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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chopsticks" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chopsticks" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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id="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_cooking_utensils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_cooking_utensils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>As cooking utensils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_cooking_utensils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_eating_utensils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_eating_utensils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>As eating utensils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_eating_utensils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation_throughout_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation_throughout_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Propagation throughout the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation_throughout_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_in_different_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_in_different_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Naming in different countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_in_different_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_of_chopsticks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_of_chopsticks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Styles of chopsticks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_of_chopsticks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles of chopsticks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_of_chopsticks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Common characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia_etc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia_etc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia etc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia_etc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_chopsticks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_chopsticks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Using chopsticks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Using_chopsticks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Using chopsticks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Using_chopsticks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chopstick_grips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chopstick_grips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chopstick grips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chopstick_grips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_grip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_grip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Standard grip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_grip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_to_use_chopsticks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_to_use_chopsticks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Learning to use chopsticks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Learning_to_use_chopsticks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Learning to use chopsticks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Learning_to_use_chopsticks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_range_of_chopstick_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_range_of_chopstick_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Full range of chopstick motion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_range_of_chopstick_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_aids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_aids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Learning aids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_aids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chopstick_customs,_manners_and_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chopstick_customs,_manners_and_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chopstick customs, manners and etiquette</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chopstick_customs,_manners_and_etiquette-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chopstick customs, manners and etiquette subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chopstick_customs,_manners_and_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia_and_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia_and_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Indonesia and Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia_and_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Global impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Effects on health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chopsticks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84" title="أعواد الأكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعواد الأكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliyos" title="Paliyos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paliyos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem%C9%99k_%C3%A7ubuqlar%C4%B1" title="Yemək çubuqları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yemək çubuqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="হাশি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাশি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%AB" title="Tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Китайски пръчици за хранене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски пръчици за хранене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esstabal" title="Esstabal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Esstabal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟ་ཐུར་རམ་ཁོ་ཙེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟ་ཐུར་རམ་ཁོ་ཙེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Сабха – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сабха" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastonets" title="Bastonets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bastonets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%88%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çăмах шăрпăкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăмах шăрпăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADdeln%C3%AD_h%C5%AFlky" title="Jídelní hůlky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jídelní hůlky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisepinde" title="Spisepinde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spisepinde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essst%C3%A4bchen" title="Essstäbchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Essstäbchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gipulgad" title="Söögipulgad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Söögipulgad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%82" title="Τσόπστικς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσόπστικς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palillos" title="Palillos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palillos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%9Dobastonetoj" title="Manĝobastonetoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĝobastonetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotz_(mahai-tresna)" title="Zotz (mahai-tresna) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zotz (mahai-tresna)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چوب غذاخوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چوب غذاخوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguettes_(couverts_asiatiques)" title="Baguettes (couverts asiatiques) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baguettes (couverts asiatiques)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiall%C3%B3ga_itheach%C3%A1in" title="Stiallóga itheacháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stiallóga itheacháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AD%C3%B1os_chineses" title="Paíños chineses – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paíños chineses" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoai-%C3%A9" title="Khoai-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khoai-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%93%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD" title="젓가락 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젓가락" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Փայտիկներ սննդի համար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փայտիկներ սննդի համար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tapi%C4%87i_za_jelo" title="Štapići za jelo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Štapići za jelo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpit" title="Sumpit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumpit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matarprj%C3%B3nar" title="Matarprjónar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Matarprjónar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchette_(gastronomia)" title="Bacchette (gastronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacchette (gastronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מקלות אכילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקלות אכילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpit" title="Sumpit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumpit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩინური ჩხირები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ჩხირები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%88" title="ໄມ້ຖູ່ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄມ້ຖູ່" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacilla_escaria" title="Bacilla escaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacilla escaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbul%C4%AB%C5%A1i" title="Irbulīši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irbulīši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgymo_lazdel%C4%97s" title="Valgymo lazdelės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgymo lazdelės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C5%91p%C3%A1lcika" title="Evőpálcika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evőpálcika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Стапчиња за јадење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стапчиња за јадење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ചോപ്പ്സ്റ്റിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചോപ്പ്സ്റ്റിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84" title="اعواد الاكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اعواد الاكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyepit" title="Penyepit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyepit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Dê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85" title="Савх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Савх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0(%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0)" title="တူ(ထမင်းစားတူ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူ(ထမင်းစားတူ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eetstokjes" title="Eetstokjes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eetstokjes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="चपस्टिक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चपस्टिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8" title="箸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="箸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisepinner" title="Spisepinner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spisepinner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xasi_tayoqchalari" title="Xasi tayoqchalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xasi tayoqchalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27alapit" title="'alapit – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="'alapit" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9" title="چوپسټېک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چوپسټېک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82eczki" title="Pałeczki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pałeczki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashi" title="Hashi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hashi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C8%9Bi%C8%99oare" title="Bețișoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bețișoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Палочки для еды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палочки для еды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/atip" title="atip – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="atip" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chopsticks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Штапићи за јело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штапићи за јело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tapi%C4%87i_za_jelo" title="Štapići za jelo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Štapići za jelo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpit_(parabot)" title="Sumpit (parabot) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sumpit (parabot)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6m%C3%A4puikot" title="Syömäpuikot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syömäpuikot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tpinnar" title="Ätpinnar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ätpinnar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உண் குச்சிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உண் குச்சிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qqway" title="Qqway – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Qqway" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A" title="ตะเกียบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตะเกียบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemek_%C3%A7ubuklar%C4%B1" title="Yemek çubukları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yemek çubukları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%97%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Палички для їжі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палички для їжі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="چوكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چوكا" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shaped pairs of sticks used as kitchen and eating utensils</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Asian eating utensil. For the lip balm, see <a href="/wiki/ChapStick" title="ChapStick">ChapStick</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chopsticks (disambiguation)">Chopsticks (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Many-chopsticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Many-chopsticks.jpg/300px-Many-chopsticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Many-chopsticks.jpg/450px-Many-chopsticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Many-chopsticks.jpg/600px-Many-chopsticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Various chopsticks, from top to bottom, with 12-inch (30.5 cm) <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> at top for scale: <div><ul><li>Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> chopsticks</li><li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> chopsticks</li><li>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> chopsticks</li><li>Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Palmwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmwood">palmwood</a> chopsticks</li><li>Korean <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> flat chopsticks</li><li>Korean matching <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">sujeo</a></li><li>Japanese palmwood couple's set (two pairs)</li><li>Japanese child's chopsticks</li><li>Disposable bamboo chopsticks from Japan (in paper wrapper)</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chopsticks</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopsticks_2_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/50px-Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/75px-Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/100px-Chopsticks_2_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="230" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The original Chinese character for "chopsticks"<sup id="cite_ref-altterm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altterm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%B7%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:筷子">筷子</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">kuàizi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">k'uai<sup>4</sup>-tzu<sup>5</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰwâɪ.tsɨ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">khuae<sup>去</sup>-tsy<sup>上</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">kuai-e</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">faai-jí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">faai3-zi2</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:箸">箸</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhù</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zyu<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">tī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">dê̤ṳ / <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Min Dong Chinese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cdo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tøy˨˦˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%91%C5%A9a" class="extiw" title="wikt:đũa">đũa</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">箸</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A5%AE%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:𥮊">𥮊</a></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A0%93%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:젓가락">젓가락</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">jeotgarak</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">chŏkkarak</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">箸</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">はし</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">hashi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid red; background:#fff5ee"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseDishLogo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/ChineseDishLogo.