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<li id="toc-Pre-feminism_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-feminism_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-feminism society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-feminism_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Western_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_movement_in_Western_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feminist movement in Western society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Western_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminist movement in Western society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Western_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Wave_Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Wave_Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Wave Feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Wave_Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Wave_Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Wave_Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second Wave Feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Wave_Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Wave_Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Wave_Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third Wave Feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Wave_Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Eastern_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_movement_in_Eastern_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Feminist movement in Eastern society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Eastern_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminist movement in Eastern society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_movement_in_Eastern_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feminism_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Feminism in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterosexual_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterosexual_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heterosexual relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterosexual_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Women's health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Businesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feminist movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenbewegung" title="Frauenbewegung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frauenbewegung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة نسوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة نسوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Feminist hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feminist hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="নারীবাদী আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারীবাদী আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_feminista" title="Moviment feminista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment feminista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvindebev%C3%A6gelsen" title="Kvindebevægelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvindebevægelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenbewegung" title="Frauenbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frauenbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φεμινιστικό κίνημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεμινιστικό κίνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminisma_movado" title="Feminisma movado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Feminisma movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جنبش فمینیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش فمینیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="여성주의 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성주의 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ֆեմինիստական շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեմինիստական շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92t%C3%B9_%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_nwany%E1%BB%8B" title="Òtù ụmụ nwanyị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Òtù ụmụ nwanyị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembebasan_perempuan" title="Pembebasan perempuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembebasan perempuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התנועה הפמיניסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה הפמיניסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქალთა მოძრაობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალთა მოძრაობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakati_za_utetezi_wa_wanawake" title="Harakati za utetezi wa wanawake – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Harakati za utetezi wa wanawake" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Феминисттик кыймыл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феминисттик кыймыл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrowwebewaeging" title="Vrowwebewaeging – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vrowwebewaeging" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Женско движење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Женско движење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrouwenbeweging" title="Vrouwenbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrouwenbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnebevegelsen" title="Kvinnebevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvinnebevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinner%C3%B8rsla" title="Kvinnerørsla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvinnerørsla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨਾਰੀਵਾਦੀ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਰੀਵਾਦੀ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_di_hende_muhe" title="Movemento di hende muhe – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Movemento di hende muhe" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%9A%DA%81%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8D_%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BC)_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="د ښځو د سياسي او ټولنيزو حقونو د برابرۍ پلوی (فيمينيسټ) خوځښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ښځو د سياسي او ټولنيزو حقونو د برابرۍ پلوی (فيمينيسټ) خوځښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_feminist%C4%83" title="Mișcarea feministă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea feministă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Феминистское движение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феминистское движение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement" title="Women's rights movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Women's rights movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Женски покрет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Женски покрет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feministi%C4%8Dki_pokret" title="Feministički pokret – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feministički pokret" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnor%C3%B6relsen" title="Kvinnorörelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvinnorörelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilusang_kababaihan" title="Kilusang kababaihan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kilusang kababaihan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெண்ணிய இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெண்ணிய இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تحریک نسائیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحریک نسائیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_n%E1%BB%AF_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Phong trào nữ quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào nữ quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="女權運動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="女權運動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Feminist_movement">reviewed</a> on <i>21 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of political campaigns for reforms on feminist issues</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a 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journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_Can_Do_It!_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg/250px-We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg/375px-We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg/500px-We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6782" data-file-height="8784" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/We_Can_Do_It!" title="We Can Do It!">We Can Do It!</a>" war-propaganda poster from 1943 was re-appropriated as a symbol of the feminist movement in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>feminist movement</b>, also known as the <b>women's movement</b>, refers to a series of <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaigns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> reforms on women's issues created by inequality between men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such issues are <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">maternity leave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">equal pay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>. The movement's priorities have expanded since its beginning in the 1800s, and vary among nations and communities. Priorities range from opposition to <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> in one country, to opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">glass ceiling</a> in another. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> in parts of the Western world has been an ongoing movement since the <a href="/wiki/Turn_of_the_century" title="Turn of the century">turn of the century</a>. During its inception, feminism has gone through a series of four high moments termed <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Waves of feminism">Waves</a>. <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a> was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> and political equality, education, right to property, organizational leadership, and marital freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a> attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Although the first wave of feminism involved mainly middle class white women, the second wave brought in women of different social classes, women of color, and women from other developing nations that were seeking solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a> continued to address the financial, social, and cultural inequalities of women in business and in their home lives, and included renewed campaigning for greater influence of women in politics and media. In reaction to political activism, feminists have also had to maintain focus on women's reproductive rights, such as the right to abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave feminism</a> examines the interlocking systems of power that contribute to the social <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">traditionally marginalized groups</a>, as well as the world around them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></div> <p>The base of the Women's Movement, since its inception, has been grounded in the injustice of inequality between men and women. Throughout history, the relationship between men and women has been that of a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal society</a>, citing the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law_of_nature" class="extiw" title="wikt:law of nature">law of nature</a> as the justification, which was interpreted to mean women are inferior to men. Allan Johnson, a sociologist who studies <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>, wrote of patriarchy: "Patriarchy encourages men to seek security, status, and other rewards through control; to fear other men's ability to control and harm them; and to identify being in control as both their best defense against loss and humiliation and the surest route to what they need and desire".