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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arab conquest of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamization_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamization_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Islamization of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamization_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_influence_on_Muslim_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_influence_on_Muslim_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iranian influence on Muslim civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_influence_on_Muslim_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_vs._Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_vs._Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Persian vs. Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_vs._Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_dynasties_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_dynasties_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sunni dynasties in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_dynasties_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_dynasties_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_dynasties_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Shia dynasties in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_dynasties_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era:_challenges_of_modernity_and_rise_of_Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era:_challenges_of_modernity_and_rise_of_Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Contemporary era: challenges of modernity and rise of Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era:_challenges_of_modernity_and_rise_of_Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deobandi_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deobandi_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Deobandi movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deobandi_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Islamic Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Iranian_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Iranian_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern Iranian Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Iranian_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Iranian Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Iranian_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Islamic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Islamic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Islamic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Islamic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perception_in_Iranian_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_in_Iranian_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Perception in Iranian society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_in_Iranian_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Shia majority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_minority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_minority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Sunni minority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_minority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hosseiniyeh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hosseiniyeh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span><i>Hosseiniyeh</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hosseiniyeh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Islamic schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waqf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waqf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span><i>Waqf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waqf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الإسلام في إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইরানে ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানে ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Иранда ислам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иранда ислам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اسلام در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Iran" title="Islam en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="이란의 이슬람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란의 이슬람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="ईरान में इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान में इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Iran" title="Islam di Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islam in Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Iran" title="Islam di Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایران وچ اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران وچ اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ислам в Иране – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Иране" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Иранда ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иранда ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran%27da_%C4%B0slam" title="İran'da İslam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran'da İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایران میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊朗伊斯兰教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3243071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Islam+in+Iran%22">"Islam in Iran"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Islam+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Islam+in+Iran%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Islam+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Islam+in+Iran%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Islam+in+Iran%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of Iran</a>, which culminated in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> to the nascent <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, brought about a monumental change in Iranian society by purging <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, which had been the Iranian nation's official and majority religion since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Since the Rashidun invasion, Islam (in any form) has consistently held the status of Iran's official religion except for during a short period in the 13th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and smaller Islamic realms before resulting in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>. The process by which Iranian society became integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> took place over many centuries, with nobility and city-dwellers being among the first to convert, in spite of notable periods of resistance, while the peasantry and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dehqan" title="Dehqan">dehqans</a></i> (land-owning magnates) took longer to do so. Around the 10th century, most <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> had become <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. </p><p>Between the 7th century and the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> was the dominant sect in Iran, and Iranian academics of this period contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. In the 16th century, the newly enthroned <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> initiated a massive campaign to install <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> as Iran's official sect,<sup id="cite_ref-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aggressively proselytizing the faith and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">forcibly converting the Iranian populace</a>. The Safavids' actions triggered tensions with the neighbouring Sunni-majority <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, in part due to the flight of non-Shia refugees from Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that by the mid-17th century, Iran had become a Shia-majority nation.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of an Iran-based Shia clergy, a synthesis was formed between <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian culture</a> and Shia Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, under the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, Islamic influence on Iranian society was rolled back in order to assert a new Iranian national identity—one that focused on pre-Islamic Iran by shedding more light on Zoroastrian tradition and other aspects of ancient Iranian society, particularly during the Achaemenid era. However, in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> brought about yet another monumental change by ending the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">historic Iranian monarchy</a> and replacing it with an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>. </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:LightGreen; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 196.26105055051px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><b>Shia and Sunni Islam in Iran.</b> Statistics from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. Actual values reported by the 2011 source are <b>Shia, 90-95%</b> and <b>Sunni, 5-10%</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later reports from the same site do not report this breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202410-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>The two sources indicate the <i>total percentage of all Muslims to have been [i] <b>99.4% (2011 estimate</b></i>, the remaining 0.6% being other religious groups—including 0.3% Zoroastrian, Jewish, or Christian, and 0.4% unspecified),<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>or <b>98.5% (2020 estimate</b></i>, the remaining 1.5% being other religious groups—including 0.7% Christian, 0.3% Baha'i, combined numbers for Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Hindu adherents totaling 0.2%, and agnostics at 0.3%, in both cases, numbers not summing to 100% because of rounding).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202410-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (92.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightGreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (7.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_estimates_of_religious_adherence">Modern estimates of religious adherence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern estimates of religious adherence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an October 2024 update to <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i> by scholars at the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a>, as of the date of their source data,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Muslims accounted for 99.6% of the total population of Iran—<i>c.f.</i> comparable older numbers and somewhat discrepant more recent numbers, at <i><a href="/wiki/CIA.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA.gov">CIA.gov</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_202410-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—with the "vast majority... [stated as being] of the Ithnā ʿAsharī, or Twelver, Shiʿi branch".