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_regional_cuisine" title="Chinese regional cuisine">Regional cuisines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><u>Four Great Traditions</u></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Chuan (Sichuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Lu (Shandong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Yue (Guangdong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaiyang_cuisine" title="Huaiyang cuisine">Huaiyang (Jiangsu)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Eight Great Traditions</u><br /><small>(+all above)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_cuisine" title="Anhui cuisine">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Ten Great Traditions</u><br /><small>(+all above)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_cuisine" title="Shanghai cuisine">Shanghai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Twelve Great Traditions</u><br /><small>(+all above)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henan_cuisine" title="Henan cuisine">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_cuisine" title="Shaanxi cuisine">Shaanxi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Fourteen Great Traditions</u><br /><small>(+all above)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubei_cuisine" title="Hubei cuisine">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_cuisine" title="Liaoning cuisine">Liaoning</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Sixteen Great Traditions</u><br /><small>(+all above)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_cuisine" title="Tianjin cuisine">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Yunnan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>New Eight Great Traditions</u></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gansu_cuisine" title="Gansu cuisine">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine#Style" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_cuisine" title="Jilin cuisine">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_cuisine" title="Liaoning cuisine">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine#Style" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_cuisine" title="Shaanxi cuisine">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_cuisine" title="Shanghai cuisine">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_cuisine" title="Shanxi cuisine">Shanxi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Beijing and the vicinity</u></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperial_cuisine" title="Chinese imperial cuisine">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aristocrat_cuisine" title="Chinese aristocrat cuisine">Aristocrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_cuisine" title="Tianjin cuisine">Tianjin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><u>Other regional styles</u></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_cuisine" title="Guangxi cuisine">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_cuisine" title="Guizhou cuisine">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_cuisine" title="Hainan cuisine">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haipai_cuisine" title="Haipai cuisine">Haipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_cuisine" title="Hakka cuisine">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_cuisine" title="Jiangxi cuisine">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_cuisine" title="Manchu cuisine">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Chinese_cuisine" title="Northeastern Chinese cuisine">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_cuisine" title="Putian cuisine">Putian (Henghwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai_cuisine" title="Qinghai cuisine">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)">Overseas cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Chinese cuisine">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Caribbean Chinese cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chinese_cuisine" title="Japanese Chinese cuisine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Latin_American_cuisine" title="Chinese Latin American cuisine">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Chinese_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Korean Chinese cuisine">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Chinese_cuisine" title="New Zealand Chinese cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine#Chinese" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)">Religious cuisines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)">Ingredients and types of food</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dishes" title="List of Chinese dishes">Main dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_desserts" title="Chinese desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_noodles" title="Chinese noodles">Noodles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cooking_techniques" title="Chinese cooking techniques">Preparation and cooking</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_cooking" title="Red cooking">Red cooking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff5ee;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Chinese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_desserts" title="List of Chinese desserts">List of Chinese desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dishes" title="List of Chinese dishes">List of Chinese dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_restaurants" title="List of Chinese restaurants">List of Chinese restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_China" title="List of restaurants in China">List of restaurants in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_cuisine" title="Template:Chinese cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_cuisine" title="Template talk:Chinese cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20em;padding: 0.3em; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_(4553953910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg/220px-KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg/330px-KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg/440px-KOCIS_Korean_meal_table_%284553953910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한국 요리</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">조선 료리</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Staples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bap_(rice_dish)" title="Bap (rice dish)">Bap</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">Bibimbap</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokkeum-bap" title="Bokkeum-bap">Bokkeum-bap</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gukbap" title="Gukbap">Gukbap</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Juk_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juk (food)">Juk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mieum_(food)" title="Mieum (food)">Mieum</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Korean_noodles" title="Korean noodles">Guksu</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Naengmyeon" title="Naengmyeon">Naengmyeon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mandu_(food)" title="Mandu (food)">Mandu</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Ancillaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Pickled dishes</b> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jangajji" title="Jangajji">Jangajji</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeotgal" title="Jeotgal">Jeotgal</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">Baek-kimchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">Kkakdugi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">Nabak-kimchi</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Soups & stews</b> </p> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guk" title="Guk">Guk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guk" title="Guk">Tang</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeongol" title="Jeongol">Jeongol</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jijimi" title="Jijimi">Jijimi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jjigae" title="Jjigae">Jjigae</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><b><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></b></i></span> </p> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokkeum" title="Bokkeum">Bokkeum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Buchimgae" title="Buchimgae">Buchimgae</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeon_(food)" title="Jeon (food)">Jeon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bugak" title="Bugak">Bugak</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gui_(food)" title="Gui (food)">Gui</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoe (dish)">Hoe</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jjim" title="Jjim">Jjim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jokpyeon" title="Jokpyeon">Jokpyeon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jorim" title="Jorim">Jorim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Muk_(food)" title="Muk (food)">Muk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Namul" title="Namul">Namul</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pyeonyuk" title="Pyeonyuk">Pyeonyuk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Po_(food)" title="Po (food)">Po</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seon_(food)" title="Seon (food)">Seon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ssam" title="Ssam">Ssam</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_desserts" title="List of Korean desserts">Desserts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><b><a href="/wiki/Hangwa" title="Hangwa">Hangwa</a></b></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dasik" title="Dasik">Dasik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gwapyeon" title="Gwapyeon">Gwapyeon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeonggwa" title="Jeonggwa">Jeonggwa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kkultarae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kkultarae">Kkultarae</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suksilgwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Suksilgwa">Suksilgwa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yakbap" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakbap">Yakbap</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yeot" title="Yeot">Yeot</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yeotgangjeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeotgangjeong">Yeotgangjeong</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yugwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugwa">Yugwa</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gangjeong" title="Gangjeong">Gangjeong</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hangwa_(yugwa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangwa (yugwa)">Hangwa</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yumilgwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumilgwa">Yumilgwa</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mandugwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandugwa">Mandugwa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taraegwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraegwa">Taraegwa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yakgwa" title="Yakgwa">Yakgwa</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><b><a href="/wiki/Tteok" title="Tteok">Tteok</a></b></i></span> </p> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Baekseolgi" title="Baekseolgi">Baekseolgi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bupyeon" title="Bupyeon">Bupyeon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongdan" title="Gyeongdan">Gyeongdan</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Injeolmi" title="Injeolmi">Injeolmi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeolpyeon" title="Jeolpyeon">Jeolpyeon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jeungpyeon" title="Jeungpyeon">Jeungpyeon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mujigae-tteok" title="Mujigae-tteok">Mujigae-tteok</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Siru-tteok" title="Siru-tteok">Siru-tteok</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Songpyeon" title="Songpyeon">Songpyeon</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Drinks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_drinks" title="List of Korean drinks">List of Korean drinks</a> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Cha</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hwachae" title="Hwachae">Hwachae</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sikhye" title="Sikhye">Sikhye</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Korean_alcoholic_drinks" title="Korean alcoholic drinks">Sul</a></i></span> (alcoholic drinks)</span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sujeonggwa" title="Sujeonggwa">Sujeonggwa</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Condiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">Doenjang</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Soy_Sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy Sauce">Ganjang</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Soup_soy_sauce" title="Soup soy sauce">Gukganjang</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fish_Sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish Sauce">Eoganjang</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">Mustard sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ssamjang" title="Ssamjang">Ssamjang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">Vinegar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_vinegar" title="Persimmon vinegar">Persimmon vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_vinegar" title="Rice vinegar">Rice vinegar</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Utensils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dolsot" title="Dolsot">Dolsot</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onggi" title="Onggi">Onggi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Siru" title="Siru">Siru</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">Sujeo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ttukbaegi" title="Ttukbaegi">Ttukbaegi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gamasot" title="Gamasot">Gamasot</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding: 0.3em; border-top:blue 2px solid;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimchi Field Museum">Kimchi Field Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_refrigerator" title="Kimchi refrigerator">Kimchi refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_dishes" title="List of Korean dishes">List of Korean dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_regional_cuisine" title="Korean regional cuisine">Korean regional cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Korean Chinese cuisine">Korean Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_barbecue" title="Korean barbecue">Korean barbecue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_cuisine" title="Template:Korean cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_cuisine" title="Template talk:Korean cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20em;padding:0.3em; margin-left:10px; border:1px solid red; background:#fff5ee; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIBITASHI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NIBITASHI.jpg/175px-NIBITASHI.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NIBITASHI.jpg/263px-NIBITASHI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NIBITASHI.jpg/350px-NIBITASHI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of the series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine"><span style="color:red; font-size:12pt;">Japanese cuisine</span></a><br />日本料理</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.3em; font-family:sans-serif; background-color:#FFDFA8;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional cuisines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_regional_cuisine" title="Japanese regional cuisine">Main article</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_cuisine" title="Nagoya cuisine">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dshoku" title="Yōshoku">Yōshoku</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.3em; font-family:sans-serif; background-color:#FFDFA8;;color: var(--color-base)">Ingredients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Main dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_desserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_noodles" title="Japanese noodles">Noodles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.3em; font-family:sans-serif; background-color:#FFDFA8;;color: var(--color-base)">Preparation and cooking</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_cooking" title="Red cooking">Red cooking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.3em; font-family:sans-serif; background-color:#FFDFA8;;color: var(--color-base)">Utensils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cooking_utensils" title="List of Japanese cooking utensils">List of Japanese cooking utensils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.3em; font-family:sans-serif; background-color:#FFDFA8;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals and festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_etiquette#Eating_and_drinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_cuisine" title="Template:Japanese cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_cuisine" title="Template talk:Japanese cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chopsticks</b> are shaped pairs of equal-length sticks that have been used as <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_utensil" title="Kitchen utensil">kitchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">eating utensils</a> in most of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> for over three millennia. They are held in the dominant hand, secured by fingers, and wielded as extensions of the hand, to pick up food. </p><p>Originating in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, chopsticks later spread to other parts of continental Asia. Chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asian food</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, especially in cities with significant East Asian diaspora communities. The use of chopsticks has also spread to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> either via the Chinese diaspora or through some dishes such as noodles that may require chopsticks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chopsticks are smoothed, and frequently tapered. They are traditionally made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, and in modern days, increasingly available in non-traditional materials such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>. Chopsticks are often seen as requiring practice and skill to master to be used as an eating utensil. In some countries, failing to follow etiquette in their use is frowned upon, though such feelings are generally lesser than they once were. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">List of Chinese inventions</a></div> <p>Chopsticks have been around and used since at least the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1766–1122 BCE). However, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> wrote that it is likely that chopsticks were also used in the preceding <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> and even the earlier <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a>, although finding archeological evidence from this era is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of chopsticks uncovered so far consists of six chopsticks, made of bronze, 26 centimeters (10 in) long, and 1.1 to 1.3 centimeters (0.43 to 0.51 in) wide, excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Ruins of Yin</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>). These are dated roughly to 1200 BCE, during the Shang dynasty. They were supposed to have been used for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known textual reference to the use of chopsticks comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Feizi (book)">Han Feizi</a></i>, a philosophical text written by <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a> (c. 280–233 BCE) in the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_6_part_5_104_footnote_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_6_part_5_104_footnote-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide diffusion of chopsticks in the Chinese culture is sometimes attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian philosophy">Confucian philosophy</a> that emphasizes family harmony as the basis for civil order.