buried motion sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-poulsen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poulsen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Area 51 is a common destination for <a href="/wiki/Janet_(airline)" title="Janet (airline)">Janet</a>, a small fleet of passenger aircraft operated on behalf of the Air Force to transport military personnel, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid_International_Airport" title="Harry Reid International Airport">Harry Reid International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) topographic map for the area only shows the long-disused <a href="/wiki/Groom_Mine" title="Groom Mine">Groom Mine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but USGS aerial photographs of the site in 1959 and 1968 were publicly available.<sup id="cite_ref-day20230123_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day20230123-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A civil aviation chart published by the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Transportation" title="Nevada Department of Transportation">Nevada Department of Transportation</a> shows a large restricted area, defined as part of the Nellis restricted airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="National Atlas">National Atlas</a> shows the area as lying within the Nellis Air Force Base.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAtlasFederalLands_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAtlasFederalLands-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are higher resolution and newer images available from other satellite imagery providers, including Russian providers and the <a href="/wiki/IKONOS" class="mw-redirect" title="IKONOS">IKONOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These show the runway markings, base facilities, aircraft, and vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 USAF officially acknowledged the site's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-day20230123_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day20230123-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 June 2013, the CIA released an official history of the U-2 and OXCART projects which acknowledged that the U-2 was tested at Area 51, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request submitted in 2005 by Jeffrey T. Richelson of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. It contains numerous references to Area 51 and Groom Lake, along with a map of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media reports stated that releasing the CIA history was the first governmental acknowledgement of Area 51's existence;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeibyWaPo_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeibyWaPo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather, it was the first official acknowledgement of specific activity at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-day20230123_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day20230123-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_lawsuit">Environmental lawsuit</h3></div> <p>In 1994, five unnamed civilian contractors and the widows of contractors Walter Kasza and Robert Frost sued the Air Force and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. They alleged that they had been present when large quantities of unknown chemicals had been burned in open pits and trenches at Groom. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> biochemists analyzed biopsies from the complainants and found high levels of <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzofuran" title="Dibenzofuran">dibenzofuran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a> in their body fat. The complainants alleged that they had sustained skin, liver, and respiratory injuries due to their work at Groom and that this had contributed to the deaths of Frost and Kasza. The suit sought compensation for the injuries, claiming that the Air Force had illegally handled toxic materials and that the EPA had failed in its duty to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> which governs the handling of dangerous materials. They also sought detailed information about the chemicals, hoping that this would facilitate the medical treatment of survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawsuit_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawsuit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressman <a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a>, former chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, told <i>60 Minutes</i> reporter <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a>, "The Air Force is classifying all information about Area 51 in order to protect themselves from a lawsuit."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government invoked the <a href="/wiki/State_Secrets_Privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secrets Privilege">State Secrets Privilege</a> and petitioned U.S. District Judge Philip Pro to disallow disclosure of classified documents or examination of secret witnesses, claiming that this would expose classified information and threaten national security.<sup id="cite_ref-lvrj_jun2002_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvrj_jun2002-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Pro rejected the government's argument, so President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Determination">Presidential Determination</a> exempting what it called "the Air Force's Operating Location Near Groom Lake, Nevada" from environmental disclosure laws. Consequently, Pro dismissed the suit due to lack of evidence. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Turley" title="Jonathan Turley">Jonathan Turley</a>, the attorney who was handling the lawsuit, appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on the grounds that the government was abusing its power to classify material. Secretary of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Sheila_E._Widnall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila E. Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a> filed a brief which stated that disclosures of the materials present in the air and water near Groom "can reveal military operational capabilities or the nature and scope of classified operations." The Ninth Circuit rejected Turley's appeal<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear it, putting an end to the complainants' case.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawsuit_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawsuit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President annually issues a determination continuing the Groom exception<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the only formal recognition that the government has ever given that Groom Lake is more than simply another part of the Nellis complex. An unclassified memo on the safe handling of <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a> material was posted on an Air Force web site in 2005. This discussed the same materials for which the complainants had requested information, which the government had claimed was classified. The memo was removed shortly after journalists became aware of it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_aviation_identification">Civil aviation identification</h2></div> <p>In December 2007, airline pilots noticed that the base had appeared in their aircraft navigation systems' latest <a href="/wiki/Jeppesen" title="Jeppesen">Jeppesen</a> database revision with the <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a> airport identifier code of KXTA and listed as "Homey Airport".