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pre-feminist era, women were expected to be proper, delicate, and emotional nurturers of the household. They were raised in a manner in which gaining a husband to take care of them and raising a family was their ultimate priority. Author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> wrote of the lesser sex in her 1792 novels <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> & <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></i>, "..for, like the flowers which are planted in too rich a soil, strength and usefulness are <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrificed</a> to beauty; and the flaunting leaves, after having pleased a fastidious eye, fade, disregarded on the stalk, long before the season when they ought to have arrived at maturity."<sup id="cite_ref-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early ideas and activism of pro-feminism beliefs before the existence of the Feminist movement are described as <a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">protofeminist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protofeminists in the United States organized before the Seneca Falls convention as part of the suffrage, abolition, and other movements. Gender equality movements were practiced within the Haudenosaunee (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a>) nations long before America was colonized. Some have come to recognize the beginning of the feminist movement in 1832, as <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> (AASS), and The Connecticut Female Anti-Slavery Society formed as early as 1833. By the year 1837, 139 AASS societies were formed across the nation. The first national AASS convention was held in New York City in 1837. During the first convention, it was debated whether black women could participate. By the second and third conventions, demands were heard which saw to it that conventions were open to African American leadership and membership participation. On the evening of the second convention held in Philadelphia Hall, after the meeting adjourned and the attendees left, a violent mob burned down the hall. The issues discussed included the vote, oppression, and slavery, and laid the basis for future movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 1895, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> wrote an address describing how, in her perspective, the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>  "... was the first woman's rights convention ever held in the world ... a declaration was read and signed by most of those present, and a series of radical resolutions adopted."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton's recollection prompted historians since the 1950s to attribute the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 (at which the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's Suffrage Movement</a> began in the United States) as the earliest North American Feminist Movement. The convention met annually for fifteen years thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attendees drafted the Seneca Falls <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>, outlining the new movement's ideology and political strategies. </p><p>The earliest North American and European international women's organizations were the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a>, established in 1888 in Washington, DC, US.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Feminist Movement was coined in the late nineteenth century to distinguish the Feminist Movement from the Women's Movement, allowing for inclusion of male feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new movement thus prompted the likes of male feminists <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> to run for political candidacy on the feminist ticket in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the awareness of feminist movements evolved, transnational feminism and nationalist feminist movements established themselves worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priorities and ideas vary based on the political or cultural positions of the women in the area where each movement originates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General topics of feminist coalition politics include lack of legal rights, poverty, medical vulnerability, and labor. These political issues are often organized around division by class, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, nationality, and age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Russian nationalist feminist activists founded the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Union_for_Women%27s_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Russian Union for Women's Equality">All-Russian Union for Women's Equality</a> in 1905, allowing women to vote and allowing co-education.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/All-Asian_Women%27s_Conference" title="All-Asian Women's Conference">All-Asian Women's Conference</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>. This meeting is one example of the time period which "demonstrated the networking of women across various divides".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spirit of the conference can be understood as <a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">International or Global feminist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-feminism_society">Pre-feminism society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-feminism society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feminist movement has been an ongoing force throughout history. There is no way to determine when the exact date was when the feminist movement was first thought up, because women have been writing on the topic for thousands of years. For instance, the female poet from Ancient Greece, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, born in roughly 615 BC, made waves as an acclaimed poet during a time when the written word was conducted primarily by men. She wrote poetry about, among other things, <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">sexuality.</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been four main waves of feminism since the beginning of the feminist movement in Western society, each with their own fight for women's rights.  The first in the wave was in the 1840s. It was based on Education, right to property, organizational leadership, right to vote, and marital freedoms. The second wave was in the 1960s. It was based on gender issues, women's sexual liberation, reproductive rights, job opportunities for women, violence against women, and changes in custody and divorce laws. The third wave was in the 1990s. It was based on <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, diversity, redefined what it meant to be a feminist, <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">sex positivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">transfeminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">postmodern feminism</a>. Lastly, the fourth wave began in the 2000s, and is currently still in progress. It has been based around <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">female empowerment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_shaming" title="Body shaming">body shaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, spiritual concerns, human rights, and concerns for the planet. The feminist movement continued during the periods between waves, just not to the extent of the four large motions. </p><p>The first documented gathering of women to form a movement with a common goal was on 5 October 1789, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The event was later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a>. The gathering was based on a lack of food, high market prices, and the fear of another famine occurring across France. On that day, women along with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionaries</a>, had planned to gather in the market. Once gathered, the crowd stormed the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hotel de Ville</a> (the City Hall of Paris) where weapons were being stored. The armed crowd then marched to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> to draw <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">King Louis XVI</a>'s attention to the high prices and food shortages. For King Louis XVI's remaining time on the throne, he stopped fighting the Revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The march signaled a sort of change of power, showing that there is power in the people, and diminished the perception that the monarch was invincible. </p><p>The French Revolution began with the inequality felt by French citizens and came as a reaction from the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>" which was signed in August 1789. The declaration gave rights to men who were termed <a href="/wiki/Active_citizenship" title="Active citizenship">active citizens</a>. Active citizenship was given to French men who were twenty-five years, or older, worked, and paid taxes, and who could not be titled a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">servant</a>. The declaration dismissed the population who were women, foreigners, children, and servants, as <a href="/wiki/Active_and_passive_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Active and passive citizens">passive citizens</a>. Passive citizens, French women in particular, focused their fight on gaining citizenship and equal rights.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first women to speak out on women's rights and inequality was French playwright <a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympes de Gouges</a>, who wrote the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman</a>" in 1791, in contrast to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen." She famously stated, "Women are born free and are man's equal in law. Social distinctions can be founded solely on common utility."