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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The status and characteristics of ancient and modern-day women in Greece evolved from events that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Greek_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek history">Greek history</a>. In Michael Scott's article, "The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece" (History Today), the place of women and their achievements in Ancient Greece was best described by <a href="/wiki/Thucidydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thucidydes">Thucidydes</a> in this quotation: "The greatest glory [for women] is to be least talked about among men, whether in praise or blame."<a href="#cite_note-HT-4">[4]</a> However, the status of Greek women underwent considerable change and advancement in the 20th century. In 1952, women received the right to vote,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> which led to their earning places and job positions in businesses and in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">government of Greece</a>; and they were able to maintain their right to inherit property, even after being married.<a href="#cite_note-USAT-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in Greece</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7.jpg/220px-%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="300"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ellie_Lambeti" title="Ellie Lambeti">Ellie Lambeti</a>, Greek actress</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a> (per 100,000)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">21.0% (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women over 25 with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">59.5% (2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women in labour force</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">47.3% (<a href="/wiki/Employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment rate">employment rate</a> <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> definition, 2019)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.119</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">32nd out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.689 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">100th out of 146</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Women_in_Bronze_Age_Greece">1 Women in Bronze Age Greece</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Women_in_ancient_Greece">2 Women in ancient Greece</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_Athens">2.1 In Athens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_Sparta">2.2 In Sparta</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_law_codes_and_philosophical_texts">2.3 In law codes and philosophical texts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Right_to_divorce">2.4 Right to divorce</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_the_arts">2.5 In the arts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Women_in_the_Greek_War_of_Independence">3 Women in the Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Contemporary_period">4 Contemporary period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Women_in_Bronze_Age_Greece">Women in Bronze Age Greece</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Women in Bronze Age Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>This section adapted from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJudson2021" class="citation web cs1">Judson, Anna P. (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itsallgreektoanna.wordpress.com/2021/03/08/women-in-mycenaean-greece/">"Women in Mycenaean Greece"</a>. It's All Greek to Me.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=It%27s+All+Greek+to+Me&rft.atitle=Women+in+Mycenaean+Greece&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Anna+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitsallgreektoanna.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F03%2F08%2Fwomen-in-mycenaean-greece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"></dd></dl> In the Linear B tablets from this era, men are more frequently mentioned by name, title, or occupation. Nonetheless, the references to women offer valuable clues about their roles within palace-controlled economies. Many women are organized into workgroups under palace authority, classified by roles such as textile workers (“linen workers,” “sewing women,” “headband makers”), food producers (“flour-grinders”), and domestic staff (“attendants”). Some women are identified by their origins, which could be local to the palace or from more distant regions—for instance, records from Pylos in southwestern Greece list women from as far away as the Turkish coast. Though these women are not often directly referred to as enslaved, the details of their origins, references to some groups as “captives,” and the palace's regulation of their lives and labor suggest they were likely in a state of effective enslavement or, at the very least, heavily dependent on palace authority. Documentation from the palace records their numbers, the provision of basic rations like grain and figs, and the distribution of raw materials for their work, all of which underscore this dependency. Some of these groups are listed under the name of a male supervisor or owner, and many records also note their children, who presumably worked alongside their mothers and learned their trades. Women of this social standing are seldom identified by name, but there are a few notable instances. For example, a tablet from Knossos on Crete lists a group of women—likely textile workers—by individual names, including one called Wordieya, or “Rosie.” Another tablet from Pylos records a woman named Kessandra as the recipient of a substantial ration allocation, enough to support 20 workers for 20 days. Kessandra may have been responsible for supervising a team of male workers, though the specific type of work isn't mentioned. Her role could have been limited to overseeing this group, or she might have held a higher position within the palace's administration, though there's insufficient context to determine her exact responsibilities. Additionally, the identities and genders of the Linear B scribes are unknown; while it's widely assumed most were men, it's possible that some scribes could have been women. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Women_in_ancient_Greece">Women in ancient Greece</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women in ancient Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Although most women lacked political and equal rights in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, they enjoyed a certain freedom of movement until the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nardo-7">[7]</a> Records exist of women in ancient <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> owning <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">land</a>, the only durable form of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, after the Archaic age, women's status worsened, and laws on gender segregation were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Nardo-7">[7]</a> In general, Classical Greek women were expected to manage a household, supervising or performing domestic tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> cloth, and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">bearing children</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Historian <a href="/wiki/Don_Nardo" title="Don Nardo">Don Nardo</a> stated "throughout antiquity most Greek women had few or no civil rights and many enjoyed little freedom of choice or mobility."