CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Women in ancient Sparta - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"96b7d4a7-d636-49c4-8b43-9bc1565fa221","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Women_in_ancient_Sparta","wgTitle":"Women in ancient Sparta","wgCurRevisionId":1259305010,"wgRevisionId":1259305010, "wgArticleId":25901867,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Women_in_ancient_Sparta","wgRelevantArticleId":25901867,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ar","autonym":"العربية","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym": "словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym": "перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv", "autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny", "autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zh","autonym":"中文","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks", "ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig", "is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8031512","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Women in ancient Sparta - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Sparta"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Women_in_ancient_Sparta rootpage-Women_in_ancient_Sparta stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Women+in+ancient+Sparta" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Women+in+ancient+Sparta" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Women in ancient Sparta</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Sparta" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Women_in_ancient_Sparta" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Women+in+ancient+Sparta" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Why are you Spartan women the only ones who can rule men?" "Because we are also the only ones who give birth to men." </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Gorgo,_Queen_of_Sparta" title="Gorgo, Queen of Sparta">Gorgo, Queen of Sparta</a> and wife of <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a>, as quoted by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></cite> </div> Spartan women were famous in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> for seemingly having more freedom than women elsewhere in the Greek world. To contemporaries outside of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, Spartan women had a reputation for promiscuity and controlling their husbands. Spartan women could legally own and inherit property, and they were usually better educated than their Athenian counterparts. The surviving written sources are limited and largely from a non-Spartan viewpoint. Anton Powell wrote that to say the written sources are "'not without problems'... as an understatement would be hard to beat".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Similar to other places in ancient Greece, in Sparta, far more is known about the elites than the lower classes, and ancient sources do not discuss gender in relation to the non-citizens (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a>) who constituted the majority of the population of the Spartan state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200295-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Sources">1 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Childhood">2 Childhood</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Education">2.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Athletics">2.2 Athletics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Marriage">3 Marriage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Marriage_ritual">3.1 Marriage ritual</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Matriarchal_duties">3.2 Matriarchal duties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Female_homoeroticism">4 Female homoeroticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Religion">5 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Clothing">6 Clothing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Non-Spartiate_women">7 Non-Spartiate women</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Sparta is one of only three states in ancient Greece, along with Athens and <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyn</a>, for which any detailed information about the role of women survives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150-4">[4]</a> This evidence is mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a> and later, but many of the laws and customs we know of probably date back to the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150-4">[4]</a> The literary sources which give us the most information about women's lives in Sparta are written exclusively by non-Spartans;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198190-5">[5]</a> they are also exclusively written by men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017501-6">[6]</a> Non-literary sources, including archaeology and ancient art, are limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199457-7">[7]</a> The earliest evidence about the lives of Spartan women come from archaic Greek poetry, such as the partheneia ("maiden songs") of <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>, a Lydian poet who lived and worked in Sparta in the seventh century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199456&ndash;57-8">[8]</a> Other important sources are <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, fifth century Athenian drama, and fourth century Athenian political treatises, including <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Lacedaemonians" title="Constitution of the Lacedaemonians">Constitution of the Spartans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017502-9">[9]</a> In the Roman period, sources include <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s biographies and collections of sayings and customs of the Spartans and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>' guide to Laconia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017502-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans,_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/220px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="866"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/220px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/330px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/440px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>According to Plutarch, Spartan children were assessed at birth, and those judged to be unhealthy were <a href="/wiki/Infant_exposure" title="Infant exposure">left to die</a>. This painting by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Diotti" title="Giuseppe Diotti">Giuseppe Diotti</a> shows a baby being judged. It is unclear whether female children also suffered this treatment.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Spartans practiced <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> as a matter of course if children were thought to be unhealthy.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It is unclear whether this applied to girls as well as boys, though evidence from elsewhere in Plutarch and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> implies that it did not.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It is likely that girls were simply given into the care of their mothers immediately after birth,<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy94-36-12">[12]</a> though there is not enough evidence to say whether this was the case throughout Spartan history.