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href="#Sino-Vietnamese_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sino-Vietnamese readings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Vietnamese_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Sino-Vietnamese_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Sino-Vietnamese_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Sino-Vietnamese_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nôm_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nôm_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nôm readings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nôm_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chữ Hán</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chữ Hán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_nho" title="Chữ nho – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chữ nho" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8%EC%96%B4_%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90" title="베트남어 한자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남어 한자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chữ Hán" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_nho" title="Chữ nho – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chữ nho" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chữ Hán" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဟန်တု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန်တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho" title="Chữ Nho – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chữ Nho" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3" title="チュハン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュハン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:mistyrose;">Chữ Hán<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">Chữ Nho</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg/220px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg/330px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg/440px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="948" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">Chữ Hán</span></span> and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">chữ Nho</span></span> written in <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a></span></span>, with <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a> on the right.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>3rd century BC – 20th century AD</li> <li>Limited present use</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">Literary Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Chữ Hán</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">traditional Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi script</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/26px-Chu_nom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/39px-Chu_nom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/52px-Chu_nom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="779" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)" title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233430381">.mw-parser-output .characters-body{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-content{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{background-color:lightpink;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .blist ol li,.mw-parser-output .blist ul li{display:list-item;text-align:left;text-indent:hanging 1em;margin-left:1em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks noprint characters-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_characters_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese characters"><img alt="Chinese characters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/220px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/330px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/440px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></i></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chữ Hán</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">script styles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_symbols_in_China" title="Neolithic symbols in China">Neolithic symbols in China</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">Bird-worm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_brush_script" title="Flat brush script">Flat brush</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Modern typefaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Hei</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Properties and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_components" title="Chinese character components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_strokes" title="Chinese character strokes">Strokes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_radicals" title="Chinese character radicals">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters#Printing_and_typefaces" title="Chinese characters">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_zixing" title="Jiu zixing"><i>jiu zixing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing"><i>xin zixing</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Digital encoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed blist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collation and standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi Dictionary form"><i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> forms</a> (1716)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonly_Used_Standard_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters">Commonly Used Characters</a></i> (PRC, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graphemes_of_Commonly-Used_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters">Commonly-Used Characters</a></i> (Hong Kong, 2007)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Southern_Min_Recommended_Characters" title="Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters">Nan Min Recommended Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Form_of_National_Characters" title="Standard Form of National Characters">Standard Form of National Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 1982)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji"><i>Jōyō</i> kanji</a> (Japan, 2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reforms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_round_of_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Second round of simplified Chinese characters">second round</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_traditional_and_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">kyūjitai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Homograph#In_Chinese" title="Homograph">Homographs</a> and readings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_of_Empress_Wu" title="Chinese characters of Empress Wu">Zetian characters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Derived systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a></li> <li>Khitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_for_transcribing_Slavonic" title="Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic">Slavonic transcription</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">Chữ Hán</span></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸漢</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>haːn˧˦]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> characters</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> that were used to write <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">Literary Chinese</a> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">Hán văn</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢文</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary</a> in Vietnam. They were officially used in Vietnam after the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> region was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC – 1919 AD) where usage of Literary Chinese was abolished alongside the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examinations</a> causing <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">chữ Hán</span></span> to be no longer used in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chữ Hán</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸漢</span>). It is made of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chữ</i></span> meaning 'character' and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hán</i></span> 'Han (referring to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>)'. Other synonyms of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chữ Hán</i></span> includes <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chữ Nho</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸儒</span>, literally '<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> characters') and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hán tự</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢字</span>) which was borrowed directly from Chinese. </p><p><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Chữ Nho</i></span> was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay, Vũ trung tùy bút (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">雨中隨筆</span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Essays in the Rain</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This is further shown with Neo-Confucianism becoming the state ideology of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical Chinese is referred to as <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hán văn</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢文</span>) and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">văn ngôn</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">文言</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg/220px-%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg/330px-%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg/440px-%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%91%AD%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C4%A9nh_Nam_ch%C3%ADch_qu%C3%A1i" title="Lĩnh Nam chích quái">Lĩnh Nam chích quái</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">嶺南摭怪</span>) is a 14th-century Vietnamese semi-fictional work written in chữ Hán by Trần Thế Pháp.