<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iranian government's 2016 census purportedly presents 99% of the Iranian population as Muslim<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (<i>c.f.</i> pie chart and its sources), and 80% of this figure is composed of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shias</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (October 2024)">disputed</span></a> (for: being unsourced, discrepant with chart sources)  – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Iran#Today's_edits" title="Talk:Islam in Iran">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Approximately 7% of Iranians are Sunnis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (October 2024)">disputed</span></a> (for: being unsourced, discrepant...)  – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islam_in_Iran#Today's_edits" title="Talk:Islam in Iran">discuss</a></i>]</sup> According to scholars at the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a>, the country's "Kurds and Turkmen are predominantly Sunni Muslims", with Iran’s Arab population being split between "Sunni and Shiʿi" (Shia).<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources note that this smaller percentage comprises the country's ethnic minorities, the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomi Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasani Persians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the 2020 Wave 7 <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>, 96% of Iranians identify as Muslims. However, a report by the Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in Iran (GAMAAN) in the same year showed a sharp decline in religiosity in the country, as only 40% of Iranian respondents identified as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iranintl.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranintl.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent GAMAAN surveys in 2022 showed that, depending on how the question was asked, 38% to 56% identified as Shia Muslims, 5% identified as Sunni Muslims, and roughly a quarter of were susceptible to a form of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>—that is, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">belief in God without identifying as religious</a>. In all GAMAAN surveys, 7% to 10% of Iranian respondents identified as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>. Moreover, the online surveys offered respondents a unique opportunity to express themselves, leading to fluctuating numbers of Iranians identifying as Zoroastrians.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_of_Iran">Arab conquest of Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arab conquest of Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/300px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/450px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/600px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Stages of Islamic conquest <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a1584e; color:white;"> </span> Expansion under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, 622-632</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef9070; color:black;"> </span> Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fad07d; color:black;"> </span> Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Muslims conquered Iran in the time of <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (637) and conquered it after several great battles. <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> fled from one district to another <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> in 651.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 674, Muslims had conquered <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> (which included modern Iranian Khorasan province and modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a>). </p><p> As <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> has quoted<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"These events have been variously seen in Iran: by some as a blessing, the advent of the true faith, the end of the age of ignorance and heathenism; by others as a humiliating national defeat, the conquest and subjugation of the country by foreign invaders. Both perceptions are of course valid, depending on one's angle of vision."</p></blockquote> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> and his immediate successors, the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered. The Arabs were to settle in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates. The new non-Muslim subjects, or <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i>, were to pay a special tax, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> or poll tax, which was calculated per individual at varying rates for able bodied men of military age.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranians were among the very earliest converts to Islam, and their conversion in significant numbers began as soon as the Arab armies reached and overran the Persian plateau. Despite some resistance from elements of the Zoroastrian clergy and other ancient religions, the anti-Islamic policies of later conquerors like the Il-khanids, the impact of the Christian and secular West in modern times, and the attraction of new religious movements like Babism and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> (qq.v.), the vast majority of Iranians became and have remained Muslims. Today perhaps 98 percent of ethnic Iranians, including the population of Persia, are at least nominal Muslims. For such a fundamental, pervasive, and enduring cultural transformation, the phenomenon of Iranian conversions to Islam has received remarkably little scholarly attention.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research has established a general chronological framework for the process of conversion of Iranians to Islam. From a study of the probable dates of individual conversions based on genealogies in biographical dictionaries, Richard Bulliet has suggested that there was gradual and limited conversion of Persians down to the end of the Umayyad period (132/750), followed by a rapid increase in the number of conversions after the ʿAbbasid revolution, so that by the time when regional dynasties had been established in the east (ca. 338/950) 80 percent or more of Iranians had become Muslims. The data on which Bulliet's study was based limited the validity of this paradigm to generalizations about full, formal conversions in an urban environment. The situation in rural areas and individual regions may have been quite different, but the overall pattern is consistent with what can be deduced from traditional historical sources. Although in some areas, for example, Shiraz at the time of Moqaddasi's visit in about 375/985 (p. 429), there may still have been strong non-Muslim elements, it is reasonable to suppose that the Persian milieu as a whole became predominantly Islamic within the period of time suggested by Bulliet's research.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamization_of_Iran">Islamization of Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamization of Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> revolution of 749–51, in which Iranian converts played a major role, the Caliphate's center of gravity moved to Mesopotamia and underwent significant Iranian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the Muslim population of Iran rose from approx. 40% in the mid 9th century to close to 100% by the end of 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam was readily accepted by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> who were employed in industrial and artisan positions because, according to Zoroastrian dogma, such occupations that involved defiling fire made them impure.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Muslim missionaries</a> did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Thomas Walker Arnold</a>, for the Persian, he would meet <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a> under the names of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer, and allowed the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to be recited in Persian instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first complete translation of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> occurred during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a> in the 9th century. <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> suggests that the rapid increase in conversion was aided by the Persian nationality of the rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>"Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. Persians remained Persians. And after an interval of silence, Iran reemerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam, eventually adding a new element even to Islam itself. Culturally, politically, and most remarkable of all even religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as <i>Islam-i Ajam</i>. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and India. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna..."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_influence_on_Muslim_civilization">Iranian influence on Muslim civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iranian influence on Muslim civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghotb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ghotb2.jpg/220px-Ghotb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ghotb2.jpg/330px-Ghotb2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ghotb2.jpg/440px-Ghotb2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Photo taken from medieval manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qotbeddin Shirazi</a> (1236–1311), a Persian Astronomer. The image depicts an epicyclic planetary model.