<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> Detailed records on the status of women in Ancient Greece only describe the behavior and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a>, and have survived for only three poleis: Sparta, Athens and <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150-10">[10]</a> As those states were exceptional in the Greek world, it is unclear how much can be generalized from these records. Most historians assume that women's rights in other Greek polities could be placed somewhere on a continuum between Spartan and Athenian societies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Athens">In Athens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Athens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_classical_Athens" title="Women in classical Athens">Women in classical Athens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg/220px-Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 233px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg/220px-Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg/330px-Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg/440px-Preparations_for_a_wedding_-_ancient_Greek_ceramic_painting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Athenian women preparing for a wedding (ceramic painting, 5th century BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/220px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/220px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/330px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/440px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Woman kneeling before an altar (Attic red-figure kylix, 5th BC, <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Stoa of Attalos</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Classical_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Classical Athens">Women in Classical Athens</a> had no legal personhood and were assumed to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Oikos" title="Oikos">oikos</a> (household) headed by the male <a href="/wiki/Kurios" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurios">kyrios</a> (master). In Athenian society, the legal term of a wife was known as a damar, a word that is derived from the root meaning of "to subdue" or "to tame".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their fathers or other male relatives; once married, the husband became a woman's kyrios.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199464-13">[13]</a> Women typically married around age 14 to a husband about twice their age. This system was implemented as a way to help ensure that girls were <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virgins</a> when they wed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Women_in_Greece#Dubious" title="Talk:Women in Greece">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The girl's kyrios typically selected her husband; she would have little input.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Often, the kyrios selected a different male relative to ensure that any inherited property remained within the family.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Classical Athens idealized extreme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_seclusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Female seclusion (page does not exist)">female seclusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Legal records suggest that respectable women may have been embarrassed in the presence of their male relatives<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> or for an unrelated man to simply know their name.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Such seclusion was likely impractical for all but the wealthy, as domestic tasks such as fetching water required entering public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Nevertheless, Athenian women were excluded from essentially all public life. Their gender acted as a permanent disability inhibiting full <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUte200135-23">[23]</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Ancient Greece">enslavement</a> but without a removal process analogous to manumission.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Women were barred from conducting legal proceedings, and their kyrios would represent them instead.<a href="#cite_note-google114-25">[25]</a> Athenian women had limited <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a>, and independently could only enter into a contract worth less than the value of a "<a href="/wiki/Medimno" class="mw-redirect" title="Medimno">medimnos</a> of barley" (a measure of grain), allowing women to engage in petty trading.<a href="#cite_note-google114-25">[25]</a> A woman could acquire property through gifts, dowry and inheritance, but her kyrios had the right to dispose of her property as he wished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995115-26">[26]</a> If the head of a household died with no male heir to inherit, then a daughter may become the provisional heir of the property, known as <a href="/wiki/Epikleros" title="Epikleros">epikleros</a> (roughly translated to an heiress). Later, it was common for a woman to marry a close relative of her father if she became adjunct to that property.<a href="#cite_note-:04-27">[27]</a> Most upper-class Athenian boys would receive private tutelage on <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and physical education, essential for political and military participation.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> As women participated in neither, Athenian girls received little-to-no formal education. Instead, they would apprentice with their mothers to learn the domestic arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199474-29">[29]</a> The only areas in which Athenian women could participate freely were <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">religious ritual</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDover197361%E2%80%9362-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and entertainment/prostitution. Despite the seclusion ideal, many religious festivals involved both genders. The few that did not (especially the <a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a>) were restricted to women alone.<a href="#cite_note-Rites-32">[32]</a> The priestesshood of Athena held great moral suasion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199475-33">[33]</a> and women appear to have managed private rites of passage.<a href="#cite_note-Rites-32">[32]</a> Athenian practice does not appear to have clearly distinguished between entertainment and sex work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDover197363-34">[34]</a> and some upper-class hetairai prostitutes appear to have become some of the most independent, wealthy, and influential women in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sparta">In Sparta</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Sparta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Sparta" title="Women in ancient Sparta">Women in ancient Sparta</a></div> The vast majority (~94%) of Spartan women were enslaved helots, a proportion extraordinary in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a>. These women bore the economic brunt of Sparta's extractive class structure, and had few-to-no legal protections against abuse.