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympes used her words to urge women to speak up and take control of their rights. She demonstrated the similarity between the duties as a citizen of both men and women and the cohesion to ensue if both genders were considered equal. </p><p>British philosopher and writer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> published in 1792 what has been seen as the first feminist treaty on the human rights of women, "<a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a>." She pressed the issue of equality between men and women, stating: "No society can be either <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtuous</a> or moral while half of the population are being subjugated by the other half'(Wollstonecraft 2009 p.59).<sup id="cite_ref-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She went on to write about the Law of Nature and the desire for women to present more as themselves, and demand respect and equality from their male counterparts, "...men endeavor to sink us still lower, merely to render us alluring objects for a moment; and women, intoxicated by the adoration which men, under the influence of their senses, pay them, do not see, to obtain a durable interest in their hearts, or to become the friends of the fellow-creatures who find amusement in their society"(Wollstonecraft 2008, p. 10).<sup id="cite_ref-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollstonecraft_1995_xxxiii–xxxvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-nineteenth century, the women's movement developed as a result of women striving to improve their status and usefulness in society. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_F._Cott" title="Nancy F. Cott">Nancy Cott</a>, historian and professor, wrote about the objectives of the feminist movement: "to initiate measures of charitable benevolence, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>, and social welfare and to initiate struggles for <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">social freedoms</a>, higher education, <a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">remunerative</a> occupations, and the ballot."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup>The setting of these goals resulted from women's rising awareness of the precariousness of their situation in the patriarchal society of the 1800s. The developing movement promoted a series of new images for women: True Womanhood, Real Womanhood, Public Womanhood, and New Womanhood."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>True Womanhood was the ideal that women were meant to be pure and moral. A true woman was raised learning manners and submission to males to be a good wife and mother. </p><p>Real Womanhood came to be with the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a>, when women were forced to work in place of men who were at war. Real Women learned how to support themselves and took that knowledge with them in their marriage and education. </p><p>Public Womanhood came with women being allowed to work domestic type jobs such as nursing, teaching, and secretary, which were jobs previously performed by men, but the corporation could pay women much less than men. </p><p>New Womanhood was based on eliminating the traditional <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> of women's roles, inferiority from men, and living a more fulfilled life. </p><p>"The four overlapping phases of the Women's Movement advanced women from domestic prisoners to significant members of their communities within less than a century."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 1820s the women's movement, then called the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, expanded from Europe and moved into the United States. Women began speaking out on the effects of the consumption of alcohol had on the morals of their husbands and blamed it on the problems within their household. They called for a moral reform by limiting or prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcohol, beginning the fight toward <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> which did not begin until 1920. The women fighting for the temperance movement came to the realization, without the ability to vote on the issues they were fighting for, nothing would ever change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_movement_in_Western_society">Feminist movement in Western society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feminist movement in Western society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminism in the United States, Canada, and a number of countries in Western Europe has been divided by scholars into three waves: <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent (early 2010s) research suggests there may be a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Feminism#Fourth_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Feminism">fourth wave</a> characterized, in part, by <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feminist movement's agenda includes acting as a counterpart to the putatively patriarchal strands in the dominant masculine culture. While differing during the progression of "waves", it is a movement that has sought to challenge the political structure, power holders, and cultural beliefs or practices. </p><p>Although antecedents to feminism may be found far back before the 18th century, the seeds of the modern feminist movement were planted during the late part of that century. <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, a late medieval writer, was possibly the earliest feminist in the western tradition. She is believed to be the first woman to make a living out of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminist thought began to take a more substantial shape during <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a> with such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montagu">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> championing women's education.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific society">scientific society</a> for women was founded in <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a>, a city in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch republic">Dutch republic</a>, in 1785. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Wave_Feminism">First Wave Feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Wave Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the feminist movement had already begun in America with the Temperance Movement, the <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First Wave of Feminism</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> Movement, began on 19–20 July 1848 during the first <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Women's Right Convention</a> in Seneca Falls, New York. The convention drew over 300 people, who were predominately white, middle-class women. Sixty-eight women and thirty-two men signed the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>", which called for equal rights for women and men on the basis of education, right to property, organizational leadership, right to vote, and marital freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Suffragette's first major display, they held a parade on 3 March 1913, in Washington DC. The first suffragette parade, which was also the first civil rights march on Washington, was coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Suffrage Association</a>. The parade drew over five thousand participants who were led by <a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a>. The parade was strategically scheduled for the day before the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Woodrow Wilson</a>, which drew in a lot of people to Washington. The women gathered in front of the US Capitol and then traveled fourteen blocks to the Treasury Department. The parade proceeded through the crowd of angry spectators who became verbally and physically abusive toward the women. By the end of the demonstration, there was reported at least one hundred people taken to the hospital due to injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918 <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a> wrote an article published in the <a href="/wiki/Birth_Control_Review" title="Birth Control Review">Birth Control Review</a>, she contended that birth control is a fundamental right for women and must be available as an alternative if they are to participate fully in the modern world. "In short, if feminism, conscious and bold and intelligent, leads the demand, it will be supported by the secret eagerness of all women to control the size of their families, and a suffrage state should make short work of repealing these old laws that stand in the way of birth control." She stated "I don't believe there is one woman within the confines of this state who does not believe in birth control!"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women who made the first efforts towards women's suffrage came from more stable and privileged backgrounds, and were able to dedicate time and energy into making change. Initial developments for women, therefore, mainly benefited white women in the middle and upper classes. During the second wave, the feminist movement became more inclusive of women of color and women of different cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Wave_Feminism">Second Wave Feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Wave Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960s second wave of feminism was termed the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a>. It was the largest and broadest <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> in US history. The second wave was based around a <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical_issues_of_anatomy_in_America_in_the_19th_century" title="Sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century">sociopolitical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> movement. Activists fought for <a href="/wiki/Gender_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender issues">gender issues</a>, women's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual liberation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, job opportunities for women, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, and changes in custody and divorce laws. It is believed the feminist movement gained attention in 1963, when <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> published her novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>. Friedan wrote of "the problem that has no name"(Friedan 1963), as a way to describe the depression women felt about their limited choices in life. While reading The Feminine Mystique, women found they related to what Friedan wrote. Women were forced to look at themselves in a way they had not before. They saw within themselves, all the things they had given up in the name of conformity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women's movement became more popular in May 1968 when women began to read again, more widely, the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>, written in 1949 by a defender of women's rights, <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>. De Beauvoir's writing explained why it was difficult for talented women to become successful. The obstacles de Beauvoir enumerates include women's inability to make as much money as men do in the same profession, women's domestic responsibilities, society's lack of support towards talented women, and women's fear that success will lead to an annoyed husband or prevent them from even finding a husband at all. De Beauvoir also argues that women lack ambition because of how they are raised, noting that girls are told to follow the duties of their mothers, whereas boys are told to exceed the accomplishments of their fathers. Along with other influences, such as Betty Friedan, Simone de Beauvoir's work helped the feminist movement to solidify the second wave. Contributors to The Women's Liberation Movement include Simone de Beauvoir, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Rochefort" title="Christiane Rochefort">Christiane Rochefort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Delphy" title="Christine Delphy">Christine Delphy</a> and Anne Tristan. </p><p>The defining moment in the 1960s was a demonstration held to protest against the <a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a> pageant in Atlantic City on 7 September 1968, termed the "cattle parade". The purpose of the protest was to call attention to beauty standards and the objectification of women.