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg/220px-%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg/330px-%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg/440px-%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Loss_of_Vietnam" title="History of the Loss of Vietnam">History of the Loss of Vietnam</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">越南亡國史</span>), is a Vietnamese book written in chữ Hán, written by <a href="/wiki/Phan_B%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phan Bội Châu">Phan Bội Châu</a> while he was in Japan. It was published by <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Nam Việt; chữ Hán: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">南越</span>), parts of modern-day Northern Vietnam were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiāozhǐ province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">Giao Chỉ</span></span>; <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">chữ Hán</span></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">交趾</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. It was during this era, that the Red River Delta was under direct Chinese rule for about a millennium. Around this time, Chinese characters became widespread in northern Vietnam. Government documents, literature, and religious texts such as Buddhist sutras were all written in Literary Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Hán văn; chữ Hán: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢文</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(938)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)">independence</a> from China and onward, Literary Chinese still remained as the official language for writing whether if it was government documents or literature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every succeeding dynasty modeled their <a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">imperial exams</a> after China's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">model</a>. Scholars drew lessons from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> and used its teachings to implement laws in the country. The spread of Confucianism meant the spread of Chinese characters, thus the name for Chinese characters in Vietnamese is called chữ Nho (literally: 'Confucian characters; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸儒</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars were focused on reading Chinese classics such as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a>. While literature in Vietnamese (written with <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>) was the minority. Literature such as <a href="/wiki/Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_s%C6%A1n_h%C3%A0" title="Nam quốc sơn hà">Nam quốc sơn hà</a> (chữ Hán: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">南國山河</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_k%E1%BB%B3_m%E1%BA%A1n_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Truyền kỳ mạn lục">Truyền kỳ mạn lục</a> (chữ Hán: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">傳奇漫錄</span>) being written with Chinese characters. With every new dynasty with the exception of two dynasties,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary Chinese and thus Chinese characters remained in common usage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> It was until in the 20th century that Chinese characters alongside chữ Nôm began to fall into disuse. The French Indo-Chinese administration sought to westernise and modernise Vietnam by abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examinations</a>. During this time, the French language was used for the administration. The French officials favoured Vietnamese being written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters were still being taught in classes (in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>) up to 1975, but failed to be a part of the new elementary curriculum complied by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Training_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education and Training (Vietnam)">Ministry of Education and Training</a> after the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg/220px-Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="588" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg/330px-Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg/440px-Clear_image_of_L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>A Vietnamese edict (1765) written in chữ Hán. It uses the <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0" title="Lệnh thư">Lệnh thư</a> script.</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Chinese characters can still be seen adorned in temples and old buildings. Chữ Hán is now relegated to obscurity and cultural aspects of Vietnam. During Vietnamese festivals, calligraphists will write some couplets written in Chinese characters wishing prosperity and longevity. Calligraphists that are skilled in calligraphy are called ông đồ.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially reflected in the poem, Ông đồ, by Vũ Đình Liên. The poem talks about the ông đồ during Tết and how the art of Vietnamese calligraphy is no longer appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_calligraphy_in_Ecopark_2016_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A Vietnamese calligraphist practicing calligraphy written in chữ Hán during <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the preface of Khải đồng thuyết ước (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">啟童說約</span>; 1853) written by Phạm Phục Trai (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">范复齋</span>), it has the passage,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh">余童年，先君子從俗命之，先讀《三字經》及三皇諸史，次則讀經傳，習時舉業文字，求合場規，取青紫而已</span></span>。</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Dư đồng niên, tiên quân tử tùng tục mệnh chi, tiên độc “Tam tự kinh” cập Tam Hoàng chư sử, thứ tắc độc kinh truyện, tập thì cử nghiệp văn tự, cầu hợp trường quy, thủ thanh tử nhi dĩ.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Tôi hồi tuổi nhỏ nghe các bậc quân tử đời trước theo lệ thường dạy mà dạy bảo, trước hết đọc Tam tự kinh và các sử đời Tam Hoàng, tiếp theo thì đọc kinh truyện, tập lối chữ nghĩa cử nghiệp thời thượng, sao cho hợp trường quy để được làm quan mà thôi.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>In my childhood, under the guidance of my elders and conforming to the customs, I first studied the "Three Character Classic" and various histories of the Three Emperors. Afterward, I delved into the classics and their commentaries, honing my skills in calligraphy and writing, aiming to conform to the rules of society and attain a respectable status.</p></blockquote><p>Children around the age of 6–8 begin learning chữ Hán at schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students began by learning characters from books such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10099861h/f2">Nhất thiên tự</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">一千字</span>; 'one thousand characters'), <a href="/wiki/Tam_thi%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%B1" title="Tam thiên tự">Tam thiên tự</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">三千字</span>; 'three thousand characters'), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/852/">Ngũ thiên tự</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">五千字</span>; 'five thousand characters'), and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Character_Classic#Vietnam" title="Three Character Classic">Three Character Classic</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">三字經</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primers were often glossed with chữ Nôm.