<a href="#cite_note-ACOUP-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296-37">[37]</a> They were <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> sufficiently often to generate an entire underclass, the nothoi or mothakes.<a href="#cite_note-ACOUP-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Unusually for slaves in ancient Greece, helots were free to select other helot partners for sexual reproduction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101-40">[40]</a> although the paramilitary krypteia would promptly kill any beautiful or unusually-capable children from such unions.<a href="#cite_note-ACOUP-36">[36]</a> By contrast, the extremely few free ("spartiate") women enjoyed status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a>. Spartiate women were formally excluded from military and political life,<a href="#cite_note-ACOUP-36">[36]</a> but began running estates while men were engaged in military activity.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy-41">[41]</a> Following protracted warfare in the 4th century BC Spartan women owned between 60% and 70% of all Spartan land and property.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic Period</a>, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Sparta reared young spartiate boys for military and paramilitary work away from their family in the <a href="/wiki/Agoge" title="Agoge">agoge</a>, a practice that included extensive, violent physical and emotional abuse but likely little intellectual work.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Spartiate girls instead remained with their families, learning household management and possibly literacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024%E2%80%938-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Unlike in other city-states, however, Spartiate women rarely performed domestic labor, which they considered demeaning and better extorted from helots.<a href="#cite_note-ACOUP-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151-49">[49]</a> Helot-made Spartiate clothing was notoriously simple and short relative to in other polities, and scandalously bared girls' thighs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199436-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296-37">[37]</a> The extent to which the state supervised spartiate girls' education is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024-51">[51]</a> Girls appear to have imbibed Spartan values primarily through music, dance, song, and exercise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20025-52">[52]</a> Spartiate girls trained athletically as though for combat, and may have participated in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnopaedia" title="Gymnopaedia">Gymnopaedia</a> ("Festival of Nude Youths").<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> They likely ceased participation in athletic competitions after marriage,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> typically around age 20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198158%E2%80%9359-56">[56]</a> Plutarch wrote in his Sayings of Spartans: "When someone inquired why they took their girls into public places unveiled, but their married women veiled, he said, 'Because the girls have to find husbands, and the married women have to keep to those who have them!".<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57">[57]</a> Spartan marriage may have been a looser relationship than in other Greek polities. Polybius writes of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife-sharing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wife-sharing (page does not exist)">wife-sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Spartiate men were rarely at home,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200552-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244-61">[61]</a> and a newlywed spartiate bride would have cross-dressed as a man to better resemble her husband's past sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017509-62">[62]</a> Nevertheless, Sparta appears to have placed great value on bearing unflinching sons, and Spartiate women whose children died in battle appear to have been celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Conversely, Plutarch writes of Spartan women killing their cowardly sons themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200259-64">[64]</a> Despite greater mobility relative to Athenian women, spartiate women could not participate in politics. Men forbade them from speaking at assemblies and segregated them from any political activities.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_law_codes_and_philosophical_texts">In law codes and philosophical texts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In law codes and philosophical texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gortyn_law_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gortyn law code (page does not exist)">Gortyn law code</a> granted women a much better position than in mainland Greece. All women, including slaves, were protected. Gortyn women, like Spartan women, were able to enter into legal agreements and appear before the court. They were able to own property without male co-ownership or permission. Husband and wife had equal right to divorce. A free, divorced woman could throw her child into the river. Sisters and brothers shared inheritances equally. <a href="/wiki/Epikleros" title="Epikleros">Epicleros</a> (in Sparta and Gortyn, they were called patrouchoi) had a certain freedom of choice regarding marriage. Namely, if a woman was already married with children and became an epicler, she could choose whether to divorce her husband or not. But a married woman without children who became an epicler had no choice but to divorce and remarry, according to the regulations. In general, a daughter who inherited property could not dispose of it. An exception was that she could sell it or pledge it as payment in the amount of a debt owed to her late father's creditor. Athens was the cradle of philosophy in Ancient Greece, and most surviving philosophic texts work to justify Athenian practice. Almost no female philosophers are known.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> in Athens, the famous philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> thought that women would bring disorder, evil, and were "utterly useless and caused more confusion than the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> Because of this, Aristotle thought keeping women separate from the rest of the society was the best idea.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> This separation would entail living in homes called a <a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">gynaeceum</a> while looking after the duties in the home and having very little exposure with the male world.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> This was also to protect women's fertility from men other than husbands, to ensure the legitimacy of their born lineage.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> Athenian women were also educated very little, except home tutorship for basic skills such as spinning, weaving, cooking, and some knowledge of money.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> acknowledged that extending civil and political rights to women would substantively alter the nature of the household and the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2004300-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who had been taught by Plato, denied that women were slaves or subject to property, arguing that "nature has distinguished between the female and the slave," but he considered wives to be "bought." He argued that women's main economic activity is that of safeguarding the household property created by men. According to Aristotle, the labour of women added no value because "the art of household management is not identical with the art of getting wealth, for the one uses the material which the other provides."