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through this era, women gained equal rights such as a right to an education, a right to work, and a right to contraception and abortion. One of the most important issues that The Women's Liberation movement faced was the banning of abortion and contraception, which the group saw as a violation of women's rights. Thus, they made a declaration known as <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_343" title="Manifesto of the 343">Le Manifeste de 343</a> which held signatures from 343 women admitting to having had an illegal abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration was published in two French newspapers, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel observateur">Le Nouvel observateur</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, on 5 April 1971. The group gained support upon the publication. Women received the right to abort with the passing of the Veil Law in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Wave_Feminism">Third Wave Feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third Wave Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980s and 1990s drew a different perspective in the feminist movement and was termed Grrl Feminism or Riot Grrl Feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas of this era took root with the popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a> feminist <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feminists of this era strived to redefine what it meant to be a feminist. They embraced <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a>, and pushed to eliminate conformity. The twentieth century woman had the mindset of wanting to have it all. They wanted a professional career, as well as be a wife and mother. Harriet Kimble Wrye PhD, ABPP, FIPA wrote of her research on the psychoanalytic perspectives of being a feminist in the twentieth century, "So many of us look back, and recognizing the pressures under which we struggled, wonder how we did what we did and at what price."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 1991, the first televised workplace sexual harassment case was aired.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, who was a law professor at the time accused Supreme Court nominee <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> of persistent sexual harassment. Anita Hill recounted the details of her experience in court to an all male panel. Despite there being four corroborating witnesses, the case was dismissed and Clarence Thomas was confirmed into the Supreme Court. Though the case was dismissed, it encouraged other women to speak out on their own experiences which led to Congress passing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a>, which gave legal action against workplace sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>United Nations Human Development Report 2004</i> estimated that when both paid employment and unpaid household tasks are accounted for, on average women work more than men. In rural areas of selected developing countries women performed an average of 20% more work than men, or 120% of men's total work, an additional 102 minutes per day. In the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries surveyed, on average women performed 5% more work than men, or 105% of men's total work—an additional 20 minutes per day. However, men did up to 19 minutes more work per day than women in five out of the eighteen OECD countries surveyed: Canada, Denmark, Hungary, Israel, and The Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the women's movement in Western society, affective changes have taken place, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, the right to initiate divorce proceedings and "no fault" divorce, the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptives</a> and abortion), and the right to own property.<sup id="cite_ref-Messer-Davidow_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messer-Davidow-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also led to broad employment for women at more equitable wages, and access to university education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_movement_in_Eastern_society">Feminist movement in Eastern society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Feminist movement in Eastern society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism_in_China">Feminism in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feminism in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism in China</a></div> <p>Prior to the 20th century, women in China were considered essentially different from men.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism in China</a> started in the 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a> in 1911. In China, Feminism has a strong association with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and class issues.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators believe that this close association is damaging to Chinese feminism and argue that the interests of party are placed before those of women.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the patriarchal society, the struggle for women's emancipation means to enact laws that guarantee women's full equality of race, sex, property and freedom of marriage. To further eliminate the legacy of the class society of patriarchal women (drowning of infants, <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>, etc.), discrimination, play, mutilate women's traditional prejudice and habitual forces on the basis of the development of productive forces, it is gradually needful on achieving gender in politics, economy, social and family aspects of equality. </p><p>Before the westernization movement and the reform movement, women had set off a wave of their own strength in the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a> (1851–1864). However, there are too many women from the bottom identities in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It is difficult to get rid of the fate of being used. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, women with more knowledges took the initiative in the fight for women's rights and that is where feminism basically started. </p><p>The term 'feminism' was first transmitted to China in 1791 which was proposed by Olympe de Gouges and promoted the 'women's liberation'. The feminist movement in China was mainly kickstarted and driven by male feminists prior to female feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key male feminists in China in the 19th to 20th century included <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Junwu" title="Ma Junwu">Ma Junwu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_Tianhe" title="Jin Tianhe">Jin Tianhe</a>. In 1897, Liang Qichao proposed banning of foot-binding and encouraged women to engage in the workforce, political environment and education. The foot-binding costume had long been established in China which was an act to display the beauty and social status of women by binding their feet into an extremely small shoe with good decorations and ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liang Qichao proposed the abolishment of this act due to concern the health of female being a supportive wives and caring mothers. He also proposed to reduce the number of female dependents in family and encouraged women to receive the rights of education and enter the workforce to be economic independent from men and finally help the nation to reach higher wealth and prosperity. For feminist Ma Junwu and Jin Tianhe, they both supported the equality between husbands and wives, women enjoy legitimate and equal rights and also rights to enter the political sphere. A key assertion from Jin Tianhe was women as the mother of the nation. These views from male feminists in early feminism in China represented the image of ideal women in the imagination of men.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key female feminists in China in the 19th to 20th century included Lin Zongsu, He Zhen, Chen Xiefen and Qiu Jin. The female feminists in early China focused more on the methods or ways that women should behave and liberate themselves to achieve equal and deserved rights and independence. He Zhen expressed her opinion that women's liberation was not correlated to the interest of the nation and she analysed three reasons behind the male feminists included: following the Western trend, to alleviate their financial burdens and high quality of reproduction. Besides, Li Zongsu proposed that women should strive for their legitimate rights which includes broader aspects than the male feminists: call for their own right over men, the Qing Court and in an international extent.