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Female Spartan babies were as well fed as their male counterparts – in contrast to Athens, where boys were better fed than girls – in order to have physically fit women to carry children and give birth.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy94-36-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Information about the education of Spartan women is hard to find as there are more surviving sources about the education of Spartan boys.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> In Sparta, boys were educated in the <a href="/wiki/Agoge" title="Agoge">agoge</a> from the age of seven, at least during some periods of Spartan history. It is likely that whenever the state arranged for the education of boys, it also institutionalized the education of girls.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Unlike their male counterparts, Spartan girls would have been raised at home with their mothers while undergoing their education.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-4-16">[16]</a> They would learn about the duties and responsibilities of looking after the home, largely because the males of the household were often away.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> There is evidence for some form of official educational program for girls as early as the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic period</a>, and this system seems to have been discontinued in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-4-16">[16]</a> The extent to which education for girls was restored under the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes III</a> is unclear, but it may have become voluntary rather than compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-4-16">[16]</a> State-supervised education for girls was once again abolished in 188 BC and restored in the Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-4-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg/220px-Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg/220px-Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg/330px-Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg/440px-Young_Spartans_Exercising_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Young Spartans Exercising by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860.</figcaption></figure> Literacy in Sparta was a skill limited to the elite.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, there is evidence from the Classical period that some women could read. For instance, anecdotes about Sparta are preserved which feature mothers writing letters to their sons who were away.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A reference by Aristophanes to a Spartan woman poet, <a href="/wiki/Cleitagora" title="Cleitagora">Cleitagora</a>, and the Spartan Pythagoreans listed by <a href="/wiki/Iamblichos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamblichos">Iamblichos</a>, suggest that some Spartan women may have been highly literate.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> As well as reading and writing, women studied mousike – which consisted of not just music, but also dance and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Women seem to have learned to play musical instruments, as shown in surviving statuettes.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy_2002_12-21">[21]</a> Mousike was an important part of Spartan religious activity, particularly as part of the cults of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> Spartan girls danced in choruses made up of girls of similar ages, and they were led by an older girl (chorēgos), and trained by a professional poet. Along with training in song and dance, these choruses educated girls in ritual and cultic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> Dance also provided physical benefits: in Aristophanes' <a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a>, the Spartan character Lampito attributes her fitness to the Laconian dance known as the bibasis, which involved buttock kicks and leaps. The bibasis was a competition that both Spartan men and women competed in to win prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> Finally, the songs to which the girls danced provided an opportunity to inculcate them with Spartan values and gender roles.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-504-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Athletics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartan_running_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/220px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/220px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/330px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/440px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spartan bronze figure of a running girl, wearing a single-shouldered chiton (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> Unlike elsewhere in Greece, in Sparta, unmarried girls regularly participated in sports.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen12-204-22">[22]</a> The Spartan exercise regimen for girls was designed to make them "every bit as fit as their brothers",<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> though unlike their brothers they did not actually train for combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200216-24">[24]</a> In his Constitution of the Spartans, Xenophon reports that <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a> required that women should exercise just as much as men, and to this end instituted athletic competitions for women.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen12-204-22">[22]</a> Early sources report that Spartan girls practiced running and wrestling; later texts also mention throwing the javelin and discus, boxing, and <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They also learned to ride,<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2005_59-26">[26]</a> and votive offerings have been discovered depicting Spartan women on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is possible that Spartan girls exercised naked, because Archaic Spartan art portrays naked girls, unlike the art of other areas of Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy94-36-12">[12]</a> Girls might have competed in <a href="/wiki/Gymnopaedia" title="Gymnopaedia">gymnopaedia</a>, the Spartan festival of naked youths.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> They also competed in running races for various festivals, of which the most prestigious was the <a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Upon marrying, Spartan women likely ceased participating in athletics.