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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extracellular_matrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extracellular_matrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extracellular matrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extracellular_matrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultrastructure_and_collagen_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrastructure_and_collagen_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ultrastructure and collagen synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrastructure_and_collagen_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenocytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenocytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tenocytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenocytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_tendons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_tendons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of tendons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_tendons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_activity_on_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_activity_on_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Effects of activity on healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_activity_on_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Culinary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tendon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehne_(Anatomie)" title="Sehne (Anatomie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sehne (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="وتر (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وتر (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Рихь – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рихь" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99t%C9%99r_(anatomiya)" title="Vətər (anatomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vətər (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="টেন্ডন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেন্ডন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сухажылле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сухажылле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сухожилие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сухожилие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiva_(anatomija)" title="Tetiva (anatomija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tetiva (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tend%C3%B3" title="Tendó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tendó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%80" title="Шăнăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăнăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lacha" title="Šlacha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šlacha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runda" title="Runda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Runda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sene" title="Sene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehne_(Anatomie)" title="Sehne (Anatomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sehne (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5%C3%B5lus" title="Kõõlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõõlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τένοντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τένοντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Сант – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сант" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tend%C3%B3n" title="Tendón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tendón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendeno" title="Tendeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tendeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendoi" title="Tendoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tendoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="زردپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زردپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teann%C3%A1n" title="Teannán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teannán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tend%C3%B3n" title="Tendón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tendón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%98%EC%A4%84" title="힘줄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힘줄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendino" title="Tendino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tendino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendine" title="Tendine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tendine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93" title="גיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D2%A3%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сіңір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сіңір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandon" title="Tandon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tandon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Тарамыш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тарамыш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0" title="Хьхьа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хьхьа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendo" title="Tendo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tendo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABpsla" title="Cīpsla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cīpsla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausgysl%C4%97" title="Sausgyslė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sausgyslė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Тетива (анатомија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тетива (анатомија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Шөрмөс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шөрмөс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_(oaqni)" title="Ua (oaqni) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ua (oaqni)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pees_(anatomie)" title="Pees (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pees (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B1" title="腱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sene" title="Sene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sene" title="Sene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribuu" title="Ribuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ribuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay" title="Pay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aci%C4%99gno" title="Ścięgno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ścięgno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tend%C3%A3o" title="Tendão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tendão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anku" title="Anku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сухожилие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сухожилие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenon" title="Tenon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tenon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%BEacha" title="Šľacha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šľacha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_(anatomija)" title="Kita (anatomija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kita (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95" title="ڕەفیسکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەفیسکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Тетива (анатомија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тетива (анатомија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%A9g" title="Bajég – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bajég" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4nne" title="Jänne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jänne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena" title="Sena – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sena" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="தசைநாண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தசைநாண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tendon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Сухожилля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сухожилля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2n" title="Gân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B1" title="腱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%85%B1" title="肌腱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肌腱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B1" title="腱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urat" title="Urat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Urat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of tissue that connects muscle to bone</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tendon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tendon (disambiguation)">Tendon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sinew" redirects here. For the song by Purity Ring, see <a href="/wiki/Womb_(album)" title="Womb (album)">Womb (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Tendon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles-tendon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg/250px-Achilles-tendon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a>, one of the tendons in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a></i>, 1st ed., 1858)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg/250px-Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg/375px-Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg/500px-Tendon_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of a piece of tendon; <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>tendo</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013710">D013710</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2010">2010</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.03.pdf">H3.03.00.0.00020 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9721">9721</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232358" class="extiw" title="d:Q232358">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>tendon</b> or <b>sinew</b> is a tough band of <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous connective tissue">dense fibrous connective tissue</a> that connects <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">muscle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>. It sends the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system, while withstanding <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a>. </p><p>Tendons, like <a href="/wiki/Ligaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligaments">ligaments</a>, are made of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. The difference is that ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone. There are about 4000 tendons in the adult human body.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tendon is made of <a href="/wiki/Dense_regular_connective_tissue" title="Dense regular connective tissue">dense regular connective tissue</a>, whose main cellular components are special <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tendon_cell" title="Tendon cell">tendon cells</a> (tenocytes).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31768046_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31768046-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendon cells synthesize the tendon's <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, which abounds with densely-packed <a href="/wiki/Collagen_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagen fibers">collagen fibers</a>. The collagen fibers run parallel to each other and are grouped into fascicles. Each fascicle is bound by an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endotendineum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endotendineum (page does not exist)">endotendineum</a>, which is a delicate loose connective tissue containing thin collagen fibrils<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elastic fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of fascicles is bound by an <a href="/wiki/Epitenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitenon">epitenon</a>, which is a sheath of <a href="/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissue" title="Dense irregular connective tissue">dense irregular connective tissue</a>. The whole tendon is enclosed by a <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>. The space between the fascia and the tendon tissue is filled with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paratenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paratenon (page does not exist)">paratenon</a>, a fatty <a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">areolar tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal healthy tendons are anchored to bone by <a href="/wiki/Sharpey%27s_fibres" title="Sharpey's fibres">Sharpey's fibres</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extracellular_matrix">Extracellular matrix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extracellular matrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dry mass of normal tendons, which is 30–45% of their total mass, is made of: </p> <ul><li>60–85% collagen <ul><li>60–80% collagen I</li> <li>0–10% collagen III</li> <li>2% collagen IV</li> <li>small amounts of collagens V, VI, and others</li></ul></li> <li>15–40% non-collagenous extracellular matrix components, including: <ul><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein" title="Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein">cartilage oligomeric matrix protein</a>,</li> <li>1–2% <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>,</li> <li>1–5% <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycans" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteoglycans">proteoglycans</a>,</li> <li>0.2% inorganic components such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jozsa,_L._1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jozsa,_L._1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Although most of a tendon's collagen is <a href="/wiki/Type_I_collagen" title="Type I collagen">type I collagen</a>, many minor collagens are present that play vital roles in tendon development and function. These include type II collagen in the <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> zones, type III collagen in the <a href="/wiki/Reticulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulin">reticulin</a> fibres of the vascular walls, type IX collagen, type IV collagen in the basement membranes of the <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>, type V collagen in the vascular walls, and type X collagen in the mineralized fibrocartilage near the interface with the bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Jozsa,_L._1997_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jozsa,_L._1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultrastructure_and_collagen_synthesis">Ultrastructure and collagen synthesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ultrastructure and collagen synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collagen fibres coalesce into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macroaggregate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macroaggregate (page does not exist)">macroaggregates</a>. After secretion from the cell, cleaved by <a href="/wiki/Procollagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Procollagen">procollagen</a> N- and C-<a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a>, the tropocollagen molecules spontaneously assemble into insoluble fibrils. A collagen molecule is about 300 nm long and 1–2 nm wide, and the diameter of the fibrils that are formed can range from 50–500 nm. In tendons, the fibrils then assemble further to form fascicles, which are about 10 mm in length with a diameter of 50–300 μm, and finally into a tendon fibre with a diameter of 100–500 μm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collagen in tendons are held together with <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycan</a> (a compound consisting of a protein bonded to glycosaminoglycan groups, present especially in connective tissue) components including <a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">decorin</a> and, in compressed regions of tendon, <a href="/wiki/Aggrecan" title="Aggrecan">aggrecan</a>, which are capable of binding to the collagen fibrils at specific locations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proteoglycans are interwoven with the collagen fibrils –  their <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycan</a> (GAG) side chains have multiple interactions with the surface of the fibrils –  showing that the proteoglycans are important structurally in the interconnection of the fibrils.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major GAG components of the tendon are <a href="/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate" title="Dermatan sulfate">dermatan sulfate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">chondroitin sulfate</a>, which associate with collagen and are involved in the fibril assembly process during tendon development. Dermatan sulfate is thought to be responsible for forming associations between fibrils, while chondroitin sulfate is thought to be more involved with occupying volume between the fibrils to keep them separated and help withstand deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dermatan sulfate side chains of decorin aggregate in solution, and this behavior can assist with the assembly of the collagen fibrils. When decorin molecules are bound to a collagen fibril, their dermatan sulfate chains may extend and associate with other dermatan sulfate chains on decorin that is bound to separate fibrils, therefore creating interfibrillar bridges and eventually causing parallel alignment of the fibrils.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenocytes">Tenocytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tenocytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tenocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenocytes">tenocytes</a> produce the collagen molecules, which aggregate end-to-end and side-to-side to produce collagen fibrils. Fibril bundles are organized to form fibres with the elongated tenocytes closely packed between them. There is a three-dimensional network of cell processes associated with collagen in the tendon. The cells communicate with each other through <a href="/wiki/Gap_junctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap junctions">gap junctions</a>, and this signalling gives them the ability to detect and respond to mechanical loading.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These communications happen by two proteins essentially: <a href="/wiki/GJA1" title="GJA1">connexin 43</a>, present where the cells processes meet and in cell bodies <a href="/wiki/GJB1" title="GJB1">connexin 32</a>, present only where the processes meet.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood vessels may be visualized within the endotendon running parallel to collagen fibres, with occasional branching transverse <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomoses</a>. </p><p>The internal tendon bulk is thought to contain no nerve fibres, but the epitenon and paratenon contain nerve endings, while <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi tendon organs">Golgi tendon organs</a> are present at the <a href="/wiki/Myotendinous_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotendinous junction">myotendinous junction</a> between tendon and muscle. </p><p>Tendon length varies in all major groups and from person to person. Tendon length is, in practice, the deciding factor regarding actual and potential muscle size. For example, all other relevant biological factors being equal, a man with a shorter tendons and a longer biceps muscle will have greater potential for muscle mass than a man with a longer tendon and a shorter muscle. Successful <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilders</a> will generally have shorter tendons. Conversely, in sports requiring athletes to excel in actions such as running or jumping, it is beneficial to have longer than average <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> and a shorter <a href="/wiki/Calf_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf muscle">calf muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tendon length is determined by genetic predisposition, and has not been shown to either increase or decrease in response to environment, unlike muscles, which can be shortened by trauma, use imbalances and a lack of recovery and stretching.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition tendons allow muscles to be at an optimal distance from the site where they actively engage in movement, passing through regions where space is premium, like the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">carpal tunnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_1997_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_tendons">List of tendons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of tendons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 4000 tendons in the human body, of which 55 are listed here: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header"> <caption>Sortable table of tendons in the human body </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Human body part </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td>Teres minor tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Rotator cuff tendons at the shoulder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraspinatus tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Rotator cuff tendons at the shoulder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supraspinatus tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Rotator cuff tendons at the shoulder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscapularis tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Rotator cuff tendons at the shoulder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deltoid tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the elbow or rotate the forearm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biceps tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the elbow or rotate the