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a> was to yield deep transformations within the cultural, scientific, and political structure of Iran's society: The blossoming of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">art</a> became major elements of the newly forming Muslim civilization. Inheriting a heritage of thousands of years of civilization, and being at the "crossroads of the major cultural highways",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to Persia emerging as what culminated into the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>". During this period, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian scientists and scholars">hundreds of scholars and scientists</a> vastly contributed to technology, science and medicine, later influencing the rise of European science during <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important scholars of almost all of the Islamic sects and schools of thought were Persian or live in Iran including most notable and reliable <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> collectors of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> like <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Saduq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh Saduq">Shaikh Saduq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ya%27qub_Kulainy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ya'qub Kulainy">Shaikh Kulainy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Imam Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Imam Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakim_al-Nishaburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim al-Nishaburi">Hakim al-Nishaburi</a>, the greatest <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">theologians</a> of Shia and Sunni like <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Imam Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Imam Fakhr al-Razi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a>, the greatest <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">astronomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">scientists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a>, the greatest <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_of_Sufism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh of Sufism">Shaykh of Sufism</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi">Rumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> narrates in his <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>It is a remarkable fact that, with few exceptions, most Muslim scholars… in the intellectual sciences have been non-Arabs, thus the founders of grammar were <a href="/wiki/Sibawaih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibawaih">Sibawaih</a> and after him, <a href="/wiki/Al-Farsi" title="Al-Farsi">al-Farsi</a> and Az-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zajjaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zajjaj (page does not exist)">Zajjaj</a>. All of them were of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> descent... they invented rules of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">(Arabic) grammar</a>. Great jurists were Persians. Only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. Thus the truth of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">statement</a> of the prophet (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) becomes apparent, "<a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Persians" class="extiw" title="q:Persians">If learning were suspended in the highest parts of heaven the Persians would attain it</a>"… The intellectual sciences were also the preserve of the Persians, left alone by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who did not cultivate them… as was the case with all crafts… This situation continued in the cities as long as the Persians and <a href="/wiki/Persian_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian World">Persian countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (modern Central Asia), retained their sedentary culture.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian_vs._Arabic">Persian vs. Arabic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persian vs. Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></div> <p>In the 9th and 10th centuries, non-Arab subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>, especially Persians created a movement called <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a> in response to the privileged status of Arabs. This movement led to resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Persians adopted Islam, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a>. Arabs and Turks also participated in this attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica-Seljuq_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-Seljuq-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the power of the Abbasid caliphs diminished, a series of dynasties rose in various parts of Iran, some with considerable influence and power. Among the most important of these overlapping dynasties were the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids">Tahirids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (820–72); the <a href="/wiki/Saffarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarids">Saffarids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> (867–903); and the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> (875–1005), originally at <a href="/wiki/Bokhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokhara">Bokhara</a>. The Samanids eventually ruled an area from central Iran to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Conquest_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Conquest-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Persian faction known as the <a href="/wiki/Buwayhid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Buwayhid dynasty">Buwayhid dynasty</a> (934–1055). Since much of the Abbasid administration had been Persian anyway, the Buwayhid, who were <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, were quietly able to assume real power in Baghdad. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid dynasty">Samanid dynasty</a> was the first fully native dynasty to rule Iran since the Muslim conquest, and led the revival of Persian culture. The first important Persian poet after the arrival of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>, was born during this era and was praised by Samanid kings. The Samanids also revived many ancient Persian festivals. Their successor, the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznawids</a>, who were of non-Iranian Turkic origin, also became instrumental in the revival of Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_dynasties_in_Iran">Sunni dynasties in Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sunni dynasties in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 962 a Turkish governor of the Samanids, <a href="/wiki/Alptigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alptigin">Alptigin</a>, conquered <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> (in present-day Afghanistan) and established a dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, that lasted to 1186.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Conquest_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Conquest-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>, who like the Ghaznavids were Turks, slowly conquered Iran over the course of the 11th century. Their leader, <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a>, turned his warriors against the Ghaznavids in Khorasan. He moved south and then west, conquering but not wasting the cities in his path. In 1055 the caliph in Baghdad gave Tughril Beg robes, gifts, and the title King of the East. Under Tughril Beg's successor, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah</a> (1072–1092), Iran enjoyed a cultural and scientific renaissance, largely attributed to his brilliant Iranian vizier, <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al_Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al Mulk">Nizam al Mulk</a>. These leaders established the <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_Observatory" title="Isfahan Observatory">Isfahan Observatory</a> where <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyám</a> did much of his experimentation for a new calendar, and they built <a href="/wiki/Nizamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamiyya">religious schools</a> in all the major towns. They brought <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_Ghazali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hamid Ghazali">Abu Hamid Ghazali</a>, one of the greatest Islamic theologians, and other eminent scholars to the Seljuk capital at Baghdad and encouraged and supported their work.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Conquest_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Conquest-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A serious internal threat to the Seljuks during their reign came from the <a href="/wiki/Hashshashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashshashin">Hashshashin</a>- <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> sect, with headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a> between <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. They controlled the immediate area for more than 150 years and sporadically sent out adherents to strengthen their rule by murdering important officials. Several of the various theories on the etymology of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassin</a></i> derive from this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Conquest_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Conquest-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable Sunni dynasty were the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> leader from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, who conquered and ruled in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a> which began during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> period would continue. <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, built an <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">observatory</a> of his own, and a <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa,_Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand">grand madrassah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_dynasties_in_Iran">Shia dynasties in Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shia dynasties in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RezaShrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RezaShrine.jpg/220px-RezaShrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RezaShrine.jpg/330px-RezaShrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RezaShrine.jpg/440px-RezaShrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza">Imam Reza</a></i> shrine, the holiest religious site in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'as</a> have lived in Iran since the earliest days of Islam, the writers of <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">the Four Books</a> of Shi'a <a href="/wiki/Ahadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahadith">ahadith</a> were Iranians of the pre-Safavid era and there was one Shi'a dynasty in part of Iran during the tenth and eleventh centuries, according to <a href="/wiki/Mortaza_Motahhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortaza Motahhari">Mortaza Motahhari</a> the majority of Iranian scholars and masses remained Sunni till the time of the Safavids.