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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Khagan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Khagan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Khagan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Khagan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khagan_Mongol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khagan_Mongol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Khagan Mongol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khagan_Mongol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_antara_bangsa_Turkik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_antara_bangsa_Turkik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Di antara bangsa Turkik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Di_antara_bangsa_Turkik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Di antara bangsa Turkik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Di_antara_bangsa_Turkik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khagan_Tiongkok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khagan_Tiongkok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Khagan Tiongkok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khagan_Tiongkok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_antara_bangsa_Slavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_antara_bangsa_Slavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Di antara bangsa Slavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_antara_bangsa_Slavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kutipan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kutipan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Kutipan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kutipan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khagan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 64 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fkhan" title="Großkhan – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Großkhan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaqan" title="Xaqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡаған – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаған" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Каган (тытул) – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каган (тытул)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاگان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خاگان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χαγάνος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαγάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Kan" title="Gran Kan – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Kan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurkaani" title="Suurkaani – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurkaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Khan" title="Gran Khan – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A3_guasu" title="Kã guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kã guasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%92%D7%9F" title="כגן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ख़ागान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ागान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kag%C3%A1n" title="Kagán – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kagán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagano" title="Kagano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kagano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaghan" title="Khaghan – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khaghan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="カガン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხაკანი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხაკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қаған – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаған" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EA%B0%84" title="카간 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaganas" title="Kaganas – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaganas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagans" title="Kagans – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kagans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Каганць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Каганць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаан – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootkan" title="Grootkan – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootkan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਖ਼ਾਗ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਗ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-c%C3%A3" title="Grão-cã – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-cã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagan" title="Hagan – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hagan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаҕан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаҕан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakani" title="Hakani – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hakani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ககான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ககான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хоқон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хоқон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9Fan" title="Kağan – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kağan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каһан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каһан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Каган (титул) – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каган (титул)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoqon" title="Xoqon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xoqon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3_h%C3%A3n" title="Khả hãn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khả hãn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3-h%C4%81n" title="Khó-hān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khó-hān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Khagan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Khagan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Khagan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&oldid=26497477" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Khagan&id=26497477&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKhagan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKhagan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Khagan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Khagan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khagan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187878" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><div