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> himself allegedly said that knives are for warriors, but chopsticks are for scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> is linked to the aphorism "the honorable and upright man keeps well away from both the slaughterhouse and the kitchen… And he allows no knives on his table".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucius' reference to chopsticks in his <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i> suggests these items were widely known in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (c. 475–221 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_cooking_utensils">As cooking utensils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As cooking utensils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks,_cup,_and_spoon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/220px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/330px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/440px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Silver chopsticks, spoon, and bowl from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first chopsticks were used for cooking, stirring the fire, serving or seizing bits of food, and not as eating utensils. One reason was that before the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> was predominant in North China, Korea and parts of Japan. While chopsticks were used for cooking, millet porridge was eaten with spoons at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29-35">: 29-35 </span></sup> The use of chopsticks in the kitchen continues to this day. </p><p><i>Ryōribashi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">料理箸</span></span>)</span> are Japanese kitchen chopsticks used in <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Japan">Japanese cuisine</a>. They are used in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese food">Japanese food</a>, and are not designed for eating. These chopsticks allow handling of hot food with one hand, and are used like regular chopsticks. These chopsticks have a length of 30 centimeters (12 in) or more, and may be looped together with a string at the top. They are usually made from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. For deep frying, however, metal chopsticks with bamboo handles are preferred, as tips of regular bamboo chopsticks become discolored and greasy after repeated use in hot oil. The bamboo handles protect against heat. </p><p>Similarly, Vietnamese cooks use <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đũa cả</i></span> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">𥮊奇</span></span>) or "grand chopsticks" in cooking, and for serving rice from the pot.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_eating_utensils">As eating utensils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As eating utensils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuniyoshi_Utagawa,_Women_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg/220px-Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg/330px-Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg/440px-Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Women_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>A painting of a Japanese woman using chopsticks, by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, as rice consumption increased. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoons</a> continued to be used alongside chopsticks as eating utensils at meals. It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> that chopsticks came into exclusive use for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name <i>kuaizi</i> and the present shape.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6-8">: 6-8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation_throughout_the_world">Propagation throughout the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propagation throughout the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of chopsticks as both cooking and eating utensils spread throughout East and Southeast Asia over time. Scholars such as Isshiki Hachiro and Lynn White have noted how the world was split among three dining customs, or food cultural spheres. There are those that eat with their fingers, those that use forks and knives, and then there is the "chopsticks cultural sphere", consisting of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1-3, 67-92">: 1-3, 67-92 </span></sup> </p><p>As Han <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a> percolated, they spread the usage of chopsticks as eating utensils to South and Southeast Asian countries including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand. In Singapore and Malaysia, the Han Chinese traditionally consume all food with chopsticks, while ethnic <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Singaporean">Singapore</a>) use chopsticks primarily to consume noodle dishes. Overall, the use of either chopsticks, a spoon, or a fork, is interchangeable in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal chopsticks are generally used only to consume noodles.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1–8">: 1–8 </span></sup> </p><p>Similarly, chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with East Asian cuisine around the world, in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the West Coast of North America,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cities with Overseas Asian communities all around the globe. </p><p>The earliest European reference to chopsticks comes in the Portuguese <i><a href="/wiki/Suma_Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suma Oriental">Suma Oriental</a></i> by Tomé Pires, who wrote in 1515 in Malacca: "They [the Chinese] eat with two sticks and the earthenware or china bowl in their left hand close to the mouth, with the two sticks to suck in. This is the Chinese way."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_in_different_countries">Naming in different countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naming in different countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>, the character for chopsticks was <i>zhu</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:箸">箸</a>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> reconstruction: <i>d̪jwo-</i>). Although it may have been widely used in ancient vernacular Chinese, its use was eventually replaced by the pronunciation for the character <i>kuài</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:快">快</a>), meaning "quick". The original character, though still used in writing, is rarely used in modern spoken Mandarin. It, however, is preserved in Chinese languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> languages are directly descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> rather than Middle Chinese. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> term for chopsticks is <i>kuàizi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%B7%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:筷子">筷子</a>). The first character (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">筷</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Pictophonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictophonetic">pictophonetic</a> (semantic-phonetic) compound created with a phonetic part meaning "quick" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">快</span></span>), and a semantic part meaning "bamboo" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">竹</span></span>), using the <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese character)">radical</a> (⺮).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word "chopstick" may have derived from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_English" title="Chinese Pidgin English">Chinese Pidgin English</a>, in which <i><a href="/wiki/Chop_chop_(phrase)" title="Chop chop (phrase)">chop chop</a></i> meant "quickly".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the earliest published use of the word is in the 1699 book <i>Voyages and Descriptions</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a>: "they are called by the English seamen Chopsticks".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility, is that the term is derived from <i>chow</i> (or <i>chow chow</i>) which is also a pidgin word stemming from Southeast Asia meaning "food". Thus chopsticks would simply mean "food sticks". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, chopsticks are called "kho-ze" ཁོ་ཙེ. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, chopsticks are called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hashi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">箸</span></span>)</span>. A common misconception is that they are referred as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">otemoto</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おてもと</span></span>)</span>, a phrase commonly on the wrappers of disposable chopsticks. <i>Te</i> means hand and <i>moto</i> means the area under or around something. The preceding <a href="/wiki/Japanese_o_and_go" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese o and go"><i>o</i></a> is used for politeness. Otemoto therefore can refer to any small plate or serving utensil placed at a serving table. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a>, chopsticks are called <i>mēshi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%81%E3%83%BC%E3%81%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:めーし">めーし</a>) as a vulgar word,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>umēshi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%82%81%E3%83%BC%E3%81%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:うめーし">うめーし</a>) as a polite word,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>'nmēshi</i> ぅんめーし(<span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">御箸</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, ʔNmeesi).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special type of chopsticks made from the <i>himehagi</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Polygala_japonica" title="Polygala japonica">Polygala japonica</a></i>) stem is called <i>sōrō 'nmēshi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">そーろーぅんめーし</span></span>, <i>sooroo ʔNmeesi</i><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">精霊御箸</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). These are used at altars of offerings in <i>Kyū Bon</i> (old <a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Bon Festival</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:저">저</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">箸</span></span>, <i>jeo</i>) is used in the compound <i>jeotgarak</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A0%93%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:젓가락">젓가락</a>), which is composed of <i>jeo</i> ("chopsticks") and <i>garak</i> ("stick"). <i>Jeo</i> cannot be used alone, but can be found in other compounds such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">sujeo</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A0%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:수저">수저</a>) ("spoon and chopsticks"). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, chopsticks are called <i>tī</i>, written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:箸">箸</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, chopsticks are called <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%91%C5%A9a" class="extiw" title="wikt:đũa">đũa</a></i>, which is written as <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">箸</span></span> in Chữ Nôm. <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đũa</i></span></i> is the non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">箸</span></span>. An alternative character is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A5%AE%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:𥮊">𥮊</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, chopsticks are called "savkh" which is written as "савх" in Mongolian and as "ᠰᠠᠤᠬᠠ" in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Old Mongolian</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian language">Cambodian</a> (Khmer), chopsticks are called <i>chang keuh</i> (ចង្កឹះ). </p><p>In such <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay-speaking countries</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, chopsticks are called <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumpit#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sumpit">sumpit</a> ,</i> from <a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a> <i>sumpit</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> 栓筆／栓笔 (sng-pit, “holding pin”). In <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, bamboo chopsticks called <i>candas</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> they may be called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penyepit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:penyepit"><i>penyepit</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_of_chopsticks">Styles of chopsticks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Styles of chopsticks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_characteristics">Common characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg/170px-Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg/255px-Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg/340px-Chopsticks_on_a_shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Chopsticks on a store rack</figcaption></figure> <p>Chopsticks come in a wide variety of styles, with differences in geometry and material. Depending on the country and the region some chopstick styles are more common than others. </p> <ul><li><b>Length</b>: Chopsticks range from 23 centimeters (9.1 in) to 26 centimeters (10 in) long, tapering to one end. Very long, large chopsticks, usually about 30 or 40 centimeters (12 or 16 in), are used for cooking, especially for deep frying foods.</li> <li><b>Cross-section</b>: Chopsticks may have round, square, hexagonal, or other polygonal cross-sections. Usually the edges are rounded off so there are no sharp 90° surface angles in square chopsticks. Korean chopsticks are notable for having flat handles, instead of regular full bodies as in Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese chopsticks.</li> <li><b>Taper</b>: Chopsticks are usually tapered in the end used for picking up food. Chinese and Vietnamese chopsticks are more commonly blunt, while Japanese ones tend to be sharp and pointed in style. Korean chopsticks typically have sharp tapers.</li> <li><b>Tips</b>: Some chopsticks have a rough surface for the tip end, to provide better friction for gripping food. The gripping surfaces may be carved as circumferential grooves, or provided as a rough texture.</li> <li><b>Material</b>: A large variety of materials is available, including bamboo, wood, plastic, metal, bone, jade, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and ivory. <ul><li>Bamboo and wooden chopsticks are relatively inexpensive, low in temperature <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a>, and provide good grip for holding food. They can warp and deteriorate with continued use if they are of the unvarnished or unlacquered variety. Almost all cooking and disposable chopsticks are made of bamboo or wood. Disposable unlacquered chopsticks are used especially in restaurants. These often come as a piece of wood that is partially cut and must be split into two chopsticks by the user (serving as proof that they have not been previously used). In Japanese, these disposable implements are known as <i>waribashi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">割り箸</span></span>)</li> <li>Plastic chopsticks are relatively inexpensive, low in temperature conduction, and resistant to wear. <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a> is one of the more commonly used plastics for chopsticks. Plastic chopsticks are not as effective as wood and bamboo for picking up food, because they tend to be slippery. Also, plastic chopsticks cannot be used for cooking, since high temperatures may damage the chopsticks and produce toxic compounds.</li> <li>Metal chopsticks are durable and easy to clean, but present a slippery surface. <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> is a common metal used to make chopsticks, but <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> chopsticks can be purchased at prices comparable to a good pair of wooden chopsticks. Silver is still common among wealthy families, and as part of gift sets.</li> <li>Other materials such as ivory, jade, gold, and silver are typically chosen for luxury. Silver-tipped chopsticks were often used as a precaution by wealthy people, based on the myth that silver would turn black upon contact with poison.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Embellishments</b>: Wooden or bamboo chopsticks can be painted or <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> for decoration and waterproofing. Metal chopsticks are sometimes roughened or scribed to make them less slippery. Higher-priced metal chopstick pairs are sometimes connected by a short chain at the untapered end to prevent their separation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese chopsticks tend to be longer than other styles, at about 27 centimeters (11 in). They are thicker, with squared or rounded cross-sections. They end in either wide, blunt, flat tips or tapered pointed tips. Blunt tips are more common with plastic or <a href="/wiki/Melamine_resin" title="Melamine resin">melamine</a> varieties, whereas pointed tips are more common in wood and bamboo varieties. Chinese restaurants more commonly offer melamine chopsticks for its durability and ease of sanitation. Within individual household, bamboo chopsticks are more commonly found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg/184px-Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="184" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg/276px-Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg/368px-Wooden_and_plastic_chopsticks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Japanese-style wooden and plastic chopsticks</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopstick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chopstick.png/240px-Chopstick.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chopstick.png/360px-Chopstick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chopstick.png/480px-Chopstick.png 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chopsticks made of <a href="/wiki/Taxus_cuspidata" title="Taxus cuspidata">Japanese yew</a> wood, on a <a href="/wiki/Chopstick_rest" title="Chopstick rest">chopstick rest</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg/220px-Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg/330px-Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg/440px-Saibashi_with_normal_hashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i>Hashi</i> (for eating) and <i>saibashi</i> (for cooking, shown below)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is common for Japanese sticks to be of shorter length for women, and children's chopsticks in smaller sizes are common. Many Japanese chopsticks have circumferential grooves at the eating end, which helps prevent food from slipping. Japanese chopsticks are typically sharp and pointed, in order to dissect fish and seafood. They are traditionally made of wood or bamboo, and are lacquered. </p><p>Lacquered chopsticks are known in Japanese as <i>nuribashi</i>, in several varieties, depending on where they are made and what types of lacquers are used in glossing them.