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Qing Dynasty, the discussion on feminism had two dimensions including the sex differences between men and women such as maternal role and duties of women and social difference between genders; the other dimension was the aim of liberation of women. The view of the feminists were diverse: some believed feminism was benefiting the nation and some believed feminism was associated with the individual development of female in improving their rights and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the Marxist philosophy about female and feminism was transmitted to China and became the guiding principle of feminism movement in China by introducing class struggle theories to address gender quality. In the 1990s, more female scholars were adapted to feminism in Western countries, and they promoted feminism and equal rights for women by publishing, translating and carrying out research on global feminism and made feminism in China as one part of their study to raise more concern and awareness for gender equality issues.An important means of improving women's status in China was through legislation. After the PRC's founding in 1949, women were granted the same rights that men were entitled to by law, largely because women's liberation was presented as part of the Chinese nation's liberation. <sup id="cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/180px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/270px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg/360px-YPJ_-_Rojava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/YPJ" class="mw-redirect" title="YPJ">YPJ</a> fighter, in November 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Feminists are sometimes, though not exclusively, proponents of using <a href="/wiki/Non-sexist_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-sexist language">non-sexist language</a>, such as using "Ms" to refer to both married and unmarried women. Feminists are also often proponents of using <i>gender-inclusive</i> language, such as "humanity" instead of "mankind", or "they" in place of "he" where the gender is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender-neutral language is <a href="/wiki/Word_usage" title="Word usage">language usage</a> which is aimed at minimizing assumptions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> of human referents. The advocacy of gender-neutral language reflects, at least, two different agendas: one aims to clarify the <i>inclusion</i> of both sexes or genders (gender-inclusive language); the other proposes that gender, as a category, is rarely worth marking in language (gender-neutral language). Gender-neutral language is sometimes described as <i>non-sexist language</i> by advocates and <i>politically correct language</i> by opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only has the movement come to change the language into gender neutral but the feminist movement has brought up how people use language. Emily Martin describes the concept of how metaphors are gendered and ingrained into everyday life. Metaphors are used in everyday language and have become a way that people describe the world. Martin explains that these metaphors structure how people think and in regards to science can shape what questions are being asked. If the right questions are not being asked then the answers are not going to be the right either. For example, the aggressive sperm and passive egg is a metaphor that felt 'natural' to people in history but as scientists have reexamined this phenomenon they have come up with a new answer. "The sperm tries to pull its getaway act even on the egg itself, but is held down against its struggles by molecules on the surface of the egg that hook together with counterparts on the sperm's surface, fastening the sperm until the egg can absorb it."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a goal in feminism to see these gendered metaphors and bring it to the public's attention. The outcome of looking at things in a new perspective can produce new information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterosexual_relationships">Heterosexual relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heterosexual relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increased entry of women into the workplace beginning in the 20th century has affected gender roles and the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> within households. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a> in <i>The Second Shift</i> and <i>The Time Bind</i> presents evidence that in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Young" title="Cathy Young">Cathy Young</a> responds to Hochschild's assertions by arguing that, in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst calculate that the amount of time spent on housework by women since the 1960s has dropped considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leisure for both men and women has risen significantly and by about the same amount for both sexes. Jeremy Greenwood, Ananth Seshadri and Mehmet Yorukoglu argue that the introduction of modern appliances into the home has allowed women to enter the work force.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist criticisms of men's contributions to child care and domestic labor in the Western middle class are typically centered around the idea that it is unfair for women to be expected to perform more than half of a household's domestic work and child care when both members of the relationship perform an equal share of work outside the home. Several studies provide statistical evidence that the financial income of married men does not affect their rate of attending to household duties.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Dubious Conceptions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Luker" title="Kristin Luker">Kristin Luker</a> discusses the effect of feminism on teenage girls' choices to bear children, both in and out of wedlock. She says that as childbearing <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out of wedlock</a> has become more socially acceptable, young women, especially poor young women, while not bearing children at a higher rate than in the 1950s, now see less of a reason to get married before having a child. Her explanation for this is that the economic prospects for poor men are slim, hence poor women have a low chance of finding a husband who will be able to provide reliable financial support due to the rise of unemployment from more workers on the market, from just men to women and men.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies have suggested that both men and women perceive feminism as being incompatible with romance. However, a recent survey of U.S. undergraduates and older adults found that feminism actually has a positive impact on relationship health for women and sexual satisfaction for men, and found no support for negative stereotypes of feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a> said the need for relationship education emerged from shifting gender roles as women gained greater rights and freedoms during the 20th century: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"As we moved into the 20th century, we arrived with a very clearly prescribed way that males and females in marriage were to behave with one another ... The pattern of the relationship between husband and wife was that of the dominant male and submissive female ... A new era has since dawned ... the climate of relationships had changed, and women were no longer willing to be submissive ... The end of the dominant/submissive model in relationships was in sight. However, there was very little that had developed to replace the old pattern; couples floundered ... Retrospectively, one could have expected that there would be a lot of chaos and a lot of fall-out. The change from the dominant/submissive model to one of equality is a monumental shift. We are learning how a relationship based on genuine feelings of equality can operate practically."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Virginia Satir, Introduction to PAIRS</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_health"><span id="Women.27s_health"></span>Women's health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Women's health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div> <p>Historically there has been a need to study and contribute to the health and well-being of a woman that previously has been lacking. <a href="/wiki/Londa_Schiebinger" title="Londa Schiebinger">Londa Schiebinger</a> suggests that the common biomedical model is no longer adequate and there is a need for a broader model to ensure that all aspects of a woman are being cared for. Schiebinger describes six contributions that must occur to have success: political movement, academic women studies, affirmative action, health equality act, geo-political forces, and professional women not being afraid to talk openly about women issues. Political movements come from the streets and are what the people as a whole want to see changed. An academic women study is the support from universities in order to teach a subject that most people have never encountered. <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a> enacted is a legal change to acknowledge and do something for the times of neglect people were subjected to. Women's Health Equity Act<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legally enforces the idea that medicine needs to be tested in suitable standards such as including women in research studies and is also allocates a set amount of money to research diseases that are specific towards women. Research has shown that there is a lack of research in autoimmune disease, which mainly affects women. "Despite their prevalence and morbidity, little progress has been made toward a better understanding of those conditions, identifying risk factors, or developing a cure" this article reinforces the progress that still needs to be made. Geo-political forces can improve health, when the country is not at a sense of threat in war there is more funding and resources to focus on other needs, such as women's health. Lastly, professional women not being afraid to talk about women's issues moves women from entering into these jobs and preventing them for just acting as men and instead embracing their concerns for the health of women. These six factors need to be included for there to be change in women's health.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New feminism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> is a movement that reconsiders the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about God, determining the place of women in relation to career and motherhood, and studying images of women in the religion's sacred texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bundesen_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundesen-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feminist movement has affected religion and theology in profound ways. In liberal branches of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant Christianity</a>, women are now allowed to be ordained as clergy, and in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> Judaism, women are now allowed to be ordained as <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantors</a>. In some of these groups, some women are gradually obtaining positions of power that were formerly only held by men, and their perspectives are now sought out in developing new statements of belief. These trends, however, have been resisted within most sects of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>. Within Roman Catholicism, most women understand that, through the dogma of the faith, they are to hold, within the family, a place of love and focus on the family. They also understand the need to rise above that does not necessarily constitute a woman to be considered less than, but in fact equal to, that of her husband who is called to be the patriarch of the family and provide love and guidance to his family as well.