<sup id="cite_ref-aopa-kxta-20080111_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aopa-kxta-20080111-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probably inadvertent release of the airport data led to advice by the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association" title="Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association">Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association</a> (AOPA) that student pilots should be explicitly warned about KXTA, not to consider it as a waypoint or destination for any flight even though it now appears in public navigation databases.<sup id="cite_ref-aopa-kxta-20080111_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aopa-kxta-20080111-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg/220px-Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg/330px-Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg/440px-Area_51_Main_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The main gate to Area 51, on Groom Road</figcaption></figure> <p>The perimeter of the base is marked out by orange posts and patrolled by guards in white pickup trucks and camouflage fatigues. The guards are popularly referred to as "camo dudes" by enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nydailynews06Aug2019_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nydailynews06Aug2019-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guards will not answer questions about their employers; however, according to the New York <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">Daily News</a></i>, there are indications they are employed through a contractor such as <a href="/wiki/AECOM" title="AECOM">AECOM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nydailynews06Aug2019_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nydailynews06Aug2019-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signage around the base perimeter advises that deadly force is authorized against <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespassers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magazines2000_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magazines2000-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology is also heavily used to maintain the border of the base; this includes <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">surveillance cameras</a> and motion detectors. Some of these motion detectors are placed some distance away from the base on public land to notify guards of people approaching.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg/220px-Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg/330px-Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg/440px-Wfm_x51_area51_warningsign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Area 51 border and warning sign stating that "photography is prohibited" and that "use of deadly force is authorized"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974_Skylab_photography">1974 Skylab photography</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_A._Day" title="Dwayne A. Day">Dwayne A. Day</a> published "Astronauts and Area 51: the <a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab</a> Incident" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Review" title="The Space Review">The Space Review</a></i> in January 2006. It was based on a memo written in 1974 to CIA director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a> by an unknown CIA official. The memo reported that astronauts on board Skylab had inadvertently photographed a certain location:<sup id="cite_ref-Photo_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photo-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There were specific instructions not to do this. [redacted] was the only location which had such an instruction.</p></blockquote> <p>The name of the location was obscured,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the context led Day to believe that the subject was Groom Lake. Day wrote that "the CIA considered no other spot on Earth to be as sensitive as Groom Lake". Even within the agency's <a href="/wiki/National_Photographic_Interpretation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Photographic Interpretation Center">National Photographic Interpretation Center</a> that handled classified reconnaissance satellite photographs, images of the site were removed from film rolls and stored separately as not all <a href="/wiki/Photo_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo interpreter">photo interpreters</a> had <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearance</a> for the information.<sup id="cite_ref-Photo_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photo-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memo details debate between federal agencies regarding whether the images should be classified, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> agencies arguing that it should and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> arguing that it should not be classified. The memo itself questions the legality of retroactively classifying unclassified images.<sup id="cite_ref-Photo_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photo-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memo includes handwritten remarks,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently by <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> Colby: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a>] did raise it—said State Dept. people felt strongly. But he inclined leave decision to me (DCI)—I confessed some question over need to protect since: </p><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> has it from own sats</li> <li>What really does it reveal?</li> <li>If exposed, don't we just say classified USAF work is done there?</li></ol></blockquote> <p>The declassified documents do not disclose the outcome of discussions regarding the Skylab imagery. The debate proved moot, as the photograph appeared in the Federal Government's Archive of Satellite Imagery along with the remaining Skylab photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_shooting_incident">2019 shooting incident</h3></div> <p>On 28 January 2019, an unidentified man drove through a security checkpoint near <a href="/wiki/Mercury,_Nevada" title="Mercury, Nevada">Mercury, Nevada</a>, in an apparent attempt to enter the base. After an 8-mile (13-kilometer) vehicle pursuit by base security, the man exited his vehicle carrying a "cylindrical object" and was shot dead by <a href="/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada National Security Site">NNSS</a> security officers and sheriff's deputies after refusing to obey requests to halt. There were no other injuries reported.