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80–87">: 80–87 </span></sup> Japanese traditional lacquered chopsticks are produced in the city of <a href="/wiki/Obama,_Fukui" title="Obama, Fukui">Obama</a> in Fukui Prefecture, and come in many colors coated in natural lacquer. They are decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> from <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, and with eggshell to impart a waterproof coating to the chopsticks, extending their life.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edo Kibashi chopsticks have been made by Tokyo craftspeople since the beginning of the Taishō period (1912–1926) roughly 100 years ago. These chopsticks use high-grade wood (ebony, red sandalwood, ironwood, Japanese box-trees, or maple), which craftspeople plane by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edo Kibashi chopsticks may be pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal in cross-section. The tips of these chopsticks are rounded to prevent damage to the dish or the bowl.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, chopsticks for cooking are known as <i>ryoribashi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">料理箸りょうりばし</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <i>saibashi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">菜箸さいばし</span></span>) when used to transfer cooked food to the dishes it will be served in.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sujeo_(spoon_and_chopsticks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg/212px-Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg/318px-Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg/424px-Sujeo_%28spoon_and_chopsticks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">Sujeo</a></i>, a set of chopsticks and a spoon</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_chopsticks_(Goryeo_dynasty).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg/212px-Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg/318px-Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg/424px-Bronze_chopsticks_%28Goryeo_dynasty%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bronze chopsticks (<a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty, 918~1392)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The earliest uses of chopsticks in Korea seem to date back to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> with the oldest chopsticks excavated from the royal tomb of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-academykorean_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academykorean-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chopsticks used by Koreans are often made of metal. It is believed that the uses of metallic chopsticks evolved from the royal practice of using silver chopsticks to detect poison in food, but the exact reason is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-metalchop_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalchop-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the historical era, the metallic composition of Korean chopsticks varied. In the past, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> era, chopsticks were made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era, chopsticks used by royalty were made of silver, as its oxidizing properties could often be used to detect whether or not food intended for royals had been tampered with. In the present day, the majority of Korean metal chopsticks are made of stainless steel. Due to metal's slippery nature, the chopsticks are stamped flat for better gripping.<sup id="cite_ref-metalchop_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalchop-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end sets, such as those intended as gifts, are often made of sterling silver. Chopsticks made of varying woods (typically bamboo) are also common in Korea. Many Korean chopsticks are ornately decorated at the grip. </p><p>In North and South Korea, chopsticks of medium-length with a small, flat rectangular shape are paired with a spoon, made of the same material. The set is called <i><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">sujeo</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the Korean words for spoon and chopsticks. This (the historical extensive use of a spoon in addition to chopsticks) is also a feature unique to Korea; most chopstick-using countries have either eliminated the use of spoons, or have limited their use as eating utensils. It is traditional to rest <i>sujeo</i> on <a href="/wiki/Spoon_and_chopstick_rest" title="Spoon and chopstick rest">spoon and chopstick rest</a>, so chopsticks and the spoon do not touch the table surface. </p><p>In the past, materials for <i>sujeo</i> varied with social class: <i>Sujeo</i> used in the court were made with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a>, while commoners used <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wooden</a> <i>sujeo</i>. Today, <i>sujeo</i> is usually made with <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, although <i><a href="/wiki/Bangjja" title="Bangjja">bangjja</a></i> is also popular in more traditional settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chopsticks" title="Special:EditPage/Chopsticks">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_knife_set.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_knife_set.png/220px-Mongolian_knife_set.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_knife_set.png/330px-Mongolian_knife_set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_knife_set.png/440px-Mongolian_knife_set.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian knife set</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolian chopsticks were usually made of bones, and their tips were covered with silver, every rich man kept the chopsticks in a sheath. At the same time, sticks were not often used directly for eating, being, for the most part, an element of decor and confirmation of the status of the carrier. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a> and Mongols from <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia of China</a>, chopsticks have also been found in old traditional <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> knives' sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chopsticks" title="Special:EditPage/Chopsticks">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Thais tended to use their hands when eating their native cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Ethnic Chinese immigrants</a> introduced chopsticks for foods that require them. Restaurants serving other Asian cuisines that utilize chopsticks use the style of chopstick, if any, appropriate for that cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">Fork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a>, adopted from the West, are now the most commonly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks,_Chut_(Arem)_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG/220px-Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG/330px-Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG/440px-Serving_dish_and_big_flat_chopsticks%2C_Chut_%28Arem%29_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02618.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="4657" /></a><figcaption>Đũa cả, a type of Vietnamese chopsticks used to scoop rice. In the photo is the Đũa cả artifact of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people" title="Chứt people">Chứt people</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table,_Le_Pousse_Pousse,_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard,_75015_Paris,_15_December_2016_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg/220px-Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg/330px-Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg/440px-Table%2C_Le_Pousse_Pousse%2C_176_Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_75015_Paris%2C_15_December_2016_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Forks and chopsticks in a Vietnamese restaurant in France</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese chopsticks are long sticks that taper to a blunt point. They are usually big and thick at one end and thinner at the other, thin ends are often used to pick up food. They are traditionally made of bamboo or lacquered wood. Today, plastic chopsticks are also used due to their durability. However, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wooden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden">wooden</a> chopsticks are often more used in the village countryside (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:quê">quê</a>). Vietnam has a number of specialized chopsticks for cooking and stirring rice such as Đũa cả (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">箸奇</span></span>) are large, flat chopsticks used to serve rice from a pot and there is a specialized type of chopsticks for stir-frying, they are usually 10–20 cm longer than normal chopsticks called Đũa xào (箸炒). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia_etc"><span id="Borneo.2FMalaysia.2FIndonesia_etc"></span>Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia etc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia etc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay-speaking countries</a>, there may be several names for chopsticks. In Borneo, bamboo chopsticks called <i>candas</i> are used to eat <i><a href="/wiki/Ambuyat" title="Ambuyat">ambuyat</a></i> or <i>linut</i> in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, a native staple food of glutinous porridge made from <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>. A pair of <i>candas</i> is typically adjoined at the back. In Indonesian chospticks may be called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumpit#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sumpit"><i>sumpit</i></a>. In Malaysia they may be called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penyepit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:penyepit"><i>penyepit</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_chopsticks">Using chopsticks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Using chopsticks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">A sample of alternative grips</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png/207px-Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png/311px-Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png/414px-Marcosticks-Vulcan_grip-using_chopsticks.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vulcan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png/167px-Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png/251px-Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png/334px-Marcosticks-Chicken_claws_grip-using_chopsticks.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1515" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chicken claws</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png/131px-Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png/197px-Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png/262px-Marcosticks-Dangling_stick_grip-using_chopsticks.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dangling stick</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png/71px-Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png/107px-Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png/142px-Marcosticks-Scissorhand_grip-using_chopsticks.png 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scissorhand</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chopstick_grips">Chopstick grips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chopstick grips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lifelong users and adult learners alike, around the world, hold chopsticks in more than one way. But there is a general consensus on a standard grip being the most efficient way to grip and wield chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-cookeryscience2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookeryscience2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of whether users wield the standard grip, or one of many alternative grips, their goals are the same. They hold the two sticks in the dominant hand, secured by various fingers and parts of the hand, such that the sticks become an extension of the hand. <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, summarized it thus: "Although simple, the two sticks perfectly use the physics of leverage. Chopsticks are an extension of human fingers. Whatever fingers can do, chopsticks can do, too."<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>Alternative grips differ in their effectiveness in picking up food. They differ in the amount of pinching (<a href="/wiki/Compression_(physics)" title="Compression (physics)">compression</a>) power they can generate. Some grips can generate substantial, outward extension force, while others are unable to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_grip">Standard grip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standard grip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png/264px-Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png/396px-Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png/528px-Marcosticks-Standard_Grip-using_chopsticks.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Standard grip</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg/220px-Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg/330px-Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg/440px-Marcosticks-Identification_of_fingers_used_in_wielding_chopsticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parts of fingers and hand</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The standard grip calls for the top chopstick to be held by the tip of the thumb, the tip of the index finger, and the middle finger knuckle. These three fingers surround the top stick from three sides, and firmly secure the stick as if they were holding a pen. The three fingers, using this tripod-like hold, can wiggle and twirl the top stick, as if it were an extension of them. The rear end of the top stick rests on the base of the index finger. </p><p>The bottom chopstick, however, generally remains immobile. It is secured by the base of the thumb, which presses the stick against the knuckle of the ring finger, and against the purlicue. The thumb therefore does double duty. It holds the bottom stick immobile, and at the same time, it also moves the top stick. The thumb must be flattened, in order to perform this double duty.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_to_use_chopsticks">Learning to use chopsticks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Learning to use chopsticks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png/500px-Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png/750px-Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Chopstick_wrapper_sleeve-How_use_chopsticks_instructions-scaled_for_fair_use.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption>Chopstick wrapper with how-to-use instructions</figcaption></figure> <p>In chopstick-using cultures, learning to use chopsticks is part of a child's development process. The right way to use chopsticks is usually taught within the family.<sup id="cite_ref-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many young children find their own ways of wielding chopsticks in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-cookeryscience2010_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cookeryscience2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exists a variety of learning aids that parents purchase to help their children learn to use chopsticks properly. </p><p>Adult learners, on the other hand, may acquire the skill through personal help from friends, or from instructions printed on wrapper sleeves of some disposable chopsticks. Various video hosting platforms also provide a plethora of how-to videos on learning to use chopsticks. All the same, adult learners too, often find their own alternative grips to using chopsticks. </p><p>In general, learning aids attempt to steer learners towards the established standard grip. These aids attempt to illustrate or enforce the right standard grip mechanical leverage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_range_of_chopstick_motion">Full range of chopstick motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Full range of chopstick motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Range of motion of the standard grip</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png/200px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png/300px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png/400px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Closed_posture.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Closed posture</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png/200px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png/300px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png/400px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Open_posture.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Open posture</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png/149px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png" decoding="async" width="149" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png/224px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png/298px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Closed_posture.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png/251px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png" decoding="async" width="251" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png/377px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png/502px-Marcosticks-Chopstick_motion_color-Standard_Grip-Planetary_gears_view-Open_posture.png 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Side view showing flattened thumb</div></div></div></div> <p>The learning process usually starts with a proper initial placement of fingers, per standard grip. It is crucial for learners to understand how to hold both sticks firmly in the hand, as extensions of fingers. </p><p>The next step involves learning the right motion of fingers, in order to move the top stick from the closed posture where tips of chopsticks touch, to the open posture where tips are extended wide apart for embracing food items. The open posture and the closed posture define the two ends of maximum standard grip motion. In most eating situations, tips of chopsticks need not be extended this wide apart. </p><p>Both finger placement and standard grip motion rely on the thumb being flattened. With this flat thumb pose, the base of the thumb can exert enough force to pin the bottom stick against the knuckle of the ring finger, and against the purlicue. At the same time, the tip of the thumb pushes back against the index finger and the knuckle of the middle finger, as all three wield the top stick in concert.