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such with Nhất thiên tự (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">一千字</span>), it was designed to allow students to make the transition from Vietnamese grammar to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If students read the Chinese characters only, the words will be in an alternating rhyme of three and four, but if it was read with the chữ Nôm glosses, it would be in the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t" title="Lục bát">lục bát</a> rhyme. These books gave students a foundation to start learning more difficult texts that involved longer sentences and more difficult grammatical structures in Literary Chinese. Students would study texts such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b54100446k/f4.item.r=S%C6%A1%20h%E1%BB%8Dc%20v%E1%BA%A5n%20t%C3%A2n">Sơ học vấn tân</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𥘉學問津</span>; 'inquiring in elementary studies'), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hannom.nlv.gov.vn/hannom/cgi-bin/hannom?a=d&d=BNTwEHieahcPB1863&e=-------vi-20--1--txt-txIN%7CtxME------">Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">幼學五言詩</span>; 'elementary learning of the five-character verses'), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/1041/">Minh tâm bảo giám</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">明心寶鑑</span>; 'precious lessons of enlightenment'), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/831/">Minh Đạo gia huấn</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">明道家訓</span>; 'precepts of Minh Đạo').<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books taught the basic sentences necessary to read Literary Chinese and taught core Confucian values and concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>. In Sơ học vấn tân (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𥘉學問津</span>), it has four character phrases that were divided into three sections, one on Chinese history, then Vietnamese history, and lastly on words of advice on education.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg/150px-Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg/225px-Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg/300px-Thi%C3%AAn_Nam_t%E1%BB%A9_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thiên Nam tứ tự kinh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">天南四字經</span>) is a book that was used to teach children the history of Vietnam. (All of the sentences in the book are in four-character phrases.)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png/150px-%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png/225px-%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png/300px-%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%82%E8%A6%81Page1.png 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first page of Tam thiên tự toản yếu (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">三千字纂要</span>), used to teach children chữ Hán and its equivalent chữ Nôm.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg/150px-Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg/225px-Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg/300px-Second_page_of_Tam_t%E1%BB%B1_kinh_l%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t_di%E1%BB%85n_%C3%A2m_%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%93%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1711" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A page of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Character_Classic" title="Three Character Classic">Three Character Classic</a>, this version specifically is called Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">三字經六八演音</span>). Shown is the original Chinese text above and below is the Vietnamese translation.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the period of reformed imperial examinations (khoa cử cải lương; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">科舉改良</span>) that took place from 1906 to 1919, there were three grades of education. Students would start learning Chinese characters beginning from the age of 6. The first grade level was called ấu học (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">幼學</span>) (ages 6–12), next was tiểu học (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">小學</span>) (ages under 27), and then finally, trung học (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">中學</span>) (ages under 30).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Đại học (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">大學</span>) at this time referred to students studying in the national academies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png/220px-H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png/330px-H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png/440px-H%C3%A1n-v%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o-khoa_th%C6%B0.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>The cover page of Hán-văn Giáo-khoa thư, the textbook used in South Vietnam to teach Literary Chinese and chữ Hán.</figcaption></figure> <p>The education reform by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in 1950 eliminated the use of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese characters were still taught in schools in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> until 1975. During those times, the textbooks that were used were mainly derived from colonial textbooks. There were two main textbooks, Hán-văn tân khóa bản (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢文新課本</span>; 1973) and Hán-văn giáo-khoa thư (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">漢文敎科書</span>; 1965).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students could begin learning Chinese characters in secondary school. The department dealing with Literary Chinese and Chinese characters was called Ban Hán-tự D.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students could either chose to learn a second language such as English and French or choose to learn Literary Chinese. Exams for Literary Chinese mainly tested students on their ability to translate Literary Chinese to Vietnamese. These exams typically took around 2 hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh" class="mw-redirect" title="Địa danh">Địa danh</a></div> <p>In Vietnam, many provinces and cities have names that come from Sino-Vietnamese words and were written using Chinese characters. This was done because historically the government administration needed to have a way to write down these names, as some native names did not have characters. Even well-known places like Hanoi (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">河內</span>) and Huế (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">化</span>) were written in Chinese characters. Often, villages only had one word names in Vietnamese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Sino-Vietnamese names were translated from their original names, like Tam Điệp Quan (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">三疊關</span>) being the Sino-Vietnamese name for Đèo Ba Dội.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Place names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese characters </th> <th>Sino-Vietnamese name (tên Chữ) </th> <th>Chữ Nôm </th> <th>Vietnamese name (tên Nôm) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">河內</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hà Nội</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">仉𢄂</span> </td> <td>Kẻ Chợ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">紅河</span> </td> <td>Hồng Hà </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">滝𫡔</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_C%C3%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sông Cái">Sông Cái</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">嘉定</span> </td> <td>Gia Định </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">柴棍</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Sài Gòn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">傘園山</span> </td> <td>Tản Viên Sơn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡶀𠀧位</span> </td> <td>Núi <a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_mountain_range" title="Ba Vì mountain range">Ba Vì</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png/150px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png/225px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png/300px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7H%C3%A0N%E1%BB%99ich%E1%BB%AFH%C3%A1n.