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Spartan women seem to have married relatively late in comparison to their counterparts elsewhere in Greece. While Athenian women might have expected to marry for the first time around the age of fourteen to men much older than them, Spartan women normally married between the ages of eighteen and twenty to men close to them in age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198194%E2%80%9395-31">[31]</a> Spartan men under the age of thirty were not permitted to live with their wives, instead they were expected to live communally with other members of their <a href="/wiki/Syssitia" title="Syssitia">syssitia</a>. Due to the husband's absence, women were expected to run the household largely alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244-32">[32]</a> Unlike in Athens, where state ideology held that men were in charge of the household, Sue Blundell argues that in Sparta it is likely that women's control of the domestic sphere was accepted, and possibly even encouraged, by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151-33">[33]</a> According to Spartan ideology, the primary role of adult women was to bear and raise healthy children. This focus on childbearing was likely responsible for the emphasis on physical fitness in Spartan women, as it was believed that physically stronger women would have healthier children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995157-34">[34]</a> Before marriage, there was a trial period for the potential couple to ensure that they could have children; if they could not, divorce and remarriage was the customary solution. For Spartans, all activities involving marriage revolved around the single purpose of producing strong children and thus improving their military.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Spartan marriages could also be arranged based on one's wealth and status.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The evidence for the role of <a href="/wiki/Kurios" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurios">kurioi</a> (male guardians) in arranging Spartan women's marriages is not decisive, though <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Paul Cartledge</a> believes that, like their Athenian (and unlike their <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortynian</a>) counterparts, it was the responsibility of the kurios to arrange a Spartan woman's marriage.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is some evidence in ancient sources that the Spartans practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> says that the bigamy of <a href="/wiki/Anaxandridas_II" title="Anaxandridas II">Anaxandridas II</a>, who married a second wife because his first had not been able to produce an heir, was un-Spartan,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> wrote that it was common at his time, and a time-honoured practice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Andrew Scott suggests that polygyny would have been more common in ancient Sparta in the early 4th century BC, when the number of Spartan citizen men sharply decreased.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Along with plural marriage, Xenophon states that older men with younger wives were encouraged to allow younger, more fit men <a href="/wiki/Impregnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Impregnate">impregnate</a> their wives, in order to produce stronger children.<a href="#cite_note-Powell248-41">[41]</a> Further, Polybius claims that when a man had enough children, it was a Spartan custom for him to give his wife to another man so that he too might have children.<a href="#cite_note-Scott11-417-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_ritual">Marriage ritual</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage ritual" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On the night of the wedding, the bride would have her hair cut short and be dressed in a man's cloak and sandals. The bride appeared dressed like a man or a young boy to be perceived as less threatening to her husband.<a href="#cite_note-Millender17-509-43">[43]</a>}} The bride was then left alone in a darkened room, where she would be visited and <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">ritually captured</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%81%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἁρπαγή">ἁρπάζω</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: harpagō, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'to snatch') by her new husband.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Men were expected to visit their new wives at night and in secret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge1981101-45">[45]</a> The purpose of this was to make it more difficult for new couples to consummate their marriage, which was thought to increase the desire between husband and wife, and lead to the creation of stronger children.<a href="#cite_note-Scott11-417-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matriarchal_duties">Matriarchal duties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Matriarchal duties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Painting depicting a Spartan woman giving her son his shield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg/220px-Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg/220px-Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg" data-alt="Painting depicting a Spartan woman giving her son his shield." data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg/330px-Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg/440px-Jean-Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Barbier_-_A_Spartan_Woman_Giving_a_Shield_to_Her_Son.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spartan women enforced the state ideology of militarism and bravery. Plutarch relates that one woman, upon handing her son his shield, instructed him to come home "either with this, or on it".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> Because Spartan men spent much of their time living in barracks or at war, Spartan women were expected to run the household themselves.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244-32">[32]</a> Unlike in Athens, where state ideology held that men were in charge of the household, Sue Blundell argues that in Sparta it is likely that women's control of the domestic sphere was accepted by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151-33">[33]</a> Due to this Aristotle was critical of Sparta, and claimed that men were ruled by strong and independent women, unlike in the rest of Greece.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Aristotle also criticized Spartan women for their wealth. He attributed the state's precipitous fall from being the master of Greece to a second-rate power in less than 50 years, to the fact that Sparta had become a gynocracy whose women were intemperate and loved luxury.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> All Spartan women, not just the richest, would have taken advantage of <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">helot</a> labour to perform the domestic tasks that elsewhere in Greece would have fallen to free women.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Activities such as weaving, which were considered women's work elsewhere in Greece, were not considered fit for free women in Sparta.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Therefore, women were more preoccupied with governance, agriculture, logistics and other sustenance tasks. Spartan law codified under Lycurgus expressed the importance of child-bearing to Sparta. Bearing and raising children was considered the most important role for women in Spartan society; equal to male warriors in the Spartan army.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Spartan women were encouraged to produce many children, preferably male, to increase Sparta's military population. They took pride in having borne and raised brave warriors.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Having sons who were cowards, however, was a cause for sorrow, and the ancient author Aelian claims that women whose sons died as cowards lamented this.