<sup id="cite_ref-kotaku-how-to_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotaku-how-to-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shape of the flat thumb is such that the bottom stick is prevented from shaking loose, and from inching closer to the top stick, during repeated standard grip motion. Keeping the two chopsticks separated far enough, at the place they intersect with the thumb, is important for the standard grip. At the open posture, it allows tips to extend wide apart, without rear ends of chopsticks colliding. At the closed posture, it enables better control over tips of chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_aids">Learning aids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Learning aids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg/220px-Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg/330px-Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg/440px-Tweezer_chopsticks-Kiddie_chopsticks_made_with_a_wrapper_sleeve_and_a_rubber_band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption> wrapper and rubber band method</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular chopstick learning aid is arguably the wrapper-sleeve-and-rubber-band model, which is used in East Asian restaurants around the world. These are mostly operated like tweezers, or tongs. While they are useful for picking up food, they do not help learners acquire the standard grip. Many similar chopstick inventions can be found on the market, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwik_Stix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwik Stix (page does not exist)">Kwik Stix</a>. Some inventions combine other utensils with chopsticks. These include The Chork, the Fork and Knife Chopsticks, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg/220px-Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg/330px-Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg/440px-Finger_placement_chopsticks-Kobe_Hashiya_Ink_Carved_chopsticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Finger placement learning aid</figcaption></figure> <p>Some learning aids help learners with the initial placement of fingers, per standard grip. This can be done by making "index finger", "thumb tip", or equivalent labels at the right places on chopsticks. Often these chopsticks will have finger-shaped grooves carved out of sticks, to further help learners find the right placement. Other finger placement chopsticks instead carve circumferential grooves into sticks, in place of finger-shaped ones. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg/220px-Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg/330px-Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg/440px-Exoskeleton_chopsticks-Edison_chopsticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Exoskeleton learning aids</figcaption></figure> <p>Some learning aids allow users to wield two sticks as extensions of their fingers, without the exact finger dynamics required by the standard grip. Some models provide hoops through which fingers can move the top chopstick as an <a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> of these fingers. Other models use finger-shaped tabs instead to achieve the same, for both top and bottom sticks. Yet other models combine finger placement features with the above. Usually these models connect the two chopsticks with a bridge and a hinge, holding the two sticks in the right configuration on behalf of users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chopstick_customs,_manners_and_etiquette"><span id="Chopstick_customs.2C_manners_and_etiquette"></span>Chopstick customs, manners and etiquette</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chopstick customs, manners and etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China,_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg/220px-Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg/330px-Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg/440px-Restaurant_serving_turntable_restaurant_in_China%2C_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Westerners using chopsticks in a tourist restaurant in mainland China</figcaption></figure> <p>Chopsticks are used in many parts of Asia and principles of etiquette are similar, but finer points can differ from region to region. Chopstick manners were gradually shaped to work with a culture's particular dietary varieties and habit. Etiquette developed for primarily individual servings eaten on the floor (or tatami in the case of Japan) could be different from communal meals eaten around a table while seated on chairs. The need for serving or communal chopsticks similarly differ. In some cultures it is customary to lift a bowl to the mouth, when the only eating utensil used is chopsticks. In other cultures, lifting a bowl closer to the mouth is frowned upon as equivalent to begging, as the local custom is to use chopsticks for chunky food, and a spoon for liquid food.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102-119">: 102-119 </span></sup> </p><p>In chopstick-using countries, holding chopsticks incorrectly reflects negatively on a child's parents and home environment. There are frequent news articles on the alarming decline of children's abilities to use chopsticks correctly. Similarly, stabbing food due to one's inability to wield chopsticks with dexterity is also frowned upon. <sup id="cite_ref-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73-75">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho00gibl/page/73">73-75</a> </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes-japanese-lose-chopstick-skils_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-japanese-lose-chopstick-skils-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chinaculture-chopsticks_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaculture-chopsticks-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>-burning that symbolizes "feeding" the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jet_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-egj_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egj-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia_2">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_2">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Chinese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining">Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining</a></div> <ul><li>When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth.</li> <li>It is traditionally acceptable to transfer food using one's own chopsticks to closely related people. Family members transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to that of an elder person before dinner starts, as a sign of respect. In modern times, the use of serving or communal chopsticks for this transfer has gained momentum, for better sanitary practices.<sup id="cite_ref-shine-cohpsticks_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shine-cohpsticks-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.<sup id="cite_ref-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho00gibl/page/35">35</a> </span></sup></li> <li>It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl; beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.<sup id="cite_ref-chinatoday-chopsticks_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinatoday-chopsticks-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandaphone-food-culture_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandaphone-food-culture-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One should not "dig" or "search" through food for something in particular. This is sometimes known as "digging one's grave" or "grave-digging" and is extremely poor form.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 116">: 116 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan_2">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopstick_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chopstick_position.jpg/220px-Chopstick_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chopstick_position.jpg/330px-Chopstick_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chopstick_position.jpg/440px-Chopstick_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Various chopstick rests</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining</a></div> <ul><li>The pointed ends of the chopsticks should be placed on a <a href="/wiki/Chopstick_rest" title="Chopstick rest">chopstick rest</a> when the chopsticks are not being used. However, when a chopstick rest is not available as is often the case in restaurants using <i>waribashi</i> (disposable chopsticks), chopstick wrappers may be folded into a rest.<sup id="cite_ref-jet_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reversing chopsticks to use the opposite clean end can be used to move food from a communal plate, and is acceptable if there are no communal chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-egj_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egj-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, reversing chopsticks (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">逆さ箸</span></span>, <i>sakasabashi</i>) is frowned upon, however, because of the association to the celebratory chopsticks (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">祝い箸</span></span>, <i>iwai-bashi</i>), where both ends of chopsticks are tapered, but only one end is for humankind to use, while the other is for use by God.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chopsticks should not be crossed on a table, as this symbolizes death.<sup id="cite_ref-ywca-tokyo-1955_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ywca-tokyo-1955-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup></li> <li>Chopsticks should be placed in the right-left direction, and the tips should be on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-ywca-tokyo-1955_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ywca-tokyo-1955-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup></li> <li>In formal use, disposable chopsticks (<i>waribashi</i>) should be replaced into the wrapper at the end of a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-jet_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is rude to stand chopsticks vertically in rice, or pass food from one pair chopsticks to another, as these are reminiscent of parts of Japanese funeral traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea_2">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapsang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bapsang.jpg/220px-Bapsang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bapsang.jpg/330px-Bapsang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bapsang.jpg/440px-Bapsang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Simple Korean table (chopsticks and a spoon placed palewise, on the right side of rice and soup)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In Korea, chopsticks are paired with a spoon, forming a <i><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">sujeo</a></i> set. <i><a href="/wiki/Sujeo" title="Sujeo">Sujeo</a></i> are placed on the right side and parallel to <i><a href="/wiki/Bap_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bap (food)">bap</a></i> (rice) and <i><a href="/wiki/Guk" title="Guk">guk</a></i> (soup). Chopsticks are laid on the right side of the paired spoon. One must never put the chopsticks to the left of the spoon. Chopsticks are only laid to the left during the food preparation for the funeral or the memorial service for the deceased family members, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">jesa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chosun-sujeo_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chosun-sujeo-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As in China and Japan, chopsticks are not stuck into food and left standing up, as this resembles food offerings at a grave for deceased ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-pettid_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettid-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The spoon is used for <i><a href="/wiki/Bap_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bap (food)">bap</a></i> (rice) and soupy dishes, while most other <i><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a></i> (side dishes) are eaten with chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-korean-cooking_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-korean-cooking-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is considered uncultured and rude to pick up a plate or a bowl to bring it closer to one's mouth, and eat its content with chopsticks. If the food lifted "drips", a spoon is used under the lifted food to catch the dripping juices. Otherwise however, holding both a spoon and chopsticks in one hand simultaneously or in both hands is usually frowned upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_2">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cambodia, chopsticks, spoon and fork, and hands are the primary eating utensils. Although chopsticks are commonly used for noodle dishes, most Cambodians use chopsticks for any meal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Cambodia adopted the spoon and fork later than neighboring countries such as Thailand, it is common to see Cambodians use chopsticks for any meals.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forks are only used to help guide food onto the spoon. Forks are not used to shovel food into the mouth. For noodle dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kuyteav" title="Kuyteav">kuyteav</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Num_banhchok" title="Num banhchok">num banhchok</a></i>, chopsticks are used. Cambodians do not use forks at all to put food in their mouth because they are seen as dangerous near the mouth area, and the soup spoon is used for the broth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia_and_Malaysia">Indonesia and Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indonesia and Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chopsticks in Malay-speaking countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, and other parts of Southeast Asia are used for eating noodles almost exclusively, whilst spoon and/or fork are used for eating rice, and sometimes use of hands as well. Typically most commonly seen with dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Mie_goreng" title="Mie goreng">mie goreng</a> (<i>fried noodles</i>, Indonesia) or <a href="/wiki/Mee_goreng" title="Mee goreng">mee goreng</a> (also <i>fried noodles</i>, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand_2">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Historically, Thai people used bare hands to eat and occasionally used a spoon and fork for curries or soup, the result of Western influence. But many Thai noodle dishes, served in a bowl are eaten with chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-brooklynbrainery-chopsticks_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooklynbrainery-chopsticks-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unlike in China and in Vietnam, chopsticks are not used with a bowl of rice.<sup id="cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.ac.th-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is considered impolite to make a sound with chopsticks.<sup id="cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.ac.th-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is poor etiquette to rest or hold chopsticks pointing towards others, as pointing is considered disrespectful.<sup id="cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.ac.th-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg/220px-Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg/330px-Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg/440px-Mie_goreng_spesial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mie_goreng" title="Mie goreng">Mie Goreng</a> (fried noodles) are often used with chopsticks and spoon. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_2">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_family_daily_meal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A popular tray of rice in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnam is one of the countries in the original "chopsticks cultural sphere". Its customs are heavily influenced by its Chinese counterparts, including using chopsticks exclusively as eating utensils. Consequently, Vietnamese chopstick etiquette is very similar to the Chinese version.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 69, 73">: 69, 73 </span></sup> For instance, it is deemed proper to hold the bowl close to the mouth, just like is the case in China. Holding chopsticks vertically up like incense sticks is taboo. Tapping bowls with chopsticks is frowned upon.<sup id="cite_ref-vietname-visa-chopsticks_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vietname-visa-chopsticks-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are some similarities with China, they still have some differences. Some other common Vietnamese taboos are: </p> <dl><dt>Placing chopsticks unevenly on the dining table</dt> <dd>Before and during a meal, do not place long or short chopsticks on the table, because this is considered a bad omen. Influenced by the concept of China, the ancients also believed that this is similar to the coffin of the dead, made from 2 short wooden boards and 3 long wooden boards, representing bad luck. You should pay attention to equalize chopsticks when eating, not only to avoid possible bad luck but in fact it makes it easier to pick up food.</dd> <dt>Knocking chopsticks into the bowl</dt> <dd>The act of tapping chopsticks on the side of a bowl is considered similar to a beggar. Because, in the past, only beggars used chopsticks to knock on pots to make the sound of begging for food. This is considered rude and unlucky and should absolutely be avoided, especially when dining with outsiders.</dd> <dt>Index finger pointing out when holding chopsticks</dt> <dd>In this usage, the thumb, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger hold the chopsticks, while the index finger sticks out. It's like constantly pointing fingers at others, meaning to criticize and scold others. In addition, when talking during meals, pointing at others with chopsticks is also extremely disrespectful.</dd> <dt>Crossing chopsticks</dt> <dd>This behavior usually goes unnoticed. When eating, many people arbitrarily put their chopsticks on the table. The ancients considered this behavior to be counterproductive, denying all people sitting at the same table.</dd> <dt>Using chopsticks to plug the rice bowl</dt> <dd>This is taboo because it is similar to sticking incense in an incense bowl, implying an invitation to the deceased, bringing bad spirits to the meal.</dd> <dt>Using chopsticks to skewer food</dt> <dd>If during a meal, chopsticks are inserted into the food, this is a kind of rude behavior, very impolite and taboo for the people sitting at the table.</dd> <dt>Sucking or biting chopsticks</dt> <dd>When eating, holding chopsticks in your mouth, biting back and forth with your mouth, and sometimes making noises is considered an act of lack of upbringing, meanness and disrespect. In addition, this behavior and the sound it makes also make others feel uncomfortable and offensive. Therefore, this is not advisable behavior.</dd> <dt>Using a chopstick to stir the food</dt> <dd>When eating rice but only using a chopstick to stir the plate of food, this must also be avoided, because it is considered to be insulting to those at the table.</dd> <dt>Connecting chopsticks together</dt> <dd>When serving food for others, in addition to having to turn the chopsticks to keep the recipient's hygiene, you also have to pay attention to pick up the food and put it in their bowl and avoid "joining chopsticks", that is, passing food from chopsticks to chopsticks of others. this brings bad luck because in some places, when cremating the dead, the ashes will be passed with chopsticks. You should avoid bringing bad luck to you.