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to reinterpret and understand Christianity in light of the equality of women and men. While there is no standard set of beliefs among Christian feminists, most agree that God does not discriminate on the basis of biologically determined characteristics such as sex. </p><p>Early feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> concentrated almost solely on "making women equal to men." However, the Christian feminist movement chose to concentrate on the language of religion because they viewed the historic gendering of God as male as a result of the pervasive influence of patriarchy. <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Radford_Ruether" title="Rosemary Radford Ruether">Rosemary Radford Ruether</a> provided a systematic critique of Christian theology from a feminist and theist point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-Ochs_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ochs-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton was a freethinker<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reuther is an agnostic who was born to Catholic parents but no longer practices the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a> is concerned with the role of <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Islam">women in Islam</a> and aims for the full equality of all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, regardless of gender, in public and private life. Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also used secular and Western feminist discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of the movement seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran, <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> (sayings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> (law) towards the creation of a more equal and just society.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a> seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. In its modern form, the movement can be traced to the early 1970s in the United States. According to <a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a>, who has focused on feminism in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, the main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or <i><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i>, the exemption from positive time-bound <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a></i>, and women's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_view_of_marriage#Divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish view of marriage">divorce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plaskow1997_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plaskow1997-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting since the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a> has been embraced by some feminists as well.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminist activists have established a range of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_businesses" title="Feminist businesses">feminist businesses</a>, including women's bookstores, feminist credit unions, feminist presses, feminist mail-order catalogs, and feminist restaurants. These businesses flourished as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-waves</a> of feminism in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the range of feminist businesses has increased significantly, a study stated that women-owned businesses are frequently described as underperforming, in that, their business remain small and marginal. Women still have high level of barrier to become an entrepreneur compared to males.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Subjects or international organizations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">Comprehensive sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material feminism">Material feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_education" title="Relationship education">Relationship education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_rights_(other_than_voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women,_Culture,_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Women, Culture, and Society">Women, Culture, and Society</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">List of feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>By continent</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_Africa" title="Category:Feminism in Africa">Feminism in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_Asia" title="Category:Feminism in Asia">Feminism in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_Europe" title="Category:Feminism in Europe">Feminism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_North_America" title="Category:Feminism in North America">Feminism in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_Oceania" title="Category:Feminism in Oceania">Feminism in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_in_South_America" title="Category:Feminism in South America">Feminism in South America</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Country or region specific articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_1950s_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in 1950s Britain">Feminism in 1950s Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist movements in the United States">Feminist movements in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%27iyat-e_Nesvan-e_Vatankhah" title="Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah">Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYoung2014" class="citation book cs1">Young, Stacey (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315022079"><i>Changing the Wor(l)d</i></a>. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvgt"><i>The Grounding of Modern Feminism</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03892-7"><bdi>978-0-300-03892-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvgt">j.ctt32bvgt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710175151/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bvgt">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grounding+of+Modern+Feminism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bvgt%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03892-7&rft.aulast=COTT&rft.aufirst=NANCY+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bvgt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruea2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cruea, Susan (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/gsw_pub/1">"Changing Ideals of Womanhood During the Nineteenth-Century Woman Movement"</a>. <i>ATQ</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 187. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711194944/https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/gsw_pub/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ATQ&rft.atitle=Changing+Ideals+of+Womanhood+During+the+Nineteenth-Century+Woman+Movement&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=187&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.aulast=Cruea&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.bgsu.edu%2Fgsw_pub%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumm1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Humm" title="Maggie Humm">Humm, Maggie</a> (1990), "wave (definition)", in Humm, Maggie (ed.), <i>The dictionary of feminist theory</i>, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, p. 251, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0507-5"><bdi>978-0-8142-0507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wave+%28definition%29&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+feminist+theory&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0507-5&rft.aulast=Humm&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca, Walker</a> (January 1992). 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Durham, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2843-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disciplining+feminism%3A+from+social+activism+to+academic+discourse&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2843-8&rft.aulast=Messer-Davidow&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHERSHATTER2007" class="citation book cs1">HERSHATTER, GAIL (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnb9j"><i>Women in China's Long Twentieth Century</i></a> (1 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09856-5"><bdi>978-0-520-09856-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnb9j">10.1525/j.ctt1pnb9j</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717161255/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnb9j">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+China%27s+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pnb9j%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-09856-5&rft.aulast=HERSHATTER&rft.aufirst=GAIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pnb9j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin,_Chun2006" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chun (1 January 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof01linc_2"><i>The transformation of Chinese socialism</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3798-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-3798-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938114028">938114028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transformation+of+Chinese+socialism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938114028&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3798-0&rft.au=Lin%2C+Chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof01linc_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter,_Lynn2001" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Lynn (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightsglob00walt"><i>Women's rights : a global view</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30890-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30890-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30890-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654714694">654714694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+rights+%3A+a+global+view&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654714694&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30890-1&rft.au=Walter%2C+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensrightsglob00walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shen_pdf1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shen_pdf1_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Shen" class="citation web cs1">Dr Shen, Yifei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/china/12947.pdf">"Feminism in China An Analysis of Advocates, Debates, and Strategies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153755/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/china/12947.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feminism+in+China+An+Analysis+of+Advocates%2C+Debates%2C+and+Strategies&rft.aulast=Dr+Shen&rft.aufirst=Yifei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fbueros%2Fchina%2F12947.