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UFO_and_other_conspiracy_theories">UFO and other conspiracy theories</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg/220px-Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg/330px-Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg/440px-Protest_Sign_at_Raid_Area_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">2019 Raid of Area 51</a>, protestors and UFO conspiracy theorists gathered at the back gate of Area 51.</figcaption></figure> <p>Area 51 has become a focus of modern conspiracy theories due to its secretive nature and connection to classified aircraft research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201265–66,_77–80_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201265–66,_77–80-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theories include: </p> <ul><li>The storage, examination, and reverse engineering of crashed alien spacecraft, including material supposedly recovered at <a href="/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Roswell UFO incident">Roswell</a>, the study of their occupants, and the manufacture of aircraft based on alien technology</li> <li>Meetings or joint undertakings with extraterrestrials</li> <li>The development of exotic <a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">energy weapons</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> (SDI) or other weapons programs</li> <li>The development of weather control</li> <li>The development of time travel and teleportation technology</li> <li>The development of exotic propulsion systems related to the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)" title="Aurora (aircraft)">Aurora Program</a></li> <li>Activities related to the conspiracy theory of a <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">one-world government</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_camera_area_51.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TV_camera_area_51.JPG/220px-TV_camera_area_51.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TV_camera_area_51.JPG/330px-TV_camera_area_51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TV_camera_area_51.JPG/440px-TV_camera_area_51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A closed-circuit TV camera watches over the perimeter of Area 51.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the hypotheses concern underground facilities at Groom or at <a href="/wiki/Papoose_Lake" title="Papoose Lake">Papoose Lake</a> (also known as "S-4 location"), 8.5 miles (13.7 km) south, and include claims of a transcontinental underground railroad system, a disappearing airstrip nicknamed the "Cheshire Airstrip", after <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshire cat">Cheshire cat</a>, which briefly appears when water is sprayed onto its camouflaged asphalt, and engineering based on alien technology.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1950s, civilian aircraft flew under 20,000 feet while military aircraft flew up to 40,000 feet. The U-2 began flying above 60,000 feet and there was an increasing number of UFO sighting reports. Sightings occurred most often during early evening hours, when airline pilots flying west saw the U-2's silver wings reflect the setting sun, giving the aircraft a "fiery" appearance. Many sighting reports came to the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book</a>, which investigated UFO sightings, through air-traffic controllers and letters to the government. The project checked U-2 and later <a href="/wiki/OXCART" class="mw-redirect" title="OXCART">OXCART</a> flight records to eliminate the majority of UFO reports that it received during the late 1950s and 1960s, although it could not reveal to the letter writers the truth behind what they saw.<sup id="cite_ref-cia1992_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia1992-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72–73">: 72–73 </span></sup> Similarly, veterans of experimental projects such as OXCART at Area 51 agree that their work inadvertently prompted many of the UFO sightings and other rumors:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012204–208_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012204–208-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The shape of OXCART was unprecedented, with its wide, disk-like fuselage designed to carry vast quantities of fuel. Commercial pilots cruising over Nevada at dusk would look up and see the bottom of OXCART whiz by at 2,000-plus mph. The aircraft's titanium body, moving as fast as a bullet, would reflect the sun's rays in a way that could make anyone think, <i>UFO</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>They believe that the rumors helped maintain secrecy over Area 51's actual operations.<sup id="cite_ref-lacitis20100327_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacitis20100327-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veterans deny the existence of a vast underground railroad system,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although many of Area 51's operations did occur underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012364–366_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012364–366-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg/220px-Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg/330px-Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg/440px-Lincoln_County_Deputies_at_Area_51_Back_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln County deputies guard the back gate of Area 51 during the 2019 raid.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a> claimed in 1989 that he had worked at Area 51's "Sector Four (S-4)", said to be located underground inside the <a href="/wiki/Papoose_Range" title="Papoose Range">Papoose Range</a> near Papoose Lake. He claimed that he was contracted to work with alien spacecraft that the government had in its possession.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the 1996 documentary <i>Dreamland</i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Burgess" title="Bruce Burgess">Bruce Burgess</a> included an interview with a 71-year-old mechanical engineer who claimed to be a former employee at Area 51 during the 1950s. His claims included that he had worked on a "flying disc simulator" which had been based on a disc originating from a crashed extraterrestrial craft and was used to train pilots. He also claimed to have worked with an extraterrestrial being named "J-Rod" and described as a "telepathic translator".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Dan Burisch (pseudonym of Dan Crain) claimed to have worked on cloning alien viruses at Area 51, also alongside the alien named "J-Rod". Burisch's scholarly credentials are the subject of much debate, as he was apparently working as a Las Vegas parole officer in 1989 while also earning a PhD at <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> (SUNY).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, more than 2,000,000 people responded to a <a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">joke proposal to storm Area 51</a> which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event, scheduled for 20 September 2019, was billed as "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us", an attempt to "see them aliens".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Force spokeswoman Laura McAndrews said the government "would discourage anyone from trying to come into the area where we train American armed forces".