forearm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triceps tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the elbow or rotate the forearm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brachioradialis tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the elbow or rotate the forearm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supinator tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the elbow or rotate the forearm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor carpi radialis tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the wrist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor carpi ulnaris tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the wrist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extensor carpi radialis tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the wrist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendons </td> <td>Shoulders and arms </td> <td>Help bend the wrist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iliopsoas tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend backwards and forwards, and when swinging the leg while walking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Obturator internus tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend backwards and forwards, and when swinging the leg while walking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adductor longus, brevis and magnus tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend backwards and forwards, and when swinging the leg while walking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gluteus maximus </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend backwards and forwards, and when swinging the leg while walking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gluteus medius tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend backwards and forwards, and when swinging the leg while walking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quadriceps tendons(patellar tendon/ patella) </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend or straighten the knee include </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamstring tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend or straighten the knee include </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sartorius tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Bend or straighten the knee include </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gastrocnemius tendons </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Cross the ankle joint and help move the foot up and down, or side to side </td></tr> <tr> <td>Achilles tendon </td> <td>Hips and legs </td> <td>Cross the ankle joint and help move the foot up and down, or side to side </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soleus tendons </td> <td>Hips and Legs </td> <td>cross the ankle joint and help move your foot up and down, or side to side </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tibialis anterior tendons </td> <td>Hips and Legs </td> <td>cross the ankle joint and help move your foot up and down, or side to side </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peroneus longus tendons </td> <td>Hips and Legs </td> <td>cross the ankle joint and help move your foot up and down, or side to side </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor digitorum longus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>help you move your fingers and toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interosseus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>help you move your fingers and toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor digitorum profundus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>help you move your fingers and toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abductor digiti minimi tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>help you move your fingers and toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Opponens pollicis tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>thumbs can move toward and away from your other fingers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor pollicis longus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>thumbs can move toward and away from your other fingers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extensor pollicis tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>thumbs can move toward and away from your other fingers </td></tr> <tr> <td>abductor pollicis tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>thumbs can move toward and away from your other fingers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor hallucis longus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor digitorum brevis tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lumbrical tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abductor hallucis tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexor digitorum longus tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abductor digiti minimi tendons </td> <td>Hands and Feet </td> <td>bend and straighten your toes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ocular tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>eyes, eyelids and jaw </td></tr> <tr> <td>Levator palpebrae tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>eyes, eyelids and jaw </td></tr> <tr> <td>Masseter tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>eyes, eyelids and jaw </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temporalis tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>eyes, eyelids and jaw </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trapezius tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sternocleidomastoid tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semispinalis capitis </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>splenius capitis tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mylohyoid </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>thyrohyoid tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>move your head and neck </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rectus abdominis tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>twist and turn your body, maintain your posture, or bend and straighten your trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>External oblique tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>twist and turn your body, maintain your posture, or bend and straighten your trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transversus abdominis tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>twist and turn your body, maintain your posture, or bend and straighten your trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latissimus dorsi tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>twist and turn your body, maintain your posture, or bend and straighten your trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erector spinae tendons </td> <td>Head, Neck and Torso </td> <td>twist and turn your body, maintain your posture, or bend and straighten your trunk </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Naming convention for the table: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"> <tbody><tr> <th>Column </th> <th>Explanation </th> <th>Formatting </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name </td> <td>the name of the Tendon in Latin </td> <td>include/exclude Tendon in the name??? </td></tr> <tr> <td>part of the human body </td> <td>Where it can be found in the human body </td> <td>???? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Function </td> <td>What is its purpose in the body </td> <td>??? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Composition </td> <td>An overview of the materials that the tendon is made of </td> <td>Ideally given in %? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg/261px-Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg/392px-Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg/522px-Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Magnified view of a tendon</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, tendons have been considered to be a mechanism by which muscles connect to bone as well as muscles itself, functioning to transmit forces. This connection allows tendons to passively modulate forces during locomotion, providing additional stability with no active work. However, over the past two decades, much research has focused on the elastic properties of some tendons and their ability to function as springs. Not all tendons are required to perform the same functional role, with some predominantly positioning limbs, such as the fingers when writing (positional tendons) and others acting as springs to make locomotion more efficient (energy storing tendons).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23718692_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23718692-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy storing tendons can store and recover energy at high efficiency. For example, during a human stride, the Achilles tendon stretches as the ankle joint dorsiflexes. During the last portion of the stride, as the foot plantar-flexes (pointing the toes down), the stored elastic energy is released. Furthermore, because the tendon stretches, the muscle is able to function with less or even <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships" title="Muscle contraction">no change in length</a>, allowing the muscle to generate more force. </p><p>The mechanical properties of the tendon are dependent on the collagen fiber diameter and orientation. The collagen fibrils are parallel to each other and closely packed, but show a wave-like appearance due to planar undulations, or crimps, on a scale of several micrometers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tendons, the collagen fibres have some flexibility due to the absence of hydroxyproline and proline residues at specific locations in the amino acid sequence, which allows the formation of other conformations such as bends or internal loops in the triple helix and results in the development of crimps.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crimps in the collagen fibrils allow the tendons to have some flexibility as well as a low compressive stiffness. In addition, because the tendon is a multi-stranded structure made up of many partially independent fibrils and fascicles, it does not behave as a single rod, and this property also contributes to its flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycan</a> components of tendons also are important to the mechanical properties. While the collagen fibrils allow tendons to resist tensile stress, the proteoglycans allow them to resist compressive stress. These molecules are very hydrophilic, meaning that they can absorb a large amount of water and therefore have a high swelling ratio. Since they are noncovalently bound to the fibrils, they may reversibly associate and disassociate so that the bridges between fibrils can be broken and reformed. This process may be involved in allowing the fibril to elongate and decrease in diameter under tension.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7592005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7592005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proteoglycans may also have a role in the tensile properties of tendon. The structure of tendon is effectively a fibre composite material, built as a series of hierarchical levels. At each level of the hierarchy, the collagen units are bound together by either collagen crosslinks, or the proteoglycans, to create a structure highly resistant to tensile load.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elongation and the strain of the collagen fibrils alone have been shown to be much lower than the total elongation and strain of the entire tendon under the same amount of stress, demonstrating that the proteoglycan-rich matrix must also undergo deformation, and stiffening of the matrix occurs at high strain rates.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deformation of the non-collagenous matrix occurs at all levels of the tendon hierarchy, and by modulating the organisation and structure of this matrix, the different mechanical properties required by different tendons can be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19822213_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19822213-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy storing tendons have been shown to utilise significant amounts of sliding between fascicles to enable the high strain characteristics they require, whilst positional tendons rely more heavily on sliding between collagen fibres and fibrils.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent data suggests that energy storing tendons may also contain fascicles which are twisted, or helical, in nature - an arrangement that would be highly beneficial for providing the spring-like behaviour required in these tendons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a></div> <p>Tendons are <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> structures, which means they exhibit both elastic and viscous behaviour. When stretched, tendons exhibit typical "soft tissue" behavior. The force-extension, or stress-strain curve starts with a very low stiffness region, as the crimp structure straightens and the collagen fibres align suggesting negative Poisson's ratio in the fibres of the tendon. More recently, tests carried out in vivo (through <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a>) and ex vivo (through mechanical testing of various cadaveric tendon tissue) have shown that healthy tendons are highly anisotropic and exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio (<a href="/wiki/Auxetics" title="Auxetics">auxetic</a>) in some planes when stretched up to 2% along their length, i.e. within their normal range of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this 'toe' region, the structure becomes significantly stiffer, and has a linear stress-strain curve until it begins to fail. The mechanical properties of tendons vary widely, as they are matched to the functional requirements of the tendon. The energy storing tendons tend to be more elastic, or less stiff, so they can more easily store energy, whilst the stiffer positional tendons tend to be a little more viscoelastic, and less elastic, so they can provide finer control of movement. A typical energy storing tendon will fail at around 12–15% strain, and a stress in the region of 100–150 MPa, although some tendons are notably more extensible than this, for example the superficial digital flexor in the <a href="/wiki/Muscular_system_of_the_horse" title="Muscular system of the horse">horse</a>, which stretches in excess of 20% when galloping.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positional tendons can fail at strains as low as 6–8%, but can have moduli in the region of 700–1000 MPa.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies have demonstrated that tendons respond to changes in mechanical loading with growth and remodeling processes, much like <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>. In particular, a study showed that disuse of the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> in rats resulted in a decrease in the average thickness of the collagen fiber bundles comprising the tendon.