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-58-54">[54]</a> By contrast, the female relatives of the Spartans who died heroically in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> were said to have walked around in public looking happy.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-58-54">[54]</a> Spartan women did not simply celebrate their sons who had shown bravery and mourn when they had not, but they were crucial in enforcing social consequences for cowardly men. When <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a>, a traitor to Sparta, took refuge in a sanctuary to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, his mother Theano is said to have taken a brick and placed it in the doorway. Following this example, the Spartans bricked up the temple door with Pausanias inside.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-58-54">[54]</a> Similarly, three of Plutarch's Sayings of Spartan Women tell of Spartan mothers killing their cowardly sons themselves.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Female_homoeroticism">Female homoeroticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Female homoeroticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> by limb-loosening desire. She looks at me more meltingly Than sleep or death; She is sweet in no way ineffectually. But Astymelosia does not answer me at all, When she has the crown, Just like a brilliant star falling through the sky Or a golden bough or soft feather... She advanced with striding feet... The moist allure of Cinyras Sits upon her maidenly hair... Ah! If she should come closer and take My tender hand, I would become hers. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>, as quoted by Sandra Boehringer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2013155-56">[56]</a></cite> </div> <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>’s Partheneia or ‘maiden song’ was among the earliest documents discovered to express homoerotic sentiments between women. This was performed as choral hymns by young women in Sparta, and the piece was probably commissioned by the state to be performed publicly. Alcman’s poem has a verse where the younger choral girls admire their older choral leaders who invoke admiration and also inspires these erotic sentiments. The women describe the way that <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a> (sexual desire) for their choral leaders has taken over their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2013155-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In ancient Sparta, cults for women reflected Spartan society's emphasis on the women's roles as child-bearers and raisers. Consequently, cults focused on fertility, women's health, and beauty.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy105-57">[57]</a> The cult of <a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a>, the goddess of childbirth, was an important cult for Spartan women.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy105-57">[57]</a> Also important was the cult of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> with many objects used by women – mirrors, eye-liners, combs, and perfume bottles, for instance – dedicated at her cult sites.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-53-59">[59]</a> As well as two major cult sites, a shrine to Helen was located in the center of Sparta, and many steles featuring her were carved and displayed throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-53-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynisca" title="Cynisca">Cynisca</a>, the first woman to win an Olympic victory, also had a cult in Sparta,<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy105-57">[57]</a> the "only woman on record"<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> to have been thus commemorated. Plutarch writes, in his <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Life of Lycurgus</a>, that only men who died in battle and women who died while holding a religious office should have their name inscribed on their tombstone.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This would be consistent with the Spartan reputation for piety,<a href="#cite_note-Dillon151-62">[62]</a> though one translation (Latte) emended the manuscript to read instead that women who died in childbirth would have named memorials, a reading which has become popular among many scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon151-2-63">[63]</a> Matthew Dillon has argued that the tombstone inscriptions which Latte based this emendation on are not sufficient to support it.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clothing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg/220px-Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3654" data-file-height="3440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg/220px-Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg/330px-Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg/440px-Fibulae_from_Artemis_Orthia_Fitzwilliam_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Dorian peplos, worn by Spartan women, was fastened at the shoulder with pins called fibulae. These examples date to the archaic period and were discovered at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, one of Sparta's most important religious sites.</figcaption></figure> Spartan women's clothing was simple and notoriously short. They wore the Dorian <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a>, with slit skirts which bared their thighs.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy94-36-12">[12]</a> The Dorian peplos was made of a heavier woolen material than was common in Ionia, and was fastened at the shoulder by pins called <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> When running races, Spartan girls wore a distinctive single-shouldered, knee-length <a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">chiton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Since women did not weave their own clothes and instead left the creation of goods to the <a href="/wiki/Perioikoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioikoi">perioikoi</a>; the purchase of elaborate cloth and metal bracelets was a sign of wealth. It is unknown whether women wore these silver and gold bracelets at all times or if only for religious ceremonies and festivals. Lycurgus was said to have forbidden women from using cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Young women grew their hair long and did not cover it,<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-42-68">[68]</a> but married women were not allowed to wear their hair long<a href="#cite_note-Cartledge81-101-69">[69]</a> and covered their heads with veils.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy02-42-68">[68]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Non-Spartiate_women">Non-Spartiate women</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-Spartiate women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Similar to other places in ancient Greece, in Sparta far more is known about the elites than the lower classes, and ancient sources do not discuss gender in relation to the non-citizens who lived in Sparta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200295-3">[3]</a> Various groups of free non-Spartiates lived in Sparta, as did <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">helots</a> and, at least later in Spartan history, personal slaves. According to Xenophon, Spartan women were not required to do the domestic labour which women elsewhere in the Greek world were responsible for. He reports that in Sparta, doulai (slave women) did the weaving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296-70">[70]</a> In archaic Sparta it would have been helot women who fulfilled this role, but later in Spartan history, especially after the emancipation of the Messenian helots, many of these women were likely personal slaves.