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Sino-Vietnamese name for <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> written in chữ Hán, Hà Nội <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">河内</span>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/150px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/225px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/300px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The native Vietnamese name for <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> written in chữ Nôm, Kẻ Chợ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">仉𢄂</span>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Practically all surnames in Vietnamese are Sino-Vietnamese words; they were once written in Chinese characters. Such as common surnames include Nguyễn (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">阮</span>), Trần (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">陳</span>), Lê (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">黎</span>), Lý (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">李</span>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG/220px-C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG/330px-C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG/440px-C%E1%BB%95ng_l%C3%A0ng_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The village gate of <a href="/wiki/%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc_L%E1%BB%85" title="Ước Lễ">Ước Lễ</a>, can still be seen adorned with Chinese characters. The characters read <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">約禮門</span> (Vietnamese: Ước Lễ Môn)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Readings_for_characters">Readings for characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Readings for characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnameseVocabComparsion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VietnameseVocabComparsion.png/220px-VietnameseVocabComparsion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VietnameseVocabComparsion.png/330px-VietnameseVocabComparsion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VietnameseVocabComparsion.png/440px-VietnameseVocabComparsion.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Owing to historical contact with Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple readings can exist for a single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">行</span> <i>hàng –</i> which could have the readings <i>hàng</i>, <i>hành</i>, <i>hãng</i>, <i>hạng</i>, and <i>hạnh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading <i>hàng</i> would be used, but if talking about <a href="/wiki/Three_Obediences_and_Four_Virtues" title="Three Obediences and Four Virtues">virtue</a>, the reading <i>hạnh</i> would be used. But typically, knowing what readings was not a large problem due to context and compound words. Most Sino-Vietnamese words are restricted to being in compound words. Readings for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese readings and Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings. Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese borrowings during the 17th–20th centuries when <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Chinese people</a> migrated to Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these readings were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are also referred to as Early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations according to Mark Alves.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Vietnamese_readings">Sino-Vietnamese readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sino-Vietnamese readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></div> <p>Sino-Vietnamese readings are usually referred to as âm Hán Việt (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">音漢越</span>; literally "sound Sino-Vietnamese"),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618-907). Vietnamese scholars used <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Chinese rime dictionaries</a> to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> was used for formal government documents.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic</a> pronunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Sino-Vietnamese readings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese characters </th> <th>Sino-Vietnamese </th> <th>Standard Chinese </th> <th>Cantonese </th> <th>Sino-Japanese </th> <th>Sino-Korean </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">準備</span> 'to prepare' </td> <td>chuẩn bị </td> <td>zhǔnbèi </td> <td>zeon<sup>2</sup>bei<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>junbi </td> <td>junbi </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">電話</span> 'telephone' </td> <td>điện thoại </td> <td>diànhuà </td> <td>din<sup>6</sup>waa<sup>6-2</sup> </td> <td>denwa </td> <td>jeonhwa </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">四</span> 'four' </td> <td>tứ, tư </td> <td>sì </td> <td>sei<sup>3</sup>, si<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>shi </td> <td>sa </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">人民</span> ' people' </td> <td>nhân dân </td> <td>rénmín </td> <td>jan<sup>4</sup>man<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>jinmin </td> <td>inmin </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">地名</span> 'place name' </td> <td>địa danh </td> <td>dìmíng </td> <td>dei<sup>6</sup>meng<sup>4-2</sup> </td> <td>chimei </td> <td>jimyeong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">言語</span> 'language' </td> <td>ngôn ngữ </td> <td>yányǔ </td> <td>jin<sup>4</sup>jyu<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>gengo </td> <td>eoneo </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">中國</span> 'China' </td> <td>Trung Quốc </td> <td>Zhōngguó </td> <td>Zung<sup>1</sup>gwok<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>Chūgoku </td> <td>Jungguk </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">日本</span> 'Japan' </td> <td>Nhật Bản </td> <td>Rìběn </td> <td>Jat<sup>6</sup>bun<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>Nihon </td> <td>Ilbon </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Sino-Vietnamese_readings">Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-Sinoxenic_pronunciations#Vietnamese" title="Non-Sinoxenic pronunciations">Non-Sinoxenic pronunciations § Vietnamese</a></div> <p>Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings (âm phi Hán Việt; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">音非漢越</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of multiple-borrowed Chinese words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese <p>(<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old</a> > <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle</a>) </p> </th> <th>Early Sino-Vietnamese </th> <th>Sino-Vietnamese </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">味</span> *mjəts > <i>mjɨjH</i> </td> <td><i>mùi</i> 'smell, odor' </td> <td><i>vị</i> 'flavor, taste' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">婦</span> *bjəʔ > <i>bjuwX</i> </td> <td><i>vợ</i> 'wife' </td> <td><i>phụ</i> 'woman' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">法</span> *pjap > <i>pjop</i> </td> <td><i>phép</i> 'rule, law' </td> <td><i>pháp</i> 'rule, law' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">劍</span> *kams > kɨɐm<sup>H</sup> </td> <td>gươm 'sword' </td> <td>kiếm 'sword' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">鏡</span> *kraŋs > kˠiæŋ<sup>H</sup> </td> <td>gương 'mirror' </td> <td>kính 'glass for windows, etc.; eyeglasses' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">茶</span> *rlaː > ɖˠa </td> <td>chè 'tea or a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8" title="Chè">dessert soup</a>' </td> <td>trà 'tea' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">車</span> *kʰlja > t͡ɕʰia </td> <td>xe 'wheeled vehicle' </td> <td>xa 'rare form of xe' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">夏</span> *ɡraːʔ > ɦˠa<sup>X</sup> </td> <td>hè 'summer' </td> <td>hạ '(literary) summer' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nôm_readings"><span id="N.C3.B4m_readings"></span>Nôm readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nôm readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nôm readings (âm Nôm; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">音喃</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used when there were characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word's pronunciation would be used as a chữ Nôm character.