<sup id="cite_ref-McAndrewsWaPo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrewsWaPo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two music festivals in rural Nevada, AlienStock and Storm Area 51 Basecamp, were subsequently organized to capitalize on the popularity of the original Facebook event. Between 1,500 and 3,000 people showed up at the festivals, while over 150 people made the journey over several miles of rough roads to get near the gates to Area 51.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven people were reportedly arrested at the event.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>Because of Area 51's prominence in relation to aliens and conspiracy theories, it has often been used as a setting and theme in popular culture, especially in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> works involving aliens.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range" title="Tonopah Test Range">Area 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_project" title="Black project">Black project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations" title="List of United States Air Force installations">List of United States Air Force installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_access_program" title="Special access program">Special access program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of a taxiway can be temporarily used as a runway if announced by <a href="/wiki/NOTAM" title="NOTAM">NOTAM</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jeppesen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppesen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the declassified documents, the name <i>Area 51</i> is redacted in all but two instances (probably mistakes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012xvi_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2012xvi-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCherif2015" class="citation book cs1">Cherif, Mohamed (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mHIgkjhFF4C&dq=Area+51+runways+14l%2F32r&pg=PA345"><i>UFOs: Aliens or Extraterrestrials</i></a>. 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What happens if they actually show?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Department+of+Energy.+Nevada+Operations+Office.+United+States+Nuclear+Tests%3A+July+1945+through+September+1992+%28December+2000%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical%2FDOENV_209_REV15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndepmap-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ndepmap_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216102228/http://ndep.nv.gov/boff/nts-use.jpg">"Navigation map"</a>. ndep.nv.gov. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navigation+map&rft.pub=ndep.nv.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndep.nv.gov%2Fboff%2Fnts-use.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/facility/nts_fig1.gif">"Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(GIF)</span>. <i>fas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106165252/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/facility/nts_fig1.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fusa%2Ffacility%2Fnts_fig1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnham2013" class="citation news cs1">Farnham, Alan (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/yucca-mountain-neighbors-area-51-area-25-nevada/story?id=19963355">"Area 51, 25 Among Yucca Mountain's Nuclear Neighbors"</a>. <i>abc News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=abc+News&rft.atitle=Area+51%2C+25+Among+Yucca+Mountain%27s+Nuclear+Neighbors&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Farnham&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2Fyucca-mountain-neighbors-area-51-area-25-nevada%2Fstory%3Fid%3D19963355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeibyWaPo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeibyWaPo_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeibyWaPo_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiby2017" class="citation news cs1">Leiby, Richard (24 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/government-officially-acknowledges-existence-of-area-51-but-not-the-ufos/2013/08/16/ca4feaec-06be-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html">"Government officially acknowledges existence of Area 51, but not the UFOs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807070834/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/government-officially-acknowledges-existence-of-area-51-but-not-the-ufos/2013/08/16/ca4feaec-06be-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Government+officially+acknowledges+existence+of+Area+51%2C+but+not+the+UFOs&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Leiby&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fgovernment-officially-acknowledges-existence-of-area-51-but-not-the-ufos%2F2013%2F08%2F16%2Fca4feaec-06be-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNIS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNIS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/840824">"Groom Lake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Merlin"</a>. <i>dreamlandresort.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Work&rft.atitle=How+Area+51+Works&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fspace%2Faliens-ufos%2Farea-51.htm%23mkcpgn%3Dfb6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005622/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-55-no.-4/intelligence-officer2019s-bookshelf.html#8">"Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. 11 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-55-no.-4/intelligence-officer2019s-bookshelf.html#8">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Officer%27s+Bookshelf&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol.-55-no.-4%2Fintelligence-officer2019s-bookshelf.html%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FASOverhead-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FASOverhead_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/overhead/groom.htm">"Overhead: Groom Lake – Area 51"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605064724/http://www.fas.org/irp/overhead/groom.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overhead%3A+Groom+Lake+%E2%80%93+Area+51&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foverhead%2Fgroom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia_oxcart_kadena-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia_oxcart_kadena_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms,_Richard1967" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Helms, Richard</a> (15 May 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022815/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0001471747/0001471747_0017.gif">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"OXCART reconnaissance of North Vietnam", Memo to the Deputy Secretary of Defense from the office of CIA Director Richard Helms, 15 May 1967"</a>. <i>FOIA.CIA.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0001471747/0001471747_0017.gif">the original</a> on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOIA.CIA.gov&rft.atitle=%22OXCART+reconnaissance+of+North+Vietnam%22%2C+Memo+to+the+Deputy+Secretary+of+Defense+from+the+office+of+CIA+Director+Richard+Helms%2C+15+May+1967&rft.date=1967-05-15&rft.au=Helms%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0001471747%2F0001471747_0017.