<a href="#cite_note-72">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002100-73">[72]</a> Women in perioicic communities were presumably responsible for the domestic labour for their own household, just as women were elsewhere in the Greek world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200297-74">[73]</a> Plutarch says in his Life of Lycurgus that due to the lack of money in ancient Sparta, and because of the strict moral regime instituted by Lycurgus, there was no prostitution in Sparta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298-75">[74]</a> Later on, when gold and silver was more available, prostitution seemed to have surfaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298-75">[74]</a> By the Hellenistic period, the geographer <a href="/wiki/Polemon_of_Athens" title="Polemon of Athens">Polemon of Athens</a> reported that he had seen bronze statues in Sparta dedicated by the prostitute Cottina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298-75">[74]</a> and there was a brothel named for her near the temple of Dionysos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002119-76">[75]</a> Spartan nurses were famous throughout Greece, and wealthy families from across Greece had their children nursed by Spartans. Plutarch reports that <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> was nursed by a Spartan woman called Amycla.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The status of these nurses is not clear – they were probably not helots who would not have been sold to foreigners, but could have been some other form of non-citizen women from Laconia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298&ndash;99-78">[77]</a> Unlike other slaves in ancient Greece, the helot population was maintained through reproduction rather than the purchase of more slaves. Because of this, helots were able to freely choose partners and live in family groups, whereas other Greek slaves were kept in single-sex dormitories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101-79">[78]</a> Along with relationships with helot men, some helot women seem to have had children with Spartan men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102-80">[79]</a> These children were called mothakes, and were apparently free and able to gain citizenship – according to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, the admiral <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> was a mothax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden2003228%E2%80%93229-81">[80]</a> The main purpose of mothakes from a Spartan point of view was that they could fight in the Spartan army, and Sarah Pomeroy suggests that daughters of Spartan men and helot women would therefore have been killed at birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102-80">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_views_on_women" title="Aristotle's views on women">Aristotle's views on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archidamia" title="Archidamia">Archidamia</a>: Spartan queen, famously organized the women of Sparta to defend the city against Pyrrhus of Epirus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilonis_(daughter_of_Leotychidas)" title="Chilonis (daughter of Leotychidas)">Chilonis (daughter of Leotychidas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilonis_(wife_of_Cleombrotus_II)" title="Chilonis (wife of Cleombrotus II)">Chilonis (wife of Cleombrotus II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryleonis" title="Euryleonis">Euryleonis</a>: Second woman to win an Olympic crown, for the two-horse chariot race.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Classical_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Classical Athens">Women in Classical Athens</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> In early sources, doulos is used both for Spartan helots and for slaves as held elsewhere in the Greek world; later sources distinguish between helots, who were the property of the Spartan state, and douloi, who were owned by individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2001253-71">[71]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Moralia 225A and 240E </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2004">Powell 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200295-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200295_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200295_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995150_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198190-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge198190_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017501-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillender2017501_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillender2017">Millender 2017</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199457-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199457_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy1994">Fantham et al. 1994</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199456&ndash;57-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy199456&ndash;57_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy1994">Fantham et al. 1994</a>, p. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillender2017502-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillender2017502_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillender2017502_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillender2017">Millender 2017</a>, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy94-36-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy94-36_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy94-36_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy94-36_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy94-36_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1994">Pomeroy 1994</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Millender17-504-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-504_14-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillender2017">Millender 2017</a>, p. 504 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy02-4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-4_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-4_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-4_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, pp. 84–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy_2002_12-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy_2002_12_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Christensen12-204-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen12-204_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen12-204_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2012">Christensen 2012</a>, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, pp. 58–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200216-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200216_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2012">Christensen 2012</a>, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2005_59-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2005_59_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, figure 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2012">Christensen 2012</a>, pp. 205–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge198194–95-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge198194%E2%80%9395_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200244_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995151_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995157-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell1995157_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiesner-Hanks2011">Wiesner-Hanks 2011</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedfield1978">Redfield 1978</a>, pp. 159–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Herodotus, Histories, V.40.