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUte200132%E2%80%9335-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> also thought Spartan women's influence was mischievous and argued that the greater legal freedom of women in Sparta caused its ruin.<a href="#cite_note-:02-9">[9]</a> Contrary to these views, the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophers</a> argued for equality of the sexes, sexual inequality being in their view contrary to the laws of nature.<a href="#cite_note-Colish-67">[67]</a> In doing so, they followed the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a>, who argued that men and women should wear the same clothing and receive the same kind of education.<a href="#cite_note-Colish-67">[67]</a> They also saw marriage as a moral companionship between equals rather than a biological or social necessity, and practiced these views in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Colish-67">[67]</a> The Stoics adopted the views of the Cynics and added them to their own theories of human nature, thus putting their sexual egalitarianism on a strong philosophical basis.<a href="#cite_note-Colish-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_divorce">Right to divorce</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Right to divorce" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Marriage in ancient Greece</a></div> Despite the harsh limits on women's freedoms and rights in ancient Greece, their rights in context of divorce were fairly liberal. Marriage could be terminated by mutual consent or action taken by either spouse. If a woman wanted to end her marriage, she needed the help of her father or other male relative to represent her, because as a woman she was not considered a citizen of Greece. If a man wanted a divorce, however, all he had to do was throw his spouse out of his house. A woman's father also had the right to end the marriage. In the instance of a divorce, the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> was returned to the woman's guardian (who was usually her father) and she had the right to retain half of the goods she had produced while in the marriage. If the couple had children, divorce resulted in full paternal custody, as children were seen as belonging to his household. While the laws regarding divorce may seem relatively fair, considering how little control women had over most aspects of their lives in ancient Greece, women were unlikely to divorce their husbands because of the damage it would do to their reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-14">[14]</a> As women were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">kyrios</a> would do so on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-google114-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/204px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/204px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg" data-width="204" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg/306px-%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_Barbiton_Barbit%C3%B3n_ancient_greek_instrument.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of in the women's quarters of a house, on a classical Greek vase. The photo is focused on a seated woman who is relaxed while fingering a "barbiton" (a stringed instrument).</figcaption></figure> Little surviving art depicts women in ancient Greek society. The majority of sources come from pottery found which displayed the everyday lives of citizens. Such pottery provides a medium which allows us to examine women's roles of the time, generally depicted as <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a>, keepers of domestic life, or whores. Scenes of adornment in vase painting are a window into the women's sphere, though they are not entirely realistic, rather, a product of the voyeuristic and romanticized image of womanhood envisioned by males.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Women are frequently depicted as "sexual objects" in ancient Greek pottery, thus providing context for the sexual culture of Ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A majority of vase scenes portray women inside their houses. A common presence of columns suggests that women spent much of their time in the <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a> of the house. The courtyard was the one place where they could regularly enjoy the outdoors and get fresh air. A majority of Greek cooking equipment was small and light and could easily be set up there. It can be inferred that during sunny weather, women probably sat in the roofed and shaded areas of the courtyard, for the ideal in female beauty was a pale <a href="/wiki/Complexion" title="Complexion">complexion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a> (/laɪˈsɪstrətə/ or /ˌlɪsəˈstrɑːtə/; Attic Greek: Λυσιστράτη, Lysistrátē, "Army Disbander") is an ancient Greek comedy written by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, originally performed in classical <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 411 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The play depicts women's extraordinary mission to end the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> between Greek city states by denying men sexual pleasures, which was the only thing the men desired. Women were going to end the war by capitalizing on their sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Lysistrata persuades the women of the warring cities to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of forcing the men to negotiate peace. This strategy, however, only inflames the battle between the sexes. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Women_in_the_Greek_War_of_Independence">Women in the Greek War of Independence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women in the Greek War of Independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg/160px-Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg/160px-Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg/240px-Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg/320px-Mykon_AMM_060372.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manto_Mavrogenous" title="Manto Mavrogenous">Manto Mavrogenous</a></figcaption></figure> Amongst the Greek warriors in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, there were also women, such as <a href="/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina" title="Laskarina Bouboulina">Laskarina Bouboulina</a>. Bouboulina, also known as kapetanissa (captain/admiral) in 1821 raised on the mast of Agamemnon her own Greek flag and sailed with eight ships to <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a> to begin a naval blockade. Later she took part also in the naval blockade and capture of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>. Another heroine was <a href="/wiki/Manto_Mavrogenous" title="Manto Mavrogenous">Manto Mavrogenous</a>. From a rich family, she spent all her fortune for the Hellenic cause. Under her encouragement, her European friends contributed money and guns to the revolution. She moved to <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a> in 1823, in order to be in the core of the struggle, leaving her family as she was despised even by her mother because of her choices. Soon, she became famous around Europe for her beauty and bravery. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> During the past decades, the position of women in Greek society has changed dramatically. <a href="/wiki/Efharis_Petridou" title="Efharis Petridou">Efharis Petridou</a> was the first female lawyer in Greece; in 1925 she joined the Athens Bar Association.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The women of Greece won the right to vote in 1952. In 1955, women were first allowed to become judges in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-73">[73]</a> In 1983, a new family law was passed which provided for greater <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in marriage. It abolished the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, and provided for the rights of "<a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a>" children.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> was also decriminalised in 1983. The new family law provided for <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and liberalised the <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce law">divorce law</a>. In 2006, Greece enacted Law 3500/2006, which criminalised <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Law 3719/2008 further dealt with family issues, including Article 14, which reduced the separation period (necessary before a divorce in certain circumstances) from 4 years to 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Greece also ratified the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> As of 2014, there are 21.0% women in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Family dynamics remain conservative, however. The principal form of partnership is marriage, and extramarital childbearing and long-term cohabitation are not widespread. For instance, in 2015, Greece had the lowest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">births outside marriage</a> in the European Union, at only 8.8%.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Greece has a low fertility rate, at 1.33 number of children per woman (in 2015), lower than the replacement rate of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_women_in_Athenian_tragedy" title="Representation of women in Athenian tragedy">Representation of women in Athenian tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Classical_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Classical Athens">Women in Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Sparta" title="Women in ancient Sparta">Women in ancient Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanostrat%C3%AA" title="Phanostratê">Phanostratê</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R#">"LFS by sex and age - indicators"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LFS+by+sex+and+age+-+indicators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDatasetCode%3DLFS_SEXAGE_I_R%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). 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San Diego: Lucent Books. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nardo&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard, Ute (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&q=women+right+to+property">Debating women's equality: toward a feminist theory of law from a European perspective</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2905-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2905-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-2905-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+women%27s+equality%3A+toward+a+feminist+theory+of+law+from+a+European+perspective&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9&rft.aulast=Gerhard&rft.aufirst=Ute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMohyLfGDDsC%26q%3Dwomen%2Bright%2Bto%2Bproperty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPry2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pry, Kay O (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=saberandscroll">"Social and Political Roles of Women in Athens and Sparta"</a>. Sabre and Scroll. 1 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabre+and+Scroll&rft.atitle=Social+and+Political+Roles+of+Women+in+Athens+and+Sparta&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pry&rft.aufirst=Kay+O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.apus.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1030%26context%3Dsaberandscroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeuls1985" class="citation book cs1">Keuls, Eva (1985). The Rein of the Phallus: Sexual politics in ancient Athens (1st ed.). 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The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 100: 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F630731">10.2307/630731</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/630731">630731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Law%2C+custom+and+myth%3A+Aspects+of+the+social+position+of+women+in+Classical+Athens&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F630731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F630731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F630731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199464-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199464_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1994">Pomeroy 1994</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=nysl_ce_colgul&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3035100142&&docId=GALE%7CCX3035100142&docType=GALE#">"Marriage"</a>. go.galegroup.com. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=go.galegroup.com&rft.atitle=Marriage&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3Fsort%3DRELEVANCE%26inPS%3Dtrue%26prodId%3DGVRL%26userGroupName%3Dnysl_ce_colgul%26tabID%3DT003%26searchId%3DR1%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26contentSegment%3D%26searchType%3DAdvancedSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CCX3035100142%26%26docId%3DGALE%257CCX3035100142%26docType%3DGALE%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bakewell, Geoffrey (2008). "Forbidding marriage: "Neaira" 16 and metic spouses at Athens". 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521233477" title="Special:BookSources/9780521233477"><bdi>9780521233477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Society+and+economy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521233477&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy1994" class="citation book cs1">Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1994). Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in classical antiquity. 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New York: Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415901239" title="Special:BookSources/9780415901239"><bdi>9780415901239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constraints+of+Desire%3A+The+anthropology+of+sex+and+gender+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780415901239&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaps1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schaps, D. M. (1977). "The woman least mentioned: Etiquette and women's names". 