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuBae2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Rui; Bae, Soojeong (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=HGPSBI_2015_v19n4_57">"A Formative Beauty of Chinese Foot-Binding Shoes and the Meaning of Chinese Costume History"</a>. <i>Fashion Business</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 57–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12940%2Fjfb.2015.19.4.57">10.12940/jfb.2015.19.4.57</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213738/http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=HGPSBI_2015_v19n4_57">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+Business&rft.atitle=A+Formative+Beauty+of+Chinese+Foot-Binding+Shoes+and+the+Meaning+of+Chinese+Costume+History&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57-74&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12940%2Fjfb.2015.19.4.57&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft.au=Bae%2C+Soojeong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreascience.or.kr%2Farticle%2FArticleFullRecord.jsp%3Fcn%3DHGPSBI_2015_v19n4_57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLia2014" class="citation book cs1">Lia, Litosseliti (4 February 2014). <i>Gender and language : theory and practice</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12173-1"><bdi>978-1-134-12173-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872743087">872743087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+language+%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872743087&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12173-1&rft.aulast=Lia&rft.aufirst=Litosseliti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028110505/http://www.usask.ca/policies/2_03.htm">"University of Saskatchewan Policies 2001: Gender Neutral Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usask.ca/policies/2_03.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Saskatchewan+Policies+2001%3A+Gender+Neutral+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usask.ca%2Fpolicies%2F2_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, David H. (June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1992/jun/theaggressiveegg55">"New theory on how the aggressive egg attracts sperm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover Magazine</a></i>. <b>6</b> (13): 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015162047/http://discovermagazine.com/1992/jun/theaggressiveegg55">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+theory+on+how+the+aggressive+egg+attracts+sperm&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1992-06&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1992%2Fjun%2Ftheaggressiveegg55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_HochschildMachung2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Russell Hochschild, Arlie</a>; Machung, Anne (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Shift" title="The Second Shift"><i>The second shift: working families and the revolution at home</i></a>. 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New York: Henry Holt & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+time+bind%3A+when+work+becomes+home+and+home+becomes+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Russell+Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805066432" title="Special:BookSources/9780805066432">9780805066432</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Young" title="Cathy Young">Young, Cathy</a> (12 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/">"The Mama Lion at the Gate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211015447/http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+Mama+Lion+at+the+Gate&rft.date=2000-06-12&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2000%2F06%2F12%2Fgatekeeping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguiarHurst2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aguiar, Mark; Hurst, Erik (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w12082.pdf">"Measuring trends in leisure: the allocation of time over five decades"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">The Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>. <b>122</b> (3): 969–1006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fqjec.122.3.969">10.1162/qjec.122.3.969</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17028215">17028215</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510213453/https://www.nber.org/papers/w12082.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Measuring+trends+in+leisure%3A+the+allocation+of+time+over+five+decades&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=969-1006&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fqjec.122.3.969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17028215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aguiar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hurst%2C+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw12082.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonfed.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024200/https://www.bostonfed.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodSeshadriYorukoglu2005" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Yorukoglu, Mehmet (January 2005). "Engines of liberation". <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">The Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>. <b>72</b> (1): 109–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0034-6527.00326">10.1111/0034-6527.00326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Engines+of+liberation&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-133&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0034-6527.00326&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Seshadri%2C+Ananth&rft.au=Yorukoglu%2C+Mehmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremygreenwood.net/papers/engines.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140142/http://www.jeremygreenwood.net/papers/engines.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a short video on the subject see:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Greenwood, Jeremy (Lecturer) (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/139497667"><i>60-Second Lecture: Women's liberation: an economic perspective</i></a> (Video). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences">Penn Arts & Sciences</a> via <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119164803/https://vimeo.com/139497667">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=60-Second+Lecture%3A+Women%27s+liberation%3A+an+economic+perspective&rft.pub=Penn+Arts+%26+Sciences+via+Vimeo&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F139497667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthSpitze1994" class="citation journal cs1">South, Scott J.; Spitze, Gelnna (June 1994). "Housework in marital and nonmarital households". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>59</b> (3): 327–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095937">10.2307/2095937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095937">2095937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Housework+in+marital+and+nonmarital+households&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-348&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2095937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=South&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rft.au=Spitze%2C+Gelnna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenstermaker_BerkShih1980" class="citation cs2">Fenstermaker Berk, Sarah; Shih, Anthony (1980), "Contributions to household labour: comparing wives' and husbands' reports", in Fenstermaker Berk, Sarah (ed.), <i>Women and household labour</i>, SAGE Yearbooks on Women and Politics Series, Beverly Hills, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-1211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-1211-3"><bdi>978-0-8039-1211-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+household+labour%3A+comparing+wives%27+and+husbands%27+reports&rft.btitle=Women+and+household+labour&rft.place=Beverly+Hills%2C+California&rft.series=SAGE+Yearbooks+on+Women+and+Politics+Series&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-1211-3&rft.aulast=Fenstermaker+Berk&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Shih%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Luker" title="Kristin Luker">Luker, Kristin</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dubiousconceptio00luke"><i>Dubious conceptions: the politics of teenage pregnancy</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-21703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-21703-4"><bdi>978-0-674-21703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubious+conceptions%3A+the+politics+of+teenage+pregnancy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-21703-4&rft.aulast=Luker&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdubiousconceptio00luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudmanPhelan2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_A._Rudman" title="Laurie A. Rudman">Rudman, Laurie A.</a>; Phelan, Julie E. (December 2007). "The interpersonal power of feminism: is feminism good for romantic relationships?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Roles_(journal)" title="Sex Roles (journal)">Sex Roles</a></i>. <b>57</b> (11): 787–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-007-9319-9">10.1007/s11199-007-9319-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62792118">62792118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=The+interpersonal+power+of+feminism%3A+is+feminism+good+for+romantic+relationships%3F&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=787-799&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11199-007-9319-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62792118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rudman&rft.aufirst=Laurie+A.&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Julie+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/9/7/13979590/rudmanphelan2007sr.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153155/http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/9/7/13979590/rudmanphelan2007sr.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatir" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Satir, Virginia</a>, "Introduction to for our future, for our family", in <a href="/w/index.php?title=PAIRS_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAIRS Foundation (page does not exist)">PAIRS Foundation</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044746/http://www.pairsusa.com/p-42-for-our-future-for-our-family-participant-handbook.aspx"><i>For our future, for our family: participant handbook</i></a>, Broward County, Florida: <a href="/w/index.php?title=PAIRS_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAIRS Foundation (page does not exist)">PAIRS Foundation</a>, p. 6, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pairsusa.com/p-42-for-our-future-for-our-family-participant-handbook.aspx">the original</a> on 5 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+for+our+future%2C+for+our+family&rft.btitle=For+our+future%2C+for+our+family%3A+participant+handbook&rft.place=Broward+County%2C+Florida&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=PAIRS+Foundation&rft.aulast=Satir&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pairsusa.com%2Fp-42-for-our-future-for-our-family-participant-handbook.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span> (Participant handbook for PAIRS 30-hour curriculum for Supporting Healthy Marriages.) Cited with permission. (2012112710011715). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/pairs/docs/forourfuture/6">Preview on ISSUU.