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Polybius XII.6b.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell248-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell248_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2001">Powell 2001</a>, p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott11-417-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott11-417_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott11-417_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. 417 </li> <li id="cite_note-Millender17-509-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Millender17-509_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillender2017">Millender 2017</a>, p. 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 15.3-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartledge1981101-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartledge1981101_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Plutarch, Moralia, 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Aristotle, Politics 1269b. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Aristotle, Politics 1269b–1270a. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2013">Cartledge 2013</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell1995">Blundell 1995</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLerne1986">Lerne 1986</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy02-58-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-58_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-58_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-58_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2013155-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2013155_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2013155_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoehringer2013">Boehringer 2013</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy105-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy105_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy105_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy105_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedfield1978">Redfield 1978</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-53-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-53_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-53_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2013">Cartledge 2013</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus, 27.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon151-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon151_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2007">Dillon 2007</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon151-2-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon151-2_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2007">Dillon 2007</a>, pp. 151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2007">Dillon 2007</a>, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomeroy02-42-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-42_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomeroy02-42_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartledge81-101-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Cartledge81-101_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge1981">Cartledge 1981</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200296_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2001253-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2001253_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2001">Powell 2001</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002100-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002100_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200297-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200297_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002119-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002119_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Plutarch, Alcibiades 1.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298&ndash;99-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy200298&ndash;99_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002101_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomeroy2002102_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPomeroy2002">Pomeroy 2002</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden2003228–229-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgden2003228%E2%80%93229_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgden2003">Ogden 2003</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlundell1995" class="citation cs2">Blundell, Sue (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC">Women in Ancient Greece</a>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95473-1"><bdi>978-0-674-95473-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-95473-1&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfx1VaSIOgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehringer2013" class="citation cs2">Boehringer, Sandra (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118610657">"Female Homoeroticism"</a>, A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 155–156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118610657.ch9">10.1002/9781118610657.ch9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118610657" title="Special:BookSources/9781118610657"><bdi>9781118610657</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Female+Homoeroticism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118610657.ch9&rft.isbn=9781118610657&rft.aulast=Boehringer&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118610657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge1981" class="citation cs2">Cartledge, Paul (1981), "Spartan Wives: Liberation or License?", The Classical Quarterly, 31 (1): 84–105, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800021091">10.1017/S0009838800021091</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170486308">170486308</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Spartan+Wives%3A+Liberation+or+License%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-105&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800021091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170486308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2013" class="citation cs2">Cartledge, Paul (2013), The Spartans: an Epic History (New ed.), London: Pan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-447-23720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-447-23720-4"><bdi>978-1-447-23720-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spartans%3A+an+Epic+History&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-447-23720-4&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2012" class="citation cs2">Christensen, P. (2012), "Athletics and Social Order in Sparta in the Classical Period.", Classical Antiquity, 31 (2): 193–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193">10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193">10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Athletics+and+Social+Order+in+Sparta+in+the+Classical+Period.