style="float: right; padding-left: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #0011B0; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFD0FB; min-width:18.5em" colspan="2" align="center"><span style="color:white;"><big><i><b>Khagan</b></i></big></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mongolia">bahasa Mongolia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huruf_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huruf Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Huruf Mongolia</a>:</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19481261">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huruf_%CA%BCPhags-pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huruf ʼPhags-pa (halaman belum tersedia)">Huruf ʼPhags-pa</a>:</td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; writing-mode: vertical-lr;writing-mode:tb-lr;-webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr;vertical-align: text-top;" title="'Phags-pa text">ꡢꡖꡋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transliteration:</small></td> <td>Qagan, Xagan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Хаан / Хаган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transliteration:</small></td> <td>Haan / Hagan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeniseian languages (halaman belum tersedia)">Yeniseian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qaγan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Turkic language (halaman belum tersedia)">Old Turkic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qağan / Kaɣan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Turkic alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">Old Turkic</a>:</small></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:OldTurkicUnicode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:OldTurkicUnicode (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:OldTurkicUnicode</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish language (halaman belum tersedia)">Turkish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_Turkish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian Turkish language (halaman belum tersedia)">Anatolian Turkish language</a>:</small></td> <td>Kağan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Turkish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Turkish language (halaman belum tersedia)">Ottoman Turkish language</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transliteration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transliteration (halaman belum tersedia)">transliteration</a>:</small></td> <td>خاقان / Ḫākan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijani_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijani language (halaman belum tersedia)">Azerbaijani</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Xaqan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakh language (halaman belum tersedia)">Kazakh</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Қаған </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qağan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz language (halaman belum tersedia)">Kyrgyz</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Каган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Pronunciation:</small></td> <td>[qɑˈʁɑn] </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Каган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Kagan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian language (halaman belum tersedia)">Hungarian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Kagán </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>:</small></td> <td><big>可汗</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a>:</small></td> <td><big>可汗</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>:</small></td> <td>Kèhán </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian language (halaman belum tersedia)">Persian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">Persian alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>خاقان </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Khāghān </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Bahasa Korea</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hangul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>:</small></td> <td><span lang="ko">가한</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>:</small></td> <td><span lang="ko">可汗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revised romanization of Korean (halaman belum tersedia)">Revised Romanization</a>:</small></td> <td>Gahan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer">McCune-Reischauer</a>:</small></td> <td>Kahan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyghur language (halaman belum tersedia)">Uyghur</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyghur language (halaman belum tersedia)">Uyghur</a> </td> <td>قاغان </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">Uyghur latin</a> </td> <td>Qaghan </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Khagan</b> atau <b>Qaghan</b> (bahasa Mongolia:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19481261" /><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top; middle">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span>; <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Khaan</i></span> atau <i>Khagan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turk_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Turk Kuno">bahasa Turk Kuno</a>: <span lang="otk">𐰴𐰍𐰣</span> <span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Kaɣan</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah gelar kekaisaran dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Turkik" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkik">Turkik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolik (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolik</a>, dan beberapa bahasa lainnya, setara dengan status <a href="/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar">kaisar</a> dan seseorang yang menguasai sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaganate (halaman belum tersedia)">khaganate</a> (kekaisaran).