</dd> <dt>Picking up and putting down without picking</dt> <dd>In the past, well-educated girls were often taught to absolutely avoid using chopsticks to swing in the rice tray, choose food, and do not know where to lower the chopsticks to pick up the appropriate place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This type of behavior is a typical manifestation of lack of cultivation, moreover, not treating anyone well enough to make others feel offensive. In modern society, this behavior also does not make good sense.</dd> <dt>Searching through food</dt> <dd>When eating rice but holding chopsticks in hand and constantly picking at food, in order to find a preferred food item, is likened to the act of "grave theft". This behavior also belongs to the behavior of lack of upbringing, causing offense.</dd> <dt>Picking up spilled food</dt> <dd>Using chopsticks to pick up food that is not neat or pick up one dish and spill it on another or on the table is considered extremely rude.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_impacts">Global impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Global impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg/220px-Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg/330px-Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg/440px-Chopstick_HowToUseThemProperly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3938" /></a><figcaption>Disposable chopsticks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/170px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/255px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/340px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Disposable chopsticks in a recycle bin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asiaonline_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiaonline-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters (59<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> cu ft) of timber<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 25 million fully grown <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">trees</a> every year.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> imposed a 5% tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China,<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.<sup id="cite_ref-asiaonline_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiaonline-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using <a href="/wiki/Sweet_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet gum">sweet gum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and have been seen as appealing to Chinese and other East Asian consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American-born Taiwanese singer <a href="/wiki/Wang_Leehom" title="Wang Leehom">Wang Leehom</a> has publicly advocated the use of <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reusable</a> chopsticks made from <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable resource extraction">sustainable materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, reusable chopsticks are known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">maihashi <i>or</i> maibashi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">マイ箸</span></span>, meaning "my chopsticks")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effects on health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2006 Hong Kong Department of Health survey found that, since 2003, the proportion of people using distinctly separate serving chopsticks, spoons, or other utensils for serving food from a common dish has increased from 46% to 65%.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spoon" title="Chinese spoon">Chinese spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">List of eating utensils</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-altterm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-altterm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Still widely used across East Asia, but in China has become archaic in most Chinese dialects except <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-no-literature-for-chopstick-grips_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a lack of written literature on the variety of chopstick grips, naming of these, classifications of these, factors used to determine grip differences, etc. There is also a lack of literature on the presumed standard grip, its physics, and its mechanical leverage. Detailed written literature on how to learn the standard grip has yet to be discovered. For the time being, summaries written in this article on the use of chopsticks can be substantiated by direct observations of a person using chopsticks, and by watching online videos.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 166-167">: 166-167 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.T. Huang (Huang Xingzong). <i>Fermentations and Food Science.</i> Part 5 of <i>Biology and Biological Technology</i>, Volume 6 of Joseph Needham, ed., <i>Science and Civilisation in China</i>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65270-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65270-7">0-521-65270-7</a>), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=chopsticks">104</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325231030/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=chopsticks">Archived</a> 2023-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">卢茂村 (Lu, Maocun). "筷子古今谈 (An Introduction to Chopsticks)", <i>农业考古 (Agricultural Archaeology)</i>, 2004, No. 1:209–216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1006-2335">1006-2335</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italian.cri.cn/441/2008/06/19/43@104984.htm">"Le due leggende sulle bacchette cinesi"</a>. Italian.cri.cn. 2008-06-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412031941/http://italian.cri.cn/441/2008/06/19/43@104984.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+due+leggende+sulle+bacchette+cinesi&rft.pub=Italian.cri.cn&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitalian.cri.cn%2F441%2F2008%2F06%2F19%2F43%40104984.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嚴志斌洪梅编著</span></span> 『<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷墟青銅器︰青銅時代的中國文明</span></span>』上海大学出版社, 2008-08, p. 48 "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">第二章殷墟青銅器的類別與器型殷墟青銅食器十、銅箸这三双箸长26、粗细在1.1-1.3厘米之间，出土于西北岗1005号大墓。<a href="/wiki/Chen_Mengjia" title="Chen Mengjia">陈梦家</a>认为这种箸原案有长形木柄，应该是烹调用具。</span></span>" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7811180979" title="Special:BookSources/7811180979">7811180979</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/309392963">309392963</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183848/https://search.worldcat.org/title/309392963">Archived</a> 2024-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_6_part_5_104_footnote-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_6_part_5_104_footnote_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham (2000), p. 104, footnote 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Mary (2012). "Chinese Food". In George J. Leonard (ed.). <i>The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135580179" title="Special:BookSources/9781135580179"><bdi>9781135580179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Food&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Pacific+American+Heritage%3A+A+Companion+to+Literature+and+Arts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781135580179&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFamYangHyman2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fam, Kim-Shyan; Yang, Zhilin; Hyman, Mike (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-009-0307-6">"Confucian/Chopsticks Marketing"</a>. <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. 88, Supplement 3: 393–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-009-0307-6">10.1007/s10551-009-0307-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27749715">27749715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145349903">145349903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Confucian%2FChopsticks+Marketing&rft.volume=88%2C+Supplement+3&rft.pages=393-397&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145349903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27749715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-009-0307-6&rft.aulast=Fam&rft.aufirst=Kim-Shyan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhilin&rft.au=Hyman%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10551-009-0307-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman, Cathy K. (Spring–Fall 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.p-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e.org/?p=2483">"Cooks, Knife-Wielders, and Their Audiences"</a>. <i>P-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e</i>. <b>3</b> (1–2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101183555/http://www.p-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e.org/?p=2483">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e&rft.atitle=Cooks%2C+Knife-Wielders%2C+and+Their+Audiences&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.p-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e.org%2F%3Fp%3D2483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham (2000), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang-2015-chopsticks-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2015-chopsticks_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2015" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Q. Edward (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z60PBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19"><i>Chopsticks: A cultural and culinary history</i></a>. England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107023963" title="Special:BookSources/9781107023963"><bdi>9781107023963</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404184602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z60PBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chopsticks%3A+A+cultural+and+culinary+history&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107023963&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Q.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ60PBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://batkhuat.net/van-doidua.htm">"Đôi đũa"</a>. Batkhuat.net. 2011-06-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205231425/http://batkhuat.net/van-doidua.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%90%C3%B4i+%C4%91%C5%A9a&rft.pub=Batkhuat.net&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbatkhuat.net%2Fvan-doidua.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endymion Wilkinson, <i>Chinese History: A Manual</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Rev. and enl., 2000), 647 citing Yun Liu, Renxiang Wang, Qin Mu, 木芹. 刘云. 王仁湘刘云 <i>Zhongguo Zhu Wen Hua Da Guan</i> 中国箸文化大观 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frommers.com/destinations/singapore/etiquette">"Etiquette in Singapore | Frommer's"</a>. <i>www.frommers.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930202821/https://www.frommers.com/destinations/singapore/etiquette">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frommers.com&rft.atitle=Etiquette+in+Singapore+%26%23124%3B+Frommer%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frommers.com%2Fdestinations%2Fsingapore%2Fetiquette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinata1997" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qv-4ScjTO-AC"><i>Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813055506" title="Special:BookSources/9789813055506"><bdi>9789813055506</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183853/https://books.google.com/books?id=qv-4ScjTO-AC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chinese+as+Southeast+Asians&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=9789813055506&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqv-4ScjTO-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2014/10/08/forget-the-chopsticks">"Forget the chopsticks, give us forks | YouGov"</a>. <i>today.yougov.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122190238/https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2014/10/08/forget-the-chopsticks">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=today.yougov.com&rft.atitle=Forget+the+chopsticks%2C+give+us+forks+%26%23124%3B+YouGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.yougov.com%2Ftopics%2Flifestyle%2Farticles-reports%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Fforget-the-chopsticks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii-aloha.com/blog/2012/06/07/learning-the-art-of-chopsticks/">"Learning the Art of Chopsticks - Hawaii Aloha Travel"</a>. 7 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210735/https://www.hawaii-aloha.com/blog/2012/06/07/learning-the-art-of-chopsticks/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Art+of+Chopsticks+-+Hawaii+Aloha+Travel&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii-aloha.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F06%2F07%2Flearning-the-art-of-chopsticks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&q=china&pg=PA116">The Suma oriental of Tome Pires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072951/https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&q=china&pg=PA116">Archived</a> 2023-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC"><i>Chinese history: A manual</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University. p. 647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183907/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+history%3A+A+manual&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=647&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, Jerry (1988) <i>Chinese</i>, Cambridge University Press, p76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Online" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/chopstick">"Definition of chopstick"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031433/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/chopstick">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+chopstick&rft.au=Merriam-Webster+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchopstick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988) <i>Chinese</i>, Cambridge University Press, p267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chopsticks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chopsticks">"Chopsticks" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopsticks&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN36335">"語彙詳細 — 首里・那覇方言"</a>. <i>ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp&rft.atitle=%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A9%B3%E7%B4%B0+%E2%80%94+%E9%A6%96%E9%87%8C%E3%83%BB%E9%82%A3%E8%A6%87%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp%2Fsrnh%2Fdetails.php%3FID%3DSN36335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN03999">"語彙詳細 — 首里・那覇方言"</a>. <i>ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp&rft.atitle=%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A9%B3%E7%B4%B0+%E2%80%94+%E9%A6%96%E9%87%8C%E3%83%BB%E9%82%A3%E8%A6%87%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp%2Fsrnh%2Fdetails.php%3FID%3DSN03999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN50386">Ryukyu</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/details.php?ID=SN50947">Ryukyu</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/iongji/pdf/annesia536pdf.pdf">"【箸】 tī"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Education, R.O.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218193144/https://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/iongji/pdf/annesia536pdf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E7%AE%B8%E3%80%91+t%C4%AB&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+R.O.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Fiongji%2Fpdf%2Fannesia536pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AA_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WfFGiGgnvQC"><i>Access Asia: Primary Speaking and Learning Units</i></a>. Carlton, Vic.: Curriculum Corporation. 1996. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86366-345-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86366-345-8"><bdi>978-1-86366-345-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183913/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WfFGiGgnvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+Asia%3A+Primary+Speaking+and+Learning+Units&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Curriculum+Corporation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86366-345-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WfFGiGgnvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megumi, I. (Producer), & Masahiko, H. (Director). (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzaRk3J2Jrc"><i>Begin Japanology-Chopsticks</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508045533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzaRk3J2Jrc&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 2020-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Video file].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edo Kibashi. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japan-brand.jnto.go.jp/crafts/woodcraft/2784/">Chopsticks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928123700/https://japan-brand.jnto.go.jp/crafts/woodcraft/2784/">Archived</a> 2020-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NHK (Producer). (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/av30282458/"><i>Binotsubo-Chopsticks</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074632/https://www.bilibili.com/video/av30282458/">Archived</a> 2019-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Video file].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimbo2000" class="citation book cs1">Shimbo, Hiroko (2000). <i>The Japanese Kitchen</i>. Boston, MA: Harvard Common Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55832-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55832-177-2"><bdi>1-55832-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Kitchen&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55832-177-2&rft.aulast=Shimbo&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/28363/m0u/%E8%8F%9C%E7%AE%B8/">"さいばし"</a>. Shogakukan and NTT Resonant Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301131734/http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/28363/m0u/%E8%8F%9C%E7%AE%B8/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%95%E3%81%84%E3%81%B0%E3%81%97&rft.pub=Shogakukan+and+NTT+Resonant+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp%2Fleaf%2Fje2%2F28363%2Fm0u%2F%25E8%258F%259C%25E7%25AE%25B8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academykorean-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academykorean_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%88%98%EC%A0%80&ridx=0&tot=18">"수저"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215112634/http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%88%98%EC%A0%80&ridx=0&tot=18">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%88%98%EC%A0%80&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FSearchNavi%3Fkeyword%3D%25EC%2588%2598%25EC%25A0%2580%26ridx%3D0%26tot%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metalchop-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metalchop_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metalchop_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation web cs1">Kim, ChiHon (19 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://korea.stripes.com/food-drink/story-behind-why-chopsticks-are-steel-south-korea">"Story behind why chopsticks are steel in South Korea"</a>. <i>stripes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127232259/https://korea.stripes.com/food-drink/story-behind-why-chopsticks-are-steel-south-korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stripes&rft.atitle=Story+behind+why+chopsticks+are+steel+in+South+Korea&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=ChiHon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkorea.stripes.com%2Ffood-drink%2Fstory-behind-why-chopsticks-are-steel-south-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cookeryscience2010-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cookeryscience2010_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cookeryscience2010_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF山内知子小出あつみ山本淳子大羽和子2010" class="citation journal cs1">山内知子; 小出あつみ; 山本淳子; 大羽和子 (2010). "食育の観点からみた箸の持ち方と食事マナー". <i>日本調理科学会誌</i>. <b>43</b> (4). 