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá (phonetic loan characters),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using a chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese character and Standard Chinese pronunciations </th> <th>Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations </th> <th>Sino-Vietnamese meaning </th> <th>Nôm pronunciations </th> <th>Nôm meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">些</span> 'xiē' </td> <td>ta, tá </td> <td>some; a few; a little; a bit </td> <td>ta<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>I, me, we </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">朱</span> 'zhū' </td> <td>chu, châu </td> <td>cinnabar; vermilion </td> <td>cho<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>to give, to let, to put; for </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">別</span> 'bié' </td> <td>biệt </td> <td>to divide; to separate </td> <td>biết<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>to know </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">碎</span> 'suì' </td> <td>toái </td> <td>shattered; fragmented; shredded </td> <td>tôi<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">羅</span> 'luó' </td> <td>la </td> <td>net for catching birds </td> <td>là<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>to be, is </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">嘲</span> 'cháo' </td> <td>trào </td> <td>to ridicule; to deride; to scorn; to jeer at </td> <td>chào<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>hello, bye </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_characters">Types of characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chữ Hán can be classified into the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">traditional classification for Chinese characters</a>, this is called lục thư<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">六書</span>, Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. The characters are largely based on <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi radical">214 radicals</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chữ chỉ sự (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸指事</span>) – Ideogram, an example would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">上</span> (thượng, “above”) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">下</span> (hạ, “below”).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chữ tượng hình (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸象形</span>) – Pictogram, an example would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">日</span> (nhật, "sun") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">木</span> (mộc, "tree").<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chữ hình thanh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸形聲</span>) – Phono-semantic compound, an example would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">銅</span> (đồng, "copper"; "currency") which is made up of semantic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">金</span> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">釒</span>] (kim, "metal) and phonetic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">同</span> (đồng).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chữ hội ý (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸會意</span>) – Compound ideographs, an example would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">武</span> (vũ [võ], "military"; "martial") which is made up of 戈 (qua, "dagger-axe") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">止</span> (chỉ, “foot”; "to walk").<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chữ chuyển chú (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸轉注</span>) – Derivative cognates, characters that were derived from other characters with similar meaning, an example would that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">老</span> (lão, "old") is a cognate of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">考</span> (khảo, "elderly").<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chữ giả tá (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𡨸假借</span>) – Phonetic loan, an example would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">法</span> (Pháp, "France") is used for the name of France. Other European countries are also referred by a chữ giả tá like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">德</span> (Đức, "Germany") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">意</span> (Ý, "Italy").<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg/220px-Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg/330px-Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg/440px-Drapeau_du_Parti_Communiste_Indochinois_trouv%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Vinh_le_15_janvier_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>This flag used by the Indochinese Communist Party, uses the simplified character, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">党</span> (top right), instead of the traditional character đảng (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">黨</span>). The photo says Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">党共産東洋</span>; Indochinese Communist Party).</figcaption></figure> <p>Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not the same simplified characters used by current-day Chinese. According to Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, when he analysed the early 13th century book, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章</span> (Thích thị Bảo đỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương). He found that the number of character variants is double the number of variants borrowed from China.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that Vietnamese variant characters may differ from Chinese variants and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified characters</a>, for example: </p> <ul><li>The word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">羅</span> la<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is simplified into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">罗</span> in Chinese, but it is different in Vietnamese, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𱺵</span> (⿱<span lang="zh">罒</span>𪜀). Other variants include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𦉼</span> (⿱<span lang="zh">罒大</span>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𪜀</span> (⿻<span lang="zh">十ㄣ</span>).</li> <li>Another example would be the character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">沒</span> một which is simplified into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">没</span> in Chinese and was simplified from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">沒</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𱥺</span> (⿰<span lang="zh">氵</span>𠬠), then finally, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𠬠</span> (⿱<span lang="zh">丷又</span>).</li> <li>The word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">濫</span> lạm was simplified into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">滥</span> in Chinese, but was simplified from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">濫</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">滥</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𪵯</span> (⿰<span lang="zh">氵</span>𫜵) to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𫜵</span> (⿴𰀪⺀) in Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature. </p><p>There are other variants such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𭓇</span> học (variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">學</span>; ⿳⿰〢⿻<span lang="zh">丨</span>𰀪<span lang="zh">冖子</span>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𱻊</span> nghĩa (variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">義</span>; ⿱𦍌<span lang="zh">又</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent example is the character, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𫢋</span> phật (⿰亻天) which is a common variant of the character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">佛</span> meaning 'Buddha'. It is composed of the radicals, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">人</span> nhân [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">亻</span>] and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">天</span> thiên, all together to mean 'heavenly person'.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png/150px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png/225px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png/300px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_%F0%AD%93%87.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𭓇</span>, a variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">學</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png/150px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png/225px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png/300px-Ch%E1%BB%AF_ngh%C4%A9a_variant.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𱻊</span>, a variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">義</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png/150px-H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png/225px-H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png/300px-H%C3%A1n_%E6%BC%A2_with_%E9%BE%B7.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In Vietnamese writing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">𦰩</span> is written with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">龷</span> on top. (⿰<span lang="zh">氵⿱龷⿻口夫</span>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">匕</span> (chuỷ) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">〻</span> is often used as an <a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark" title="Iteration mark">iteration mark</a> to indicate that the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>. For example, in the poem <a href="/wiki/Chinh_ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%C3%A2m" title="Chinh phụ ngâm">Chinh phụ ngâm khúc</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">征婦吟曲</span>), the character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">悠</span> (du) is repeated twice in the third line of the poem. It is written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">悠〻</span> to represent <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">悠悠</span> (du du). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg/220px-Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg/330px-Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg/440px-Mi%E1%BB%85n_t%E1%BB%AD_t%C3%B4n_h%C3%A0nh_thi%E1%BB%87n_thi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A stele dated from 1660, on it is a poem, Miễn tử tôn hành thiện thi (勉子孫行善詩). It uses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">〻</span> as an iteration mark.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a><br />"Endlessly distant is that azure sky; who created its cause" </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">du </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">du </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">bỉ </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">thương </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">hề </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">thuỳ </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">tạo </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;">nhân </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">悠</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">〻</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">彼</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">蒼</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">兮</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">誰</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">造</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">因</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The way the marker is used is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use their iteration marker <span lang="zh">々</span>. Japanese uses <span lang="zh">々</span> as an iteration marker, so, for example, <span lang="zh">人人</span> (hitobito) would be written as <span lang="zh">人々</span> (hitobito). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">Literary Chinese in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam" title="History of writing in Vietnam">History of writing in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> – Japanese equivalent of Chinese characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> – Korean equivalent of Chinese characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BB%B1_h%E1%BB%8Dc_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ngh%C4%A9a_ca" title="Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca">Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca</a></i> - Literary Chinese - Vietnamese dictionary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hán tự is an uncommon term for Chinese characters. In late 19th-early 20th century and modern-day Vietnamese, chữ Hán, along with chữ Nho and chữ Tàu, have been the dominant terms for "Chinese characters". Hán tự started being used due to its perceived archaism and its formality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hồ dynasty (<span lang="zh">茹胡</span>) and the Tây Sơn dynasty (<span lang="zh">茹西山</span>) are the only two dynasties that used chữ Nôm officially unlike other dynasties that used Literary Chinese instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the book, Hán-văn tân giáo-khoa thư (1929).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Native names do exist, but are rare. Some examples include Giỏi, Sen, Gái, Nễ, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is not including Nôm readings such as hàng, hành, hăng, and ngành.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as chữ hài thanh (𡨸<span lang="zh">諧聲</span>); tượng thanh (<span lang="zh">象聲</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nôm reading of the character is là 'to be'. <span lang="zh">羅</span> is a very common character in Nôm texts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvansFernandez2018" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Jonathan; Fernandez, Fruela, eds. (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUxWDwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+Chinese+characters+in+Vietnam&pg=PA511"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65756-4"><bdi>978-1-138-65756-4</bdi></a>. <q>Discussing the history of translation in Vietnam without mentioning the history of the Vietnamese written languages would be a mistake because the systems of written language in Vietnam passed through three stages: Chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Nôm (ideograms specific to Vietnam) and Chữ quốc ngữ (modern Vietnamese, written using adapted Latinate script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Translation+and+Politics&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-138-65756-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUxWDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHistory%2Bof%2BChinese%2Bcharacters%2Bin%2BVietnam%26pg%3DPA511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễnBùi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường; Bùi, Anh Chưởng (October 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2513850220952175">"The Chinese script, Confucian script, and Nôm script: Some reflections on writing and politics in monarchical Vietnam"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+script%2C+Confucian+script%2C+and+N%C3%B4m+script%3A+Some+reflections+on+writing+and+politics+in+monarchical+Vietnam&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n+C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft.au=B%C3%B9i%2C+Anh+Ch%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F2513850220952175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrịnh2023" class="citation journal cs1">Trịnh, Ngọc Linh (30 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25050/JDTREA.2023.3.1.87">"Confucianism in Vietnam: A Hauntology-based Analysis of Political Discourse"</a>. <i>Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia</i>. <b>3</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Daesoon+Thought+and+the+Religions+of+East+Asia&rft.atitle=Confucianism+in+Vietnam%3A+A+Hauntology-based+Analysis+of+Political+Discourse&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh&rft.aufirst=Ng%E1%BB%8Dc+Linh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25050%2FJDTREA.2023.3.1.87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoàng2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoàng, Phê (2003). <i>Từ điển tiếng Việt</i> (in Vietnamese). Đà Nẵng Publishing House. p. 1101. <q>văn ngôn d. Ngôn ngữ sách vở, dựa trên tiếng Hán cổ, thông dụng ở Trung Quốc trước cuộc vận động Ngũ Tứ (1919); đối lập với bạch thoại.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t&rft.pages=1101&rft.pub=%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ho%C3%A0ng&rft.aufirst=Ph%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel2019" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Zev (2019). <i>Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script</i>. BRILL. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004386327" title="Special:BookSources/9789004386327"><bdi>9789004386327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinography%3A+The+Borrowing+and+Adaptation+of+the+Chinese+Script&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004386327&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Zev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel2019" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Zev (2019). <i>Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script</i>. 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href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2513850219861167">"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850219861167">10.1177/2513850219861167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211673682">211673682</a>.</cite><span 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<span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodside1971" class="citation book cs1">Woodside, Alexander Barton (1971). <i>Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1st ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 192–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+Chinese+Model%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Vietnamese+and+Chinese+Government+in+the+First+Half+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=192-193&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Woodside&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2015" class="citation web cs1">Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25993149">"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"</a>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n+b%E1%BA%ADc+ti%E1%BB%83u+h%E1%BB%8Dc+t%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+th%E1%BB%9Di+x%C6%B0a+qua+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+h%E1%BB%A3p+s%C3%A1ch+Tam+t%E1%BB%B1+kinh&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n+C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25993149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2015" class="citation web cs1">Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25993149">"Giáo dục Hán văn bậc tiểu học tại Việt Nam thời xưa qua trường hợp sách Tam tự kinh"</a>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n+b%E1%BA%ADc+ti%E1%BB%83u+h%E1%BB%8Dc+t%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+th%E1%BB%9Di+x%C6%B0a+qua+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+h%E1%BB%A3p+s%C3%A1ch+Tam+t%E1%BB%B1+kinh&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n+C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25993149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914180432/http://www.vusta.vn/vi/news/Thong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN/Ai-buc-tu-chu-Han-Nom-31759.html">"Ai "bức tử" chữ Hán-Nôm?"