&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-255&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fca.2012.31.2.193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2007" class="citation cs2">Dillon, Matthew (2007), "Were Spartan Women Who Died in Childbirth Honoured with Grave Inscriptions?", Hermes, 135 (2): 149–165, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhermes-2007-0016">10.25162/hermes-2007-0016</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379113">40379113</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170274193">170274193</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Were+Spartan+Women+Who+Died+in+Childbirth+Honoured+with+Grave+Inscriptions%3F&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-165&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170274193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40379113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhermes-2007-0016&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucatStaffordShaw2006" class="citation cs2">Ducat, Jean; Stafford, Emma; Shaw, Pamela-Jane (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUucAAAAMAAJ">Spartan Education: Youth and Society in the Classical Period</a>, Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905125-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905125-07-4"><bdi>978-1-905125-07-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spartan+Education%3A+Youth+and+Society+in+the+Classical+Period&rft.place=Swansea&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-905125-07-4&rft.aulast=Ducat&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Emma&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Pamela-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUucAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helene_Peet_Foley" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Peet Foley">Foley, Helene Peet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Boymel_Kampen" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalie Boymel Kampen">Kampen, Natalie Boymel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a>; Shapiro, H. Alan (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195067279">Women in the Classical World: Image and Text</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195067279" title="Special:BookSources/9780195067279"><bdi>9780195067279</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Classical+World%3A+Image+and+Text&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780195067279&rft.aulast=Fantham&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Foley%2C+Helene+Peet&rft.au=Kampen%2C+Natalie+Boymel&rft.au=Pomeroy%2C+Sarah+B.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+H.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195067279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodkinson2000" class="citation cs2">Hodkinson, Stephen (2000), Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta, London: David Brown Book Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715630402" title="Special:BookSources/9780715630402"><bdi>9780715630402</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+and+Wealth+in+Classical+Sparta&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+Brown+Book+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780715630402&rft.aulast=Hodkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation cs2">Hughes, Bettany (2005), Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13329-1"><bdi>978-1-844-13329-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helen+of+Troy%3A+Goddess%2C+Princess%2C+Whore&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-844-13329-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Bettany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerne1986" class="citation cs2">Lerne, Gerda (1986), The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lerne&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillender2017" class="citation cs2">Millender, Ellen (2017), "Spartan Women", A Companion to Sparta, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., p. 504, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119072379.ch19">10.1002/9781119072379.ch19</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119072379" title="Special:BookSources/9781119072379"><bdi>9781119072379</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spartan+Women&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Sparta&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119072379.ch19&rft.isbn=9781119072379&rft.aulast=Millender&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2003" class="citation cs2">Ogden, Daniel (2003), "Women and Bastardy in the Greek World", in Powell, Anton (ed.), The Greek World, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203042166" title="Special:BookSources/0203042166"><bdi>0203042166</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Bastardy+in+the+Greek+World&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0203042166&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarchTalbert2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>; Talbert, Richard (2005), Plutarch on Sparta, London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449433" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449433"><bdi>978-0140449433</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+on+Sparta&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0140449433&rft.au=Plutarch&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy1994" class="citation cs2">Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1994), Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-712-66054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-712-66054-9"><bdi>978-0-712-66054-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses%2C+Whores%2C+Wives+and+Slaves%3A+Women+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-712-66054-9&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy2002" class="citation cs2">Pomeroy, Sarah (2002), Spartan Women, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-13067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-13067-6"><bdi>978-0-195-13067-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spartan+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-195-13067-6&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2004" class="citation cs2">Powell, Anton (2004), "Sparta: A Modern Woman Imagines", The Classical Review, 54 (2): 465–467, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcr%2F54.2.465">10.1093/cr/54.2.465</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Sparta%3A+A+Modern+Woman+Imagines&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=465-467&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcr%2F54.2.465&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation cs2">Powell, Anton (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75C-b1I0EYkC">Athens and Sparta: Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 