情報知識学会: 260–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11402%2Fcookeryscience.43.260">10.11402/cookeryscience.43.260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%BF%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%B2%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%B3%E7%82%B9%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%81%9F%E7%AE%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%81%E3%81%A1%E6%96%B9%E3%81%A8%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%8B%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-264&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11402%2Fcookeryscience.43.260&rft.au=%E5%B1%B1%E5%86%85%E7%9F%A5%E5%AD%90&rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%87%BA%E3%81%82%E3%81%A4%E3%81%BF&rft.au=%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E5%AD%90&rft.au=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiberSpencer2010" class="citation book cs1">Reiber, Beth; Spencer, Janie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzkxlDJ6VogC&q=chopsticks&pg=PA37"><i>Frommer's Japan</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-54129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-54129-6"><bdi>978-0-470-54129-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183926/https://books.google.com/books?id=IzkxlDJ6VogC&q=chopsticks&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span>. <q><i>The proper way to use a pair is to place the first chopstick between the base of the thumb and the top of the ring finger (this chopstick remains stationary) and the second one between the top of the thumb and the middle and index fingers.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Japan&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-54129-6&rft.aulast=Reiber&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Janie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzkxlDJ6VogC%26q%3Dchopsticks%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kotaku-how-to-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kotaku-how-to_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2018" class="citation news cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (2018-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/how-to-use-chopsticks-1689350890">"How To Use Chopsticks"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031010953/https://kotaku.com/how-to-use-chopsticks-1689350890">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=How+To+Use+Chopsticks&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fhow-to-use-chopsticks-1689350890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giblin-from-hand-to-mouth_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblin1987" class="citation book cs1">Giblin, James Cross (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho00gibl"><i>From hand to mouth: How we invented knives, forks, spoons, and chopsticks, & the manners to go with them</i></a></span>. New York: Crowell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-04660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-690-04660-1"><bdi>978-0-690-04660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+hand+to+mouth%3A+How+we+invented+knives%2C+forks%2C+spoons%2C+and+chopsticks%2C+%26+the+manners+to+go+with+them&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-690-04660-1&rft.aulast=Giblin&rft.aufirst=James+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromhandtomoutho00gibl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-japanese-lose-chopstick-skils-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes-japanese-lose-chopstick-skils_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe1992" class="citation news cs1">Watanabe, Teresa (1992-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-06-23-wr-1122-story.html">"Culture : Japanese Losing Their Grip on Ancient Skill of Wielding Chopsticks : Most young children don't know the proper technique. Some even commit the ultimate crime: spearing their dinner"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103184145/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-06-23-wr-1122-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Culture+%3A+Japanese+Losing+Their+Grip+on+Ancient+Skill+of+Wielding+Chopsticks+%3A+Most+young+children+don%27t+know+the+proper+technique.+Some+even+commit+the+ultimate+crime%3A+spearing+their+dinner.&rft.date=1992-06-23&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-06-23-wr-1122-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinaculture-chopsticks-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinaculture-chopsticks_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428055442/http://www.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2010-10/21/content_398082_4.htm">"Chinese Chopsticks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinaculture.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinaculture.org">chinaculture.org</a>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2010-10/21/content_398082_4.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Chopsticks&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=chinaculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fchineseway%2F2010-10%2F21%2Fcontent_398082_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002356277">"Manners in the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OhmyNews" title="OhmyNews">OhmyNews</a></i>. 2017-09-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106144702/http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002356277">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OhmyNews&rft.atitle=Manners+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohmynews.com%2FNWS_Web%2FView%2Fat_pg.aspx%3FCNTN_CD%3DA0002356277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jet-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jet_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jet_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jet_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardamanSasaki_Vardaman2011" class="citation book cs1">Vardaman, James; Sasaki Vardaman, Michiko (2011). <i>Japanese Etiquette Today: A Guide to Business & Social Customs</i>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462902392" title="Special:BookSources/9781462902392"><bdi>9781462902392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Etiquette+Today%3A+A+Guide+to+Business+%26+Social+Customs&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781462902392&rft.aulast=Vardaman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sasaki+Vardaman%2C+Michiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egj-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egj_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egj_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Mente2011" class="citation book cs1">De Mente, Boye Lafayette (2011). <i>Etiquette Guide to Japan: Know the rules that make the difference!</i>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462902460" title="Special:BookSources/9781462902460"><bdi>9781462902460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etiquette+Guide+to+Japan%3A+Know+the+rules+that+make+the+difference%21&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781462902460&rft.aulast=De+Mente&rft.aufirst=Boye+Lafayette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shine-cohpsticks-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shine-cohpsticks_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYing2020" class="citation news cs1">Ying, Zhu (2020-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2004256895/">"Chopsticks: Eating habits under scrutiny"</a>. <i>Shine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124034259/https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2004256895/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shine&rft.atitle=Chopsticks%3A+Eating+habits+under+scrutiny&rft.date=2020-04-25&rft.aulast=Ying&rft.aufirst=Zhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shine.cn%2Ffeature%2Flifestyle%2F2004256895%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinatoday-chopsticks-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinatoday-chopsticks_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721235641/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/chinatours/difference.htm">"Difference"</a>. Chinatoday.com.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/chinatours/difference.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Difference&rft.pub=Chinatoday.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2FEnglish%2Fchinatours%2Fdifference.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandaphone-food-culture-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pandaphone-food-culture_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pandaphone.com/chinese_food_culture.htm">"Pandaphone"</a>. Pandaphone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123190628/https://www.pandaphone.com/chinese_food_culture.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandaphone&rft.pub=Pandaphone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pandaphone.com%2Fchinese_food_culture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shojikiya.co.jp/service/okuizome/column/festive-chopsticks/">"祝い箸の基礎知識｜さまざまな呼び名の由来と正しい使い方"</a>. 正直屋. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063605/http://shojikiya.co.jp/service/okuizome/column/festive-chopsticks/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A5%9D%E3%81%84%E7%AE%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%EF%BD%9C%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E3%81%96%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AA%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B3%E5%90%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5%E3%81%A8%E6%AD%A3%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E6%96%B9&rft.pub=%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B4%E5%B1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshojikiya.co.jp%2Fservice%2Fokuizome%2Fcolumn%2Ffestive-chopsticks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ywca-tokyo-1955-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ywca-tokyo-1955_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ywca-tokyo-1955_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokyo_YWCA_World_Fellowship_Committee1955" class="citation book cs1">Tokyo YWCA World Fellowship Committee (1955). <i>Japanese Etiquette: An Introduction</i>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804802901" title="Special:BookSources/9780804802901"><bdi>9780804802901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Etiquette%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780804802901&rft.au=Tokyo+YWCA+World+Fellowship+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livejapan.com/en/in-tokyo/in-pref-tokyo/in-tokyo_train_station/article-a0001284/">"5 Essential Chopstick Etiquette Tips to Know in Japan! | LIVE JAPAN travel guide"</a>. <i>LIVE JAPAN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702173854/https://livejapan.com/en/in-tokyo/in-pref-tokyo/in-tokyo_train_station/article-a0001284/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIVE+JAPAN&rft.atitle=5+Essential+Chopstick+Etiquette+Tips+to+Know+in+Japan%21+%7C+LIVE+JAPAN+travel+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivejapan.com%2Fen%2Fin-tokyo%2Fin-pref-tokyo%2Fin-tokyo_train_station%2Farticle-a0001284%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chosun-sujeo-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chosun-sujeo_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danmee.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/11/22/2016112200798.html">"Where should I put the spoon on the table? Correct spot location"</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190116/http://danmee.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/11/22/2016112200798.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+should+I+put+the+spoon+on+the+table%3F+Correct+spot+location.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanmee.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2F2016112200798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pettid-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pettid_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettid,_Michael_J.2008" class="citation book cs1">Pettid, Michael J. (2008). <i>Korean cuisine: an illustrated history</i>. China: Reaktion Books Ltd. pp. 154–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+cuisine%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=China&rft.pages=154-159&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-348-2&rft.au=Pettid%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-korean-cooking-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee-korean-cooking_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation book cs1">Lee, MinJung (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSSJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Step by Step Cooking Korean: Delightful Ideas for Everyday Meals</i></a> (New ed.). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-261-799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-261-799-6"><bdi>978-981-261-799-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Step+by+Step+Cooking+Korean%3A+Delightful+Ideas+for+Everyday+Meals&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-261-799-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=MinJung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSSJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Park_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2014" class="citation book cs1">Park, Hannah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvjPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT233"><i>Korean Culture for Curious New Comers</i></a>. Translated by Chun, Chong-Hoon. Pagijong Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788962927252" title="Special:BookSources/9788962927252"><bdi>9788962927252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Culture+for+Curious+New+Comers&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Pagijong+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788962927252&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvjPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVater2015" class="citation web cs1">Vater, Tom (20 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/travel/food-drink/all-about-traditional-cambodian-food/">"All About Traditional Cambodian Food"</a>. <i>hachettebookgroup.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201344/https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/travel/food-drink/all-about-traditional-cambodian-food/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hachettebookgroup.com&rft.atitle=All+About+Traditional+Cambodian+Food&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.aulast=Vater&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com%2Ftravel%2Ffood-drink%2Fall-about-traditional-cambodian-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocambodia.tours/cambodia-etiquette/">"Cambodia Etiquette"</a>. <i>gocambodia.tours</i>. 16 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202911/https://www.gocambodia.tours/cambodia-etiquette/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gocambodia.tours&rft.atitle=Cambodia+Etiquette&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocambodia.tours%2Fcambodia-etiquette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert" class="citation web cs1">Gilbert, Abigail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelfish.org/beginners_detail/cambodia/54">"Cambodian Table Manners"</a>. <i>travelfish.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106134941/https://www.travelfish.org/beginners_detail/cambodia/54">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travelfish.org&rft.atitle=Cambodian+Table+Manners&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelfish.org%2Fbeginners_detail%2Fcambodia%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambodiaa.weebly.com/food.html">"Cambodia Food and Eating"</a>. <i>cambodiaa.weebly.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204206/https://cambodiaa.weebly.com/food.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cambodiaa.weebly.com&rft.atitle=Cambodia+Food+and+Eating&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambodiaa.weebly.com%2Ffood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brooklynbrainery-chopsticks-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brooklynbrainery-chopsticks_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklynbrainery.com/blog/the-scoop-on-chopsticks-in-thai-food">"The Scoop on Chopsticks in Thai Food"</a>. Brooklynbrainery.com. 2012-01-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124601/https://brooklynbrainery.com/blog/the-scoop-on-chopsticks-in-thai-food">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scoop+on+Chopsticks+in+Thai+Food&rft.pub=Brooklynbrainery.com&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrooklynbrainery.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-scoop-on-chopsticks-in-thai-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ru.ac.th-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru.ac.th_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.ru.ac.th/journal/chopstriks.html">"วัฒนธรรมตะเกียบ ... สนเทศน่ารู้"</a>. <i>www.lib.ru.ac.th</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123142548/https://www.lib.ru.ac.th/journal/chopstriks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.ru.ac.th&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A+...+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.ru.ac.th%2Fjournal%2Fchopstriks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vietname-visa-chopsticks-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vietname-visa-chopsticks_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamvisa.govt.vn/vietnam-travel-tips/the-ultimate-guide-to-customs-and-etiquette-in-vietnam/">"The Ultimate Guide to Customs and Etiquette in Vietnam"</a>. Vietnam Visa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103210332/https://vietnamvisa.govt.vn/vietnam-travel-tips/the-ultimate-guide-to-customs-and-etiquette-in-vietnam/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Vietnam+Visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamvisa.govt.vn%2Fvietnam-travel-tips%2Fthe-ultimate-guide-to-customs-and-etiquette-in-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baophapluat.vn/kieng-ky-khi-dung-dua-cua-nguoi-xua-ban-co-vo-tinh-pham-phai-post258727.html">"Kiêng kỵ khi dùng đũa của người xưa bạn có vô tình phạm phải"</a>. Pháp luật newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183927/https://baophapluat.vn/kieng-ky-khi-dung-dua-cua-nguoi-xua-ban-co-vo-tinh-pham-phai-post258727.