</a>. <i>VUSTA</i>. 11 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vusta.vn/vi/news/Thong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN/Ai-buc-tu-chu-Han-Nom-31759.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2016. <q>Đặc biệt đến năm 1950, khi có cải cách giáo dục thì chữ Hán ra rìa hoàn toàn (chúng tôi nhấn-VTK).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VUSTA&rft.atitle=Ai+%22b%E1%BB%A9c+t%E1%BB%AD%22+ch%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m%3F&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vusta.vn%2Fvi%2Fnews%2FThong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN%2FAi-buc-tu-chu-Han-Nom-31759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2019" class="citation web cs1">Trần, Văn Chánh (24 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petruskyaus.net/chuong-trinh-giao-duc-va-sach-giao-khoa-thoi-vnch-tran-van-chanh/">"Chương trình giáo dục và sách giáo khoa thời Việt Nam Cộng Hòa"</a>. <i>Hội Ái Hữu Petrus Trương Vĩnh Ký Úc Châu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%E1%BB%99i+%C3%81i+H%E1%BB%AFu+Petrus+Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+V%C4%A9nh+K%C3%BD+%C3%9Ac+Ch%C3%A2u&rft.atitle=Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+tr%C3%ACnh+gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c+v%C3%A0+s%C3%A1ch+gi%C3%A1o+khoa+th%E1%BB%9Di+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+C%E1%BB%99ng+H%C3%B2a&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+Ch%C3%A1nh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetruskyaus.net%2Fchuong-trinh-giao-duc-va-sach-giao-khoa-thoi-vnch-tran-van-chanh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvdic.thivien.net/whv/%E8%A1%8C">"Tra từ: c=行 – Từ điển Hán Nôm"</a>. <i>Từ điển Hán Nôm</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+H%C3%A1n+N%C3%B4m&rft.atitle=Tra+t%E1%BB%AB%3A+c%3D%E8%A1%8C+%E2%80%93+T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+H%C3%A1n+N%C3%B4m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhvdic.thivien.net%2Fwhv%2F%25E8%25A1%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần1993" class="citation book cs1">Trần, Khánh (1993). <i>The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813016675" title="Special:BookSources/9789813016675"><bdi>9789813016675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Chinese+and+Economic+Development+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789813016675&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=Kh%C3%A1nh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2017" class="citation journal cs1">Alves, Mark (2017). "Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data". <i>Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Identifying+Early+Sino-Vietnamese+Vocabulary+via+Linguistic%2C+Historical%2C+Archaeological%2C+and+Ethnological+Data&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trần, Uyên Thi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trangnhahoaihuong.com/HH_BienAm_050822.pdf">"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Vietnamese). p. 3. <q>Về các âm Hán Việt, tức cách đọc bắt nguồn từ chữ Hán vào cuối đời Đường.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%E1%BB%AD+t%C3%ACm+hi%E1%BB%83u+lu%E1%BA%ADt+bi%E1%BA%BFn+%C3%A2m+qua+hai+b%E1%BA%A3n+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=Uy%C3%AAn+Thi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trangnhahoaihuong.com%2FHH_BienAm_050822.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizu, Masaaki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390853649697984768?lang=en">"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"</a>. <i>NINJAL Research Papers</i>. <b>9</b>: 135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15084%2F00000465">10.15084/00000465</a>. <q>It is also known that Sino-Vietnamese readings were derived from the phonological system of Middle Chinese (MC) (Mineya 1972).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NINJAL+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=A+Reconstruction+of+Ancient+Vietnamese+Initials+Using+Ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m+Materials&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15084%2F00000465&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Masaaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1390853649697984768%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2009" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009). <i>Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn</i>. Viện Việt học. pp. XV. <q>Mượn âm HV</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m+tr%C3%ADch+d%E1%BA%ABn&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Vi%E1%BB%87n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=H%E1%BB%AFu+Vinh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2513850220936774">"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm characters"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 183–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850220936774">10.1177/2513850220936774</a> – via SageJournals. <q>For most CNs, the choice of the phonetic component is based completely on the Sino-Vietnamese (SV) readings (Cách đọc Hán Việt 漢越音) of the Chinese characters, so the creation of CNs must have occurred later than the formation of SV readings (Nguyễn, 1985).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=Sino-Vietnamese+initials+reflected+in+the+phonetic+components+of+15th-century+N%C3%B4m+characters&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-195&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850220936774&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Masaaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F2513850220936774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Jerry (1988). <i>Chinese</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2009" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Mark (2009). <i>Loanwords in Vietnamese</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Vietnamese&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1977" class="citation book cs1">DeFrancis, John (1977). <i>Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam</i>. Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7643-7"><bdi>978-90-279-7643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+language+policy+in+Viet+Nam&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7643-7&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Xun, Gong (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-171-209">"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>17</b> (1–2): 66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-171-209">10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212689052">212689052</a>. <q>If ⿱亇針 is a case of dấu cá, all the non-Sino-Vietnamese readings, namely găm, kim (and probably ghim) are possible, with no implications on Old Chinese preinitials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Chinese+loans+in+Old+Vietnamese+with+a+sesquisyllabic+phonology&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-171-209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212689052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xun&rft.aufirst=Gong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-171-209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2008). <i>Khái luận văn tự học chữ Nôm</i> (in Vietnamese). NXB Giáo Dục. p. 197. <q>Ví như chữ 畫 âm Hán Việt là "hoạ", âm Việt hoá phi Hán Việt là vẽ,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kh%C3%A1i+lu%E1%BA%ADn+v%C4%83n+t%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=NXB+Gi%C3%A1o+D%E1%BB%A5c&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Quang+H%E1%BB%93ng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomfoundation.org/nom-tools/Tu-Dien-Chu-Nom-Dan_Giai_Sources/Chu-Nom-Structure?uiLang=en">"Chữ Nôm Structure"</a>. <i>Nôm Foundation</i> (in Vietnamese). <q>âm phi Hán Việt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=N%C3%B4m+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomfoundation.org%2Fnom-tools%2FTu-Dien-Chu-Nom-Dan_Giai_Sources%2FChu-Nom-Structure%3FuiLang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lê, Văn Quán (1989). <i>Tự học chữ Nôm</i> (in Vietnamese). NXB Khoa học Xã Hội. p. 64. <q>Ở phần phân tích chữ Nôm, còn có trường hợp âm đọc bắt nguồn từ âm Hán Việt cổ hoặc âm Hán Việt Việt hóa, nhưng hiện nay chưa có đẩy đủ cứ liệu, cho nên, chúng tôi tạm xếp các trường hợp đó vào kiểu chữ Nôm đọc chệch âm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=NXB+Khoa+h%E1%BB%8Dc+X%C3%A3+H%E1%BB%99i&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+Qu%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trần, Uyên Thi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trangnhahoaihuong.com/HH_BienAm_050822.pdf">"Thử tìm hiểu luật biến âm qua hai bản Nôm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Vietnamese). p. 4. <q>Giả tá : mượn âm của một chữ Hán đọc trại đi thành âm Nôm. Thí dụ: <span lang="zh">牢</span> lao > sao, <span lang="zh">停</span> đình > dừng, <span lang="zh">朗</span> lãng > rạng.