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakagawa,_Y._1989_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa,_Y._1989-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, an experiment in which people were subjected to a simulated micro-gravity environment found that tendon stiffness decreased significantly, even when subjects were required to perform restiveness exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeves,_N._D._2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves,_N._D._2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects have implications in areas ranging from treatment of bedridden patients to the design of more effective exercises for <a href="/wiki/Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronauts">astronauts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injury">Injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="tendon_injury"></span> Tendons are subject to many types of injuries. There are various forms of <a href="/wiki/Tendinopathy" title="Tendinopathy">tendinopathies</a> or tendon injuries due to overuse. These types of injuries generally result in inflammation and degeneration or weakening of the tendons, which may eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Tendon_rupture" title="Tendon rupture">tendon rupture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_P._M_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_P._M-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendinopathies can be caused by a number of factors relating to the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), and their classification has been difficult because their symptoms and histopathology often are similar. </p><p>Types of tendinopathy include:<sup id="cite_ref-Maffulli_2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maffulli_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendinosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendinosis">Tendinosis</a>: non-inflammatory injury to the tendon at the cellular level. The degradation is caused by damage to collagen, cells, and the vascular components of the tendon, and is known to lead to rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations of tendons that have undergone spontaneous rupture have shown the presence of collagen fibrils that are not in the correct parallel orientation or are not uniform in length or diameter, along with rounded tenocytes, other cell abnormalities, and the ingrowth of blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_P._M_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_P._M-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of tendinosis that have not led to rupture have also shown the degeneration, disorientation, and thinning of the collagen fibrils, along with an increase in the amount of glycosaminoglycans between the fibrils.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma,_P._2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma,_P._2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendinitis">Tendinitis</a>: degeneration with inflammation of the tendon as well as vascular disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Jozsa,_L._1997_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jozsa,_L._1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratenonitis" title="Paratenonitis">Paratenonitis</a>: inflammation of the paratenon, or paratendinous sheet located between the tendon and its sheath.<sup id="cite_ref-Maffulli_2003_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maffulli_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Tendinopathies may be caused by several intrinsic factors including age, body weight, and nutrition. The extrinsic factors are often related to sports and include excessive forces or loading, poor training techniques, and environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley,_G._2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley,_G._2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing">Healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was believed that tendons could not undergo matrix turnover and that tenocytes were not capable of repair. However, it has since been shown that, throughout the lifetime of a person, tenocytes in the tendon actively synthesize matrix components as well as enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix metalloproteinases">matrix metalloproteinases</a> (MMPs) can degrade the matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley,_G._2004_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley,_G._2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendons are capable of healing and recovering from injuries in a process that is controlled by the tenocytes and their surrounding extracellular matrix. </p><p>The three main stages of tendon healing are inflammation, repair or proliferation, and remodeling, which can be further divided into consolidation and maturation. These stages can overlap with each other. In the first stage, inflammatory cells such as <a href="/wiki/Neutrophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophils">neutrophils</a> are recruited to the injury site, along with <a href="/wiki/Erythrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocytes">erythrocytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocytes">Monocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">macrophages</a> are recruited within the first 24 hours, and <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Necrotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotic">necrotic</a> materials at the injury site occurs. After the release of <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoactive">vasoactive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotactic">chemotactic</a> factors, <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">proliferation</a> of tenocytes are initiated. Tenocytes then move into the site and start to synthesize collagen III.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_P._M_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_P._M-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma,_P._2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma,_P._2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few days, the repair or proliferation stage begins. In this stage, the tenocytes are involved in the synthesis of large amounts of collagen and proteoglycans at the site of injury, and the levels of GAG and water are high.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about six weeks, the remodeling stage begins. The first part of this stage is consolidation, which lasts from about six to ten weeks after the injury. During this time, the synthesis of collagen and GAGs is decreased, and the cellularity is also decreased as the tissue becomes more fibrous as a result of increased production of collagen I and the fibrils become aligned in the direction of mechanical stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma,_P._2005_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma,_P._2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final maturation stage occurs after ten weeks, and during this time there is an increase in crosslinking of the collagen fibrils, which causes the tissue to become stiffer. Gradually, over about one year, the tissue will turn from fibrous to scar-like.