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320100956/https://issuu.com/pairs/docs/forourfuture/6">Archived</a> 20 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikulski1991" class="citation web cs1">Mikulski, Barbara A. (27 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress.gov/">"S.514 – 102nd Congress (1991–1992): Women's Health Equity Act of 1991"</a>. <i>www.congress.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529051531/https://www.congress.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=S.514+%E2%80%93+102nd+Congress+%281991%E2%80%931992%29%3A+Women%27s+Health+Equity+Act+of+1991&rft.date=1991-02-27&rft.aulast=Mikulski&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiebinger1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Londa_Schiebinger" title="Londa Schiebinger">Schiebinger, Londa</a> (1999), "Medicine", in <a href="/wiki/Londa_Schiebinger" title="Londa Schiebinger">Schiebinger, Londa</a> (ed.), <i>Has feminism changed science?</i>, vol. 25, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 1171–5, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F495540">10.1086/495540</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38113-1"><bdi>978-0-674-38113-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17089478">17089478</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225088475">225088475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medicine&rft.btitle=Has+feminism+changed+science%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=1171-5&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F495540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225088475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17089478&rft.isbn=978-0-674-38113-1&rft.aulast=Schiebinger&rft.aufirst=Londa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bundesen-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bundesen_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundesen2007" class="citation book cs1">Bundesen, Lynne (2007). <i>The feminine spirit: recapturing the heart of Scripture: the woman's guide to the Bible</i>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-8495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-8495-3"><bdi>978-0-7879-8495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+feminine+spirit%3A+recapturing+the+heart+of+Scripture%3A+the+woman%27s+guide+to+the+Bible&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7879-8495-3&rft.aulast=Bundesen&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimesCahill2005" class="citation book cs1">Himes, Kenneth R.; Cahill, Lisa Sowle (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-2mcrdTCg0C&dq=Roman+Catholic+family+women+equal&pg=PA373"><i>Modern Catholic Social Teaching: Commentaries and Interpretations</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-053-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-053-6"><bdi>978-1-58901-053-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Catholic+Social+Teaching%3A+Commentaries+and+Interpretations&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-053-6&rft.aulast=Himes&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Cahill%2C+Lisa+Sowle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-2mcrdTCg0C%26dq%3DRoman%2BCatholic%2Bfamily%2Bwomen%2Bequal%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochs-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ochs_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchs1977" class="citation book cs1">Ochs, Carol (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindsexofgod00caro"><i>Behind the sex of God: toward a new consciousness – transcending matriarchy and patriarchy</i></a>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1112-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-1112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+sex+of+God%3A+toward+a+new+consciousness+%E2%80%93+transcending+matriarchy+and+patriarchy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1112-6&rft.aulast=Ochs&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindsexofgod00caro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/08/19/beyond-belief-religion/">"Beyond belief: Religion as a motivating force for 5 women suffragists"</a>. <i>The Salt Lake Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Beyond+belief%3A+Religion+as+a+motivating+force+for+5+women+suffragists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Freligion%2F2020%2F08%2F19%2Fbeyond-belief-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Marsha (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW0ERm3jlGYC&dq=Rosemary+Radford+Ruether++agnostic&pg=PA233"><i>Critical Theory of Religion: A Feminist Analysis</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1403-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-1403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory+of+Religion%3A+A+Feminist+Analysis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1403-5&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZW0ERm3jlGYC%26dq%3DRosemary%2BRadford%2BRuether%2B%2Bagnostic%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatalan_Islamic_Board2008" class="citation web cs1">Catalan Islamic Board (24–27 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321140633/http://www.feminismeislamic.org/eng/index.htm">"II International Congress on Islamic Feminism"</a>. feminismeislamic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feminismeislamic.org/eng/index.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=II+International+Congress+on+Islamic+Feminism&rft.pub=feminismeislamic.org&rft.date=2008-10-24%2F2008-10-27&rft.au=Catalan+Islamic+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feminismeislamic.org%2Feng%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadran2002" class="citation web cs1">Badran, Margot (17–23 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320074746/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/569/cu1.htm">"Al-Ahram Weekly: Islamic Feminism: What's in a Name?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/569/cu1.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly%3A+Islamic+Feminism%3A+What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.date=2002-01-17%2F2002-01-23&rft.aulast=Badran&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2002%2F569%2Fcu1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaskow1997-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plaskow1997_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaskow2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Plaskow, Judith</a> (2003), "Jewish feminist thought", in Frank, Daniel H.; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman, Oliver</a> (eds.), <i>History of Jewish philosophy</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32469-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32469-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+feminist+thought&rft.btitle=History+of+Jewish+philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32469-4&rft.aulast=Plaskow&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijk1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dijk, Denise (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23918114">"The Goddess Movement in the U.S.A. A Religion for Women Only"</a>. <i>Archiv für Religionspsychologie / Archive for the Psychology of Religion</i>. <b>18</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>: 258–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157361288X00144">10.1163/157361288X00144</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23918114">23918114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:178261133">178261133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108003520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23918114">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Religionspsychologie+%2F+Archive+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Movement+in+the+U.S.A.+A+Religion+for+Women+Only&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=258-266&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A178261133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23918114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157361288X00144&rft.aulast=Dijk&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23918114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchols1989" class="citation book cs1">Echols, Alice (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo"><i>Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/269">269</a>–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1787-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1787-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-1787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daring+to+be+Bad%3A+Radical+Feminism+in+America%2C+1967%E2%80%931975.&rft.pages=269-278&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6&rft.aulast=Echols&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaringtobebadrad0000echo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2016" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Kristen (2016). <i>The Feminist Bookstore Movement: Lesbian Antiracism and Feminist Accountability</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminist+Bookstore+Movement%3A+Lesbian+Antiracism+and+Feminist+Accountability&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandrayen-RagooburKasseeah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena; Kasseeah, Harshana (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2016-0385/full/html">"Is gender an impediment to firm performance? Evidence from small firms in Mauritius"</a>. <i>International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 952–976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJEBR-11-2016-0385">10.1108/IJEBR-11-2016-0385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2554">1355-2554</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107155233/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2016-0385/full/html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurial+Behavior+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Is+gender+an+impediment+to+firm+performance%3F+Evidence+from+small+firms+in+Mauritius&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=952-976&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJEBR-11-2016-0385&rft.issn=1355-2554&rft.aulast=Tandrayen-Ragoobur&rft.aufirst=Verena&rft.au=Kasseeah%2C+Harshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FIJEBR-11-2016-0385%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feminist_movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/MS.html">The M and S Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> contains materials on the Women's Movement.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificu.edu/magazine/four-waves-feminism">Four Waves of Feminism</a> from Pacific University Oregon.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li>Feminist movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15580856#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4071428-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ženské hnutí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136601&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048138&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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