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Padanan perempuan adalah <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a>. </p><p>Gelar ini juga dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan (title) (halaman belum tersedia)">Khan</a> dari para Khan", setara dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_di_atas_Segala_Raja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja di atas Segala Raja (halaman belum tersedia)">Raja di atas Segala Raja</a>. Dalam bahasa Bulgaria, gelar ini dikenal sebagai <i>Khan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara dalam bahasa Turkik modern, gelar ini menjadi <i>Khaan</i> dengan bunyi <i>g</i> yang hampir tidak terdengar<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau tidak ada; <i>ğ</i> dalam bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish language (halaman belum tersedia)">Turki</a> modern <i>Kağan</i> juga tidak terdengar. Sejak <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Pembagian Kekaisaran Mongol">pembagian Kekaisaran Mongol</a>, para raja dari <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Yuan" title="Dinasti Yuan">Dinasti Yuan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Utara">Yuan Utara</a> memegang gelar <i>Khagan</i>. <i>Kağan, Hakan</i> dan <i>Kaan</i>, padanan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turki</a> dari gelar tersebut, adalah nama-nama <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> yang umum di <a href="/wiki/Turkey" class="mw-disambig" title="Turkey">Turki</a>. </p><p>Penulisan umum dalam bahasa barat sebagai <b>Great Khan</b> (atau <i>Grand Khan</i>), terutama dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Kekaisaran Mongol">Kekaisaran Mongol</a>, adalah terjemahan dari <i>Yekhe Khagan</i> (<i>Kaisar Agung</i> atau <i><span lang="mn">Их Хаан</span></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah ini berasal dari asal usul yang tidak diketahui dan mungkin merupakan kata pinjaman dari bahasa Rouran.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinolog Kanada <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> (1962) pertama kali menyarankan bahwa sebuah gelar <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, yang ditranskripsikan sebagai <span lang="zh">護于</span> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa_Kuno" title="Bahasa Tionghoa Kuno">Bahasa Tionghoa Kuno</a>: *<i>hʷaʔ-hʷaʰ</i>) mungkin menjadi asal mula dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turkik</a> <i>qaɣan</i> ~ <i>xaɣan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin</a> (2007, 2010) istilah tersebut berasal dari <i>qaγan</i> (berarti "<a href="/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar">kaisar</a>" atau "penguasa tertinggi") dan kemudian dipinjam dan digunakan dalam beberapa bahasa, terutama dalam bahasa Turkik dan Mongolik. </p><p>Asal-usul Turkik dan Mongolik (atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Mongolik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Para-Mongolik (halaman belum tersedia)">Para-Mongolik</a>) telah disarankan oleh sejumlah akademisi termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_John_Ramstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf John Ramstedt (halaman belum tersedia)">Ramstedt</a>, Shiratori, Pulleyblank, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Sinor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Sinor (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinor</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Doerfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Doerfer (halaman belum tersedia)">Doerfer</a>, dan dilaporkan pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, sebagaimana tercatat dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Song (halaman belum tersedia)">Book of Song</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-songshu96_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-songshu96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara Sinor percaya <i>qaγan</i> atau <i>qapγan</i> adalah sebuah intensifikasi dari <i>qan</i> sebagaimana <i>qap-qara</i> adalah intensifikasi dari <i>qara</i> "hitam", dalam bahasa Turkik (dengan kehilangan <i>p</i>), Shiratori menolak etimologi Turkik, dan mendukung asal usul Mongolik untuk <i>qan</i> dan bentuk perempuan <i>qatun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Vovin, kata <i>*qa-qan</i> "great-qan" (<i>*qa-</i> untuk "agung" atau "tertinggi") berasal dari non-Altaik, tetapi berhubungan dengan Yeniseian <i>*qεʔ ~ qaʔ</i> "besar, agung". Asal usul <i>qan</i> sendiri lebih sulit menurut Vovin. Dia mengatakan bahwa asal mula kata <i>qan</i> tidak ditemukan dalam bahasa proto yang direkonstruksi dan digunakan secara luas oleh orang-orang Turkik, Mongolik, Cina, dan Korea dengan variasi dari <i>kan, qan, han dan hwan</i>. Hubungan mungkin ada dengan kata Yeniseian <i>*qʌ:j</i> atau <i>*χʌ:j</i> yang berarti "penguasa". </p><p>Mungkin tidak mungkin membuktikan asal usul akhir dari gelar ini, tetapi Vovin mengatakan: "Dengan demikian, tampaknya cukup mungkin bahwa sumber akhir dari <i>qaγan</i> dan <i>qan</i> dapat ditelusuri kembali ke Xiong-nu dan Yeniseian".<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dybo (2007) menyarankan bahwa akar etimologis akhir dari Khagan berasal dari bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian languages (halaman belum tersedia)">Iranian</a> Tengah *<i>hva-kama-</i> ‘penguasa sendiri, kaisar’, mengikuti pandangan Benveniste 1966. Savelyev dan Jeong 2020 mencatat bahwa akar etimologis untuk Khagan dan padanan perempuannya <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a> mungkin berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Iran_Barat" title="Rumpun bahasa Iran Barat">Rumpun bahasa Iran Barat</a>, khususnya dari "awal bahasa Saka *<i>hvatuñ</i>, cf. kata-kata Sogdiana yang ditemukan <i>xwt'w</i> ‘penguasa’ (< *<i>hva-tāvya-</i>) dan <i>xwt'yn</i> ‘istri penguasa’ (< *<i>hva-tāvyani</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gelar ini pertama kali terlihat dalam pidato antara 283 dan 289, ketika kepala suku <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> mencoba melarikan diri dari adik tirinya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murong_Hui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murong Hui (halaman belum tersedia)">Murong Hui</a>, dan memulai perjalanannya dari <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Liaodong" title="Semenanjung Liaodong">Semenanjung Liaodong</a> ke daerah <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Ordos" title="Gurun Ordos">Gurun Ordos</a>. Dalam pidato tersebut, salah satu jenderal Murong, Yinalou, menyebutnya sebagai <i>kehan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Hanzi</a>: <span lang="zh">可寒</span>, kemudian <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Hanzi</a>: <span lang="zh">可汗</span>); beberapa sumber menyarankan bahwa Tuyuhun mungkin juga telah menggunakan gelar tersebut setelah menetap di <a href="/wiki/Danau_Qinghai" title="Danau Qinghai">Danau Qinghai</a> pada abad ke-3.