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%E1%BB%AD+t%C3%ACm+hi%E1%BB%83u+lu%E1%BA%ADt+bi%E1%BA%BFn+%C3%A2m+qua+hai+b%E1%BA%A3n+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=Uy%C3%AAn+Thi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trangnhahoaihuong.com%2FHH_BienAm_050822.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizu, Masaaki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390853649697984768?lang=en">"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials"</a>. <i>NINJAL Research Papers</i>. <b>9</b>: 137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15084%2F00000465">10.15084/00000465</a>. <q>We then search for the stage where the Chữ Nôm reading and the SV reading of its phonetic component are the closest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NINJAL+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=A+Reconstruction+of+Ancient+Vietnamese+Initials+Using+Ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m+Materials&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15084%2F00000465&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Masaaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1390853649697984768%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2009" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh (2009). <i>Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn</i>. Viện Việt học. pp. XV. <q>Mượn âm Nôm</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m+tr%C3%ADch+d%E1%BA%ABn&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Vi%E1%BB%87n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=H%E1%BB%AFu+Vinh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2019" class="citation book cs1">Li, Yu (4 November 2019). <i>The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-069906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-069906-7"><bdi>978-1-00-069906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Writing+System+in+Asia%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-00-069906-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/940/page/8">"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%9C%9F%E7%B6%93%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3+%E2%80%A2+Di+L%E1%BA%B7c+ch%C3%A2n+kinh+di%E1%BB%85n+%C3%A2m&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.nomfoundation.org%2Fcollection%2F1%2Fvolume%2F940%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/940/page/5">"彌勒真經演音 • Di Lặc chân kinh diễn âm"</a>. 1944. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%9C%9F%E7%B6%93%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3+%E2%80%A2+Di+L%E1%BA%B7c+ch%C3%A2n+kinh+di%E1%BB%85n+%C3%A2m&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.nomfoundation.org%2Fcollection%2F1%2Fvolume%2F940%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.nomfoundation.org/collection/1/volume/616/page/4">"集案翁潘佩珠 • Tập án ông Phan Bội Châu"</a>. 1920. p. 4.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%9C%9F%E7%B6%93%E6%BC%94%E9%9F%B3+%E2%80%A2+Di+L%E1%BA%B7c+ch%C3%A2n+kinh+di%E1%BB%85n+%C3%A2m&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.nomfoundation.org%2Fcollection%2F1%2Fvolume%2F940%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomfoundation.org/nom-project/tale-of-kieu/tale-of-kieu-version-1870">"TRUYỆN KIỀU BẢN 1870"</a>. 1870. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRUY%E1%BB%86N+KI%E1%BB%80U+B%E1%BA%A2N+1870&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1870&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomfoundation.org%2Fnom-project%2Ftale-of-kieu%2Ftale-of-kieu-version-1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=18-24&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 32–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=32-58&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=18-19&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>. <q>Hứa Thận định nghĩa "Lập nên một đầu loại, đồng ý cùng nhận, như chữ 考 khảo, 老 lão".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn, Khuê (2020). <i>Tự học Hán văn</i> (in Vietnamese) (10th ed.). NXB Đà Nẵng. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786048450243" title="Special:BookSources/9786048450243"><bdi>9786048450243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%B1+h%E1%BB%8Dc+H%C3%A1n+v%C4%83n&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=NXB+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786048450243&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrịnh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2513850220937817?journalCode=cwsa">"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850220937817">10.1177/2513850220937817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222315572">222315572</a>. <q>In the past, like Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=Chinese+character+variants+in+Vietnam%3A+A+case+study+of+characters+in+The+Complete+Secrets+for+Buddhist+Monks+in+Practice+of+Precious+Rites&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850220937817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222315572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh&rft.aufirst=Kh%E1%BA%AFc+M%E1%BA%A1nh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F2513850220937817%3FjournalCode%3Dcwsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanLeeNgô2020" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Eiso; Lee, Collins; Ngô, Thanh Nhàn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20210-irgn2434-disunify-722b.pdf">"Request to dis-unify U+722B", in UTC Document Register"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=Request+to+dis-unify+U%2B722B%22%2C+in+UTC+Document+Register&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Eiso&rft.au=Lee%2C+Collins&rft.au=Ng%C3%B4%2C+Thanh+Nh%C3%A0n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20210-irgn2434-disunify-722b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2513850219861167">"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850219861167">10.1177/2513850219861167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211673682">211673682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=Research+of+square+scripts+in+Vietnam%3A+An+overview+and+prospects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850219861167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211673682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n+C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850219861167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2513850219861167">"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850219861167">10.1177/2513850219861167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211673682">211673682</a>. <q>For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese variants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=Research+of+square+scripts+in+Vietnam%3A+An+overview+and+prospects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850219861167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211673682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BA%A5n+C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F2513850219861167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrịnh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Trịnh, Khắc Mạnh (11 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2513850220937817">"Chinese character variants in Vietnam: A case study of characters in The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850220937817">10.1177/2513850220937817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222315572">222315572</a>. <q>The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" [82b]).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=Chinese+character+variants+in+Vietnam%3A+A+case+study+of+characters+in+The+Complete+Secrets+for+Buddhist+Monks+in+Practice+of+Precious+Rites&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850220937817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222315572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh&rft.aufirst=Kh%E1%BA%AFc+M%E1%BA%A1nh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F2513850220937817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACh%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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