BC</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26280-4"><bdi>978-0-415-26280-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athens+and+Sparta%3A+Constructing+Greek+Political+and+Social+History+from+478+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26280-4&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75C-b1I0EYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfield1978" class="citation cs2">Redfield, James (1978), "The Women of Sparta", The Classical Journal, 73 (2): 146–161, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296868">3296868</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Women+of+Sparta&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-161&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Redfield&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation cs2">Scott, Andrew G. (2011), "Plural Marriage and the Spartan State", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 60 (4): 413–424, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2011-0017">10.25162/historia-2011-0017</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41342859">41342859</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252457703">252457703</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Plural+Marriage+and+the+Spartan+State&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-424&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252457703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41342859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2011-0017&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealey1976" class="citation cs2">Sealey, Raphael (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JT_zty82ZUC">A History of the Greek City States, ca. 700–338 B.C.</a>, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03177-7"><bdi>978-0-520-03177-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Greek+City+States%2C+ca.+700%E2%80%93338+B.C.&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03177-7&rft.aulast=Sealey&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JT_zty82ZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesner-Hanks2011" class="citation cs2">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2011), Genders in History: Global Perspective (Second ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, p. 31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8995-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8995-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-8995-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genders+in+History%3A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8995-8&rft.aulast=Wiesner-Hanks&rft.aufirst=Merry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+ancient+Sparta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Sayings_of_Spartan_Women*.html">Sayings of Spartan Women</a> (Lacaenarum Apophthegmata) from Plutarch's <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a>, trans. Frank Cole Babbitt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5294">Alcman's Partheneion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803062748/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5294">Archived</a> 2019-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, trans. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Greek women">Women of ancient Greece</a> at Wikimedia Commons <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&oldid=1259305010">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&oldid=1259305010</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 12:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dones_en_l%27antiga_Esparta" title="Dones en l'antiga Esparta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dones en l'antiga Esparta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujeres_en_la_antigua_Esparta" title="Mujeres en la antigua Esparta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mujeres en la antigua Esparta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زنان در اسپارتای باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در اسپارتای باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_femme_%C3%A0_Sparte" title="Place de la femme à Sparte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Place de la femme à Sparte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84_%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կանայք Հին Սպարտայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանայք Հին Սպարտայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donne_nell%27antica_Sparta" title="Donne nell'antica Sparta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Donne nell'antica Sparta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="נשים בספרטה העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשים בספרטה העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femeia_%C3%AEn_Sparta" title="Femeia în Sparta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Femeia în Sparta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Положај жене у античкој Спарти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Положај жене у античкој Спарти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 12:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_ancient_Sparta&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-hb4c8","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.274","walltime":"1.489","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16522,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":288916,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10574,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":120174,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1170.909 1 -total"," 18.06% 211.457 22 Template:Citation"," 14.39% 168.515 6 Template:Navbox"," 13.57% 158.837 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 12.99% 152.121 33 Template:Sfn"," 12.07% 141.287 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 12.02% 140.700 1 Template:Lang"," 11.35% 132.949 1 Template:Greece_topics"," 10.14% 118.680 49 Template:Iso2country"," 6.88% 80.565 2 Template:Reflist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.667","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15885375,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBlundell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoehringer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDucatStaffordShaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanthamFoleyKampenPomeroy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerne1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillender2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarchTalbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedfield1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSealey1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesner-Hanks2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 22,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Europe topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 47,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 33,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Women in society\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-4m2sp","timestamp":"20241128020959","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Women in ancient Sparta","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women_in_ancient_Sparta","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8031512","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8031512","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-01-22T08:13:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T12:36:53Z","headline":"about spartan women"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>