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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intercultural and interracial sexuality</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.,_HK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG/220px-Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG/330px-Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG/440px-Brothel_price_sign_for_various_nationalities_on_Soy_St.%2C_HK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A sign advertising different prices for various nationalities of women outside a brothel in Hong Kong</figcaption></figure> Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts. While partially based on physical similarities within groups, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> is understood by scientists to be a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social construct</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> reality.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannon2016-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> involves biological, <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_intimacy" title="Physical intimacy">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">emotional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> feelings and behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-S._Greenberg-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States law</a> has a complex history regarding race and sexuality. In the 1800s, resistance to mixing between blacks and whites led to the passage of <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">laws banning their intermarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yancey2019-5">[5]</a> At the same time, a fear of Asian women's sexual appeal led to the <a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">complete ban of Chinese women from migrating</a> to the United States, as it was believed that they would seduce married <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> men.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-6">[6]</a> Studies of online dating and physical attractiveness have indicated that race may be "gendered", as it was repeatedly found that East and Southeast Asian women were considered more attractive than other groups of women.<a href="#cite_note-Visual_Cognition_2018-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-sc.edu-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-9">[9]</a> Gendered racial stereotypes exist within the LGBT community, which have been described as both alienating and empowering.<a href="#cite_note-PSOGD-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2004_p._227-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Han-12">[12]</a> Race has historically been a factor in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">sexual fetishism</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Asian_fetish" title="Asian fetish">Asian fetish</a>, a preterence for women of Asian descent, and the <a href="/wiki/Fetishization_of_Black_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetishization of Black men">fetishization of Black men</a> being prominent examples.<a href="#cite_note-Bhabha-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_towards_interracial_relationships">Attitudes towards interracial relationships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards interracial relationships">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States_before_the_Civil_Rights_Era">In the United States before the Civil Rights Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the United States before the Civil Rights Era">edit</a>]</div> After the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in 1865, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> showed an increasing resistance towards <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">racial mixing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yancey2019-5">[5]</a> The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">whiteness</a> developed. There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation. This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s climatic theory in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a>, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, "The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At the time, black women held the "<a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans#Jezebel" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Jezebel</a>" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally <a href="/wiki/Sexually_promiscuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually promiscuous">sexually promiscuous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women. As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity.<a href="#cite_note-White_1985-19">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of Japan">opening of Japan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Perry</a>, word began to spread in the United States about the seductive femininity of Asian women.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-6">[6]</a> A fear that Asian women would seduce White men and destroy White families led to the passage <a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a>, which prevented Chinese women from entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-20">[20]</a> There are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed. The <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> which followed the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> started to disassemble traditional aspects of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Southern society</a>. Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Southern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation. This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, which legally discriminated against African Americans,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people, Tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified. The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley_2023_v250-24">[24]</a> Allegations of sexual harassment were often used as justification for the lynching of African Americans. <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> was an African American teenager who was lynched by two white men. Till was lynched because his assailants believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_to_attitudes">Challenges to attitudes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Challenges to attitudes">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_2" class="mw-redirect" title="World War 2">World War 2</a>, a large number of Asian women (especially Japanese) were married to US servicemen. Marriages to Asian women initially faced legal obstacles due to pre-existing laws against interracial marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Zeiger_2010-26">[26]</a> However, the determination of American servicemen to marry Japanese women resulted in widespread defiance of the law.