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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بوبالوس مورينسيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوبالوس مورينسيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_vannb%C3%B8ffel" title="Europeisk vannbøffel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europeisk vannbøffel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%88%BE%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="穆爾水牛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆爾水牛" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct species of mammal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Bubalus murrensis</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.4 - 0.0128 mya</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.73803076923px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubalus_murrensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/220px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/330px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bubalus_murrensis.JPG/440px-Bubalus_murrensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bubalus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus"><i>Bubalus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>B. murrensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Bubalus murrensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Berckhemer 1927</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Bubalus murrensis</b></i>, also known as <b>European water buffalo</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">water buffalo</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> native to Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch, possibly persisting into the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubalus_murrensis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only skulls have been unambiguously attributed to the species, as no complete skeletons have been found and it is difficult to distinguish postcranial bones between different bovine species. The occipital region of the skull as well as the horn cores protrude backwards. Unlike modern water buffalo, but similar to extinct Chinese Pleistocene species of <i>Bubalus</i> like <i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus_wansjocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubalus wansjocki">Bubalus wansjocki</a>,</i> the horn cores have a triangular rather than rounded cross section, with the upper surface of the horn cores typically forming a flat plain that is continuous with the skull surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A skull found in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (Germany) had a width of 107 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubalus_murrensis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossils of <i>Bubalus murrensis</i> are known from the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> (from around 400,000 years ago) onwards, typically during <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European water buffalo occurred in river valleys. Remains are very rare. The majority of finds have come from along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murr_(river)" title="Murr (river)">Murr</a> in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Isolated specimens have also been found between the Atlantic coast of France in the west and the central part of the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lived in muddy and swampy terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bubalus murrensis</i> could not tolerate long-lasting episodes of frost and was therefore absent in Central Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods like the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> it occurred together with other species of the interglacial <a href="/wiki/Faunal_assemblage" title="Faunal assemblage">faunal assemblage</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant" title="Straight-tusked elephant">straight-tusked elephant</a> (<i>Palaeoloxodon antiquus</i>), Merck's rhinoceros (<i><a href="/wiki/Stephanorhinus_kirchbergensis" title="Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis">Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis</a></i>), fallow deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Dama_dama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama dama">Dama dama</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (<i>Bos primigenius</i>) and the hippopotamus (<i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus amphibius</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other authors have argued that there is no unambiguous evidence for <i>B. murrensis</i> in Europe during the Eemian,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the species is known to have disappeared from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by this interglacial.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the <a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian Steppe">Pontic-Caspian Steppe</a> represented a center of <i>B. murrensis</i>' distribution in Europe, where the species may have survived during the cold periods and spread from there to the rest of Europe during the interglacial periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinction_and_potential_late_survival">Extinction and potential late survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubalus_murrensis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extinction and potential late survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg/220px-Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg/330px-Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg/440px-Aurochs_-_Fourneau_du_Diable_-_Bourdeilles_-_MNP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_Europe" title="Rock art of Europe">rock art</a> from the Fourneau du Diable, Dordogne, France, roughly 16,000 years Before Present. It has been interpreted by some as depicting water buffaloes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Previously, the latest finds of <i>Bubalus murrensis</i> were dated to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Interglacial" title="Last Interglacial">last interglacial</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Marine_Isotope_Stage_5" title="Marine Isotope Stage 5">MIS 5</a> or <a href="/wiki/Last_Interglacial" title="Last Interglacial">Eemian</a>) of Central Europe, and it was therefore assumed to have become extinct sometime during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last Ice Age</a>, similar to other representatives of the interglacial <i>Palaeoloxodon</i> fauna (such as the straight-tusked elephant, Merck's rhinoceros, the narrow-nosed rhinoceros (<i><a href="/wiki/Narrow-nosed_rhinoceros" title="Narrow-nosed rhinoceros">Stephanorhinus hemitoechus</a></i>) and the hippopotamus). However, due to the general dearth of remains of the species, this assumption was purely speculative. In 2020, a well preserved skull was described from the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, Russia, attesting to its presence in this region around 12,761 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>. This is over 100,000 years after the next youngest record of the species and moves its suggested date of extinction to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød interstadial">Bølling–Allerød interstadial</a> or younger, around the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers believe that the species may have also persisted in southern Europe, possibly even into the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> period. A relief from the Fourneau du Diable, <a href="/wiki/Bourdeilles" title="Bourdeilles">Bourdeilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, France, has been interpreted by some authors as a depiction of water buffalo due to the combination of backward-facing horns, a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Dewlap" title="Dewlap">dewlap</a> and a characteristic dorsal line and dated to around 16,000 years Before Present.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bones tentatively identified as belonging to water buffalo and dated to the earliest Neolithic have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian basin</a>. However, their identification is uncertain as <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcrania</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">bubaline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">cattle</a>, fragmentary ones in particular, are not easily distinguishable and neither horns nor <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">crania</a> have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study suggested that traditional European water buffalo breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Mediterranean_buffalo" title="Italian Mediterranean buffalo">Italian Mediterranean buffalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_buffalo" title="Romanian buffalo">Romanian buffalo</a> had unique DNA sequences that could indicate that wild water buffalo from Europe were involved in breed formation, which would also point to late survival.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest widely accepted evidence for domestic water buffalo in Europe is during the Middle Ages after 500 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extinction of <i>B. murrensis</i>, was probably caused either by the rapid cooling of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>, causing aridification, or by human hunting, or by a combination of both factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubalus_murrensis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mediterranean_buffalo" title="Italian Mediterranean buffalo">Italian Mediterranean buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_buffalo" title="Romanian buffalo">Romanian buffalo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubalus_murrensis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFv._KoenigswaldSchwermannKeiterMenger2019" class="citation journal cs1">v. Koenigswald, Wighart; Schwermann, Achim H.; Keiter, Mark; Menger, Frank (2019). 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(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+earliest+water+buffalo+in+the+Caucasus%3A+shifting+animals+and+people+in+the+medieval+Islamic+world&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=383&rft.pages=1231-1247&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2021.108&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft.au=Haruda%2C+Ashleigh+F.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Alicia+Ventresca&rft.au=Brown%2C+Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003598X21001083%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABubalus+murrensis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bubalus murrensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377979" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1377979">Q1377979</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42404465">42404465</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8495773">8495773</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/627091">627091</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6146193">6146193</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=162369">162369</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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