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Greece & Rome. 36 (1): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500029284">10.1017/S0017383500029284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Seclusion%2C+separation%2C+and+the+status+of+women+in+Classical+Athens&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500029284&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUte200135-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUte200135_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUte2001">Ute 2001</a>, p. 35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUte2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Eric W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jug6crxEImIC&q=Aristophanes+ecclesiazusae+women%27s+rights">Ancient Greek Democracy: readings and sources</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23394-7"><bdi>978-0-631-23394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Democracy%3A+readings+and+sources&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23394-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJug6crxEImIC%26q%3DAristophanes%2Becclesiazusae%2Bwomen%2527s%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google114-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google114_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google114_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google114_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell1995" class="citation book cs1">Blundell, Sue (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC&q=women+athens">Women in Ancient Greece</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1"><bdi>978-0-674-95473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-95473-1&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfx1VaSIOgQC%26q%3Dwomen%2Bathens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995115-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995115_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotroff2006" class="citation book cs1">Rotroff, Susan (2006). Women in the Athenian Agora. ASCSA. pp. 10, 11, 12, 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Athenian+Agora&rft.pages=10%2C+11%2C+12%2C+13&rft.pub=ASCSA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rotroff&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Ed T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=nysl_ce_colgul&tabID=T003&searchId=R3&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3034800192&&docId=GALE%7CCX3034800192&docType=GALE&authCount=1">"Education"</a>. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Group. 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"Rape and adultery in Athenian law". The Classical Quarterly. 45 (2): 414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800043482">10.1017/S0009838800043482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rape+and+adultery+in+Athenian+law&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=414&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800043482&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rites-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rites_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rites_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxhall2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Foxhall" title="Lin Foxhall">Foxhall, Lin</a> (2005). "Pandora Unbound: A feminist critique of Foucault's History of Sexuality". In Cornwall, Andrea; Lindisfarne, Nancy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dislocatingmascu0000unse">Dislocating Masculinity</a>. London: Routledge. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203393430" title="Special:BookSources/0203393430"><bdi>0203393430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pandora+Unbound%3A+A+feminist+critique+of+Foucault%27s+History+of+Sexuality&rft.btitle=Dislocating+Masculinity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0203393430&rft.aulast=Foxhall&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdislocatingmascu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199475-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199475_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1994">Pomeroy 1994</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDover197363-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDover197363_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDover1973">Dover 1973</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). "Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110163902" title="Special:BookSources/9783110163902"><bdi>9783110163902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Apollodorus+Against+Neaira%22+with+commentary&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783110163902&rft.aulast=Kapparis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACOUP-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACOUP_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOUP_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOUP_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOUP_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACOUP_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2019" class="citation web cs1">Devereaux, Brett (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acoup.blog/2019/08/29/collections-this-isnt-sparta-part-iii-spartan-women/">"This. Isn't. Sparta. Part III: Spartan women"</a>. A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Collection+of+Unmitigated+Pedantry&rft.atitle=This.+Isn%E2%80%99t.+Sparta.+Part+III%3A+Spartan+women&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facoup.blog%2F2019%2F08%2F29%2Fcollections-this-isnt-sparta-part-iii-spartan-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 96. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2003" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Daniel (2003). "Women and bastardy in the Greek world". In Powell, Anton (ed.). The Greek World. London: Routledge. pp. 228–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203042166" title="Special:BookSources/0203042166"><bdi>0203042166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+bastardy+in+the+Greek+world&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0203042166&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 101. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy_41-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_Sarah_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeroy, Sarah B.">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a> Goddess, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. p. 60-62 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1999" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Helen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bDxJW3x4f8C&q=spartan+women">Women's studies encyclopaedia</a>. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 609–610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+studies+encyclopaedia&rft.pages=609-610&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31072-0&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bDxJW3x4f8C%26q%3Dspartan%2Bwomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_Sarah_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeroy, Sarah B.">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3k2AN1GulYC&q=ethnicity">Spartan Women</a>. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2019" class="citation web cs1">Devereaux, Brett (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acoup.blog/2019/08/16/collections-this-isnt-sparta-part-i-spartan-school/">"This. Isn't. Sparta. Part I: Spartan school"</a>. A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Collection+of+Unmitigated+Pedantry&rft.atitle=This.+Isn%E2%80%99t.+Sparta.+Part+I%3A+Spartan+school&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facoup.blog%2F2019%2F08%2F16%2Fcollections-this-isnt-sparta-part-i-spartan-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024–8-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024%E2%80%938_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, pp. 4–8. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge1981" class="citation journal cs1">Cartledge, Paul (1981). "Spartan wives: Liberation or license?". The Classical Quarterly. 31 (1): 84–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800021091">10.1017/S0009838800021091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170486308">170486308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Spartan+wives%3A+Liberation+or+license%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-105&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800021091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170486308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillender2017" class="citation book cs1">Millender, Ellen (2017). "Spartan women". A Companion to Sparta. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119072379.ch19">10.1002/9781119072379.ch19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119072379" title="Special:BookSources/9781119072379"><bdi>9781119072379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spartan+women&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Sparta&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119072379.ch19&rft.isbn=9781119072379&rft.aulast=Millender&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2013" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul (2013). The Spartans: an Epic History (New ed.). London: Pan Books. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-447-23720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-447-23720-4"><bdi>978-1-447-23720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spartans%3A+an+Epic+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-447-23720-4&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199436-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy199436_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1994">Pomeroy 1994</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20024_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, pp. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20025-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy20025_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 34 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Bettany (2005). Helen of Troy: Goddess, princess, whore. London: Pimlico. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13329-1"><bdi>978-1-844-13329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helen+of+Troy%3A+Goddess%2C+princess%2C+whore&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-844-13329-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Bettany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, P. (2012). "Athletics and social order in Sparta in the classical period". Classical Antiquity. 31 (2): 193–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193">10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193">10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Athletics+and+social+order+in+Sparta+in+the+classical+period&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-255&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198158–59-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge198158%E2%80%9359_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-57"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_57-0">^</a> Pomeroy, Sarah B. Spartan Women. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 134 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3k2AN1GulYC&q=ethnicity">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Polybius XII.6b.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Andrew G. (2011). "Plural marriage and the Spartan state". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 60 (4): 413–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2011-0017">10.25162/historia-2011-0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41342859">41342859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252457703">252457703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Plural+marriage+and+the+Spartan+state&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-424&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252457703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41342859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2011-0017&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200552-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200552_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 44. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017509-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillender2017509_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillender2017">Millender 2017</a>, p. 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerne1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerne, Gerda (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lerne&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200259-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200259_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPomeroy2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2004300-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2004300_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2004">Robinson 2004</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUte200132–35-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUte200132%E2%80%9335_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUte2001">Ute 2001</a>, pp. 32–35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUte2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Colish-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colish_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colish_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colish_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colish_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColish1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Colish" title="Marcia Colish">Colish, Marcia L.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WY-2MeZqoK0C&q=stoics%2Bslavery&pg=PA36">The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages: Stoicism in classical Latin literature</a>. BRILL. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09327-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09327-3"><bdi>90-04-09327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stoic+Tradition+from+Antiquity+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Stoicism+in+classical+Latin+literature&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-04-09327-3&rft.aulast=Colish&rft.aufirst=Marcia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWY-2MeZqoK0C%26q%3Dstoics%252Bslavery%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988">, 9789004093270 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Blundell, Sue (Spring–Summer 2008). 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(13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01CuEAAAQBAJ">The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 BCE-650 CE)</a>. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-53451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-53451-3"><bdi>978-90-04-53451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Lives+of+Ancient+Women+%28500+BCE-650+CE%29&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.isbn=978-90-04-53451-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01CuEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Greece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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