<a href="#cite_note-Zeiger_2010-26">[26]</a> The high reputatation of Japanese war brides generated sympathy from the general public about the difficulties faced by interracial couples, leading to increased tolerance for <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kovner_2012_p._66-27">[27]</a> In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act</a> was amended to give citizenship to the children of American servicemen regardless of race or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao_D_2013-28">[28]</a> Ultimately the effort to normalize interracial marriages involving Japanese women led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">McGarran-Walter act</a>, which repealed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, thereby loosening restrictions on immigration and citizenship requirements for non-Northwestern European immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2002_p._165-29">[29]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png/300px-Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png/450px-Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png/600px-Public_opinion_of_interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Graph indicating the extent to which US citizens agree or disagree with <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>, spanning 1958–2007</figcaption></figure> The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A case that received heightened publicity is that of <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Mildred and Richard Loving</a>. The couple lived in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> yet had to marry outside the state due to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">anti-miscegenation</a> laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958. Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act</a>, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_preferences">Racial preferences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Racial preferences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterosexual_community">Heterosexual community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heterosexual community">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_dating">Online dating</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Online dating">edit</a>]</div> Race affects how likely a person is to receive responses on online dating websites, however this varies greatly by gender and race.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitsch2006-33">[33]</a> Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> though these <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves. In 2007, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race;<a href="#cite_note-qian-36">[36]</a> however this does not imply that whites are less likely to enter interracial relationships, because the larger size of the white population (relative to Asian or African-Americans) means that intermarriages do not make as large of an impact on white marriage rates as they do on non-white marriage rates.<a href="#cite_note-qian-36">[36]</a> By 2017, the rate of outmarriage among whites had doubled to 11%.<a href="#cite_note-Livingston_Brown_2017_g573-37">[37]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California</a> published a comprehensive analysis of online dating trends in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The authors posit that the rise of online dating has exacerbated underlying racial biases in dating.<a href="#cite_note-Curington_2021-38">[38]</a> The data from this research show that heterosexual <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White men</a> are more likely to be messaged by Black, Asian, and Hispanic women than men who match their race; yet when men respond to women, White women do not have the same advantage. The authors attribute this difference to socioeconomic status being important to women, and physical attractiveness more important to men. Same-race preference is more common among White people than non-White people, regardless of gender or sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Curington_2021-38">[38]</a> The authors show that Black daters and especially Black women are especially disadvantaged in online dating. They also show that straight White women and gay White men are less likely to message Asian men compared to their own race, but Black and Latina women are equally likely.<a href="#cite_note-Curington_2021-38">[38]</a> In most countries, certain racial groups are often perceived as more physically attractive than others, and this often varies by gender.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Black women and Asian men are among the least desired demographics in heterosexual online dating, with their opposite gender counterparts being more likely to date interracially.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the United States, several studies have found that East Asian women are the most desired group of women,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-APA-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-43">[43]</a> while East Asian men are less desired.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Some view this to be the result of the hypersexualization of Asian women in popular media,<a href="#cite_note-APA-42">[42]</a> while other studies attribute the higher rate of interracial marriages to a simple preference for the physical features of Asian women.<a href="#cite_note-Visual_Cognition_2018-7">[7]</a> A 2009 study analyzed online dating trends among white men and white women.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The authors found that black and Asian men faced high rates of exclusion from white women, while white men were more likely than white women to exclude blacks, but were otherwise more willing to date interracially.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Yancey, et al. (2009) report African American preferences: the most preferred partner belonged to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59.6%) and then Asian Americans (43.5%). Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80.3% and 87.3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56.5% and 69.5%).<a href="#cite_note-Yancey20092-47">[47]</a> In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Robnett20112-48">[48]</a> Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Asian men and black women face more obstacles to acceptance online than their opposite sex counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> According to Kao, et al., the dating disadvantage of Asian men persisted even when they had advanced educational backgrounds and significantly higher incomes.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robnett20112-48">[48]</a> Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race. A 2009 study found that a subset of white male online daters were open to dating women of all races except black women.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences.<a href="#cite_note-Potârcă_Mills_2015_pp._326–341-54">[54]</a> Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence. Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Perry20142-55">[55]</a> People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date. Moreover, those from a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-Perry20142-55">[55]</a> A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, Africans, Asians (including <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a>) and Hispanics, found that most races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, and finally Africans as the least preferred. Country-specific results were more variable, with more diverse countries showing more openness to engage in interracial dating. The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mills-56">[56]</a> Currently, there are websites that target specific demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity. In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race. Online dating services experience controversy in this context, as debate is cast over whether statements such as "no Asians" or "not attracted to Asians" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences.<a href="#cite_note-call-57">[57]</a> Non-<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">East Asians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> a term related to <a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">incel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Racial preferences are sometimes considered as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">lookism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_community">LGBT community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LGBT community">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism in the LGBT community</a></div> Hoang Tan Nguyen, an assistant professor of English and Film Studies at <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a>, wrote that <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen2014-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asian-Canadian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fung" title="Richard Fung">Richard Fung</a> has opined that he believes that while <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> men are portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">hypersexualized</a>, gay Asian men are portrayed as being <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossWoods1999235–253-63">[63]</a> According to Fung, gay Asian men tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2004_p._227-11">[11]</a> Within the transgender community and <a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">those attracted to trans women</a>, women of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> descent are highly sought after, because of the racial stereotype that Asian women's features are 'prettier' than white women's. According to Chong-suk Han, this explains why East Asian drag queens typically win trans beauty pageants, because they are thought to <a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">pass</a> more easily as female.<a href="#cite_note-Han-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Anders">Charlie Anders</a> notes that the best-selling transsexual pornographic films depict Asian trans women, and they are highly esteemed and sought after by men identifying as <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hyphen_2005_o905-64">[64]</a> Asian American women have reported a sense of invisibility in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities. According to a 2015 study, Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U.S. culture, as well as low representation within the community, as minorities.<a href="#cite_note-PSOGD-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> gay male <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, discriminatory attitudes have been reported, particularly towards obese or overweight men, feminine men, and Asian men.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating in the United States. Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> According to one study, <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ+</a> people are significantly more likely to be in interracial relationships than heterosexual people.<a href="#cite_note-Rohlinger_Sobieraj_2022_p._249-67">[67]</a> In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed said that racial preference was a common criterion in online dating partner selection.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to a study using a large sample size of gay men in Australia, there is widespread tolerance of sexual racism in that country.<a href="#cite_note-call-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_bias">Racial bias</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Racial bias">edit</a>]</div> A 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences.<a href="#cite_note-call-57">[57]</a> In her 2018 essay "Does anyone have the right to sex?" philosopher <a href="/wiki/Amia_Srinivasan" title="Amia Srinivasan">Amia Srinivasan</a> argued that Western beauty standards have racialized origins, and she stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_fetishism">Racial fetishism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Racial fetishism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></div> Racial fetishism is sexually <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetishizing</a> a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-Bhabha-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercer-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha" title="Homi K. Bhabha">Homi K. Bhabha</a> explains racial fetishism as a form of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> discusses. Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous "recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes. Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized.<a href="#cite_note-Bhabha-13">[13]</a> The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism among gay men of color are discussed in research conducted by Mary Plummer. Plummer found that gay clubs and bars, <a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">casual sex encounters</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Romantic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic relationship">romantic relationships</a> frequently presented psychologically distressing situations for non-white gay men. These include lowered <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">internalized sexual racism</a>, and increased psychological distress in gay <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">men of color</a>, such as being expected to embody Asian racial stereotypes or to have stereotypically Asian racial characteristics, such as "smooth skin".<a href="#cite_note-Plummer_2007-72">[72]</a> Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races. The theories of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history#Before_1900" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own. Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate. People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate. This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_women">White women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: White women">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rey_Chow" title="Rey Chow">Rey Chow</a> argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media has nothing to do with sex. Chow describes it as a type of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a>. White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[74]</a> Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically. With the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of China">Opening of China</a> to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and sophistication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[75]</a> Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength. The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and docility, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and unashamedness. The study suggested White women are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be "masculine" in Chinese culture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[75]</a> According to a 2014 study of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> women in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, white women are not fetishized in East Asia, but placed beneath <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> women in the beauty hierarchy. European racial characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Blond_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Blond hair">blond hair</a> desexualized Swedish women in Singapore, and made them feel less feminine. Furthermore, their Swedish husbands found local Taiwanese women highly attractive, contributing to the low self esteem of the Swedish women.<a href="#cite_note-Lundström_2014_p._112-76">[76]</a> According to Erica Lorraine Williams, White women in Brazil are considered less attractive than women of color.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2013-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White Brazilian</a> women have complained that foreign male sex tourists are not interested in them, and that these men prefer nonwhite women over White Brazilian women.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2013-77">[77]</a> For this reason, <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White Brazilian</a> women struggle to compete for the money of male sex tourists.