<sup id="cite_ref-songshu96_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-songshu96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouran_Khaganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouran Khaganate (halaman belum tersedia)">Rouran Khaganate</a> (330–555) adalah bangsa pertama yang menggunakan gelar Khagan dan Khan untuk kaisar mereka, menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, yang oleh Grousset dan lainnya dianggap sebagai bangsa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkic peoples (halaman belum tersedia)">Turkik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rouran dinyatakan sebagai keturunan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Donghu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Donghu (halaman belum tersedia)">Orang Donghu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang pada gilirannya dianggap sebagai proto-Mongol,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berbahasa Mongolik,<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2019_162–197_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2019_162–197-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau kelompok "non-Altaik".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avar_Khaganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avar Khaganate (halaman belum tersedia)">Avar Khaganate</a> (567–804), yang mungkin termasuk elemen Rouran setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göktürks (halaman belum tersedia)">Göktürks</a> menghancurkan Rouran yang menguasai Mongolia, juga menggunakan gelar ini. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonian_Avars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pannonian Avars (halaman belum tersedia)">Avar</a> menyerbu <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, dan selama lebih dari satu abad menguasai wilayah Carpathian. Orang-orang barat melatinkan gelar "Khagan" menjadi "Gaganus" (dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Francorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Francorum (halaman belum tersedia)">Historia Francorum</a>), "Cagan" (dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Fuldenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Fuldenses (halaman belum tersedia)">Annales Fuldenses</a>), atau "Cacano" (dalam <a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khagan_Mongol">Khagan Mongol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Khagan Mongol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Khagan Mongol"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/260px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/390px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/520px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>8 dari 15 khagan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Kekaisaran Mongol">Kekaisaran Mongol</a> (gambar era Yuan)</figcaption></figure><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Secret History of the Mongols (halaman belum tersedia)">The Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, yang ditulis untuk dinasti tersebut, jelas membedakan <i>Khagan</i> dan <i>Khan</i>: hanya <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> dan keturunannya yang memerintah yang disebut <i>Khagan</i>, sementara penguasa lainnya disebut <i>Khan</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since January 2020" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Gelar "Khagan" atau "Khaan" secara harfiah diterjemahkan sebagai "penguasa agung/tertinggi" dalam bahasa Mongol, dan dengan ekstensi "penguasa", "raja", "raja tinggi", atau "kaisar". Gelar ini juga dapat diperluas dengan tambahan "Yekhe" (berarti "agung" atau "besar") untuk menghasilkan "Yekhe Khagan", yang berarti "Kaisar Agung".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since August 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Kekaisaran Mongol mulai <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Pembagian Kekaisaran Mongol">terpecah secara politis</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Toluid" title="Perang Saudara Toluid">Perang Saudara Toluid</a> selama 1260–1264 dan kematian <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> pada 1294, tetapi istilah <i>Ikh Khagan</i> (Khan Agung, atau Kaisar) masih digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Yuan" title="Dinasti Yuan">kaisar Dinasti Yuan</a> (1271–1368), yang juga mengambil gelar <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Kaisar Cina</a>. Setelah jatuhnya dinasti Yuan, gelar tersebut terus digunakan oleh raja <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Yuan_Utara" title="Dinasti Yuan Utara">Dinasti Yuan Utara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dengan demikian, Yuan kadang-kadang disebut sebagai <i>Kekaisaran Khan Agung</i>, berdampingan dengan khanat Mongol lainnya yang independen di barat, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Hanya <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> yang benar-benar mengakui Yuan sebagai sekutu (meskipun efektif otonom). Karena Kublai mendirikan Yuan, anggota cabang lain dari <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> dapat berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan Khagan baru sebagai pendukung salah satu kandidat, tetapi mereka tidak dapat memasuki kontes sebagai kandidat mereka sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kemudian,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kaisar Yuan berdamai dengan tiga khanat barat Kekaisaran Mongol dan dianggap sebagai penguasa nominal mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supremasi nominal, meskipun berdasarkan fondasi yang tidak sama dengan khagan sebelumnya (seperti bentrokan perbatasan yang terus berlanjut di antara mereka), bertahan selama beberapa dekade, hingga dinasti Yuan runtuh pada 1368.