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a very important role in the degradation and remodeling of the ECM during the healing process after a tendon injury. Certain MMPs including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14 have collagenase activity, meaning that, unlike many other enzymes, they are capable of degrading collagen I fibrils. The degradation of the collagen fibrils by MMP-1 along with the presence of denatured collagen are factors that are believed to cause weakening of the tendon ECM and an increase in the potential for another rupture to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to repeated mechanical loading or injury, <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> may be released by tenocytes and can induce the release of MMPs, causing degradation of the ECM and leading to recurring injury and chronic tendinopathies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma,_P._2005_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma,_P._2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of other molecules are involved in tendon repair and regeneration. There are five growth factors that have been shown to be significantly upregulated and active during tendon healing: <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a> (IGF-I), <a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor">platelet-derived growth factor</a> (PDGF), <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">vascular endothelial growth factor</a> (VEGF), <a href="/wiki/Basic_fibroblast_growth_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic fibroblast growth factor">basic fibroblast growth factor</a> (bFGF), and <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">transforming growth factor beta</a> (TGF-β).<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These growth factors all have different roles during the healing process. IGF-1 increases collagen and proteoglycan production during the first stage of inflammation, and PDGF is also present during the early stages after injury and promotes the synthesis of other growth factors along with the synthesis of DNA and the proliferation of tendon cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three isoforms of TGF-β (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3) are known to play a role in wound healing and scar formation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VEGF is well known to promote angiogenesis and to induce endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and VEGF mRNA has been shown to be expressed at the site of tendon injuries along with collagen I mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a subgroup of TGF-β superfamily that can induce bone and cartilage formation as well as tissue differentiation, and BMP-12 specifically has been shown to influence formation and differentiation of tendon tissue and to promote fibrogenesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_activity_on_healing">Effects of activity on healing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects of activity on healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In animal models, extensive studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of mechanical strain in the form of activity level on tendon injury and healing. While stretching can disrupt healing during the initial inflammatory phase, it has been shown that controlled movement of the tendons after about one week following an acute injury can help to promote the synthesis of collagen by the tenocytes, leading to increased tensile strength and diameter of the healed tendons and fewer adhesions than tendons that are immobilized. In chronic tendon injuries, mechanical loading has also been shown to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis along with collagen realignment, all of which promote repair and remodeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further support the theory that movement and activity assist in tendon healing, it has been shown that immobilization of the tendons after injury often has a negative effect on healing. In rabbits, collagen fascicles that are immobilized have shown decreased tensile strength, and immobilization also results in lower amounts of water, proteoglycans, and collagen crosslinks in the tendons.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_P._M_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_P._M-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">mechanotransduction</a> mechanisms have been proposed as reasons for the response of tenocytes to mechanical force that enable them to alter their gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell phenotype, and eventually cause changes in tendon structure. A major factor is mechanical deformation of the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, which can affect the <a href="/wiki/Actin_cytoskeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Actin cytoskeleton">actin cytoskeleton</a> and therefore affect cell shape, motility, and function. Mechanical forces can be transmitted by focal adhesion sites, <a href="/wiki/Integrins" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrins">integrins</a>, and cell-cell junctions. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton can activate integrins, which mediate "outside-in" and "inside-out" signaling between the cell and the matrix. <a href="/wiki/G-proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="G-proteins">G-proteins</a>, which induce intracellular signaling cascades, may also be important, and ion channels are activated by stretching to allow ions such as calcium, sodium, or potassium to enter the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang,_J._H._C._2006_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_J._H._C._2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinew was widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-industrial">pre-industrial</a> eras as a tough, durable <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>. Some specific uses include using sinew as <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">thread</a> for sewing, attaching feathers to arrows (see <a href="/wiki/Fletch_(archery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletch (archery)">fletch</a>), lashing tool blades to shafts, etc. It is also recommended in survival guides as a material from which strong cordage can be made for items like traps or living structures. Tendon must be treated in specific ways to function usefully for these purposes. <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">circumpolar people</a> utilized sinew as the only cordage for all domestic purposes due to the lack of other suitable fiber sources in their ecological habitats. The elastic properties of particular sinews were also used in <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite recurved bows</a> favoured by the steppe nomads of Eurasia, and Native Americans. The first stone throwing artillery also used the elastic properties of sinew. </p><p>Sinew makes for an excellent cordage material for three reasons: It is extremely strong, it contains natural glues, and it shrinks as it dries, doing away with the need for knots<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tendon_(meal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendon (meal)">Tendon (meal)</a></div> <p>Tendon (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> tendon) is used as a food in some Asian cuisines (often served at <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">yum cha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a> restaurants). One popular dish is <i>suan bao niu jin</i>, in which the tendon is marinated in garlic. It is also sometimes found in the Vietnamese noodle dish <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Phở">phở</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG/220px-Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG/330px-Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG/440px-Edmontosaurus_ossified_tendon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Ossified tendon from an Edmontosaurus bone bed in Wyoming (Lance Formation)</figcaption></figure> <p>In some organisms, notably <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> portions of the tendon can become ossified. In this process, osteocytes infiltrate the tendon and lay down bone as they would in sesamoid bone such as the patella. In birds, tendon ossification primarily occurs in the hindlimb, while in ornithischian dinosaurs, ossified axial muscle tendons form a latticework along the neural and haemal spines on the tail, presumably for support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tendons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tendons">Tendons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">Aponeurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">Chordae tendineae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">List of muscles of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_sheath" title="Tendon sheath">Tendon sheath</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2014/06/protect-your-tendons">"Protect Your Tendons"</a>. <i>NIH News in Health</i>. 2017-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscular_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscular_system" title="Template:Muscular system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscular_system" title="Template talk:Muscular system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscular_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscular system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscular_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial fascia">Superficial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fascia" title="Deep fascia">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral fascia">Visceral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartment" title="Fascial compartment">Fascial compartment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_arm" title="Fascial compartments of arm">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_thigh" title="Fascial compartments of thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_leg" title="Fascial compartments of leg">Leg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">Aponeurosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusiform_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusiform muscle">Fusiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennate_muscle" title="Pennate muscle">Pennate muscle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unipennate_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipennate muscle">Unipennate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipennate_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipennate muscle">Bipennate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin (anatomy)">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insertion (anatomy)">Insertion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">List of muscles of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_muscle" title="Composite muscle">Composite muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connective_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connective_tissues" title="Template:Connective tissues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connective_tissues" title="Template talk:Connective tissues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connective_tissues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connective tissues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connective_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">Fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">Scarring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix#Cell_types_involved_in_ECM_formation" title="Extracellular matrix">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">Fibroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocyte" title="Fibrocyte">Fibrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_cell" title="Reticular cell">Reticular cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_cell" title="Tendon cell">Tendon cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">Adipocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">Melanocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wandering_cell" title="Wandering cell">Wandering cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">Extracellular <br /> matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_substance" title="Ground substance">Ground substance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">Tissue fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix#Fibers" title="Extracellular matrix">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">Collagen fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_fiber" title="Reticular fiber">Reticular fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collagen,_type_III,_alpha_1" title="Collagen, type III, alpha 1">COL3A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">Elastic fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">Elastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">Fibrillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBN1" class="mw-redirect" title="FBN1">FBN1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">FBN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">FBN3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMILIN1" title="EMILIN1">EMILIN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaunin" title="Elaunin">Elaunin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue proper">Proper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_connective_tissue" title="Reticular connective tissue">Reticular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_adipose_tissue" title="White adipose tissue">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">Dense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissue" title="Dense irregular connective tissue">Dense irregular connective tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense_regular_connective_tissue" title="Dense regular connective tissue">Dense regular connective tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">Aponeurosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue#Embryonic_connective_tissues" title="Connective tissue">Embryonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucoid_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoid connective tissue">Mucoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">Mesenchymal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue#Specialized_connective_tissues" title="Connective tissue">Specialized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tendons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133841">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tendons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120069607">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tendons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120069607">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šlachy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph688632&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529660005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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