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2013-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_men">White men</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: White men">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, White men are fetishized by Chinese women, who have stereotyped them as more masculine and better able to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs.<a href="#cite_note-Liu_2022_p._137-78">[78]</a> It has been reported that women in China seeking to have a child through <a href="/wiki/In-vitro_fertilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="In-vitro fertilisation">in-vitro fertilisation</a> have a tendency to select white men from America and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as sperm donors, even when Asian men are available in these countries as donors, because they are more attracted to white physical traits such as light hair or eye color. Women are forbidden from choosing sperm donors based on physical traits within China.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_women">Asian women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asian women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_fetish" title="Asian fetish">Asian fetish</a></div> Several studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> women are ranked as the most desired women in dating.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-9">[9]</a> Research has found that Asian women are considered the most desirable because Asian women's physical features are perceived as more feminine, and therefore more attractive than white women's.<a href="#cite_note-sc.edu-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> An Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to an extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the modern "Asian fetish" originates from Western imperialism. Western men deployed overseas found Asian women <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physically attractive</a>, innocent, and sexually superior to white women.<a href="#cite_note-:4-88">[88]</a> These stereotypes became widespread when Western men returned to their home countries, and may be linked to the over-representation of Asian women in pornography, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">mail-order bride</a> phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-:4-88">[88]</a> A few cases of violence against Asian women, influenced by sexual stereotypes, have been reported in news media. In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted, blindfolded and raped two Japanese women in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product, including cutting off Asian women's hair and tampering their food.<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_and_Middle_Eastern">Arab and Middle Eastern</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arab and Middle Eastern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism#Islamophobia_and_cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism § Islamophobia and cultural racism</a></div> According to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_world" title="Women in the Arab world">Arab women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">women from the Muslim world</a> are oppressed and therefore submissive.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> When French armies invaded <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. Algerian women appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes. Many French photographers tried to pay Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make <a href="/wiki/French_postcard" title="French postcard">French postcards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a> talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable. Massad's book was largely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_American_women">Latin American women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin American women">edit</a>]</div> In her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex tourism in Brazil">sex tourism in Brazil</a>, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism. One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, "I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties. I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls. Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_women">Black women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Black women">edit</a>]</div> The fetishization of black women expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">Colonial Era</a>, as some white male slave owners <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States#Rape_and_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">raped and sexually abused</a> their black, female slaves. They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property. These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Jezebel_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezebel stereotype">Jezebel</a>" stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The opposite of this "Jezebel" identity or persona is the "<a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a>" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure. L. H. Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are "dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Baartman" title="Sarah Baartman">Sarah Baartman</a>. Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a white European woman's body during the age of biological racism. The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive. The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i.e. large buttocks and labia.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charmaine_Nelson" title="Charmaine Nelson">Charmaine Nelson</a> suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones. "The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black. It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety." Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens.<a href="#cite_note-Mercer-71">[71]</a> One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>'s popular song, "<a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(Nicki_Minaj_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaconda (Nicki Minaj song)">Anaconda</a>" in 2014. The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms. While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The 2020 song "<a href="/wiki/WAP_(song)" title="WAP (song)">WAP</a>" ("Wet-Ass Pussy") by <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion">Megan Thee Stallion</a> received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_men">Black men</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Black men">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BBC_(sexual_slang)" title="BBC (sexual slang)">BBC (sexual slang)</a></div> "Big black cock", usually shortened to "BBC", is a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">sexual slang</a> and genre of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">ethnic pornography</a>, that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black men</a> with large <a href="/wiki/Penises" class="mw-redirect" title="Penises">penises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The stereotype of <a href="/wiki/Human_penis_size#Size_and_race" title="Human penis size">larger penis size in black men</a> has been subjected to scientific scrutiny. There is no scientific background to support the alleged 'oversized' penis in black people.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography. In a 2009 study, a small subset of white female online daters were found to exclusively prefer only black men. White women were found to be 7 times more likely than white men to have an exclusive preference for blacks, while they were 11 times more likely than white men to reject Asians as partners.