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah runtuhnya Kekaisaran Mongol dan jatuhnya dinasti Yuan pada pertengahan abad ke-14, orang-orang Mongol mengalami gejolak politik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayan_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayan Khan (halaman belum tersedia)">Dayan Khan</a> (1464–1517/1543) pernah menghidupkan kembali otoritas Kaisar dan memulihkan reputasinya di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolian Plateau (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolian Plateau</a>, tetapi dengan distribusi kekaisarannya di antara putra-putra dan kerabatnya sebagai feodal, itu kembali menyebabkan pemerintahan yang terdesentralisasi. Khagan terakhir dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chahars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chahars (halaman belum tersedia)">Chahars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligdan_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligdan Khan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ligdan Khan</a>, meninggal pada 1634 saat melawan dinasti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurchen people (halaman belum tersedia)">Jurchen</a>-yang dipimpin <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Dinasti Jin (1115–1234)">Dinasti Jin Akhir</a>. Dalam bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolian language (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolian language</a> kontemporer, kata "Khaan" dan "Khan" memiliki arti yang berbeda, sementara dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English language">Inggris</a> biasanya tidak membedakan antara keduanya. Gelar ini juga digunakan sebagai istilah umum untuk raja atau kaisar (seperti <span lang="mn-Cyrl">эзэн хаан</span>, <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">ezen khaan</i></span>), seperti dalam "<span lang="mn-Cyrl">Испанийн хаан Хуан Карлос</span>" (<span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Ispaniin khaan Khuan Karlos</i></span>, "raja/khaan Spanyol Juan Carlos").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since August 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Khagan awal dari <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Kekaisaran Mongol">Kekaisaran Mongol</a> adalah: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (1206–1227; 21 tahun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a> (1229–1241; 12 tahun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a> (1246–1248; 2 tahun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> (1251–1259; 8 tahun)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Di_antara_bangsa_Turkik">Di antara bangsa Turkik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Di antara bangsa Turkik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Di antara bangsa Turkik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gelar ini menjadi terkait dengan klan penguasa Ashina dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göktürks (halaman belum tersedia)">Göktürks</a> dan penerus dinasti mereka di antara bangsa-bangsa seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khazars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khazars (halaman belum tersedia)">Khazars</a> (cf. gelar militer gabungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan_Bek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khagan Bek (halaman belum tersedia)">Khagan Bek</a>). Penguasa minor lebih sering diberi gelar yang lebih rendah yaitu khan. </p><p>Baik Khagan maupun bentuk bahasa Turki Hakan, dengan spesifikasi dalam <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arab</a> <i>al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn</i> (secara harfiah berarti "dari kedua daratan dan kedua laut"), atau sepenuhnya dalam <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Turki Utsmaniyah</a> <i>Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn</i>, adalah di antara gelar dalam gaya resmi Sultan Agung (dan kemudian Khalifah) dari <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a>, mencerminkan legitimasi sejarah kekuasaan dinasti sebagai penerus politik dari berbagai negara yang ditaklukkan (seringkali di-Islamkan). (Gelar ini dimulai: Sultan Hân N.N., <a href="/wiki/Padishah" class="mw-redirect" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>, <i>Hünkar</i>, Penguasa Rumah Osman, Sultan dari para Sultan, Khan dari para Khan, Komandan Setia dan Penerus Nabi Tuhan Semesta Alam; diikuti dengan serangkaian gelar "regional" khusus, dimulai dengan Pelindung Kota Suci Mekah, Madinah, dan Yerusalem.) </p><p>"Khagan" adalah gelar kedua dari shah Safavid dan Qajar dari Iran. Misalnya, Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar, Fath Ali Shah, dan shah Qajar lainnya menggunakan gelar ini. Julukan Shah Ismail dan shah Safavid lainnya adalah <i>Kagan-i Suleyman shan</i> (Khagan dengan kemuliaan Sulaiman). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kesultanan Utsmaniyah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesultanan Utsmaniyah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penguasa Utsmaniyah, setelah abad ke-14, hanya menggunakan dua gelar "shah" dan "khan" sampai akhir kekaisaran.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_the_Conqueror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed the Conqueror (halaman belum tersedia)">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> menggunakan gelar "Khagan dari dua laut".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yazıcıoğlu Ali, pada awal abad ke-15, melacak <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman</a>'s garis keturunan ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oghuz_Khagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oghuz Khagan (halaman belum tersedia)">Oghuz Khagan</a>, leluhur mitos dari bangsa Turki Barat, melalui cucu tertua dari putra tertuanya, sehingga memberikan primasi kepada sultan Utsmaniyah di antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_Beyliks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian Beyliks (halaman belum tersedia)">raja-raja Turki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun itu tidak sepenuhnya merupakan tiruan dari doktrin <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, klaim Oghuz terhadap kedaulatan mengikuti pola yang sama. <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> mengajukan klaim ini terhadap <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, yang merendahkan garis keturunan Utsmaniyah.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khagan_Tiongkok">Khagan Tiongkok</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Khagan Tiongkok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Khagan Tiongkok"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaisar_Taizong_dari_Tang" title="Kaisar Taizong dari Tang">Kaisar Taizong dari Tang</a> dinobatkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tian_Kehan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian Kehan">Tian Kehan</a>, atau "Khagan surgawi" setelah mengalahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujue (halaman belum tersedia)">Tujue</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göktürks (halaman belum tersedia)">Göktürks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surat kemudian yang dikirim oleh pengadilan Tang kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_Kirghiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yenisei Kirghiz (halaman belum tersedia)">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> Qaghan menjelaskan bahwa "orang-orang di barat laut" telah meminta Tang Taizong menjadi "Qaghan Surgawi".