<sup id="cite_ref-Motahhari_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motahhari-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period. There were however some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaydīs of <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buwayhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buwayhid">Buwayhid</a>, the rule of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljeit%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Öljeitü">Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah</a> (r. Shawwal 703-Shawwal 716/1304-1316) and the <a href="/wiki/Sarbedaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbedaran">Sarbedaran</a>. Nevertheless, apart from this domination there existed, firstly, throughout these nine centuries, Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and, secondly, original <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Imami Shiism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydī Shiism</a> had prevalence in some parts of Iran. During this period, Shia in Iran were nourished from <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and later from <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jafarian_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jafarian-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, during the first nine centuries there are four high points in the history of this linkage: </p> <ul><li>First, the migration of a number of persons belonging to the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> from Iraq to the city of Qum towards the end of the first/seventh century, which is the period of establishment of Imamī Shī‘ism in Iran.</li> <li>Second, the influence of the Shī‘ī tradition of Baghdad and Najaf on Iran during the fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries.</li> <li>Third, the influence of the school of Hillah on Iran during the eighth/fourteenth century.</li> <li>Fourth, the influence of the Shī‘ism of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Amel">Jabal Amel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> on Iran during the period of establishment of the Safavid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Jafarian_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jafarian-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></div> <p>Due to their history being almost fully intertwined, Iran as well as Azerbaijan are both discussed here. Iran and Azerbaijan were predominantly Sunni until the 16th century. Changes in the religious make-up of nowadays both nations changed drastically from that time and on. In 1500 the Safavid <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> undertook the conquering of Iran and Azerbaijan and commenced a policy of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">forced conversion of Sunni Muslims</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Many Sunnis were murdered. When <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> he similarly forcefully converted or murdered Sunni Muslims. The oppression and forced conversion of Sunnis would continue, mostly unabated, for the greater part of next two centuries until Iran as well as what is now <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> became predominantly Shi’ite countries.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">early caliphate</a>, Safavid rule had been based originally on both political and religious legitimacy, with the shah being both king and divine representative. With the later erosion of Safavid central political authority in the mid-17th century, the power of the Shia scholars in civil affairs such as judges, administrators, and court functionaries, began to grow, in a way unprecedented in Shi'ite history. Likewise, the ulama began to take a more active role in agitating against Sufism and other forms of popular religion, which remained strong in Iran, and in enforcing a more scholarly type of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> among the masses. The development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27ziah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta'ziah (page does not exist)">ta'ziah</a>—a passion play commemorating the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn">Imam Husayn</a> and his family — and <a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a> of the shrines and tombs of local Shi'ite leaders began during this period, largely at the prompting of the Shi'ite clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Afary_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mortaza_Motahhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortaza Motahhari">Mortaza Motahhari</a>, the majority of Iranians turned to Shi'a Islam from the Safavid period onwards. Of course, it cannot be denied that Iran's environment was more favorable to the flourishing of the Shi'a Islam as compared to all other parts of the Muslim world. Shi'a Islam did not penetrate any land to the extent that it gradually could in Iran. With the passage of time, Iranians' readiness to practise Shi'a Islam grew day by day. It was the Safavids who made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shi’ism against the onslaughts of shi'as' by orthodox Sunni Islam, and the repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Iranianhood,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as a bridge to modern Iran. According to Professor Roger Savory:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid#Qualifications_of_a_mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahids</a>. The Safavids thus set in train a struggle for power between the urban and the crown that is to say, between the proponents of secular government and the proponents of a theocratic government; third, they laid the foundation of alliance between the religious classes ('<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>') and the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> which played an important role both in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> of 1905–1906, and again in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1979; fourth the policies introduced by Shah Abbas I conduced to a more centralized administrative system.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era:_challenges_of_modernity_and_rise_of_Islamism">Contemporary era: challenges of modernity and rise of Islamism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary era: challenges of modernity and rise of Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islamism in Iran">History of Islamism in Iran</a></div> <p>During the 20th century Iran underwent significant changes such as the 1906 Constitutional Revolution and the secularism of the Pahlavi dynasty. </p><p>According to scholar Roy Mottahedeh, one significant change to Islam in Iran during the first half of the 20th century was that the class of <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> lost its informality that allowed it to include everyone from the highly trained jurist to the "shopkeeper who spent one afternoon a week memorizing and transmitting a few traditions." Laws by Reza Shah that requiring military service and dress in European-style clothes for Iranians, gave talebeh and mullahs exemptions, but only if they passed specific examinations proving their learnedness, thus excluding less educated clerics. </p><p>In addition Islamic <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasah</a> schools became more like 'professional' schools, leaving broader education to secular government schools and sticking to Islamic learning. "Ptolemaic astronomy, Aveicennian medicines, and the algebra of Omar Kahayyam" was dispensed with.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deobandi_movement">Deobandi movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deobandi movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement_in_Iran" title="Deobandi movement in Iran">Deobandi movement in Iran</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a> was established in 1866 in the <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Saharanpur district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">anti-British movement</a>. It gave rise to a traditional conservative Sunni movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a>. Students from various regions, including <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Sistan and Baluchestan</a> in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch tribes</a> and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> religious leaders in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurani201322_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurani201322-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order played an important role in the Deobandi school of thought in the Persian-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-:dawn_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:dawn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Revolution">Islamic Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islamic Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></div> <p>The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jubilee_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jubilee-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: انقلاب اسلامی, <i>Enghelābe Eslāmi</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> that transformed <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from a secular, westernizing <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, to an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> based on the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Velayat-e faqih</a> (rule by an Islamic jurist), under <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, the leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-32981_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32981-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been called "the third great revolution in history", following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an event that "made <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> a political force ... from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Iranian_Islam">Modern Iranian Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern Iranian Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to official Islamic Republic figures, 99% of Iranians are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, with the remainder being <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 survey by the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> found that 96.6% of Iranians believe in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldvaluessurvey.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldvaluessurvey.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to another 2020 online survey by GAMAAN, there has been a sharp decline in religiosity in Iran (mostly among Islam), and only 40% of Iranians who took part of the online survey identified as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iranintl.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranintl.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figures in the census taken by the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a> do not include <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> (who are not recognized as a religious group in the Iranian Constitution) or whether a Muslim is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, but estimates are that there are 300,000 Baháʼís, and approximately 15 million Sunnis, making the former group the largest non-Muslim minority in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Islamic_Republic">The Islamic Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Islamic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></div> <p>Iran's government was, until recently, unique in having Shi'i Islam as the state religion. It still is unique in following the theocratic principle of <i>velayat-e faqih</i> or "<a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic jurist</a>", according to which government must be run in accordance with traditional Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>, and for this to happen a leading Islamic jurist (<i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i>) must provide political "guardianship" (<i>wilayat</i> or <i>velayat</i>) over the people. Following the Iranian Revolution, the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran</a> called for a "guardian" to be the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, the leader of the revolution and author of the doctrine of <i>Velayat-e faqih</i>, became the first <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> of the Islamic Republic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a> mandates that the official religion of Iran is <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari school</a>, though it also mandates that other Islamic schools are to be "accorded full respect", and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites. According to the constitution, high level officials such as the Supreme Leader,<sup id="cite_ref-Article_107_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_107-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> president,<sup id="cite_ref-Article_115,_paragraph_5_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_115,_paragraph_5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and members of the powerful Assembly of Experts<sup id="cite_ref-Article_107_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_107-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that chooses the leader must be Twelver Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It lists <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranians</a> as "the only recognized religious minorities, who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education."<sup id="cite_ref-IRI-Constitution-art.13_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRI-Constitution-art.13-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, to avail oneself of many of the rights of citizenship in the Islamic Republic of Iran, on must declare oneself as a member of one of the four recognized faiths—Muslims, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-fdih1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdih1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This official division ignores other religious minorities in Iran, notably those of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. State sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution of Bahá’ís</a> follows from them being a "non-recognized" religious minority without any legal existence, classified as "unprotected infidels" by the authorities, and are subject to systematic discrimination on the basis of their beliefs. Similarly, atheism is officially disallowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perception_in_Iranian_society">Perception in Iranian society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Perception in Iranian society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> One unanticipated effect of theocratic rule in Iran is that in the last couple of decades up to at least 2018, not only have secular people become alienated from the regime, but </p><blockquote><p>the state has lost much of its religious credibility among the ultra-religious communities because of widespread corruption, discrimination and its secularisation. Thus, many ultra-religious people deny the Islamic legitimacy of the government <i>in toto</i> and embrace this or that alternative religiosity ...<sup id="cite_ref-Who-ABC-2019_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-ABC-2019-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> An example of one kind of religious alternative are figures (such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Hassan">Ahmad al-Hassan</a>), claiming to be deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Imam">Hidden Imam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who-ABC-2019_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-ABC-2019-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, following the <a href="/wiki/2018_protests_in_Iran" title="2018 protests in Iran">protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>'s School of Public Policy released a report, <i>Iranian Public Opinion after the Protests</i>, and when the respondents were asked if "Iran’s political system needs to undergo fundamental change" the researchers noted that "over three in four disagreed (77%) with a majority doing so strongly (54%)" with only 5% "agreeing strongly". They further found out that "a substantial, if lesser, majority (67%) did not agree that “the government interferes too much in people’s personal lives” (30%, strongly), and 59% did not accept the idea that “the government should not be strict in enforcing Islamic laws” (33%, strongly)", with only 22% agreeing strongly and 15% somewhat agreeing with the idea that the government should not be strict in enforcing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Raz Zimmt, an expert on Iran attached to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_National_Security_Studies_(Israel)" title="Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)">Institute for National Security Studies</a> (INSS), quoting Iranian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Hamidreza_Jalaeipour" title="Hamidreza Jalaeipour">Hamidreza Jalaeipour</a>, argued that 70% of Iranians fall into the category of "silent pragmatist traditionalist majority", which is defined as those who "might approve of religion and aspects of the regime, while rejecting enforced religion and other aspects of the regime."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shia_majority">Shia majority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shia majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to The World Factbook of the CIA, between 90-95% of Iran's Muslim are Shia, and another 5-10% are Sunni,<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook-CIA_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-CIA-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the American Iranian Council, citing the Islamic Republic estimates, gives the Sunni percentage at between 7% and 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumsden-AIC-Myth_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumsden-AIC-Myth-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Almost all of Iran's Shia follow the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver</a> branch.) The Atlantic Council gives a higher percentage of Sunni, saying "Sunni leaders and observers" put the Sunni population of Iran "between 12 and 25 percent".<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunni_minority">Sunni minority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sunni minority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Sunni in Iran are <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomi Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasani Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, living in the northwest, northeast, south and southeast, respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the provinces of <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan">West Azerbaijan</a>, Kurdistan and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan">Golestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Khorasan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Khorasan">North Khorasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Sistan and Baluchestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumsden-AIC-Myth_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumsden-AIC-Myth-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of <a href="/wiki/Achomi_people_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achomi people (Iran)">Lari people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a>, a part of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, virtually all <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baluchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkomans</a>, and a minority of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> are Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Larestan_County" title="Larestan County">mountainous region of Larestan</a> is mostly inhabited by indigenous Sunni Persians who did not convert to Shia Islam during the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> because the mountainous region of Larestan was too isolated. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Lari_people_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lari people (Iran)">Lari people</a> are Sunni Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35% of Lari people are Shia Muslims. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shia clergy tend to view missionary work among Sunnis to convert them to Shi'a Islam as a worthwhile religious endeavor.<sup id="cite_ref-country_study:Iran,_Sunni_Muslims_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country_study:Iran,_Sunni_Muslims-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those towns with mixed populations in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchistan">Sistan and Baluchistan</a>, tensions between Shi'as and Sunnis existed both before and after the Revolution. Religious tensions have been highest during major Shi'a observances, especially <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-country_study:Iran,_Sunni_Muslims_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country_study:Iran,_Sunni_Muslims-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunnis have complained that hard-liners in the IRI regime oppose equal rights for Sunnis. (When a Sunni was being considered for a position on the Iranian parliament's presiding board, one "influential" Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Wahid_Khorasani" title="Hossein Wahid Khorasani">Vahid Khorasani</a> threatened to write a fatwa delegitimizing the assembly “if a Sunni was installed above Shias.”<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among specific Sunni political complaints are that </p> <ul><li>Article 12 of the constitution, which grants them "certain rights, such as full freedom of worship", have been "consistently ignored"; and</li> <li>Article 115, which forbids anyone but a Shia Muslim from becoming president, has not been repealed;<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *directives made by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei on behalf of the Sunni (such as making it illegal to insult Muhammad's wife Aisha or a September 2017 call to end discrimination against Sunnis and minority groups in general) have not been enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They have not been allowed to construct mosques for Sunni worship in larger cities, such as the capital Tehran, where there are an estimated one million Sunnis. ("The government claimed in 2015 that Tehran had nine Sunni mosques, but prominent Sunnis say these are merely prayer rooms.")