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> White women who described their body type as "thick, voluptuous, a few extra pounds, or large" were more likely to prefer only black men, and white women with slimmer body types were 7 times more likely to exclude them.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> White women with a height preference were more likely to exclude Asian men and over 8 times as likely to prefer only black men, possibly suggesting that black men are desired because they are perceived as possessing more physically masculine traits such as a tall stature.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The authors suggested that White men may be more likely to prefer Asian women due to stereotypes that they embody "perfect womanhood and exotic femininity".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Followup studies by Feliciano, et al. have largely replicated these results.<a href="#cite_note-Robnett20112-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_women">Jewish women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jewish women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Juive" class="mw-redirect" title="La Belle Juive">La Belle Juive</a></div> In the Middle Ages, a literary trope emerged of Jewish women seducing Christian men.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Stories of medieval rulers having affairs with Jewish women became used to explain how various kingships related Jews and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Jewish women as a love interest for Christian men became popular in 19th century Western European literature, and became known as La Belle Juive. The trope frequently depicted Jewish women as hypersexual.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A contemporary version of trope characterizes Jewish women as masculine and having large sexual appetites.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Modern media often merges this characterization of Jewish women with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Princess" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish American Princess">Jewish American Princess</a> stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_BDSM">In BDSM</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In BDSM">edit</a>]</div> There is also a practice in <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> which involves fetishizing race called "raceplay".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as "a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Feminist author <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> cautions that this kind of BDSM "operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an "emotional sense of reparations".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> "Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul 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<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Discrimination based on skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime" title="Race and crime">Race and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Racism against African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital#Race" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital#Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_groups_within_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of groups within the United States">Stereotypes of groups within the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnshaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Barnshaw, John (2008). 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SAGE Publications. pp. 1091–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45-226586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45-226586-5"><bdi>978-1-45-226586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1091-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-45-226586-5&rft.aulast=Barnshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannon2016-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Gannon2016_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGannon2016" class="citation web cs1">Gannon, Megan (February 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/">"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue"</a>. 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Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51002-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hung%3A+A+Meditation+on+the+Measure+of+Black+Men+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51002-8&rft.aulast=Poulson-Bryant&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> De Montesquieu, C. 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White men are much more inclusive of Asians than are white women. White women are approximately 11.8 times as likely to exclude Asians as dates. Only a small part of this difference is due to the greater choosiness of women; the effect declines to 8.7 times as likely in Model 2, and does not decline further with other controls. This finding is consistent with expectations based on the negative portrayals of Asian men in U.S. popular culture. Like the more common pattern, white women are significantly more likely than men to exclude Latinos as dates (Model 1, 3.5 times as likely)... In sum, these findings show how racial preferences for dates among whites are gendered. White men appear more open than white women to dating non-whites in general... 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHGEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112">White Migrations: Gender, Whiteness and Privilege in Transnational Migration</a>. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28919-3"><bdi>978-1-137-28919-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 29, 2023. <q>...the Singaporean society made the women feel 'less feminine' and unable to embody the local Asian feminine ideal...On the other hand, desexualization was comprehensive to an extent that deprived them of a sense of heterosexual desirability. 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Perhaps you should butt out"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Retrieved April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=Why+Cardi+B+and+Megan+Thee+Stallion%27s+Empowering+Anthem+%27WAP%27+Is+So+Important&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fmusic%2F2020%2F08%2Fcardi-b-megan-thee-stallion-wap-essay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slang.org/bbc-meaning-definition/">"BBC » What does BBC mean? » Slang.org"</a>. Slang.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slang.org&rft.atitle=BBC+%C2%BB+What+does+BBC+mean%3F+%C2%BB+Slang.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slang.org%2Fbbc-meaning-definition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMondainiGontero2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mondaini, Nicola; Gontero, Paolo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05238.x">"Idiopathic short penis: myth or reality?"</a>. BJU International. 95 (1): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2005.05238.x">10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05238.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-4096">1464-4096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15638885">15638885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJU+International&rft.atitle=Idiopathic+short+penis%3A+myth+or+reality%3F&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1464-4096&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15638885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2005.05238.x&rft.aulast=Mondaini&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Gontero%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2005.05238.