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaisar <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang">Dinasti Tang</a> Cina diakui sebagai khagan dari bangsa Turkik setidaknya dari 665 hingga 705; lebih jauh lagi, dua surat banding dari penguasa hibrida Turkik, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu pada tahun 727, Yabgu dari <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, dan Yina Tudun Qule pada tahun 741, raja <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, menyebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaisar Xuanzong dari Tang</a> sebagai <b>Tian Kehan</b> selama ekspansi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umayyad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umayyad (halaman belum tersedia)">Umayyad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nama "khagan Tiongkok" (<i>Khāqān-i Chīn</i>, "Khagan Tiongkok") yang mengacu pada penguasa Tiongkok (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Kaisar Tiongkok</a>) sebagai simbol kekuasaan<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> muncul dalam karya-karya sastra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turco-Persian tradition (halaman belum tersedia)">Turco-Persia</a> abad pertengahan seperti puisi epik besar abad ke-11 <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang tersebar luas di <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Asia (halaman belum tersedia)">Central Asia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Selama dinasti <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> yang dipimpin oleh Manchu yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia (halaman belum tersedia)">meluas ke Asia Tengah</a> pada abad ke-18, subjek Muslim Turkik mereka (dan khanat Muslim di sekitarnya seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanate_of_Kokand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanate of Kokand (halaman belum tersedia)">Khanate of Kokand</a>) mengaitkan penguasa Qing dengan nama ini dan sering menyebut kaisar Qing sebagai "khagan Tiongkok" (<i>Khāqān-i Chīn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Di_antara_bangsa_Slavia">Di antara bangsa Slavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Di antara bangsa Slavia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Di antara bangsa Slavia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada awal abad ke-10, bangsa <a href="/wiki/Orang_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Rusia">Rus'</a> menggunakan gelar <i>kagan</i> (atau <i>qaghan</i>), dilaporkan oleh ahli geografi Persia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Rustah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah (halaman belum tersedia)">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a>, yang menulis antara tahun 903 dan 913. </p><p>Dipercayai bahwa tradisi tersebut bertahan pada abad kesebelas, seperti yang dinyatakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Uskup_metropolit" title="Uskup metropolit">uskup metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilarion_dari_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilarion dari Kiev (halaman belum tersedia)">Hilarion dari Kiev</a>, yang menyebut baik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand prince (halaman belum tersedia)">grand prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_dari_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir I dari Kiev">Vladimir I dari Kiev</a> (978–1015) dan grand prince <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_sang_Bijak" title="Yaroslav sang Bijak">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (1019–1054) dengan gelar <i>kagan</i>, sementara sebuah <a href="/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti">grafiti</a> di dinding <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Santa_Sofia,_Kyiv" title="Katedral Santa Sofia, Kyiv">Katedral Saint Sophia</a> memberikan gelar yang sama kepada putra Iaroslav, grand prince <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_dari_Kiev" title="Sviatoslav I dari Kiev">Sviatoslav II dari Kiev</a> (1073–1076). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki_Utsmaniyah" title="Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah">Turki Otoman</a>: <span lang="ota">خواقين</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="transliterasi">translit.</abbr> </span><i><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḫākan</i></span></i>, or <span lang="ota">خان</span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḫān</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a>: <span lang="tr"><i>Kağan</i></span> or <span lang="tr">Hakan</span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Uighur" title="Bahasa Uighur">bahasa Uighur</a>: <span lang="ug-Arab">قاغان</span>‎, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad_Latin_Uyghur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad Latin Uyghur (halaman belum tersedia)">ULY</a>: <i>Qaghan</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_Script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolian Script (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolian Script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19481261" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Hanzi</a>: <span lang="zh">可汗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Kèhán</span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Hanzi</a>: <span lang="zh">大汗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Dàhán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia">bahasa Persia</a>: <span lang="fa"><i>خاقان</i></span> <i>Khāqān</i>, alternatively spelled <b>Kağan</b>, <b>Kagan</b>, <b>Khaghan</b>, <b>Kaghan</b>, <b>Khakan</b>, <b>Khakhan</b>, <b>Khaqan</b>, <b>Xagahn</b>, <b>Qaghan</b>, <b>Chagan</b>, <b>Қан</b>, or <b>Kha'an</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seperti dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_Khans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans (halaman belum tersedia)">Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans</a></i>, <span lang="bg">Именник на българските ханове</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">yaitu sangat ringan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_velar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless velar fricative (halaman belum tersedia)">voiceless velar fricative</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimulai pada tahun-tahun terakhir (1304) dari <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a>, cucu Kublai; kebanyakan sejarawan abad pertengahan seperti Rashid al-Din dan Alugh Beg Mirza menggambarkannya sebagai Khan Agung. Lihat: Universal history and The Shajrat ul Atrak</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selama periode ini para kaisar Mongol dari Yuan memegang gelar (nominal) Khan Agung dari semua Khanat Mongol (dari Kekaisaran Mongol), di mana tiga khanat barat Mongol masih menunjukkan rasa hormat mereka dalam beberapa kasus. Misalnya, koin Ilkhan membawa nama Khagan hingga awal abad ke-14. Juga pernah dikatakan bahwa Khagan adalah "berkat dari pencipta" di istana Golden Horde selama pemerintahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozbek_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozbek Khan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ozbek Khan</a> (1313–41).