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span> (the full declassified document is <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cia_oxcart_vietnam_memo.pdf" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Cia oxcart vietnam memo.pdf">mirrored</a> at Wikimedia Commons)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich_groom_1977_p56-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rich_groom_1977_p56_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich,_Ben_RJanos,_Leo1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)" title="Ben Rich (engineer)">Rich, Ben R</a>; Janos, Leo (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr"><i>Skunk Works: A personal memoir of my years at Lockheed</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-74300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-74300-6"><bdi>978-0-316-74300-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skunk+Works%3A+A+personal+memoir+of+my+years+at+Lockheed&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-316-74300-6&rft.au=Rich%2C+Ben+R&rft.au=Janos%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskunkworks00benr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF99th_Air_Base_Wing2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/99th_Air_Base_Wing" title="99th Air Base Wing">99th Air Base Wing</a> (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/nellisafb/publication/nellisafbi11-250/nellisafbi11-250.pdf"><i>Nellis Air Force Base Instruction 11-250</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Las Vegas: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. p. 105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716225145/https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/nellisafb/publication/nellisafbi11-250/nellisafbi11-250.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nellis+Air+Force+Base+Instruction+11-250&rft.place=Las+Vegas&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.au=99th+Air+Base+Wing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.e-publishing.af.mil%2Fproduction%2F1%2Fnellisafb%2Fpublication%2Fnellisafbi11-250%2Fnellisafbi11-250.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevada_Test_and_Training_Range2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_(military_unit)" title="Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)">Nevada Test and Training Range</a> (24 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/nellisafb/publication/afi13-212v1_accsup_nttrsup_add_a/afman13-212v1_nttr_add_a.pdf"><i>Air Force Manual 13-212 Volume 1 ACC Supplement NTTR Addendum A</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Las Vegas: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731113004/https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/nellisafb/publication/afi13-212v1_accsup_nttrsup_add_a/afman13-212v1_nttr_add_a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Manual+13-212+Volume+1+ACC+Supplement+NTTR+Addendum+A&rft.place=Las+Vegas&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.au=Nevada+Test+and+Training+Range&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.e-publishing.af.mil%2Fproduction%2F1%2Fnellisafb%2Fpublication%2Fafi13-212v1_accsup_nttrsup_add_a%2Fafman13-212v1_nttr_add_a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyvector.com/?ll=37.014066054376556,-116.14755298456771&chart=17&zoom=2">"Flight Planning / Aeronautical Charts"</a>. SkyVector. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023814/http://skyvector.com/?ll=37.014066054376556,-116.14755298456771&chart=17&zoom=2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Planning+%2F+Aeronautical+Charts&rft.pub=SkyVector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyvector.com%2F%3Fll%3D37.014066054376556%2C-116.14755298456771%26chart%3D17%26zoom%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nevada-bureau-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nevada-bureau_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingley" class="citation web cs1">Tingley, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415145449/http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/r44.pdf">"Mineral resources of the pahranagat range 30' by 60' quadrangle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Nevada-Reno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/r44.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+resources+of+the+pahranagat+range+30%27+by+60%27+quadrangle&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada-Reno&rft.aulast=Tingley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbmg.unr.edu%2Fdox%2Fr44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unr-guide-groom-mining-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unr-guide-groom-mining_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312051621/http://knowledgecenter.unr.edu/specoll/mss/99-19.html">"Groom Mining District Collection 99-19"</a>. Knowledgecenter.unr.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledgecenter.unr.edu/specoll/mss/99-19.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groom+Mining+District+Collection+99-19&rft.pub=Knowledgecenter.unr.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledgecenter.unr.edu%2Fspecoll%2Fmss%2F99-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mueller-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mueller_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller,_Robert1989" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Robert (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf"><i>Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Center for Air Force History, USAF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6"><bdi>0-912799-53-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183332/http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Air+Force+Bases+Within+the+United+States+of+America+on+17+September+1982&rft.place=Maxwell+AFB%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Center+for+Air+Force+History%2C+USAF&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-912799-53-6&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FSep%2F21%2F2001330255%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-100921-026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608222535/http://www.airfieldsdatabase.com/WW2/WW2%20R27e%20ID-NH.htm">"WW2 Military Airfields including Auxiliaries and Support fields"</a>. Airfieldsdatabase.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airfieldsdatabase.com/WW2/WW2%20R27e%20ID-NH.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WW2+Military+Airfields+including+Auxiliaries+and+Support+fields&rft.pub=Airfieldsdatabase.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airfieldsdatabase.com%2FWW2%2FWW2%2520R27e%2520ID-NH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peebles-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_31-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles,_Curtis1999" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Curtis (1999). <i>Dark Eagles, Revised Edition</i>. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-696-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-696-X"><bdi>0-89141-696-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Eagles%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-89141-696-X&rft.au=Peebles%2C+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadow-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shadow_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shadow_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shadow_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles,_Curtis2000" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Curtis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowflightsame0000peeb/page/141"><i>Shadow Flights: America's Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union</i></a>. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowflightsame0000peeb/page/141">141–144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-700-2"><bdi>978-0-89141-700-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Flights%3A+America%27s+Secret+Air+War+Against+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pages=141-144&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-700-2&rft.au=Peebles%2C+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowflightsame0000peeb%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">The U-2's Intended Successor: Project Oxcart, 1956–1968 (Report). October 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+U-2%27s+Intended+Successor%3A+Project+Oxcart%2C+1956%E2%80%931968&rft.date=1994-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/area-51s-existence-acknowledged-by-cia-in-declassified-documents/">"Area 51's existence acknowledged by CIA in declassified documents"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 16 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Area+51%27s+existence+acknowledged+by+CIA+in+declassified+documents&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Farea-51s-existence-acknowledged-by-cia-in-declassified-documents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"OSA History, chap. 20, pp. 39–40, 43, 51 ... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Area+51+raid+lures+festive+UFO+hunters+to+Nevada+desert%3B+five+arrested&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Richwine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-area51%2Fin-nevada-desert-area-51-raid-lures-festive-ufo-hunters-three-arrested-idUSKBN1W51H6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZialcita2019" class="citation web cs1">Zialcita, Paolo (20 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/09/20/762897934/storm-area-51-fails-to-materialize">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Storm Area 51' Fails To Materialize"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Storm+Area+51%27+Fails+To+Materialize&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Zialcita&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F09%2F20%2F762897934%2Fstorm-area-51-fails-to-materialize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2019" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Alex (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2019/9/19/20857221/storm-area-51-aliens-ufos-meme-myth-lore-history-bob-lazar-explained">"Area 51 and aliens: the myth, the meme, and the strange reality, explained"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Area+51+and+aliens%3A+the+myth%2C+the+meme%2C+and+the+strange+reality%2C+explained&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2019%2F9%2F19%2F20857221%2Fstorm-area-51-aliens-ufos-meme-myth-lore-history-bob-lazar-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Darlington, David (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles" title="Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles">Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles</a></i>. New York: Henry Holt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6040-9">978-0-8050-6040-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jacobsen" title="Annie Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Annie</a> (2012) [2011]. <i><a href="/wiki/Area_51:_An_Uncensored_History_of_America%27s_Top_Secret_Military_Base" title="Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base">Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base</a></i>. New York: Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7"><bdi>978-0-316-13294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+51%3A+An+Uncensored+History+of+America%27s+Top+Secret+Military+Base&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-316-13294-7&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Patton, Phil (1998). <i>Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51</i>. New York: Villard/Random House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75385-5">978-0-375-75385-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichJanos1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)" title="Ben Rich (engineer)">Rich, Ben R.</a>; Janos, Leo (1994). <i>Skunk Works: A personal memoir of my years at Lockheed</i>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-74300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-74300-6"><bdi>978-0-316-74300-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skunk+Works%3A+A+personal+memoir+of+my+years+at+Lockheed&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-316-74300-6&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Ben+R.&rft.au=Janos%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArea+51" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Stahl, Lesley</a> "Area 51 / Catch 22" <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> <a href="/wiki/CBS_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Television">CBS Television</a> 17 March 1996, a US TV news magazine's segment about the environmental lawsuit.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Area_51">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Area_51">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Area_51">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Area_51">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Area_51">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Area_51" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Area 51">Area 51</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyvector.com/?ll=37.27599241681214,-115.80154026998743&chart=17&zoom=5">Las Vegas sectional aeronautical chart, centered on Groom Lake</a> (Federal Aviation Administration – SkyVector.com)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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id="UFOs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects" title="Category:Unidentified flying objects">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign"><i>Estimate of the Situation</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a></span> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /><small>(outside the United States)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177397#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315137475">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1281606/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1159595461">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97005343">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534711405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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