<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>No Sunni has yet served as a minister in Iran's government, with the highest level Sunnis as of April 2018 being a deputy oil minister, and an ambassador to Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regulations that are discriminatory and ideologically based and which filters applicants' eligibility to work in the state sector or to attend university, (these are known as <i>gozinesh').</i></li> <li>examination by <i>herast</i>, a branch of the Intelligence Ministry "tasked with ensuring that applicants are loyal to the regime". An example of the result is that 90% of high school teachers and 70% of elementary teachers are Shia in areas heavily populated by ethnic Baluchi Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-Faramarzi-AC-2018_59-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faramarzi-AC-2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_institutions">Religious institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosques">Mosques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the most important religious institution in Iran has been the mosque. In towns and cities, congregational prayers, as well as prayers and rites associated with religious observances and important phases in Muslim life, took place in mosques. Primarily an urban phenomenon, mosques did not exist in most Iranian villages. In the years preceding the Revolution, Iranian Shias generally attached diminishing significance to institutional religion, and by the 1970s there was little emphasis on mosque attendance, even for the Friday congregational prayers. During the Revolution, however, mosques in large cities played a prominent social role in organizing people for large demonstrations. Since that time, the mosques have continued to play important political and social roles, in addition to their traditional religious functions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, weekly mosque attendance rate in Iran has been very low compared to other Muslim countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Tezcur_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tezcur-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, politicization of Friday prayers under the Islamic Republic has had the paradoxical consequence of discouraging religious people from attending Friday prayers. People who attend prayers tend to have more positive evaluation of the political system than people who do not attend.<sup id="cite_ref-Tezcur_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tezcur-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228–9">: 228–9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hosseiniyeh"><i>Hosseiniyeh</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hosseiniyeh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another religious institution of major significance has been the hoseiniyeh, or Islamic center. Wealthy patrons financed construction of hoseiniyehs in urban areas to serve as sites for recitals and performances commemorating the martyrdom of Hussein, especially during the month of Moharram. In the 1970s, hoseiniyehs such as the Hoseiniyeh Irshad in Tehran became politicized as prominent clerical and lay preachers helped to lay the groundwork for the Revolution by referring to the symbolic deaths as martyrs of Hussein and the other imams in veiled but obvious criticism of Mohammad Reza Shah's regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_schools">Islamic schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islamic schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Institutions providing religious education include madrassas, or seminaries, and maktabs, or primary schools run by the clergy. The madrassas historically were important settings for advanced training in Shia theology and jurisprudence. Each madrassa generally was associated with a noted Shia scholar who had attained the rank of ayatollah. Some older madrassas functioned like religious universities at which several scholars taught diverse religious and secular subjects. Students, or talabehs, lived on the grounds of the madrassas and received stipends for the duration of their studies, usually a minimum of seven years, during which they prepared for the examinations that qualify a seminary student to be a low-level preacher, or mullah. At the time of the Revolution, there were slightly more than 11,000 talabehs in Iran, approximately 60 percent of them at the madrassas in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>. From 1979 to 1982, the number of talabehs in Qom more than tripled from 6,500 to over 20,000. As of the early 2000s, there were just under 25,000 talabehs at all levels of study in Qom seminaries, as well as about 12,000 talabehs at seminaries in other Iranian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maktabs started to decline in number and importance in the first decades of the twentieth century, once the government began developing a national public school system. Nevertheless, maktabs continued to exist as private religious schools until the Revolution. Because the overall emphasis of public schools has remained secular subjects, since 1979 maktabs have continued to serve children whose parents want them to have a more religious education.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clergy">Clergy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Abbas William Samii estimated that there are 90,000 (the estimate of media observers) to 300,000 (estimate of European sources) clerics in Iran, with, at the time, 40,000 students at the religious seminaries. To this he add 60,000 "people with no formal training or qualifications who acted as urban preachers, rural prayer leaders, and procession organizers." As for the numbers of seminaries, Qom alone had 60.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Djavadi estimates that after the 1979 revolution, "more than 200,000 mullahs" became "receivers of government salaries and benefits".<sup id="cite_ref-RLRFE-difference_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLRFE-difference-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shrines">Shrines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another major religious institution in Iran is the shrine. Pilgrimage to the shrines of imams is a specific Shia custom, undertaken because Shia pilgrims believe that the imams and their relatives have the power to intercede with God on behalf of petitioners. Of the more than 1,100 shrines in Iran, the most important are those for the Eighth Imam, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and for his sister <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Musa">Fatimah bint Musa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Seyyed Rouhollah Khomeini</a> in Tehran. Each of these is a huge complex that includes the mausoleum of the venerated one, tombs of various notables, mosques, madrassas, and libraries. Imam Reza's shrine is considered the holiest. In addition to the usual shrine accoutrements, it comprises hospitals, dispensaries, a museum, and several mosques located in a series of courtyards surrounding the imam's tomb. The shrine's endowments and gifts are the largest of all religious institutions in the country. Although there are no special times for visiting this or other shrines, it is customary for pilgrimage traffic to be heaviest during Shia holy periods. Visitors represent all socioeconomic levels. Whereas piety is a motivation for many, others come to seek the spiritual grace or general good fortune that a visit to the shrine is believed to ensure. Since the nineteenth century, it has been customary among the bazaar class and members of the lower classes to recognize those who have made a pilgrimage to Mashhad by prefixing their names with the title mashti. Shrine authorities have estimated that at least 4 million pilgrims visit the shrine annually in the early 2000s. There are also important secondary shrines for other relatives of the Eighth Imam in Tehran and Shiraz. In virtually all towns and in many villages, there are numerous lesser shrines, known as imamzadehs, that commemorate descendants of the imams who are reputed to have led saintly lives. In Iraq the shrines at Karbala and An Najaf also are revered by Iranian Shias. Pilgrimages to these shrines and the hundreds of local mamzadehs are undertaken to petition the saints to grant special favors or to help one through a period of troubles. The constant movement of pilgrims from all over Iran has helped bind together a linguistically heterogeneous population. Pilgrims serve as major sources of information about conditions in different parts of the country and thus help to mitigate the parochialism of the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waqf"><i>Waqf</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Waqf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></div> <p>The vaqf is a traditional source of financial support for all religious institutions. It is a religious endowment by which land and other income-producing property is given in perpetuity for the maintenance of a shrine, mosque, madrassa, or charitable institution such as a hospital, library, or orphanage. A mutavalli administers a vaqf in accordance with the stipulations in the donor's bequest. In many vaqfs, the position of mutavalli is hereditary. Under the Pahlavis, the government attempted to exercise control over administration of the vaqfs, especially those of the larger shrines. This practice caused conflict with the clergy, who perceived the government's efforts as inimical to their influence and authority in traditional religious matters. The government's interference with the administration of vaqfs during the Pahlavi era led to a sharp decline in the number of vaqf bequests. Instead, wealthy and pious Shias chose to give financial contributions directly to the leading ayatollahs in the form of zakat, or obligatory alms. The clergy, in turn, used the funds to administer their madrassas and to institute various educational and charitable programs, which indirectly provided them with more influence in society. The access of the clergy to a steady and independent source of funding was an important factor in their ability to resist state controls, and ultimately helped them direct the opposition to the shah.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics of religious buildings according to <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آمارنامه اماکن مذهبی</span></span> (Statistics of Religious Places) which has been gathered in 2003. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Structure </th> <th>Number </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a> </td> <td>48983<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Jame</a> </td> <td>7877<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainia</a> </td> <td>13446<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a> </td> <td>6461<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a> </td> <td>1320<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran#Religion" title="International rankings of Iran">International Rankings of Iran in Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamicization_in_post-conquest_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicization in post-conquest Iran">Islamicization in post-conquest Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_Islam_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of political Islam in Iran">History of political Islam in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minorities in Iran">Religious minorities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians in Iran">Christians in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Judaism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" title="Institute for Interreligious Dialogue">Institute for Interreligious Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_religious_freedom_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of religious freedom in Iran">Status of religious freedom in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian-American#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-American">Religion of Iranian-Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism_in_Iran" title="Clericalism in Iran">Clericalism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom" title="Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom">Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran_after_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iran after Islam">History of Iran after Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The people of Larestan speak the <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Lari language</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian language">southwestern Iranian language</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (pre-Islamic Persian) and <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arshin_Adib-Moghaddam_2017_40_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArshin_Adib-Moghaddam2017" class="citation cs2">Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOk7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Psycho-nationalism</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 40, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108423076" title="Special:BookSources/9781108423076"><bdi>9781108423076</bdi></a>, <q>Shah Ismail pursued a relentless campaign of forced conversion of the majority Sunni population in Iran to (Twelver) Shia Islam...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psycho-nationalism&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108423076&rft.au=Arshin+Adib-Moghaddam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOk7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-84NDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other</i></a>, Routledge, 2017, p. 92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317159780" title="Special:BookSources/9781317159780"><bdi>9781317159780</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+and+Islam+in+the+Early+Modern+Mediterranean%3A+The+Lure+of+the+Other&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317159780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-84NDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam:_Art_and_Architecture_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huOBwihhwyQC"><i>Islam: Art and Architecture</i></a>, Könemann, 2004, p. 501, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833111785" title="Special:BookSources/9783833111785"><bdi>9783833111785</bdi></a>, <q>Shah persecuted the philosophers, mystics, and Sufis who had been promoted by his grandfather, and unleashed fanatical campaigns of forcible conversion on Sunnis, Jews, Christians and other religious minorities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783833111785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuOBwihhwyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melissa_L._Rossi_2008_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_L._Rossi2008" class="citation cs2">Melissa L. Rossi (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CLD3-paPYQC&pg=PA61"><i>What Every American Should Know about the Middle East</i></a>, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452289598" title="Special:BookSources/9780452289598"><bdi>9780452289598</bdi></a>, <q>Forced conversion in the Safavid Empire made Persia for the first time dominantly Shia and left a lasting mark: Persia, now Iran, has been dominantly Shia ever since, and for centuries the only country to have a ruling Shia majority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+American+Should+Know+about+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780452289598&rft.au=Melissa+L.+Rossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CLD3-paPYQC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017), <i>Psycho-nationalism</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 40, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108423076" title="Special:BookSources/9781108423076">9781108423076</a>, <q>Shah Ismail pursued a relentless campaign of forced conversion of the majority Sunni population in Iran to (Twelver) Shia Islam...</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other</i>, Routledge, 2017, p. 92, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317159780" title="Special:BookSources/9781317159780">9781317159780</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islam: Art and Architecture</i>, Könemann, 2004, p. 501, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833111785" title="Special:BookSources/9783833111785">9783833111785</a>, <q>Shah persecuted the philosophers, mystics, and Sufis who had been promoted by his grandfather, and unleashed fanatical campaigns of forcible conversion on Sunnis, Jews, Christians and other religious minorities</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com.au-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8IKR0oqdRkC&q=safavid+persia+conversion&pg=PA158"><i>The Caspian: politics, energy and security, By Shirin Akiner, pg.158</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203641675" title="Special:BookSources/9780203641675"><bdi>9780203641675</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caspian%3A+politics%2C+energy+and+security%2C+By+Shirin+Akiner%2C+pg.158&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.isbn=9780203641675&rft.aulast=Akiner&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8IKR0oqdRkC%26q%3Dsafavid%2Bpersia%2Bconversion%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split". <i>NPR.org</i>. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Obert Voll (1994). <i>Islam, continuity and change in the modern world</i>. Internet Archive. Syracuse University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2639-8">978-0-8156-2639-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_202107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202107_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_Staff2021" class="citation web cs1">CIA Staff (July 29, 2021) [2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812152037/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"Explore All Countries—Iran [§ People and Society: Religions]"</a>. <i>CIA.gov/the-world-factbook /</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">the original</a> on 2021-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-14</span></span>. <q>Muslim (official) 99.4% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2011 est.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook+%2F&rft.atitle=Explore+All+Countries%E2%80%94Iran+%5B%C2%A7+People+and+Society%3A+Religions%5D&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft.au=CIA+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> Note, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7d32d01febbf043f3142d920da02366e/Middle_East_Religion_graphic_FINAL_WFB_2015-5.pdf">MENA religious affiliation</a> graphic linked to by this source also reports the 99.4% total, etc., but indicates distinct dates: "Data in graphic compiled in June 2014; updated September 2015."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_202410-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_202410_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_Staff2024" class="citation web cs1">CIA Staff (October 15, 2024) [2020]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society">"Explore All Countries—Iran [§ People and Society: Religions]"</a>. <i>CIA.gov/the-world-factbook /</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>Muslim (official) 98.5%, Christian 0.7%, Baha'i 0.3%, agnostic 0.3%, other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Hindu) 0.2% (2020 est.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook+%2F&rft.atitle=Explore+All+Countries%E2%80%94Iran+%5B%C2%A7+People+and+Society%3A+Religions%5D&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft.au=CIA+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> Note, this site also links to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7d32d01febbf043f3142d920da02366e/Middle_East_Religion_graphic_FINAL_WFB_2015-5.pdf">"MENA religious affiliation"</a> graphic with its distinct dates (i.e., "Data in graphic compiled in June 2014; updated September 2015."). Hence, the data at the 2024 website appear to be drawn from 2020 sources distinct from the MENA graphic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaReligion2024-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaReligion2024_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostofi,_Khosrow_&_Avery,_Peter_William2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mostofi, Khosrow & Avery, Peter William (October 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/Religion">"Iran—People—Religion of Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>[Pie chart, 99.6% Muslim, 0.4% Christian/other—Significantly Bahā'ī, Christian, and Zoroastrian.] The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī, or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. The Kurds and Turkmen are predominantly Sunni Muslims, but Iran's Arabs are both Sunni and Shiʿi. Small communities of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians are also found throughout the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%E2%80%94People%E2%80%94Religion+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft.au=Mostofi%2C+Khosrow+%26+Avery%2C+Peter+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIran%2FReligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"3.18. Population by Religion and Ostan, 1395 Census". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/yearbook/1399/3.pdf?ver=nRy60pdKazMpKH9q8sJxNg%3d%3d"><i>IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1399 (2020)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 154<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>population total (of Iran)=79926270; Muslim population=79598054</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.18.+Population+by+Religion+and+Ostan%2C+1395+Census&rft.btitle=IRAN+STATISTICAL+YEARBOOK+1399+%282020%29&rft.pages=154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar.org.ir%2FPortals%2F1%2Fyearbook%2F1399%2F3.pdf%3Fver%3DnRy60pdKazMpKH9q8sJxNg%253d%253d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKameel_Ahmady2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/From_Border_to_Border" title="From Border to Border">From Border to Border</a> Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran</i>. London: Mehri publication. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781914165221" title="Special:BookSources/9781914165221"><bdi>9781914165221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Border+to+Border+Comprehensive+research+study+on+identity+and+ethnicity+in+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Mehri+publication&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781914165221&rft.au=Kameel+Ahmady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. <i>www.worldvaluessurvey.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldvaluessurvey.org&rft.atitle=WVS+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSDocumentationWV7.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamaan.org/2020/08/25/iranians-attitudes-toward-religion-a-2020-survey-report/">"IRANIANS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RELIGION: A 2020 SURVEY REPORT"</a>. <i>GAMAAN (The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in Iran)</i>. 2020-09-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214014053/https://gamaan.org/2020/08/25/iranians-attitudes-toward-religion-a-2020-survey-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAMAAN+%28The+Group+for+Analyzing+and+Measuring+Attitudes+in+Iran%29&rft.atitle=IRANIANS%27+ATTITUDES+TOWARD+RELIGION%3A+A+2020+SURVEY+REPORT&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamaan.org%2F2020%2F08%2F25%2Firanians-attitudes-toward-religion-a-2020-survey-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maliki,_Tamimi_Arab_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaliki,_Tamimi_Arab2020" class="citation web cs1">Maliki, Tamimi Arab, Ammar, Pooyan (2020-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/irans-secular-shift-new-survey-reveals-huge-changes-in-religious-beliefs-145253">"Iran's secular shift: new survey reveals huge changes in religious beliefs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+secular+shift%3A+new+survey+reveals+huge+changes+in+religious+beliefs&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Maliki%2C+Tamimi+Arab&rft.aufirst=Ammar%2C+Pooyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Firans-secular-shift-new-survey-reveals-huge-changes-in-religious-beliefs-145253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranintl.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranintl.com_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranintl.com_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranintl.com/en/iran/iranians-have-lost-their-faith-according-survey">"IRANIANS HAVE LOST FAITH ACCORDING TO SURVEY"</a>. 2020-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/dayancenter/mel/lewis.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+in+history&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+University&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Fdayancenter%2Fmel%2Flewis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Subcontinent+Researches&rft.atitle=Advent+of+Deobandi+Thinking+in+India+and+Its+Impact+on+Iranian+Baluchistan&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22111%2Fjsr.2013.848&rft.aulast=Durani&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Gufur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsr.usb.ac.ir%2Farticle_848.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ahmad, Ashraf (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-xiii-islamic-political-movements-in-20th-century-iran">"Islam In Iran Xiii. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=The+role+of+Deobandi+school+of+thought+in+Iran+discussed&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Salman&rft.aufirst=Peerzada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1183212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamber-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamber_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php">Islamica Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629064154/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000031/http://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Internews.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/revolution.html">Iranian Revolution</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jubilee-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jubilee_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf">Iran Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060806025221/http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/2019-07/Iranian_PO_After_Protests_FINAL_070918.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Public+Opinion+after+the+Protests%3A+A+public+opinion+study&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=The+Center+for+International+and+Security+Studies+at+Maryland+%28CISSM%29&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Mohseni&rft.aufirst=Ebrahim&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcissm.umd.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-07%2FIranian_PO_After_Protests_FINAL_070918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Bob2023" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Bob, Yonah (15 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818053223/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-754902">"Can Iranians overthrow the Islamic Republic regime?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+a+country+study&rft.series=Hand+book&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congre&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fpdf%2FCS_Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tezcur-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tezcur_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tezcur_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunes Murat Tezcur, Taghi Azadarmaki, and Bahar Mehri, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150301105100/http://www.luc.edu/faculty/gtezcur/files/TezcurCritique.pdf">Religious Participation among Muslims: Iranian Exceptionalism</a>," Middle East Critique 15(3) (Fall 2006): 217-232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbas William Samii, "The Iranian nuclear issue and informal networks" in <i>Naval War College Review</i>, Winter 2006, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 68-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RLRFE-difference-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RLRFE-difference_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjavadi2010" class="citation news cs1">Djavadi, Abbas (25 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/The_Difference_Between_A_Marja_And_A_Supreme_Leader/1968177.html">"The Difference Between A Marja And A Supreme Leader"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Difference+Between+A+Marja+And+A+Supreme+Leader&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.aulast=Djavadi&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FThe_Difference_Between_A_Marja_And_A_Supreme_Leader%2F1968177.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">یافته های طرح آمارگیری جامع فرهنگی کشور، فضاهای فرهنگی ایران، آمارنامه اماکن مذهبی، 2003، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، ص 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">یافته های طرح آمارگیری جامع فرهنگی کشور، فضاهای فرهنگی ایران، آمارنامه اماکن مذهبی، 2003، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، ص 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">یافته های طرح آمارگیری جامع فرهنگی کشور، فضاهای فرهنگی ایران، آمارنامه اماکن مذهبی، 2003، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، ص 263</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrushevsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrushevsky (page does not exist)">Petrushevsky</a>, I. P.,(1985) <i>Islam in Iran</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-070-0">978-0-88706-070-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Frye">Frye, Richard</a> (1975). <i>The Golden Age of Persia</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Persia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1998" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard (1998). <i>The Persian Presence in the Islamic World</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Presence+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2013). <i>Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present</i>. London: Oneworld publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Iran%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oneworld+publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-308-0&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisHooglund2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.ir"><i>Iran: A Country Study</i></a> (5 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. Sunni Muslims.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Sunni+Muslims&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.ir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKameel_Ahmady2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a> (2019). <i>From border to border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran</i>. London: Mehri publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781914165221" title="Special:BookSources/9781914165221"><bdi>9781914165221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+border+to+border.+Comprehensive+research+study+on+identity+and+ethnicity+in+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mehri+publication&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781914165221&rft.au=Kameel+Ahmady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-1">[2]</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> (a series of 18 articles on this subject)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam, Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaydi_Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi Shi'a">Zaydi Shi'a</a></li> <li>Sunni: <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a></li> 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Minorities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iran" title="Irreligion in Iran">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Iran" title="Hinduism in Iran">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Islam in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guernsey" title="Islam in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islam in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Bahamas" title="Islam in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bermuda" title="Islam in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Islam in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guadeloupe" title="Islam in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Islam in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South America">Islam in South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Islam in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_American_Samoa" title="Islam in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Polynesia" title="Islam in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hawaii" title="Islam in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Islam in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in 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