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kutipan">Kutipan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Kutipan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kutipan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank 1978, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&dq=khan+turkic+title&pg=PA367">p. 367</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2010). "Once Again on the Ruan-ruan language." <i>Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu / From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010).</i> 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul / 3–5 December 2010, İstanbul, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovin_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the etymology of the title <i>qaγan</i>". <i>Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia</i>, vol. 12 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SEC/article/viewFile/1100/1096">online ressource</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-songshu96-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-songshu96_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-songshu96_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Songshu</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B796">vol. 96</a> quote: "<span lang="zh">樓喜拜曰：「處可寒。」虜言「處可寒」，宋言爾官家也。</span>" translation: "Lou [the envoy of the younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">T'u-yü-hun</a>] was glad. He bowed and said: "<span title="Tionghoa-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chu k'o han</i></span> <span lang="zh">處可寒</span>". The barbarian words ch'u k'o han mean in the language of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Song dynasty (halaman belum tersedia)">Song</a>, 'Be it so, sire (<span lang="zh">爾官家</span>)'." by Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962) "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1114AUnNESH.pdf">pdf</a>, <i>Asia Major</i> 9; p. 261 of 206‒65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shiratori, Kurakichi (1926). "On the Titles KHAN and KAGHAN". <i>Proceedings of the Imperial Academy</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>2</b> (6): 241–244. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab1912.2.241">10.2183/pjab1912.2.241</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0369-9846">0369-9846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Imperial+Academy&rft.atitle=On+the+Titles+KHAN+and+KAGHAN&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=241-244&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2183%2Fpjab1912.2.241&rft.issn=0369-9846&rft.aulast=Shiratori&rft.aufirst=Kurakichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">KRADER, LAWRENCE (1955). "QAN-QAγAN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MONGOL KINGSHIP". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 17–35. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41926298">41926298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=QAN-QA%CE%B3AN+AND+THE+BEGINNINGS+OF+MONGOL+KINGSHIP&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-35&rft.date=1955&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41926298&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft.aulast=KRADER&rft.aufirst=LAWRENCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>2</b>: e20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18">10.1017/ehs.2020.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-772B-4">21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">7612788</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35663512">35663512</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <q>but their ultimate origins may lie outside the Turkic family, as is most likely the case for the title of khagan (χαγάνος, chaganus) < ? Middle Iranian *hva-kama- ‘self-ruler, emperor’ (Dybo, Reference Dybo2007: 119–120). Following Benveniste (Reference Benveniste1966), Dybo (Reference Dybo2007: 106–107) considers Turkic *χatun ‘king's wife’ a word of ultimate Eastern Iranian origin, borrowed presumably from Early Saka *hvatuñ, cf. the attested Soghdian words xwt'w ‘ruler’ (< *hva-tāvya-) and xwt'yn ‘wife of the ruler’ (< *hva-tāvyani).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+nomads+of+the+Eastern+Steppe+and+their+tentative+connections+in+the+West&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e20&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-772B-4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35663512&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou 1985, pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Wei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Wei (halaman belum tersedia)">Book of Wei</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103#%E8%A0%95%E8%A0%95">vol. 103</a> "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118181857/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earlychina/docs/2008/ec25_pulleyblank.pdf">"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"</a>, <i>Early China</i>. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovin_2019_162–197-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2019_162–197_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin, Alexander</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39716045">"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"</a>. <i>International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>1</b> (1): 162–197. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25898833-12340008">10.1163/25898833-12340008</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-8825">2589-8825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Eurasian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Sketch+of+the+Earliest+Mongolic+Language%3A+the+Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB+Bugut+and+Kh%C3%BCis+Tolgoi+Inscriptions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=162-197&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25898833-12340008&rft.issn=2589-8825&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39716045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art, Iranian-Bulletin of the Asia Institute, volume 17, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nihon Gakushiin-Proceedings of the Japan Academy, volume 2, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teikoku Gakushiin (Japan) – Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, volume 2, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Howorth. <i>History of The Mongols</i>, Volume 1; <a href="/wiki/Rene_Grousset" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Grousset">Rene Grousset</a>. <i>The Empire of Steppes</i>; D. Pokotilov. <i>History of the Eastern Mongols during the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1631</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. <i>The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368</i>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hüseyin Yılmaz, (2018), <i>Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cihan Yüksel Muslu, (2014), The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, <i>Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century</i>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Imber, (2002), <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650</i>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Streusand, (2010), <i>Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scott Latourette, Kenneth (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&q=heavenly+khan+ruler"><i>The Chinese, their history and culture</i></a>. 1–2 (edisi ke-4th, reprint). Macmillan. hlm. 144<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span>. <q>territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=4th%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Scott+Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkBwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dheavenly%2Bkhan%2Bruler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&pg=PA120">Skaff 2012</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&q=li+ling+kirghiz&pg=PA126"><i>Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history</i></a>. illustrated. <b>13</b>. Brill. hlm. 126. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-14129-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-04-14129-2">978-90-04-14129-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span> – via Brill's Inner Asian library. <q>the successes of Tang Taizong and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742–756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+and+the+collapse+of+the+Uighur+Empire%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.series=illustrated&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14129-2&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB6DEdAxLOsC%26q%3Dli%2Bling%2Bkirghiz%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bai, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue, pp. 674–675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pathofscience.org/index.php/ps/article/download/1229/1031">"Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tendencies+of+Change+of+Socio-Political+Lexicon+in+Persian+and+Azerbaijani+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpathofscience.org%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1229%2F1031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bosworth, C (2017). <i>The Turks in the Early Islamic World</i>. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 250. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781351880879" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781351880879">9781351880879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+the+Early+Islamic+World&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351880879&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Onuma, Takahiro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors"</a>. <i>Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (20220303). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fsaksaha.13401746.0012.004">10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saksaha%3A+A+Journal+of+Manchu+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Qing+Dynasty+and+Its+Central+Asian+Neighbors&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=20220303&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fsaksaha.13401746.0012.004&rft.aulast=Onuma&rft.aufirst=Takahiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fs%2Fsaksaha%2F13401746.0012.004%2F--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schluessel, Eric (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf"><i>The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Harvard University. hlm. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Emperor+of+China%3A+Everyday+Politics+in+Colonial+Xinjiang%2C+1877-1933&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schluessel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493602%2FSCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber">Sumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fairbank, John King. <i>The Cambridge History of China </i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA367"><i>web page</i></a></li> <li>Grousset, René. (1970). <i>The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia</i>. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 3rd Paperback printing, 1991. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8135-0627-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8135-0627-1">0-8135-0627-1</a> (casebound); <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8135-1304-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Whittow, Mark. <i>The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996.</li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (1992). <i>A History of Turks</i>. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/7-5004-0432-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/7-5004-0432-8">7-5004-0432-8</a>.</li> <li>Zhou, Weizhou [1985] (2006). <i>A History of Tuyuhun</i>. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/7-5633-6044-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/7-5633-6044-1">7-5633-6044-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne de la Vaissière (halaman belum tersedia)">de la Vaissière, Étienne</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khagan">"Khagan"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khagan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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