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ki%C3%AAng+k%E1%BB%B5+khi+d%C3%B9ng+%C4%91%C5%A9a+c%E1%BB%A7a+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+x%C6%B0a+b%E1%BA%A1n+c%C3%B3+v%C3%B4+t%C3%ACnh+ph%E1%BA%A1m+ph%E1%BA%A3i&rft.pub=Ph%C3%A1p+lu%E1%BA%ADt+newspaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaophapluat.vn%2Fkieng-ky-khi-dung-dua-cua-nguoi-xua-ban-co-vo-tinh-pham-phai-post258727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_DayleLaudan,_Rachel2009" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Dayle; Laudan, Rachel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2w5i2MBvZf8C"><i>Food and Nutrition</i></a>. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 1043. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7827-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-7827-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183933/https://books.google.com/books?id=2w5i2MBvZf8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Nutrition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1043&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Reference&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7827-0&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Dayle&rft.au=Laudan%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2w5i2MBvZf8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowthorn2007" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gthp7ZCcYPwC"><i>Japan</i></a> (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-667-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-667-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404184602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gthp7ZCcYPwC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-667-0&rft.aulast=Rowthorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGthp7ZCcYPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asiaonline-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asiaonline_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asiaonline_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426200842/http://atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HD20Cb01.html">"Rising Chinese chopstick prices help Japan firm"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Rising+Chinese+chopstick+prices+help+Japan+firm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina_Business%2FHD20Cb01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msnbc-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msnbc_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12759079">"Japan fears shortage of disposable chopsticks: China slaps 5 percent tax on wooden utensils over deforestation concerns"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118070017/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12759079">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+fears+shortage+of+disposable+chopsticks%3A+China+slaps+5+percent+tax+on+wooden+utensils+over+deforestation+concerns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna12759079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123924/http://english.jl.gov.cn/Investment/Opportunities/Majorproject/201104/t20110401_971919.html">"Annual output of 4 billion pairs of biodegradable plant fiber chopsticks project of Jilin Agricultural Science Hi-tech Industry Co., Ltd"</a>. People's Government of Jilin Province. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jl.gov.cn/Investment/Opportunities/Majorproject/201104/t20110401_971919.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+output+of+4+billion+pairs+of+biodegradable+plant+fiber+chopsticks+project+of+Jilin+Agricultural+Science+Hi-tech+Industry+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.pub=People%27s+Government+of+Jilin+Province&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jl.gov.cn%2FInvestment%2FOpportunities%2FMajorproject%2F201104%2Ft20110401_971919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-22/china-imposes-chopsticks-tax/825522">"China imposes chopsticks tax"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129070447/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-22/china-imposes-chopsticks-tax/825522">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=China+imposes+chopsticks+tax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2006-03-22%2Fchina-imposes-chopsticks-tax%2F825522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2006-05-12-chopsticks_x.htm">"As China goes ecological, Japan fears shortage of disposable chopsticks"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. 2006-05-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501055133/http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2006-05-12-chopsticks_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=As+China+goes+ecological%2C+Japan+fears+shortage+of+disposable+chopsticks&rft.date=2006-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Foffbeat%2F2006-05-12-chopsticks_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2006" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (2006-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/15/japan.justinmccurry">"Japan faces chopsticks crisis"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106151634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/15/japan.justinmccurry">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+faces+chopsticks+crisis&rft.date=2006-05-14&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fmay%2F15%2Fjapan.justinmccurry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Graitcer2011" class="citation web cs1">Philip Graitcer (2011-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Chopsticks-Carry-Made-in-America-Label-125740793.html">"Chopsticks Carry 'Made in America' Label"</a>. Voanews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514024634/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Chopsticks-Carry-Made-in-America-Label-125740793.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chopsticks+Carry+%27Made+in+America%27+Label&rft.pub=Voanews.com&rft.date=2011-07-17&rft.au=Philip+Graitcer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fusa%2FChopsticks-Carry-Made-in-America-Label-125740793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216034153/http://english.cri.cn/4026/2007/08/22/164@264503.htm">"Wang Leehom, "Change My Ways"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>english.cri.cn</i>. 2007-08-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cri.cn/4026/2007/08/22/164@264503.htm">the original</a> on December 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.cri.cn&rft.atitle=Wang+Leehom%2C+%22Change+My+Ways%22&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cri.cn%2F4026%2F2007%2F08%2F22%2F164%40264503.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329133703/http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/97A3158A9187.html">"Career"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/97A3158A9187.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Career&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F97A3158A9187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stippy.com/japan-culture/chopstick-economics-and-the-my-hashi-boom">"Chopstick Economics and the "My Hashi" Boom | Japan"</a>. Stippy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612013715/http://www.stippy.com/japan-culture/chopstick-economics-and-the-my-hashi-boom/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chopstick+Economics+and+the+%22My+Hashi%22+Boom+%26%23124%3B+Japan&rft.pub=Stippy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stippy.com%2Fjapan-culture%2Fchopstick-economics-and-the-my-hashi-boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420132343/http://www.my-hashi.jp/purpose/index.html">"マイ箸推進プロジェクト My-Hashi My-Heart これからはワらない、もったいないキャンペーン_活動主旨"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-hashi.jp/purpose/index.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E7%AE%B8%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88+My-Hashi+My-Heart+%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AF%E3%83%AF%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%81%E3%82%82%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3_%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%BB%E6%97%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-hashi.jp%2Fpurpose%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505201006/http://www3.news.gov.hk/ISD/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/061222/html/061222en05008.htm">"Hong Kong Department of Health survey"</a>. .news.gov.hk. 2006-12-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.news.gov.hk/ISD/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/061222/html/061222en05008.htm">the original</a> on 2009-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Department+of+Health+survey&rft.pub=.news.gov.hk&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.news.gov.hk%2FISD%2Febulletin%2Fen%2Fcategory%2Fhealthandcommunity%2F061222%2Fhtml%2F061222en05008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChopsticks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chopsticks&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="extiw" title="commons:Chopsticks"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Chopsticks</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/chopsticks" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/chopsticks">chopsticks</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/19px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/29px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/38px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kitchen_tools" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kitchen_tools" title="Template talk:Kitchen tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kitchen tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kitchen_tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_utensil" title="Kitchen utensil">Kitchen tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenware" title="Kitchenware">Kitchenware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">Cooking vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">Cookware and bakeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">Dishwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_preparation_utensils" title="List of food preparation utensils">Food preparation utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage_container" title="Food storage container">Food storage container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_corer" title="Apple corer">Apple corer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple cutter">Apple cutter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Baster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanpot" title="Beanpot">Beanpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_opener" title="Bottle opener">Bottle opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowl" title="Bowl">Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_knife" title="Bread knife">Bread knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_tray" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning tray">Browning tray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_curler" title="Butter curler">Butter curler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_and_pie_server" title="Cake and pie server">Cake and pie server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_thermometer" title="Candy thermometer">Candy thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_opener" title="Can opener">Can opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese cutter">Cheese cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_knife" title="Cheese knife">Cheese knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_slicer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese slicer">Cheese slicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_knife" title="Chef's knife">Chef's knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_pitter" title="Cherry pitter">Cherry pitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois" title="Chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chopsticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_reamer" title="Citrus reamer">Citrus reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay pot">Clay pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver" title="Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colander" title="Colander">Colander</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mated_colander_pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mated colander pot (page does not exist)">Mated colander pot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_cutter" title="Cookie cutter">Cookie cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_press" title="Cookie press">Cookie press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_cracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab cracker">Crab cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_board" title="Cutting board">Cutting board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_tableware" title="Edible tableware">Edible tableware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_piercer" title="Egg piercer">Egg piercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_poacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg poacher">Egg poacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg separator">Egg separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_slicer" title="Egg slicer">Egg slicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_timer" title="Egg timer">Egg timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat separator">Fat separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_knife" title="Fillet knife">Fillet knife</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_scaler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish scaler (page does not exist)">Fish scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slice" title="Fish slice">Fish slice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour sifter">Flour sifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_mill" title="Food mill">Food mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel" title="Funnel">Funnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_press" title="Garlic press">Garlic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_knife" title="Grapefruit knife">Grapefruit knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grater" title="Grater">Grater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravy_strainer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravy strainer (page does not exist)">Gravy strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_dipper" title="Honey dipper">Honey dipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honing_steel" title="Honing steel">Honing steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)" title="Ladle (spoon)">Ladle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)" title="Lame (kitchen tool)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_squeezer" title="Lemon squeezer">Lemon squeezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_pick" title="Lobster pick">Lobster pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandoline" title="Mandoline">Mandoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_cup" title="Measuring cup">Measuring cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_spoon" title="Measuring spoon">Measuring spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_grinder" title="Meat grinder">Meat grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderizer" title="Meat tenderizer">Meat tenderizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_thermometer" title="Meat thermometer">Meat thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_baller" class="mw-redirect" title="Melon baller">Melon baller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzaluna" title="Mezzaluna">Mezzaluna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herb_chopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb chopper">Herb chopper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplane" title="Microplane">Microplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_frother" title="Milk frother">Milk frother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_watcher" title="Milk watcher">Milk watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_grater" title="Nutmeg grater">Nutmeg grater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven_glove" title="Oven glove">Oven glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_bag" title="Pastry bag">Pastry bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_blender" title="Pastry blender">Pastry blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_brush" title="Pastry brush">Pastry brush</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastry_wheel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastry wheel (page does not exist)">Pastry wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(tool)" title="Peel (tool)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peeler" title="Peeler">Peeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper mill">Pepper mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_bird" title="Pie bird">Pie bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_cutter" title="Pizza cutter">Pizza cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_masher" title="Potato masher">Potato masher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_ricer" title="Potato ricer">Potato ricer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot-holder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot-holder">Pot-holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_shears" class="mw-redirect" title="Poultry shears">Poultry shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_docker" title="Roller docker">Roller docker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_pin" title="Rolling pin">Rolling pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_pepper_shakers" title="Salt and pepper shakers">Salt and pepper shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors#Kitchen_scissors" title="Scissors">Scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(utensil)" title="Scoop (utensil)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">Sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slotted_spoon" title="Slotted spoon">Slotted spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_(utensil)" title="Spider (utensil)">Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strawberry_huller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strawberry huller (page does not exist)">Strawberry huller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamis" title="Tamis">Tamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_knife" title="Tomato knife">Tomato knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trussing_needle" title="Trussing needle">Trussing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Weighing scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisk" title="Whisk">Whisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_spoon" title="Wooden spoon">Wooden spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(kitchen)" title="Scraper (kitchen)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(kitchen)#Dough_scraper" title="Scraper (kitchen)">Dough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zester" title="Zester">Zester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kitchenware" title="Category:Kitchenware">Kitchenware</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kitchen_utensils" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kitchen utensils">Kitchen utensils</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden 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