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeliciano2009">Feliciano 2009</a>, pp. 48–49: "However, among a small subset of white women, there is a preference for only black men (see Appendix Table 2)...White women tend to be more exclusionary towards other minorities than white men. This is particularly striking in the case of Asian exclusion....Consistent with the descriptive results, white women are over four times more likely than white men to prefer to date whites only. These findings reinforce the expected finding that white males are more open to interracial dating in general than white females are." </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeliciano2009">Feliciano 2009</a>, p. 49: "One of the most striking findings is that white women who describe themselves as slim, slender, athletic, fit or average are nearly seven times as likely to exclude black men as dates as women who describe themselves as thick, voluptuous, a few extra pounds, or large. This finding is consistent with racial–beauty exchange theories in that white women who do not meet conventional standards of beauty (in terms of having a thinner body type) are more open to dating black men, who may be considered a lower status group. However, body type has no effect on white women's exclusion of Asian men." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeliciano2009">Feliciano 2009</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeliciano2009">Feliciano 2009</a>, p. 53: "While black men may be depicted as hyper-masculine, Asian American women are often portrayed as "hyper-feminine" (Koshy, 2004; Moran, 2001). Some scholars have argued that white men often view Asian women as "the embodiment of perfect womanhood and exotic femininity" (Espiritu, 1997, p. 113). For example, Nemoto's (2006, p. 36) recent study of Asian women–white men pairings describes how Asian women in such relationships feel that they are desired by white men because they are seen as "an exoticized other"." </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBale2007" class="citation book cs1">Bale, Anthony (2007). Amanda Hopkins; Cory James Rushton (eds.). The Female Jewish Libido in Medieval Culture. The Erotic in the Literature of Medieval Britain. Cambridge: D.S. 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New York: New York University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-9942-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-9942-5"><bdi>978-1-4798-9942-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992466612">992466612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+color+of+kink%3A+black+women%2C+BDSM%2C+and+pornography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992466612&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-9942-5&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossWoods1999" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Larry P.; Woods, James D., eds. (1999). The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. Between Men—Between Women. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10446-3"><bdi>978-0-231-10446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Reader+on+Lesbians+and+Gay+Men+in+Media%2C+Society%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Between+Men%E2%80%94Between+Women&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10446-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarubbio2006" class="citation book cs1">Marubbio, M. Elise (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingindianmai0000maru">Killing the Indian Maiden: Images of Native American Women in Film</a>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2414-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2414-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-2414-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+the+Indian+Maiden%3A+Images+of+Native+American+Women+in+Film&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2414-8&rft.aulast=Marubbio&rft.aufirst=M.+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillingindianmai0000maru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2004" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Hoang Tan (2004). "The Resurrection of Brandon Lee: The Making of a Gay Asian American Porn Star". In Williams, Linda (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pornstudies00will">Porn Studies</a>. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pornstudies00will/page/n122">223</a>–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3300-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-3300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Resurrection+of+Brandon+Lee%3A+The+Making+of+a+Gay+Asian+American+Porn+Star&rft.btitle=Porn+Studies&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=223-270&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3300-5&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Hoang+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpornstudies00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2014" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2014). A View from the Bottom: Asian American Masculinity and Sexual Representation. Perverse Modernities. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5684-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-5684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+from+the+Bottom%3A+Asian+American+Masculinity+and+Sexual+Representation&rft.place=Durham&rft.series=Perverse+Modernities&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5684-4&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Hoang+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2024" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Apryl (2024). Not My Type: Automating Sexual Racism in Online Dating. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/150363504X" title="Special:BookSources/150363504X"><bdi>150363504X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+My+Type%3A+Automating+Sexual+Racism+in+Online+Dating&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=150363504X&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Apryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKudler2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Kudler, Benjamin A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1341/">Confronting Race and Racism: Social Identity in African American Gay Men</a> (MSW thesis). Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College. Retrieved September 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Confronting+Race+and+Racism%3A+Social+Identity+in+African+American+Gay+Men&rft.degree=MSW&rft.inst=Smith+College&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kudler&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.smith.edu%2Ftheses%2F1341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLay1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lay, Kenneth James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qd7s83r">"Sexual Racism: A Legacy of Slavery"</a>. National Black Law Journal. 13 (1): 165–183. Retrieved September 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Black+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Sexual+Racism%3A+A+Legacy+of+Slavery&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3qd7s83r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLillyThomson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lilly, J. Robert; Thomson, J. Michael (1997). "Executing US Soldiers in England, World War II: Command Influence and Sexual Racism". <a href="/wiki/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology" title="The British Journal of Criminology">The British Journal of Criminology</a>. 37 (2): 262–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a014158">10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014158</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23638647">23638647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Executing+US+Soldiers+in+England%2C+World+War+II%3A+Command+Influence+and+Sexual+Racism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjc.a014158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23638647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lilly&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft.au=Thomson%2C+J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Plummer, Mary Dianne (2007). Sexual Racism in Gay Communities: Negotiating the Ethnosexual Marketplace (PhD thesis). Seattle: University of Washington. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773%2F9181">1773/9181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sexual+Racism+in+Gay+Communities%3A+Negotiating+the+Ethnosexual+Marketplace&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1773%2F9181&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Mary+Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Howard C Jr. (1994). "The Psychology of Sexual Racism and AIDS: An Ongoing Saga of Distrust and the 'Sexual Other'". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a>. 25 (1): 62–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193479402500104">10.1177/002193479402500104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347">0021-9347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784414">2784414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144716464">144716464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Sexual+Racism+and+AIDS%3A+An+Ongoing+Saga+of+Distrust+and+the+%27Sexual+Other%27&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0021-9347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144716464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2784414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193479402500104&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Howard+C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+sexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">Hyperdescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_fetishism318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template:Sexual fetishism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template talk:Sexual fetishism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_fetishism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual fetishism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_fetishism318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions, states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaphilia_(fetish)" title="Aquaphilia (fetish)">Aquaphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">Cuckold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cuckquean" title="Cuckquean">Cuckquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Erotic lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaining_and_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaining and feeding">Gaining and feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impregnation_fetishism" title="Impregnation fetishism">Impregnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Macrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a> (adult baby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_fetishism" title="Pregnancy fetishism">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickle_fetishism" title="Tickle fetishism">Tickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tightlacing" title="Tightlacing">Tightlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_and_messy_fetishism" title="Wet and messy fetishism">Wet and messy fetishism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Body parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armpit_fetishism" title="Armpit fetishism">Armpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_fetishism" title="Breast fetishism">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_fetish" title="Belly fetish">Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks#Fetishism" title="Cultural history of the buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculolinctus" title="Oculolinctus">Eyeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fetishism" title="Hand fetishism">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_fetishism" title="Navel fetishism">Navels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Noses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot_fetishism" title="Boot fetishism">Boots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_boot" title="Ballet boot">Ballet boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh-high_boots" title="Thigh-high boots">Thigh-high boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_fetishism" title="Boot fetishism">Boot fetishism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulrophilia" title="Coulrophilia">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corset fetishism">Corset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_fetishism" title="Diaper fetishism">Diapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_fetishism" title="Glove fetishism">Gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyhose fetishism">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism" title="Rubber and PVC fetishism">Rubber and PVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_fetishism" title="Shoe fetishism">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwear_fetishism" title="Underwear fetishism">Underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_fetishism" title="Uniform fetishism">Uniforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_fetish" title="Balloon fetish">Balloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_fetish" title="Doll fetish">Dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex and PVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_fetishism" title="Robot fetishism">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversial / illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Zoophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture / media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists" title="List of fetish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_art" title="Fetish art">Fetish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_club" title="Fetish club">Fetish clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_magazine" title="Fetish magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">Models</a></li> <li>Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiFeet" title="WikiFeet">wikiFeet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial fetishism">Race</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_fetish" title="Asian fetish">Asian fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual racism">Sexual racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism" title="Category:Sexual fetishism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&oldid=1282848872">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_and_sexuality&oldid=1282848872</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intercultural_and_interracial_relationships" title="Category:Intercultural and interracial relationships">Intercultural and interracial relationships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_attractiveness" title="Category:Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_attraction" title="Category:Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism" title="Category:Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-b86jl","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.053","walltime":"1.175","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6227,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":262469,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":950,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":419041,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1000.559 1 -total"," 58.24% 582.695 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.27% 242.851 38 Template:Cite_book"," 17.66% 176.727 36 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.60% 86.024 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.37% 83.772 1 Template:Racism_topics"," 8.30% 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